Schemes for flooring on the ground in a house, basement, garage or bath

In houses without basements, the floor of the first floor can be made according to two schemes:

• with support on the ground - with a screed on the ground or on logs;
• based on walls - like a ceiling over a ventilated underground.

Which of the two options would be better and easier?

In homes without a basement, ground flooring is a popular solution for all ground floor spaces. Floors on the ground - cheap, simple and easy to perform, it is also beneficial to arrange in the basement, garage, bathhouse and others. utility rooms. Simple design, application modern materials, placement in the floor of the heating circuit (warm floor), make such floors comfortable and attractively priced.

In winter, the backfill under the floor always has a positive temperature. For this reason, the soil at the base of the foundation freezes less - the risk of frost heaving of the soil is reduced. In addition, the thickness of the thermal insulation of the floor on the ground may be less than that of the floor above the ventilated underground.

It is better to refuse the floor on the ground if it is necessary to backfill with soil at too high a height, more than 0.6-1 m. The cost of backfilling and compacting the soil in this case may be too high.

The floor on the ground is not suitable for buildings on a pile or column foundation with a grillage, which is located above the surface of the earth.

Three basic schemes for laying floors on the ground

In the first variant concrete monolithic reinforced floor slab rests on bearing walls, Fig.1.

After the concrete hardens, the entire load is transferred to the walls. In this option, a monolithic reinforced concrete floor slab plays the role of a floor slab and must be calculated for the standard load of floors, have appropriate strength and reinforcement.

The soil is actually used here only as a temporary formwork when installing iron concrete slab overlap. Such a floor is often referred to as a "suspended ground floor".

A suspended floor on the ground has to be done if there is a high risk of shrinkage of the soil under the floor. For example, when building a house on peat bogs or when the height of bulk soil is more than 600 mm. The thicker the backfill layer, the higher the risk of significant subsidence of the fill soil over time.

Second option - this is the floor on the foundation - a slab, when a reinforced concrete monolithic slab, poured onto the ground over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe building, serves as a support for the walls and the base for the floor, Fig.2.

Third option provides for the installation of a monolithic concrete slab or laying wooden lag in the intervals between load-bearing walls supported by bulk soil.

Here, the floor slab or logs are not connected to the walls. The load of the floor is completely transferred to the bulk soil, Fig.3.

It is the last option to correctly call the floor on the ground, which will be our story.

Floors on the ground should provide:

• thermal insulation of premises from the conditions of energy saving;
• comfortable hygienic conditions for people;
• protection against penetration into the premises of ground moisture and gases - radioactive radon;
• prevent the accumulation of water vapor condensate inside the floor structure;
• reduce the transmission of impact noise to adjacent rooms along the building structures.

Backfilling a soil cushion for a floor on the ground

The surface of the future floor rises to required height by arranging a cushion of non-porous soil.

Before starting work on backfilling, be sure to remove the top soil layer with vegetation. If this is not done, then the floor will begin to settle over time.

Any soil that can be easily compacted can be used as a material for the cushion device: sand, fine gravel, sand and gravel, and at a low level ground water- sandy loam and loam. It is advantageous to use the soil left in the area from, the well and (except for peat and black soil).

The soil of the pillow is carefully compacted in layers (not thicker than 15 cm.) by tamping with spilling the soil with water. The degree of soil compaction will be higher if a mechanical rammer is used.

Large crushed stone, broken bricks, pieces of concrete should not be laid in the pillow. There will still be voids between large fragments.

The thickness of the pillow from bulk soil is recommended to be made within 300-600 mm. It is still not possible to compact bulk soil to the state of natural soil. Therefore, the soil will settle over time. A thick layer of loose soil can lead to too much and uneven subsidence of the floor.

To protect against ground gases - radioactive radon, it is recommended to make a layer of compacted rubble or expanded clay in the pillow. This underlying capping layer is made 20 cm thick. The content of particles with a size of less than 4 mm in this layer should be no more than 10% by weight. The filtration layer must be ventilated.

The top layer of expanded clay, in addition to protection from gases, will serve as additional thermal insulation for the floor. For example, a layer of expanded clay with a thickness of 18 cm. in terms of heat-saving capacity corresponds to 50 mm. foam. For protection against punching of insulation boards and waterproofing films, which in some floor designs are laid directly on the backfill, a leveling layer of sand is poured over the compacted layer of crushed stone or expanded clay, twice the size of the backfill fraction in thickness.

Prior to filling the soil cushion, it is necessary to lay water and sewer pipes at the entrance to the house, as well as pipes of the soil ventilation heat exchanger. Or lay cases for mounting pipes in them in the future.

