Complex sentences with different types of connection- this is complex sentences , which consist of at least from three simple proposals , interconnected by a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection.
To understand the meaning of such complex structures it is important to understand how the elements included in them are grouped together. simple sentences.
Often complex sentences with different types of connection are divided into two or more parts (blocks), connected with the help of coordinating unions or union-free; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one.
For example:
1) [Sad I]: [No friend with me], (with whom I would wash down a long parting), (to whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many merry years)(A. Pushkin).
it difficult sentence with different types of communication: unionless and subordinating, consists of two parts (blocks) connected unionlessly; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II is a complex sentence with two subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination.
2) [lane was all in the gardens], and [the fences grew lindens throwing now, by the moon, a wide shadow], (so that fences and gates on one side completely drowned in darkness)(A. Chekhov).
This is a complex sentence with different types of communication: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating connecting union and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II - a complex sentence with a subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on everything main, joins it with a union so.
In a complex sentence, there may be sentences with various types of allied and allied connection.
These include:
1) composition and submission.
For example: The sun set, and night followed day without interval, as is usually the case in the south.(Lermontov).
(And - a coordinating union, as - a subordinating union.)
Schematic of this offer:
2) composition and non-union communication.
For example: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet had time to subside: the doves murmured near, the cuckoo cuckooed in the distance.(Bunin).
(But - a coordinating conjunction.)
Schematic of this offer:
3) subordination and non-union communication.
For example: When he awoke, the sun was already rising; the barrow obscured him(Chekhov).
(When - subordinating union.)
Schematic of this offer:
4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.
For example: The garden was spacious and grew only oaks; they had only recently begun to blossom, so that now through the young leaves one could see the whole garden with its stage, tables and swings.
(And is a coordinating conjunction, so a subordinating conjunction.)
Schematic of this offer:
In complex sentences with a coordinative and subordination there may be coordinating and subordinating conjunctions nearby.
For example: The weather was fine all day, but when we sailed to Odessa, it began to rain heavily.
(But - a coordinating union, when - a subordinating union.)
Schematic of this offer:
Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of connection
In order to correctly punctuate complex sentences with different types of connection, it is necessary to single out simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.
As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences as part of a complex one with different types of connection.
For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious hoarfrost] , and [this went on for two hours] , [then the frost disappears] , [sun closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].
Sometimes two, three or more simple suggestions most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of an allied connection.
For example: (When he woke up) [the sun was already rising] ; [the barrow obscured him].(The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)
In the place of an allied bond between simple sentences in complex possible also comma , dash and colon , which are placed according to the rules for punctuation in a non-union complex sentence.
For example: [The sun has long since set] , but[the forest hasn't died down yet] : [doves murmured near] , [Cuckoo calls in the distance]. (The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)
[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [there was an idea for an amazing story about Hadji Murad](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connection: coordinative and non-union.)
In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks, indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs placed on their own. own syntactic basis.
For example: [Bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here], (that wild clearing has become like a garden to me) : [every bush, every pine, fir-tree caressed], and [they all became mine], and [it's like I planted them], [this is my own garden](Prishv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a colon; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck its nose into this foliage] (to get a worm out from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the worn layer of old aspen leaves from his beak](Shv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a semicolon.
Particularly difficult is punctuation at the junction of the writing and subordinating unions (or a coordinating union and an allied word). Their punctuation is subject to the laws of the design of sentences with a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection. However, it also highlights special attention require proposals in which several unions are nearby.
In such cases, a comma is placed between unions if the second part of the double union does not follow. then yes, but(in this case subordinate clause may be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between the two unions.
For example: Winter was coming and , when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest.
You can call me but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. You can call me, but if you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow.
I think that , if you try hard, you will succeed. “I think that if you try hard, you will succeed.
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine (by grammatical foundations) the number of simple sentences, find their boundaries.
4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (union-free or coordinative).
