adjoining this type of syntactic connection expression is called, which is neither agreement nor control and "which is expressed not by changing the form of the dependent component of the phrase, but only by the location and dependent grammatical function" (Beloshapkova).
Adjacency is a subordinating connection, in which the form of the subordinate component of the phrase does not depend on the dominant component and does not undergo any changes. When adjoining, words that are closest in meaning are placed in a certain adjacent sequence. Adjacency is most typical for combinations with invariable words, it prevails in analytic languages and in languages that have signs of analyticism, for example, in Turkic; among the Indo-European languages, adjunction is common in English.
The term adjacency belongs to the Russian grammar school, where this concept is clearly opposed to agreement and control; in the grammar of English and French, this term is usually not used.
In Russian lang. distinguish between proper adjunction and case adjunction. In the first case, invariable words act as a subordinate component: adverb, comparative (cf. step), invariable adjective, infinitive, gerund. At the same time, different relations arise with the main and subordinate words; an adjoining adverb, a comparative, a gerund participate in the expression of a definitive (write quickly, speak louder, fall of a link) or a definitive-complementary meaning (to be nearby, to get better), an invariable adjective - in the expression of a definitive meaning (mini skirt), an infinitive - a target (to leave rest), replenishing (managing to fall) or object meaning (learning to draw). The adjunction of immutable words can be strong - with complementary and object relations, or weak - with attributive relations. The significant word of any part of speech can dominate in this connection.
Between the dominant and subordinate components with case adjacency, self-defining (checked skirt, arrive in the evening), subjective-defining (father's arrival) and adverbial-replenishing (being in the city) relations arise.
Traditionally, in descriptive grammars, case adjunction refers to weak control. However, the idea of the need to separate these links has been developed by many researchers, starting with A.A. Potebni. When managing communication, a whole complex of lexical and grammatical properties of a word really controls. With case adjacency, the connection is predicted only by the meaning of the main word as a part of speech, and the resulting relationships are more specific than with control; with the exception of the objective infinitive, these are the same defining and complementary relations that belong to the adjoining forms proper (talk haltingly and haltingly, arrive in the morning and in the morning, cost a hundred rubles). With case adjunction, in contrast to control, the meanings of case forms are more specific.
The dominant component when adjoining can be expressed by any significant word. The choice of the dependent component is predetermined by the grammatical and lexical semantics of the main and dependent components.
The junction connection is usually weak, and the propagator of the main word is optional. In rare cases, if the dominant component is expressed by an informatively insufficient word, and the complementary distributor is required, adjacency is a strong connection (to be far on the coast, long before dawn, to become smarter).
Adjacency, mostly weak, has wide opportunities variation of different dependent forms, which leads to the existence of numerous phrases that coincide in meaning (read at night - at night, work at home - at home) or differ in shades of meaning (sit at the table - at the table).
So, 1) adjacency itself is a connection in which invariable words act as a dependent word: adverbs, invariable adjectives, infinitive, comparative, gerunds. At the same time, relations are expressed - replenishing; definitive (infinitive); adverbs, gerunds or comparatives - definitive or complementary-definitive (weak adjacency); 2) case adjunction - joining a weak word (or part of speech) of the case form of a name.
Unlike controlled forms, adjoining adverbs are unable to grammatically differentiate various semantic relations. They can only distinguish them by lexical choice of different words. When driving, different semantic relationships can be expressed through the use of different case and prepositional-case forms of the same dependent word (we drove straight, forward; we drove through the forest, into the forest)
Case adjacency on a formal basis coincides with control ( dependent form indirect case). But unlike management, relations in case adjacency are of a specific nature, they are created by the case (prepositional case) form itself. These are semantic cases, according to E. Kurilovich. For example: the prepositional case form by the road has a spatial meaning, which manifests itself when this word form is attached to any word: stop by the road, house by the road; the prepositional case form from the burn has a causal meaning, which is manifested in the combination of this word form with different words: suffer from a burn, pain from a burn. Syntactic relations in case adjacency are attributive or adverbial, as well as contaminated attributive-adverbial and adverbial adverbials. The connection in most cases is weak (see the examples above), but a strong case connection is also possible with adverbial complementary relations: to find yourself on the outskirts, to be on a business trip. Adjacency itself is formally expressed by an invariable dependent word (adverb) or an invariable dependent word form (infinitive, comparative, gerund, invariable adjective).