Ground floor construction

In private housing construction, the floor on the ground is arranged according to one of three options:

• ground floor with concrete screed;
• ground floor with dry screed;
• ground floor on wooden beams.

A concrete floor on the ground is noticeably more expensive in the device, but more reliable and durable than other designs.

Concrete floor on the ground

Floors on the ground are a multi-layer structure, Fig.4. Let's go through these layers from bottom to top:

1. Laid on a soil cushion ground filter materialmoisture contained in freshly placed concrete (eg. polyethylene film thickness not less than 0.15 mm.). The film is put on the walls.
2. Along the perimeter of the walls of the room, on overall height all layers of the floor are fixed separating edge layer from strips with a thickness of 20 - 30 mm cut from insulation boards.
3. Then arrange a monolithic concrete floor preparation thickness 50-80 mm. from lean concrete of class B7.5-B10 on crushed stone fraction 5-20 mm. This is a technological layer designed for sticking waterproofing. The radius of the junction of concrete to the walls 50-80 mm. Concrete preparation can be reinforced with steel or fiberglass mesh. The mesh is laid in the lower part of the slab with a protective concrete layer of at least 30 mm. For reinforcing concrete foundations, it can alsouse steel fiber length 50-80 mm and diameter 0.3-1mm. At the time of hardening, the concrete is covered with a film or poured with water. Read:
4. For hardened concrete floor preparation bonded waterproofing. Or two layers of rolled waterproofing or roofing material on a bitumen basis are laid on the mastic with each layer being placed on the wall. Rolls are unrolled and joined with an overlap of 10 cm. Waterproofing is a barrier to moisture, and also serves as protection against the penetration of ground gases into the house. The waterproofing layer of the floor must always be connected to a similar waterproofing layer of the wall. Butt joints of film or roll materials must be sealed.
5. On a layer of hydro-gas insulation laying insulation boards. Extruded polystyrene foam will probably be the best option for floor insulation on the ground. Styrofoam is also used, with a density of at least PSB35 (residential premises) and PSB50 for heavy loads (garage). Styrofoam eventually collapses upon contact with bitumen and alkali (these are all cement-sand mortars). Therefore, before laying foam plastic on a polymer-bitumen coating, one layer of polyethylene film should be laid with an overlap of sheets 100-150 mm. The thickness of the insulation layer is determined by heat engineering calculation.
6. On the insulation layer laying underlayment(for example, a polyethylene film with a thickness of at least 0.15 mm.), which creates a barrier to the moisture contained in the freshly laid concrete floor screed.
7. Then lay a monolithic reinforced screed with a "warm floor" system (or without a system). When underfloor heating, it is necessary to provide expansion joints in the screed. Monolithic screed must be at least 60 thick mm. performed from concrete class not lower than B12.5 or from mortarbased on cement or gypsum binder with a compressive strength of at least 15 MPa(M150 kgf / cm 2). The screed is reinforced with welded steel mesh. The grid is laid in the lower part of the layer. Read: . For a more thorough leveling of the surface concrete screed, especially if the final floor is made of laminate or linoleum, a self-leveling mortar from factory-made dry mixes with a thickness of at least 3 cm.
8. For screed installing a clean floor.

This is a classic floor on the ground. Based on it, it is possible various options performance - both in design and in the materials used, both with and without insulation.

Option - concrete floor on the ground without concrete preparation

Applying modern Construction Materials, concrete floor on the ground is often done without a layer concrete preparation . A layer of concrete preparation is needed as a basis for sticking rolled waterproofing on a paper or fabric basis impregnated with a polymer-bitumen composition.

In floors without concrete preparation as a waterproofing, a more durable polymer membrane specially designed for this purpose is used, a profiled film, which is laid directly on the soil cushion.

The profiled membrane is a sheet of polyethylene high density(PVP) with protrusions molded on the surface (usually spherical or in the form of a truncated cone) with a height of 7 to 20 mm. Available in density from 400 to 1000 g/m 2 and is supplied in rolls with a width of 0.5 to 3.0 m, length 20 m.

Due to the textured surface, the profiled membrane is securely fixed to the sandy base, without deforming or moving during installation.

Fixed into the sand base, the profiled membrane provides a solid surface suitable for laying thermal insulation and concrete.

The surface of the membranes can withstand the movement of workers and machines for transporting concrete mixtures and mortars without breaks (excluding tracked vehicles).

The service life of the profiled membrane is more than 60 years.

The profiled membrane is laid on a well-compacted sand cushion spikes down. The spikes of the membrane will lock into the pillow.

The seams between the overlapped rolls are carefully glued with mastic.

The studded surface of the membrane gives it the necessary rigidity, which makes it possible to lay insulation boards directly on it and concrete the floor screed.