5. Give a description of each part (block) in terms of structure (simple or complex sentence).
6. Draw up a proposal scheme.
A SAMPLE OF ANALYZING A COMPLEX OFFER WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION
[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall he me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I I decided
1. UNION-FREE COMPOUND PROPOSITION
General information
A non-union complex sentence is a complex sentence, the predicative parts of which are interconnected in meaning and structure, and are also connected without the help of conjunctions or relative words by rhythmic melodic means, the order of the parts. Differ:
1) non-union complex sentences of homogeneous composition (with parts of the same type). According to the meanings they express (simultaneity or sequence of events, comparison or opposition of actions, etc.) and according to some structural features (enumerative intonation or intonation of opposition, the same type of aspect-temporal forms of verbs-predicates, the possibility of inserting coordinating conjunctions), sentences of this type can be correlated with compound sentences; compare:
The forest lawn is all saturated with cold dew, insects are sleeping. many flowers have not yet opened their corollas (Prishv.). - Not wounds, not a sick lung tormented him - the consciousness of uselessness irritated him (Pavl.);
2) non-union complex sentences of heterogeneous composition (with different types of parts). According to the meanings they express (relations of conditionality, causal, explanatory, etc.) and according to some structural features (intonation, the order of the predicative parts of a single whole, the lexical composition of the first part, etc.), sentences of this type can be correlated with complex sentences; cf .: I am sad: there is no friend with me (P.). - Suddenly I feel: someone takes my hand and pushes me (T.).
Types of non-union complex sentences
Depending on the meanings of the parts of non-union complex sentences and the type of intonation as the most important formal side of their construction, various types of non-union complex sentences are distinguished:
1) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of "enumeration: The snowstorm did not subside, the sky did not clear up (P.); Doors and windows are wide open, a leaf does not stir in the garden (Gonch.);
2) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of comparison or opposition: Measure seven times - cut one (Poel.); It was not only grief - it was a complete change of life, of the whole future (Sim.);
3) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of conditionality: And if you kill, you will get nothing (L. T.); If you like to ride - love to carry sleds (Eat.). (About non-union sentences like And if it weren’t for me, you would smoke in
Tver, in which conditional-investigative relations are expressed by the presence in the first part of the predicate in the form of an imperative mood;
4) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of explanatory relations: With anxiety, I jumped out of the wagon and see: mother meets me on the porch with a look of deep chagrin (P.); I will definitely tell you: you have a talent (Fad.); Fedor understood: it was about communication (Furm.); Alexey decided: enough to pull (B. Paul.). In these examples, the second part denotes an object related to the predicate in the first part, expressed by the verb of speech, thought, perception, etc. The second part can also perform the function of the subject in relation to the first part: So decided: I will not show fear ... ( P.); It occurred to me: why is my mother sleeping so soundly?
(Dost.). This type of non-union complex sentences can also include those in which, in the first part, the verbs are torn to look out, look around, listen, etc. or an expression like raise your eyes, raise your head, etc., warning of further presentation; in these cases, between the parts of the unionless southern sentence, you can insert the words and saw that; and heard that; and felt that: I turn around: Grushnitsky (L.); Oblomov looked around, in front of him in reality, not in a hallucination, stood the real, real Stolz (Gonch.); He thought, sniffed: it smells of honey (Ch.);
5) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of definitive relations: Like all Moscow ones, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars and ranks ... (Gr.); Through a dream, a relentless thought began to disturb: they would rob the shop, drive the horses (Bun.);
6) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of causal relationships: I could not go out: a boy with white eyes was spinning in front of me in the darkness (L.); Sometimes the horses fell through the belly: the soil was very viscous (Fad.); The rich man cannot sleep: the rich thief is afraid (Last);
7) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of temporary relations:
We will win, you will build a stone house (A. N. T.); I was driving here, the rye began to turn yellow.
Now I'm leaving back - people eat this rye (Prishv.); They plow arable land - they don’t wave their hands (Last);
8) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of comparison: The word-nightingale sings (L.); ... Look, give a ruble (N.);
9) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of a consequence, a result, a quick change of events: ... The cheese fell out - there was such a cheat with it (Kr.); I
I'm dying - I have nothing to lie (T.); Suddenly, men with axes appeared - the forest rang, groaned, crackled (N.), The snowstorm was already very close to the fire - suddenly horse rye was heard in the darkness (Fad.);
10) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of an explanation; From early youth, Tatyana was kept in a black body: she worked for two, but she never saw any kindness (T.); Everyone regarded Nagulnov's behavior differently: some encouraged, others condemned, some reservedly kept quiet
(Shol.);
11) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of attachment: I already know all this by heart - that's what's boring (L.); She was sitting nearby on a bench under a rickety wooden mushroom, the kind they make in camps for sentries (Paust.); He always liked to chat - I knew that very well.