Nominal adjacency is such a connection of words in which an indirect case of a name without a preposition or with a preposition is attached to a verb, noun, adjective or adverb, and at the same time, proper or adverbial-characterizing or complementary relations arise. Thus, the difference between nominal adjacency and weak control is that with nominal adjacency, it is not the objective meaning of the adjoining name that prevails, but the attributive (in the broad sense of the word) meaning of the case form itself or the entire prepositional case group that appears in this case as a potential adverb or potential "adjective form".
©2015-2019 site
All rights belong to their authors. This site does not claim authorship, but provides free use.
Page creation date: 2016-02-16
The methods of subordination are as follows: coordination, control, adjacency
Coordination as a way of subordination
- Coordination- this is a kind of subordinating connection, when the dependent word takes on the grammatical forms of the main word, for example: a beautiful picture.
main word when agreed, there are a noun, a substantiated adjective or participle (that is, it has passed into the category of nouns), as well as a pronoun, a noun, for example: high spirits, student canteen.
dependent word can be an adjective, pronoun-adjective, ordinal number or participle, i.e. such categories of words in which the categories of gender, number and case are not independent, for example: the right decision, our meeting.
Management as a way of subordination
- Control- a type of subordinating connection, when the dependent word is used in that indirect case that requires the main word, for example: write a book, click teeth, advise a friend (to whom? dative case);
main word when managing, it can act as a verb (to enjoy meeting), a noun (love for people), an adjective (worthy of regret), an adverb (not far from the city), ordinal number (first in class).
When driving dependent word nouns, noun pronouns, substantiated adjectives (cover with snow, conversation with workers) always appear.
Adjacency as a way of subordination
- adjoining- this is a kind of syntactic connection when an unchangeable dependent word is attached to the main one in meaning. For example: Very nice (how nice?).
Adjoining invariable words: infinitive, adverb, simple form comparative degree, gerund, some invariable adjectives (order to advance, door to the left, a little south).
Infinitive adjoins the verb (try to answer, came to visit), noun (desire to make peace), adjective (intends to rest)
Comparative forms adjoin the verb (answer better, run faster), to the noun (the news is more interesting, the drink is stronger)
Participles adjoin the verb in cases where the meaning of the adverb develops in them (read lying, sleep sitting).
Invariable adjectives such as beige, mini, maxi, Hindi, midi, flared, etc. adjoin nouns (Hindi language, peak hours).
Distinguish between connection and control
- Her shoes- this is an adjunction (whose?),
- To see him- management (of whom?).
In the ranks of pronouns there are two homonymous ranks. The personal pronoun answers the questions of indirect cases, and it participates in the subordinating connection - this is control, and the possessive participates in the adjunction.
- run to the store- management,
- go here- junction.
It is important to distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb, because there may be the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main and dependent word, then this is management.
The meaning of the word ADJACTION in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language
CONNECTION
process of action according to ch. adjoin I
subordination, in which a word that does not have a form change is grammatically dependent, as well as a gerund, an infinitive and a form of a comparative degree (in linguistics).