If slabs of extruded polystyrene foam with profiled joint joints are used for the device of the thermal insulation layer, then such slabs can be laid directly on the ground backfill.

Bedding of crushed stone or gravel with a thickness of at least 10 cm neutralizes the capillary rise of moisture from the soil.

The polymer film of waterproofing in this embodiment is laid on top of the insulation layer.

If the top layer of the soil cushion is poured out of expanded clay, then the insulation layer under the screed can be abandoned.

The thermal insulation properties of expanded clay depend on its bulk density. From expanded clay with a bulk density of 250–300 kg / m 3 it is enough to make a heat-insulating layer with a thickness of 25 cm. Expanded clay with a bulk density of 400–500 kg / m 3 to achieve the same thermal insulation capacity, you will have to lay a layer 45 thick cm. Expanded clay is poured in layers with a thickness of 15 cm and compacted with a manual or mechanical rammer. The easiest way to compact is multifraction expanded clay, which contains granules of different sizes.

Expanded clay is quite easily saturated with moisture from the underlying soil. Wet expanded clay reduces thermal insulation properties. For this reason, it is recommended to arrange a moisture barrier between the base soil and the expanded clay layer. A thick waterproofing film can serve as such a barrier.

Expanded clay concrete is coarse-pored without sandy encapsulated. Each expanded clay granule is enclosed in a waterproof cement capsule.

Durable, warm and with low water absorption will be the base for the floor, made of coarse-pored claydite concrete without sand.

Ground floor with dry screed

In floors on the ground as the upper bearing layer, instead of a concrete screed, in some cases it is advantageous to make a dry prefabricated screed from gypsum fiber sheets, from sheets of waterproof plywood, as well as from prefabricated floor elements from different manufacturers.

For residential premises of the first floor of the house more simple and cheap option there will be a floor installation on the ground with a dry combined floor screed, Fig.5.

The floor with a prefabricated screed is afraid of flooding. Therefore, it should not be done in the basement, as well as in wet rooms- bathroom, boiler room.

The floor on the ground with a prefabricated screed consists of the following elements (positions in Fig. 5):

1 — flooring- parquet, laminate or linoleum.

2 - Glue for joints of parquet and laminate.

3 - Standard underlay for flooring.

4 - Prefabricated screed from prefabricated elements or gypsum-fiber sheets, plywood, particle boards, OSB.

5 - Glue for assembling the screed.

6 - Leveling backfill - quartz or expanded clay sand.

7 - Communications pipe (water supply, heating, electrical wiring, etc.).

8 - Insulation of the pipe with porous-fibrous mats or polyethylene foam sleeves.

9 - Protective metal casing.

10 - Expansion dowel.

11 - Waterproofing - polyethylene film.

12 - Concrete reinforced base made of class B15 concrete.

13 - Foundation soil.

The device for adjoining the floor to the outer wall is shown in Fig. 6.

The positions in Fig. 6 are as follows:
1-2. Lacquered parquet, parquet, or laminate or linoleum.
3-4. Adhesive and primer for parquet, or standard underlay.
5. Prefabricated screed from prefabricated elements or gypsum fiber sheets, plywood, chipboard, OSB.
6. Water-dispersion adhesive for screed assembly.
7. Moisture insulation - polyethylene film.
8. Quartz sand.
9. Concrete base - reinforced screed from concrete class B15.
10. Separating gasket made of waterproofing roll material.
11. Thermal insulation made of PSB 35 foam plastic or extruded polystyrene foam, according to the calculation thickness.
12. Foundation soil.
13. Plinth.
14. Self-tapping screw.
15. Outer wall.

As mentioned above, the soil cushion at the base of the floor always has a positive temperature and in itself has certain heat-insulating properties. In many cases, it is enough to additionally lay the insulation in a strip along the outer walls (pos. 11 in Fig. 6.) in order to obtain the required thermal insulation parameters for the floor without underfloor heating (without warm floors).

The thickness of the floor insulation on the ground

Fig.7. Be sure to lay insulation in the floor, along the perimeter of the outer walls, with a tape, at least 0.8 wide m. Outside, the foundation (basement) is insulated to a depth of up to 1 m.

The temperature of the soil under the floor, in the area adjacent to the plinth along the perimeter of the outer walls, depends quite strongly on the outside temperature. A cold bridge forms in this zone. Heat leaves the house through the floor, soil and plinth.

The soil temperature closer to the center of the house is always positive and depends little on the temperature outside. The soil is heated by the heat of the Earth.