(Kav.);
12) non-union proposals of complex composition. In these sentences, the second part consists of not one, but several simple sentences:
He noticed some special dilapidation on all the village buildings: the log on the huts was dark and old; many roofs blew through like a sieve; on others, only a ridge was left at the top and poles on the sides in the form of ribs (G.);
It is pleasant, after a long walk and a deep sleep, to lie motionless on the hay: the body basks and languishes, the face glows with a slight heat, sweet laziness closes its eyes.
(T.).
2. Ways of transmitting someone else's speech.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
General information
The author's narrative may include the speech of another person or the statements and thoughts of the author himself, expressed in a certain situation and transmitted verbatim or by content. The statement of other persons (less often, the author himself), included in the author's narration, forms someone else's speech. Whichever. how such a statement is transmitted, direct speech and indirect speech.
The main criterion for distinguishing between direct and indirect speech is, first of all, that the first, as a rule, literally conveys someone else's statement, preserving its lexical and phraseological composition, grammatical structure and stylistic features, while the second usually reproduces only the content of the statement, and the original words and expressions speaker, the nature of the construction of his speech change under the influence of the author's context.
From the syntactic point of view, direct speech retains considerable independence, being connected with the author's words only in meaning and intonation, and indirect speech acts as a subordinate clause in a complex sentence in which the author's words play the role of the main sentence. These are the most important differences between the two ways of transmitting someone else's speech. However, their clear distinction in a number of cases gives way to their rapprochement, close interaction and crossing.
So, direct speech may not literally convey someone else's statement.
We sometimes find an indication of this in the author's own words: He said something like this ...; He answered approximately the following ... etc. It is clear that in such cases, someone else's speech is reproduced with a greater or lesser approximation to accuracy, but not verbatim.
Naturally, we find not a literal transmission, but an exact translation in cases where the speaker speaks in foreign language, and his direct speech is transmitted in Russian: - What? What are you talking about?
- said Napoleon. - Yes, tell me to give me a horse (L.T.).
On the other hand, indirect speech can literally convey other people's words, for example, in an indirect question corresponding to an interrogative sentence of direct speech; cf .: He asked when the meeting will begin. - He asked: “When will the meeting begin?”
Sometimes indirect speech differs lexically from direct speech only in the presence of a function word - a union that subordinates the subordinate clause to the main one; cf.; He said that the manuscript has already been edited. - He said: "The manuscript has already been edited"; He asked if everyone was ready to leave. He asked, "Are you all ready to leave?"
The convergence of direct and indirect speech is possible not only from the side of their lexical composition, but also from the side of the syntactic structure, the construction of speech, which in common speech reaches the mixing of both forms of transmitting someone else's statement (the so-called semi-direct speech); Of course, the postmaster and the chairman, and even the police chief himself, as usual, joked with our hero that he was not in love and that we know, they say, that Pavel
Ivanovich's heart is limping, we know who shot him ... (G.).
The same mixed construction is formed in cases where there is no subordinating conjunction, with which indirect speech as a subordinate clause should have been attached to the author's] words:
They objected to him, justifying himself, but he persistently repeated his own: no one is to blame for anything before him, and everyone is to blame for himself (M. G.)
The absence of a union brings such sentences closer to direct speech, and pronouns indicate indirect speech.
Direct speech
Direct speech is a transmission of someone else's statement, accompanied by the author's words. The latter, first of all, establish the very fact of someone else's speech, explain to whom it belongs, at the same time they can indicate under what conditions it was said, to whom it was addressed, evaluate it, etc.:
"Hush, children, hush!" - Levin even shouted angrily at the children, standing in front of his wife to protect her, when a crowd of children scattered towards them with a squeal of joy (L.T.).