Large modern dictionary Russian language. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is CONNECTION in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- CONNECTION
- CONNECTION
one of the types of syntactic subordination, in which the main words are the verb, adjective, adverb, noun, and the dependent ones are ... - CONNECTION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -i, cf. 1. see join. 2. In grammar: a subordinating relationship, with which a word that does not have a form change is grammatically dependent, ... - CONNECTION in the Great Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
APPLICATION, kind of syntax. subdue. connection, in which the form of the subordinate component of the phrase does not depend on the dominant component and is not subject to c.-l. … - CONNECTION in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
adjoining, adjoining, adjoining, adjoining, adjoining, adjoining, adjoining, adjoining, adjoining, adjoining, adjoining, adjoining, adjoining, ... - CONNECTION in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- a subordinating connection (see. Subordination), in which the form of the subordinate component of the phrase does not depend on the dominant component and is not subject to k.-l. … - CONNECTION in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
A type of subordinating relationship in which the dependence of the subordinate word is expressed lexically, by word order and intonation. Immutable significant words adjoin (adverb, infinitive, ... - CONNECTION in the Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary:
Syn: ... - CONNECTION in the Russian Thesaurus:
Syn: ... - CONNECTION in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
adjoining, joining, ... - CONNECTION in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
1. cf. The process of action by value. verb: adjoin (1 *). 2. cf. The subordinating relationship, in which the word is grammatically dependent, is not ... - CONNECTION in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
adjoining, ... - CONNECTION in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
connection, ... - CONNECTION in the Spelling Dictionary:
adjoining, ... - CONNECTION in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
<= примкнуть примыкание В грамматике: подчинительная связь, при которой грамматически зависимым является слово, не имеющее формоизменения, а также деепричастие, инфинитив … - CONNECTION in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
a type of syntactic subordination, in which the form of the subordinate component of the phrase does not depend on the dominant component and is not subject to any changes. … - CONNECTION in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
connections, cf. 1. only units Action on verb. adjoin. 2. A form of word dependence that does not have an external expression in agreement or ... - CONNECTION in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
junction 1. cf. The process of action by value. verb: adjoin (1 *). 2. cf. Subordinating relationship, in which the word is grammatically dependent, ... - CONNECTION in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
I cf. process of action according to ch. adjoin I II cf. Subordinating relationship, in which a word that does not have ... is grammatically dependent. - SUBORDINATION in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
in linguistics (hypotaxis) - one of the forms of syntactic connection - a formally expressed dependence of one syntactic element (word, sentence) on another. … - SYNTAX (GRAMMATIC) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
a branch of grammar that studies the internal structure and general properties of a sentence. The founder of S. is considered to be the Greek grammarian A. Diskol (2 ... - SUBORDINATION in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
subordination, formally expressed dependence of one syntactic element (word, sentence) on another. On the basis of P., syntactic units of 2 types are formed ... - POPULATION DENSITY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
Adjacency is a type of subordinating connection, which is expressed not by changing the form of the dependent component of the phrase, but only “by its location, its dependent grammatical function, its meaning, the non-independent nature of the grammatical relation it expresses”, therefore, unchangeable words and such forms of modified words that do not express their syntactic dependence.
Adverbs are adjoining, a verb in the infinitive or in the form of a gerund, an invariable adjective and an adjective in a simple form of a comparative degree: turn right, ride, very old; love to swim, habit of smoking; walks limping; beige coat; The older children went ahead.
The forms of the possessive pronoun of the 3rd person his, her, their (grammatically close to the invariable adjective), which have no case forms, and the forms of gender and number are nominatively significant and do not participate in the expression of the connection: his family (house, children ), her family (home, children), their family (home, children).
An adjunction is a connection between a noun and a form of a dependent, a noun or a group of noun forms that does not agree with it, as a whole making up the dependent component of the phrase: Lake Baikal (cf.: on Lake Baikal), Brody village (cf.: from the Brody village), station " University "(cf .: to the station" Universitet "), the magazine" Abroad "(cf.: in the magazine" Abroad "), the Moscow-Leningrad highway (cf.: along the Moscow-Leningrad highway). The form of the dependent noun in these phrases does not in itself serve to express a connection, i.e., it behaves as an unchangeable one. The relationship is expressed in a specific way for adjacency: contact postpositive arrangement of the adjoining component, its occurrence in the same syntagma with the word being defined, the ratio of the meanings of the main and dependent components of the phrase.
On the basis of contiguity, the word (main component) and the form of the word (dependent component) are always combined. The main component of a phrase based on adjunction is never a form of a word: go (goes, going, going) quickly, go (goes, going, going) swim, go (goes, going) dancing (jumping).