Building regulations require that the area through which heat escapes must be insulated. For this, it is recommended to arrange thermal protection at two boundaries (Fig. 7):

1. Insulate outside the basement and foundation of the house to a depth of at least 1.0 m.
2. Lay a layer of horizontal thermal insulation in the floor structure along the perimeter of the outer walls. The width of the insulation tape along the outer walls is at least 0.8 m.(pos.11 in Fig. 6).

The thickness of the thermal insulation is calculated from the condition that the total resistance to heat transfer in the floor - soil - basement section must be no less than the same parameter for the outer wall.

Simply put, the total thickness of the basement plus floor insulation must be no less than the thickness of the outer wall insulation. For climate zone in the area of ​​Moscow, the total thickness of the foam insulation is at least 150 mm. For example, vertical thermal insulation on plinth 100 mm., plus 50 mm. horizontal tape in the floor along the perimeter of the outer walls.

When choosing the dimensions of the thermal insulation layer, it is also taken into account that the insulation of the foundation helps to reduce the depth of freezing of the soil under its sole.

These are the minimum requirements for floor insulation on the ground. It is clear that what more sizes thermal insulation layer, the higher the energy saving effect.

Lay thermal insulation under the entire floor surface in order to save energy, it is absolutely necessary only in the case of underfloor heating in the premises or the construction of an energy-passive house.

In addition, a continuous layer of thermal insulation in the floor of the room is useful and necessary to improve the parameter heat absorption of the floor surface. The heat absorption of the floor surface is the property of the floor surface to absorb heat in contact with any objects (for example, the soles of the feet). This is especially important if the finished floor is made of ceramic or stone tiles, or other material with high thermal conductivity. Such a floor with insulation will feel warmer.

The heat absorption index of the floor surface for residential buildings should not be higher than 12 W / (m 2 ° С). A calculator to calculate this indicator can be found

Wooden floor on the ground on logs on a concrete screed

Base plate made of concrete class B 12.5, thickness 80 mm. on a layer of crushed stone, compacted into the ground to a depth of at least 40 mm.

Wooden bars - logs with a minimum section, width 80 mm. and height 40 mm., it is recommended to lay on the waterproofing layer in increments of 400-500 mm. For vertical alignment, they are placed on plastic pads in the form of two triangular wedges. By sliding or pushing the linings, the height of the lag is adjusted. Span between adjacent support points lag no more than 900 mm. Between the lags and the walls should leave a gap of 20-30 mm.

The joists lie freely without attachment to the base. At the time of installation of the subfloor, they can be fastened together with temporary bonds.

For the device of the subfloor, wood-based boards are usually used - OSB, chipboard, DSP. The thickness of the plates is not less than 24 mm. All joints of the plates must necessarily rely on the logs. Wooden lintels are installed under the joints of the plates between adjacent lags.

The subfloor can be made from a grooved floorboard. Such a floor made of high-quality boards can be used without floor covering. Permissible humidity wood floor materials 12-18%.

If necessary, insulation can be laid in the space between the lags. Plates from mineral wool be sure to cover the top with a vapor-permeable film, which prevents the penetration of microparticles of insulation into the room.

Rolled waterproofing from bitumen or bitumen-polymer materials applied in two layers on the concrete underlying layer by melting (for welded roll materials) or by sticking on bitumen-polymer mastics. When installing pasting waterproofing, longitudinal and transverse overlapping of panels should be ensured at least 85 mm.

To ventilate the underground floor space on the ground along the logs, slots in the baseboards must be provided in the rooms. At least two opposite corners of the room leave holes with an area of ​​20-30 cm 2 .

Wooden floor on the ground on the logs on the posts

There is another constructive scheme of the floor - this is wooden floor on the ground on the logs, laid on posts, Fig.5.

Positions in Fig.5.:
1-4 - Elements of the finishing floor.
5 —
6-7 - Glue and screws for assembling the screed.
8 - Wooden log.
9 - Wood leveling gasket.
10 - Waterproofing.
11 - Brick or concrete column.
12 - Foundation soil.

The device of the floor on the logs along the columns allows you to reduce the height of the soil cushion or completely abandon its device.

Floors, soils and foundations

Floors on the ground are not connected to the foundation and rest directly on the ground under the house. If heaving, then the floor in winter and spring can "walk" under the influence of forces.

To prevent this from happening, the heaving soil under the house must be made not to heave. The easiest way to do this, and the underground part

The design of pile foundations at bored (including TISE) and screw piles involves the device of a cold base. Warming the soil under the house with such foundations is a rather problematic and expensive task. Floors on the ground in a house on a pile foundation can only be recommended for non-heaving or slightly heaving soils on the site.

When building a house on heaving soils, it is also necessary to have an underground part of the foundation to a depth of 0.5 - 1 m.