In the absence of author's words, one can talk about someone else's speech, but not about direct speech: Everyone took their places. “I open the meeting, comrade!” Silence settled in the hall. In such a narrative, the author's text characterizes the situation, but does not introduce direct speech.
In relation to the author's words, direct speech acts as an independent sentence, in meaning and intonationally connected with the author's context, together with which it forms one whole, resembling an unassociated complex sentence. In some cases, the connection between direct speech and the author's words is closer and direct speech resembles a member of the sentence formed by the author's words: We heard: "Help!"
(author's words do not have semantic completeness, and an addition is expected with a transitive verb; cf .: We heard a call for help); In the silence came:
"Behind me! Fight!" (the author's words are perceived as an incomplete sentence, in which the subject is necessary; cf .: In the silence there was a call to attack); He asked: "Give this book to the library" (cf .: He asked to transfer this book to the library - inconsistent definition with object value). However, it should be borne in mind that direct speech is a sentence, therefore, drawing an analogy between it and a sentence member, one cannot talk about the identity of these constructions.
In other cases, the analogy with subordinate clauses is closer. These are the constructions in which direct speech is connected with verbs of speech: he said ..., he asked ..., he answered ..., he objected ... etc. When direct speech is replaced with indirect speech, a subordinate clause is formed, not a member of the sentence.
From this, however, it does not follow that the combination of author's words with direct speech forms a complex sentence: this is a special construction consisting of two independent sentences. As for such cases as the remark of Osip, who is transmitting Khlestakov’s speech of the innkeeper: “You are de with the master, he says, scammers, and your master is a rogue” (G.) - then there is no merging into one sentence of direct speech and author’s words, so how the word speaks in such cases acts as an introductory one, indicating the source of the message.
Direct speech can convey:
1) the statement of another person, i.e. in literally other people's words:
“Iran, you are crying again,” Litvinov (T.) began with concern;
2) the words of the speaker himself, uttered by him earlier: “Why aren’t you going?” - I asked the driver impatiently (P.);
3) unexpressed thoughts: “How good,“ I hid the revolver in the crow’s nest, ”thought Pavel (N. Ostr.).
1) precede direct speech: Overjoyed, the mother confidently answered:
"I'll find something to say!" (M. G.);
2) follow direct speech: “I will, I will fly!” - rang and went in Alexey's head, driving away sleep (B. Paul);
3) be included in direct speech: “We will have to spend the night here,” said
Maksim Maksimych, - you won’t move through the mountains in such a snowstorm ”(L.);
4) include direct speech: To my question: “Is the old caretaker alive?” - no one could give me a satisfactory answer (P.).
Direct speech is most often associated with verbs of utterance or thought that are part of the author's words (speak, say, ask, answer, exclaim, say, object, think, decide, etc.), less often with verbs indicating the nature of speech, on its connection with the previous statement (continue, add, conclude, finish, complete, interrupt, interrupt, etc.), with verbs expressing the purpose of the speech (ask, order, explain, confirm, complain, agree, etc.), as well as with phrases with nouns that are close in meaning or formation to verbs of speech (he asked a question, an answer came, exclamations were heard, words were heard, a whisper was heard, a cry was heard, a voice was heard, etc.), or with nouns indicating the emergence of a thought
(a thought was born, flashed in the mind, appeared in the mind, etc.). Author's words may contain verbs that indicate the action that accompanies the statement; verbs denoting movements, gestures, facial expressions
(run, jump up, shake your head, shrug your shoulders, shrug, make a grimace, etc.), expressing the feelings, sensations, internal state of the speaker (rejoice, upset, offended, indignant, surprised, laugh, smile, sigh, etc.). P.).
The word order in direct speech does not depend on its place in relation to the author's words, and the word order in the author's remark is related to the place it occupies in relation to direct speech. namely:
1) if the author's words precede direct speech, then they usually have a direct order of the main members of the sentence (the subject precedes the predicate); Zhukhrai flocked to the platform of the training machine gun and, raising his hand, said: “Comrades, we have gathered you for a serious and responsible business” (N. Ostr.);
2) if the author's words come after direct speech or are included in it, then the order of the main members of the sentence in them is reversed (the predicate precedes the subject): “Fire! Fire / "- there was a desperate cry from below
(Ch.); “Collect, brothers, material for the fire,” I said, picking up some block of wood from the road. “We’ll have to spend the night in the steppe” (M. G.).