Words of different grammatical classes can act as the main component of a phrase when adjoining, but their combination possibilities within the adjunction are strictly limited by proper grammatical or semantic conditions. Qualitative adverbs, for example, are completely impossible with nouns, and gerunds can only be used with verbs. The infinitive can be used with almost any part of speech (with a noun, adjective, adverb, verb), but not with every word belonging to these parts of speech. The infinitive freely adjoins only words that contain a modal element in the meaning: I want to travel, passion to travel, ready to travel, not to travel. Among the verbs (and only among them) there are two more semantic groups of words to which the infinitive adjoins - phasic verbs: started to study, quit smoking, continues to speak and verbs of motion: came to study, went to talk. Different semantic groups of adverbs are combined with different groups of verbs. Thus, qualitative and quantitative adverbs are far from possible with every verb [cf. their impossibility with verbs to be, find oneself, belong, etc.; cf. the admissibility of only adverbs with a quantitative meaning with the verb to carry (desperately lucky)]. The circumstantial adverbs (especially local and temporal) are freer, which are possible with words of different grammatical and semantic classes: notice on the right, work late, agree involuntarily, say rashly; apartment opposite, forest in winter, hot clothes in summer, spruce green in winter. The possibility of adjoining one or another circumstantial adverb to a particular word is determined by the ratio of their lexical meanings.
Russian grammar. M., 1954. T. 2. S. 22-34.
Kovtunova I.M. Modern Russian language: Word order and actual articulation. M., 1976. § 9-12.
Kurilovich E. The problem of classification of cases T Essays on linguistics. M., 1962.
Peshkovsky A. M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. 7th ed. M.. 1956. S. 53-61, 283-288.
Russian grammar. M., 1980. T. 2. § 1720-1730.
Sirotinina O. B. Lectures on the syntax of the Russian language. M., 1980. S. 8-23.
Skoblikova E.S. Coordination and management in Russian. M., 1971. S. 7-27, 174-206.
B3 - types of subordination
Teacher's comments
| Possible difficulties | good advice |
| It can be difficult to determine the type of connection of words in phrases noun + noun, where the dependent word answers the question what? For example: smart daughter, city of Moscow, birch leaf, house by the road. | Try changing the main word to be plural or oblique, such as genitive. If the dependent noun changes at the same time, that is, it agrees with the main word in number and case ( clever daughters, the city of Moscow), then the type of connection of words in this phrase is agreement. |
| Sometimes the gender, number and case of nouns associated with control are the same, so in such cases you can confuse control with agreement, for example: with the director of the college. | To determine the type of connection of words in a given phrase, you need to change the form of the main word. If the dependent word changes after the main one, then this is a phrase with agreement: at the beautiful artist - beautiful artist. If the dependent word does not change, then it is a controlled phrase: from the director of the college - to the director of the college. |
| Some adverbs formed from nouns and other parts of speech can be confused with the corresponding parts of speech and make a mistake in determining the type of connection, for example: to go in the summer - to admire the summer, to cook hard-boiled - into a tough mess. | To determine the type of connection in such a situation, it is necessary to correctly determine the part of speech, which is a dubious word. If the doubtful word is written together with the former preposition or through a hyphen, then this is an adverb: hard-boiled, away, towards, in the old way. |
| Sometimes it is difficult to establish which word in a phrase is the main one and which is dependent, for example: | In phrases adjective + adverb, the main word is always the adjective, and the dependent word is the adverb, which means sign sign. |
Syntax. The concept of a sentence and a phrase
Syntax is a section of grammar that studies the structure and meaning of phrases and sentences.
A sentence is the basic unit of syntax that expresses a thought containing a message, question, or motivation. The sentence has intonational and semantic completeness, i.e., it is formed as a separate statement.
It's cold outside (message).
When does the train leave? (question).
Please close the window! (urge).
The offer has grammatical basis(subject and predicate). According to the number of grammatical bases, sentences are divided into simple (one grammatical base) and complex (more than one grammatical base).
The morning fog over the city has not yet dissipated, although it has thinned(simple sentence).
The one with the gold tooth turned out to be a waiter, not a crook(difficult sentence).
By the nature of the grammatical basis, simple sentences are two-part and one-part.
According to the completeness of their implementation, proposals are divided into complete and incomplete.
According to the purpose of the statement, sentences are narrative, incentive and interrogative.
By intonation, sentences are exclamatory and non-exclamatory.
phrase two or more words are called, combined in meaning and grammatically (using subordination).
The phrase consists of the main and dependent words. From the main word, you can ask a question to the dependent.
Go (where?) into the wilderness.
Charging (what?) battery.
The phrase, like the word, names objects, actions and their signs, but more specifically, precisely, because the dependent word specifies the meaning of the main one. Compare:
Morning - summer morning;
Sleep - sleep long.
Between the main and dependent word in a phrase, three types of subordination are possible: agreement, control and adjunction.