In a house with external multi-layer walls with insulation on the outside, a cold bridge is formed through the basement and the bearing part of the wall, bypassing the wall and floor insulation.

by the most rational decision for an individual developer is the concreting of the floor on the ground in the form of a floating screed. When using other options (roofing along beams, PC slab), harmful radon can accumulate inside the underground, and there is often no normal ventilation. Excess moisture leads to corrosion of concrete and biological damage to wood.

The device of the floor on the ground in a private cottage is often confused with the pouring of a monolithic ceiling supported by a basement or foundation elements, when the bottom fixed formwork is filled up, but not compacted soil inside the MZLF tape. it different technologies, the differences of which will be discussed below.

The builder should be aware that specific conditions the design of the concrete floor on the ground (PG) should be chosen correctly, based on the conditions:

• floors on the ground, it is necessary to create a single base for laying the flooring;
• the design is a floating screed that does not come into contact with the walls of the building and does not start under them;

The confusion in the names of technologies occurs for the following reasons:

• the foundation is laid in the project, the width of which is greater than the thickness of the walls;
• the enclosing structures are shifted outward (the inner surface of the basement, grillage or MZLF tape does not coincide with the plane of the inner walls).

In this case, the developer tries to avoid the resulting step, raises the floor level, pours the screed, not only on the ground, but also rests it on the protruding parts of the foundation. Backfill MZLF or grillage in this case serves as a formwork, but is not properly compacted.

During operation, the soil under the slab or the foundation under the building itself can sag or rise by heaving forces. In the place where the slab rests on the base, serious loads occur that are not taken into account in the calculations. The screed bursts, the floor covering becomes unusable.

It is important to understand that when arranging a floating screed on the ground with your own hands, it rests on tightly packed soil, cannot sag and swell. Therefore, reinforcement with mesh in one layer in the lower third of the structure is sufficient. Slabs supported by foundation/plinth elements are always reinforced in two levels. Backfilling the foundation / basement in this option solves other problems:

• the developer gets rid of the underground, inside which it is necessary to provide natural ventilation, and the low plinth does not allow making air vents in it, as they will be swept over by snow in winter;
• the accumulation of harmful radon gas inside the underground, freezing of the soil under the cottage is eliminated and heat losses in the floors are reduced;
• formwork costs are reduced, since the lower deck is the earth, which does not need to be compacted with a vibrating plate.

There is a variant of the floor construction on the ground with "leaning" on the foundation, but the bearing occurs through the foundation layer, while the soil must be well compacted, i.e. in fact, the floor does not rest on the foundation, because. due to the local collapse of the insulation at the place of support on the base, all movements are leveled. That is why for such a design you should not take a high-density insulation.

Floor on the ground with "leaning" on the plinth.

The concrete floor on the ground has the following design:

• backfilling- the arable layer must be completely removed, soil excavated from the MZLF trenches can be used, but only with a minimum clay content, compacted with a vibrating plate in layers;
• underlying layer - necessary for additional leveling, recommended thickness 40 cm, created from sand (on dry soils) or crushed stone with geotextiles (at high groundwater level), compacted with a vibrating plate (every 10 - 15 cm);
• footing - screed is necessary for protection waterproofing material from punctures with sharp edges of rubble, it can be filled with lean (B7.5) concrete mortar;
• waterproofing - EPDM films, two-layer polyethylene or built-up bituminous roll material that prevents concrete from getting wet and corrosion of reinforcement inside it;
• insulation - it is enough to make a 5 - 10 cm layer of high-density polystyrene foam (XPS or EPS brand);
• reinforced concrete - screed reinforced with mesh at the lower level of concrete B15 and higher (corresponds to M200).
• damper layer - along the perimeter, the screed is separated from the walls, plinth or foundation with a special tape or insulation installed on the edge;
• expansion joint - necessary in the openings between the rooms, it is arranged by laying special elements (corners) when pouring the structure.

Scheme of the location of expansion joints.

This is the only correct design PG for a private cottage. However, individual developers often try to save on flooring on the ground, so the following options exist:

• expanded clay is used instead of soil in backfilling - the material is very difficult to compact, but it is light and has thermal insulation properties (but nevertheless it cannot replace a layer of insulation), instead of concrete, the surface is shed with cement milk, which binds the top layer and makes it suitable for laying waterproofing;
• exclusion of footing - a layer of sand with a thickness equal to two sizes of the maximum fraction of crushed stone is laid on top of the crushed stone, after which the non-metallic material is compacted so that it does not leave marks from the workers' shoes, the waterproofing is laid on it, but is not glued, but sealed in places of overlap with each other .

In projects of a private dwelling, there are often partitions and separately standing structures, having a large weight (from 400 kg), providing point concentrated loads.