Indirect speech
Indirect speech is the transmission of someone else's speech in the form of a subordinate clause: Gurov told. that he is a Muscovite, a philologist by training, but works in a bank; once prepared to sing in a private opera, but gave up, has in
Moscow has two houses (Ch.).
A subordinate clause containing indirect speech follows the main one and joins the predicate of the latter with the help of conjunctions and relative words characteristic of explanatory clauses: what, to, as if, as if, who, what, which, which. whose how. where, where, from where, why, why, etc.
Conjunction indicating transmission real fact and is used to replace declarative sentence direct speech: They said that the Kuban was preparing an uprising against the Volunteer Army ... (Shol.)
Unions seem and seem to give indirect speech a shade of uncertainty, doubts about the truth of the transmitted content: ... Some said that he was the unfortunate son of rich parents ... (L.T.).
The union to is used when replacing an incentive sentence in direct speech: ... Tell the groom not to give oats to his horses (G.). Also in some cases, with a negative predicate of the main sentence: No one could say that he had ever seen him at some evening (G.).
Relative words who, what, what, food, where, etc. are used when replacing an interrogative sentence of direct speech, i.e., interrogative pronominal words are preserved as interrogative-relative ones: Korchagin repeatedly asked me when he could check out (N. Ostr. ). Such a subordinate clause is called an indirect question. An indirect question is expressed with the help of a particle-union whether, if the question in direct speech was expressed without pronominal words: Mother asked a worker who worked in the field, how far was it to the tar plant (M. G.).
In indirect speech, personal and possessive pronouns and persons of the verb are used from the point of view of the author (i.e., the person transmitting indirect speech), and not the person who owns the direct speech. Appeals, interjections, emotional particles that are present in direct speech are omitted in indirect speech; the meanings they express and the expressive coloring of speech are transmitted only approximately by other lexical means.
The introduction of modal particles into indirect speech, they say, de, they say, etc., allows us to preserve some shades of direct speech in it: The servant ... reported to his master that, they say, Andrei Gavrilovich did not obey and did not want to return (P).
Sometimes verbatim expressions of someone else's speech are preserved in indirect speech (in a letter this is shown with the help of quotation marks): From Petrushka they heard only the smell of residential peace, and from Selifan that "he performed the state service, but he had previously served at customs", and nothing more (G. ).
Improper direct speech
Alien speech can also be expressed special reception the so-called improperly direct speech. Its essence lies in the fact that it preserves to one degree or another the lexical and syntactic features of someone else's statement, the manner of speech speaking face, emotional coloring, characteristic of direct speech, but it is transmitted not on behalf of the character, but on behalf of the author, narrator. The author in this case expresses the thoughts and feelings of his hero, merges his speech with his speech. As a result, a two-dimensional utterance is created: the “inner” speech of the character, his thoughts, moods are conveyed (and in this sense he “speaks”), but the author speaks for him.
With indirect speech, the indirect speech is brought together by the fact that the faces of the verb and pronouns are also replaced in it, it can take the form of a subordinate clause.
The difference between direct, indirect and improperly direct speech is shown by the following comparison:
2) indirect speech: Everyone recalled this evening, repeating that they had a good time, I had fun;
3) improperly direct speech: Everyone remembered that evening How good and fun it was for them!
From the point of view of syntactic, improperly spicy speech acts:
1) as part of a complex sentence: The fact that Lyubka remained in the city was especially pleasant. Seryozha Lyubka was a desperate girl, her own on the board
(Fed.),
2) as an independent, independent proposal:
When the grandmother died, they put her in a long, narrow coffin and covered her eyes with two nickels, which did not want to close. Before her death, she was alive and wore soft bagels sprinkled with poppy seeds from the market, but now she sleeps, sleeps ... (Ch).