Important! The floor on the ground is not a load-bearing structure, therefore, for stoves / fireplaces, internal stairs and heavy partitions, an independent foundation is required, which can be built into the floor on the ground or take the form of piles, slabs, pillars.

Foundation options for stairs.

Manufacturing technology

Before making a PG with your own hands according to the above scheme, it is not enough to know its design. It is necessary to take into account the nuances of construction at each stage, given below. The main misconception is the suitability of GHGs only for strip foundations of a private house.

In fact, a floating screed can be poured in houses with a low grillage on screw and bored piles, classic and TISE pillars. In this case, the thickness of the structure and its structure remain the same, and the SG is adjacent to the walls on the grillage.

Backfilling MZLF for the floor on the ground.

Training

The floor structure on the ground must have a base with normal bearing capacity. PG is made inside the grillage or MZLF, the beams of which rise above the ground, creating the basement of the foundation. Therefore, it will be correct to fill the internal cavities with soil taken out of the trenches of the strip foundation, leaving 0.4 m for non-metallic material.

If there is an arable layer containing a large amount of organic matter, it must be removed. Even if the chernozem is compacted with a vibrating plate, after 3-12 months the organic matter in it will rot and the soil will definitely sag, which is extremely dangerous for concrete, even if reinforced, but not connected with the foundation.

Important! At this stage, the elements of the grillage, plinth or foundation should be treated with waterproofing materials (plaster, welded or coated), if this has not been done before.

Communications

Unlike the foundation floating slab, the input nodes of engineering systems are assembled by hand before backfilling the underlying layer. The exact location of the walls is already known, since the grillage or MZLF has already been made. Therefore, it is impossible to make a mistake with the passage of risers in the immediate vicinity of the building envelope.

Even with the minimum thickness of the screed, the maintainability of communications inside the SG is practically zero. Therefore, the following technology is used:

• the water supply is deepened by 1 - 1.5 m, since the soil under the cottage cannot freeze (only for dwellings of all-season operation), the sewerage system by 0.7 - 1 m, since the drains leave the house warm;
• the pipes run in sleeves or a corrugated pipe of a larger diameter, so that if they fail, you can pull out part of the circuit from the outside or from the inside of the house and replace them with new ones;
• if necessary, a power cable can be brought into the cottage at a depth of 0.5 m, laying a red signal tape on top of it.

Communications inside the underlying layer.

It is possible to maximize the quality and resource of engineering systems in a private house by installing an underlying layer:

• trenches are torn off under water and sewer pipes;
• geotextile is laid, the edges of which are attached to the sides of the working;
• 5 - 10 cm layer of sand / gravel is poured;
• communications are established;
• they are covered with the same non-metallic material from above and on the sides;
• are covered with the remains of geotextiles and covered with soil.

This will compensate for possible heaving forces and maintain the integrity of engineering systems.

Underlayment

Backfilling of the upper layer with non-metallic material refers to a technology that makes it possible to eliminate heaving forces. Crushed stone and sand have drainage properties, serve as a damper layer of the floor on the ground, are normally compacted by a vibrating plate and do not sag over time.

Sand preparation of the floor on the ground.

However, these materials absorb cement laitance from concrete and do not allow the joints of rolled waterproofing to be properly sealed. Therefore, on top of the underlying layer, it is necessary to pour the footing - 3 - 5 cm screed from a mixture of brand B 7.5.

Waterproofing and insulation

After the foundation has gained strength, rolled bituminous materials are welded onto its surface with an overlap of strips of 10–15 cm. The edges are launched onto the vertical surfaces of the grillage or strip foundation of a private cottage to the floor height on the ground.

Waterproofing and warming of PG.

The optimal insulation option for the considered SG design is high-density extruded polystyrene foam of XPS or XPS grades. It does not sag, retains properties in water and has high vapor barrier properties.

Important! With the specified "pie" of the floor on the ground, the insulation remains under the concrete, the design has a high thermal inertia (accumulates heat, but also increases the energy consumption in the heating boiler during initial heating).

Reinforcement and underfloor heating

Due to the fact that the concrete floor on the ground perceives only compressive loads, its lower layer must be reinforced to compensate for the destruction from tensile forces. For this, a wire mesh of rods with a diameter of 4 mm with a cell of 10 x 10 cm is used, according to SP 63.13330 (reinforced concrete structures).

Reinforcement of the floor on the ground.

According to the regulations of the above joint ventures, SG concreting should be carried out in compliance with the following conditions:

• lower protective layer concrete 1.5 cm minimum;
• to ensure it, the grid is laid on polymer or concrete bosses; it is forbidden to use metals and crushed stone;
• when building up the mesh, the overlap is at least 10 cm (one cell).

If the project includes a warm floor (TP), its contours are laid on top of the reinforcing mesh, the thickness of the floating screed automatically increases.

concreting

• the mesh must not be cut;
• to pass the bars through the partition, you will have to cut the required number of grooves in the shield;
• set the formwork in place and foam the remaining cracks;
• nail a beam on one side of the partition to create a ledge in the concrete for bonding with the next piece of screed.

Before pouring, a damping layer is required. To do this, along the perimeter of the SG, pieces of thin (1 cm) polystyrene foam are installed vertically close to the foundation of a private cottage, protruding beyond the design level of the floor, or the perimeter is pasted over with a damper tape that performs the same function.

Damper layer for floating screed.

The mixture is laid from the far corner to the concrete mixer with a ledge. Then it is compacted with a vibrating screed, leveled by the rule along the beacons.

Technology nuances

The strength of floors on the ground is affected by the brand of concrete, the sequence of operations and the materials used. However, there are common features when concreting junction points, platforms for supporting heavy structures and light partitions.

Junction nodes

In order to minimize heat loss in the floors with your own hands, the insulation on the outer edge of the basement and foundation must be connected with heat-insulating material inside the walls or on their outer surface (ventilated facade or wet facade) without cold bridges.

Insulation of the wall and plinth to eliminate cold bridges.

Partitions and walls

Since floors on the ground are not a load-bearing structure, a separate foundation must be poured under load-bearing walls and heavy partitions. Another option is stiffeners along these walls, directed towards the ground, by analogy with the Swedish UWB slab.

Enough difficult case are partitions from GKL on the floor on the ground:

• on the one hand, the steam generator must be separated from the partition with a damper layer, that is, a screed must be made after the installation of the partition;
• on the other hand, drywall systems should be erected after the end of wet processes, otherwise the material will absorb moisture and lose rigidity and strength.

Therefore, a combined technique is used:

• a profile frame is mounted on the foundation;
• a narrow strip of drywall is attached, the width of which is equal to the height of the floating screed;
• glued to it damper tape or expanded polystyrene is installed;
• a screed is poured, after drying of which the partitions are sheathed with drywall completely.

Installation of a framework for a partition.

This avoids getting wet drywall when concrete dries and preserves the properties of structural materials.

Ladders and power equipment

The internal structures of a building can be of considerable weight and exert concentrated loads on small areas. Therefore, for fireplaces, interfloor stairs, pumping equipment, furnaces and boilers, it is necessary to make a separate foundation or increase the thickness of the floor slab along the ground.

Thus, an individual developer can apply the floor-on-ground technology for a low grillage and MZLF tape in order to reduce the construction budget and operating costs, and increase living comfort.

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Our house has a strip foundation. Initially, we thought of making a ventilated subfloor under the floor of the first floor, but when pouring the foundation, we forgot to make air vents in it for ventilation. There was an idea to drill these vents, but later, having thought it over carefully, we decided to abandon the underground - all mold, rodents and insects love to live in it. We decided on the first floor inside the strip foundation to simply pour a monolithic concrete floor.

Work began with the insulation of the foundation tape.

Decided to insulate from the inside. For insulation, we took XPS slabs 5 cm thick. In fact, the insulation of the foundation is usually done from the outside, but by this moment we had already installed ebbs above the foundation. The tides hang over the foundation by 4-7 cm - we expected to bring the foundation cladding under them. It takes about 2-3 cm for the lining, so we simply didn’t have any space left for the insulation outside.

The slabs have a size of 120x60 cm, and the foundation tape rises by about 30 cm. In order not to cut the slabs, we just buried them a little in the ground. The upper edge of the insulation belt rises 5-10 cm above the foundation tape. In the future, the space between the insulation plates and lower crowns the log house will be filled with some kind of heat-insulating material or mounting foam. Such a solution will allow us to completely stop the heat leakage from the house through the cold concrete foundation in winter.

Another task that we had to solve before pouring a monolithic concrete slab was the construction of a foundation for a fireplace chimney. We plan to make a ceramic chimney in a casing of concrete blocks. The structure is very heavy, so it was necessary to additionally strengthen the foundation at the place where the chimney was installed.

At the installation site of the chimney, they dug a hole 70x70 cm deep about 50 cm. The size of the chimney is only 50x36 cm - we made the foundation with a margin so that we could slightly adjust its position when installing the chimney or, if necessary, turn it 90 degrees.

Reinforcement was tied inside the pit, and formwork was placed along the contour. The formwork is needed so that the foundation of the chimney is not connected to the monolithic floor slab. In case of shrinkage due to heavy weight the chimney floor must not be damaged.