The most characteristic type of improperly direct speech is the form of interrogative and exclamatory sentences that stand out emotionally and intonation against the background of the author's narrative:
She could not but confess that he liked her very much; probably, and he, with his mind and experience, could already notice that she distinguished him: how did she still not see him at her feet and still not hear his confession? What kept him? Timidity .. pride or coquetry of cunning red tape? It was a mystery to her (P.); Nikolai Rostov turned away and, as if looking for something, began to look at the distance, at the water.
Danube, to the sky, to the sun. How beautiful the sky looked, how blue, calm and deep! How gently and glossy the water shone in the distant Danube! (T)
Interaction individual ways The transmission of someone else's speech allows, for stylistic purposes, to combine them in one text: He [the provincial] is angrily silent in such comparisons, and sometimes ventures to say. that such-and-such a cloth or such-and-such a wine can be obtained from them both better and cheaper, and what about overseas rarities. these big crayfish and shells, and red fish, they won’t even look there, and that it’s free, they say, for you to buy various fabrics and trinkets from foreigners. they rip you off and you are happy to be boobies
(hound)
Literature
1. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. Modern Russian language: Tutorial. - M .: International relations, 1995. - 560 p.
In this article, we will consider what complex sentences with different types of connection are, examples of which will be given and analyzed. But to be clear, let's start from afar.
What is a complex sentence
In syntax, a sentence is words combined common sense and related by the laws of grammar, having a common theme, purpose of utterance and intonation. With the help of sentences, people communicate, share their thoughts, present any material. Thought can be expressed briefly, but it can be expanded. Accordingly, the proposals can be concise or widespread.
Each sentence has its "heart" - a grammatical basis, i.e. subject and predicate. This is the subject of speech and its main characteristic (what does it do, what is it, what is it?). If the grammatical basis in the sentence is one, it is a simple sentence, if there are two or more of them, then it is complex.
(JV) may include two parts, three, four and even more. Relations in meaning between them, as well as the means of their connection with each other, can be different. There are complex allied proposals and non-union ones. To learn about their diversity, read the next section.
What are joint ventures
We have already begun to talk about the fact that joint ventures can be allied or non-union. Everything is very simple. If the parts of the joint venture are connected by a union (or by intonation, then the connection between them is called allied, and if only by intonation, then, accordingly, unionless.
In turn, allied sentences are divided into coordinating and subordinating - depending on whether their parts are in an "equal" position or one depends on the other.
Spring will come soon. This is a simple suggestion. the world will sparkle with bright colors again. This sentence is complex, while its parts are connected by intonation and union " when". We can ask a question from the main predicative part to the subordinate clause ( the world will sparkle with bright colors when? - when spring comes), which means that Spring will come soon and nature will bloom. This sentence also has two parts, but they are united by intonation and a coordinating union and. You cannot form a question between parts, but you can easily divide this sentence into two simple ones. This sentence is a compound one. Spring will come soon, flowers will bloom, birds will fly, it will become warm. This joint venture consists of four simple parts, but all of them are united only by intonation, there are no unions on the borders of the parts. This means that it is unionless. To make complex sentences with different types of connection, it would be necessary to combine both allied and unionless relations in one sentence.
How many simple sentences can be in a complex one?
For a sentence to be considered complex, it must include at least two simple, two predicative parts. Complex sentences with different types of connection (we will see examples below) contain at least three parts, and sometimes there are about ten. But in this case, the proposal can be difficult to perceive. Such sentences combine allied and non-union communication, coordinating and subordinating in any combination.
He was surprised; a strange feeling filled his head and chest; the water ran with frightening speed, indomitably breaking through between the stones, and fell from a height with such force that it seemed that the mountain, along the slopes of which were full of mountain flowers, could not withstand this pressure ...
Here's a great example. Here are parts of complex sentences with different ones. In this sentence there are 5 predicative parts, between which all of possible types connections. What are their features? Let's remember in more detail.
allied coordinating link
Complex allied sentences are compound (CSP) or complex (CSP).
The coordinative connection (CC) connects "equal" simple sentences. This means that it is impossible to form a question from one predicative part of a complex sentence to another, there is no dependence between them. Parts of the SSP can easily be made independent sentences, and the meaning of the phrase will not suffer from this and will not change.
Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect parts of such sentences. and, but, or etc. The sea was restless, and the waves crashed against the rocks with furious force..
allied subordination
With a subordinating relationship (PS), as its name implies, one part of the sentence "subordinates" the other, carries the main meaning, is the main one, while the second (subordinate) only supplements, specifies in something, you can ask a question about it from the main part. For subordinating communication, such unions and allied words are used as what, who, when, which, because, if etc.
But it is sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that they cheated on her all the time, that she deceived us ...(A. Pushkin). This proposal has one main part and three subordinate clauses, dependent on it and answering the same questions: " But it's sad to think (about what?), which is in vain ..."
If you try to divide the NGN into separate simple ones, then in most cases it will be seen that the main part retains its meaning and can exist without clauses, but the clauses become incomplete in semantic content and are not full-fledged sentences.
Unionless connection
Another type of joint venture is unionless. A complex sentence with different types of connection most often combines a connection without unions with one of the allied types or with both types at once.
Parts of the BSP are connected only intonationally. But this type of joint venture is considered the most difficult in terms of punctuation. If in union sentences only one sign is placed between their parts - a comma, then in this case you need to make a choice of one of four punctuation marks: a comma, a semicolon, a dash or a colon. In this article, we will not go into the details of this difficult rule, since our task today is complex sentences with different types of connections, exercises in their grammatically correct compilation and punctuation.
The horses set off, the bell rang, the wagon flew(A.S. Pushkin). This sentence has three parts connected by intonation and separated by commas.
So, we briefly gave a description of each of the possible types of connection between the parts of the joint venture, and now we will return to the main topic of the article.
Algorithm for parsing a joint venture with different types of communication
How to correctly place signs in a joint venture with many parts and different types of connections? The most important thing is to determine how many parts it has and where exactly their boundaries pass. To do this, you need to find the grammatical foundations. How many of them - so many predicative parts. Next, select all minor members related to each of the bases, and thus it becomes clear where one part ends and another begins. After that, you need to determine what types of connections between the parts (look for the presence of unions or their absence, try to ask a question or try to make each of the parts a separate sentence).
And finally, it remains only to correctly punctuate, because without them it is very difficult to perceive complex sentences with different types of communication in writing (textbook exercises are precisely aimed at developing this skill).
How not to make a mistake in choosing punctuation marks?
Punctuation of a complex sentence with different types of connection
Once the predicative parts are isolated and the types of connection established, everything becomes very clear. We place punctuation marks in accordance with the rule relating to a particular type of communication.
Coordinating (SS) and subordinating connection (PS) require a comma before the union. Other punctuation marks in this case are very rare (with a coordinative connection, a semicolon is possible if one of the parts is complicated and contains commas; a dash is possible if the parts are sharply contrasted or one of them contains an unexpected result).
With an allied connection, as mentioned above, there may be one of four punctuation marks, depending on what semantic relationships are between the parts of the sentence.
Drawing up schemes of complex sentences with different types of communication
This step can be done before punctuation, or after, to check their correctness. Schemes are used in punctuation to graphically explain the choice of a particular punctuation mark.
The scheme helps to write complex sentences with different types of communication without punctuation errors. Examples of punctuation and charting will be given right now.
[The day was beautiful, sunny, surprisingly calm]; [a cozy shadow approached from the left], and [it became difficult to understand], (where it ends, the shadow) and (where the emerald foliage of trees begins).
In this sentence, between the first and second parts, an allied connection is easily traced, between the second and third - a coordinating one, and the third part is the main one in relation to the next two subordinate parts and is connected to them by a subordinating connection. The scheme of this joint venture is as follows: [__ =,=,=]; [= __], and [=], (where = __) and (where = __). Schemes of complex sentences with different types of communication can be horizontal and vertical. We have given an example of a horizontal scheme.
Summing up
So, we found out what complex sentences with different types of connection are (their examples are very common in the works fiction and business communication). These are sentences containing more than two simple ones in their composition, and their parts are connected by different types of syntactic connection. SP with different types of communication may include NGN, SSP and BSP in various combinations. In order not to make mistakes in punctuation marks, it is necessary to designate simple sentences inside a complex one and determine the types of syntactic connection.
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