After that, it was possible to level the surface of the soil and cover everything with a layer of sand. In the photo in the corner is visible sticking out of the ground sewage pipe 50 mm in diameter. We laid it in order to stretch an electric cable through it into the house in the future.

The pipes in the photo are the plumbing and sewage systems introduced earlier into the house.

For compaction, a layer of sand was shed with water. In the future, this water will either go into the ground, or it will be absorbed by the concrete when it dries.

Placed on a layer of sand reinforcing mesh. Laying is done over the entire floor area. So that after pouring the concrete, the mesh was inside the slab, it was raised above the floor, placing pieces of foam from below.

Concrete was poured directly from the mixer, feeding it through the window. In order not to splatter the walls, they sheathed them with old pieces of plastic wrap.

And here is the first concrete "bun". It can be used to check the consistency of concrete. In our case, it turned out to be thick, we had to add water to increase fluidity.

After that, the concrete flowed like a stream. And the builders simply dispersed it over the entire floor area with shovels.

The surface of the poured concrete floor was leveled with a regular board.

After alignment, the following picture turned out.

Already in this photo you can see small bumps. But we were not faced with the task of obtaining a perfectly flat floor - this is just a rough solid concrete base, on which waterproofing, insulation and a finishing floor will still be laid.

After drying, it turned out such a beauty. The thickness of the concrete slab is about 10 cm. The slab is poured about 10 cm below the top edge of the foundation strip. In the future, we will concrete floor put logs about 15 cm high, lay insulation between the logs, and lay a finishing floor along the logs. A layer of insulation will block the joint between wood and concrete, which is now covered with XPS boards.

The photo shows that the concrete at the site of the chimney foundation is darker, because. there is a much thicker layer - about 60 cm. Plus, this concrete bedside table contacts from below with deeper moist soil layers and “pulls” moisture into itself.

As a rule, in order to install the floor on the ground on strip foundation, you should know many nuances that will be useful in the construction of a concrete structure. The type of building material will directly depend on the wishes of the owner and the method of application.

Carry out the installation floor material can be equally on the concrete base of the screed, wooden or monolithic type slab. If a concrete slab is made, then it must be attached to the foundation with reinforcement, or it will be floating. In the case of a floor device on the ground itself, a primary gravel cushion is made.

What the builder needs to remember

The design of the floor foundation on the ground has an enhanced operational capacity. But for this you need to choose the right material.

To make it easier to understand the structure of the cake from the inside, you will need to study the factors that affect the concrete slab:

1. The occurrence of heaving soil influence under a residential building is extremely rare. country houses can be installed on different kinds bases, but they are all installed on the ground. If the insulation of the sole is of poor quality, or is absent at all, most of the heat will quickly go into the soil layers. Due to this subfield or basement located under the house will be warm, which can make it difficult to store vegetables. To avoid this, it is necessary to without fail perform high quality insulation.
2. Every building design must include drainage protection against water, which often appears in spring time years from snowmelt. In the presence of moisture removal, groundwater is not formed under the foundation structure, thereby the soil will be dry.

Do not lay geotextile under a sand cushion - compaction will deteriorate

• In many cases, the structure of the soil beneath a dwelling will settle even if heaving does not occur. Sometimes the foundation tape is attached to the floor structure with reinforcement. When the soil sags under the floor, a space is created, and the concrete slab sags because it is fixed to the base. To avoid this situation, backfilling is carried out at the time of construction. A pit is dug, after which it is covered with rubble and sand. After a certain thickness, compaction is carried out. If all conditions are met correctly, then there will be no shrinkage.
• Most construction organizations believe that geotextile material is preliminarily laid under the base of a residential building at the time of the sand cushion installation. But, according to experts, in this case, the result of compaction of a sand or crushed stone cushion will worsen. During the compacting period, the layers of the cushion are pressed together with the soil, which is placed below. It is best to install a drainage system under this pie.

In connection with the above factors, it is necessary to focus Special attention stacking a cake in a case strip base. This will significantly increase the reliability of the entire structure as a whole.

It is important at the time of the construction of the foundation to remember that engineering structures after some time they may fail, and it will not be possible to replace them. To solve this problem, it is possible to carry out an engineering-type redundant system.

Main mounting options

Nowadays, it is possible to carry out the installation of flooring on the ground with the help of two technologies to choose from. Moreover, all these actions are performed in different ways of execution. The first method is considered the most cost-effective and at the same time not too laborious.

Scheme of the device floor on the ground

A variant of this design is the installation of the floor using wooden beams. Can be replaced upon request wood material steel beams. However, such a choice cannot but hit your finances.

Let's move on to the consideration of the negative aspects of this floor:

The second method is considered the most expensive, but expensive does not always mean bad. This method is a filler floor, while it is insulated and a layer of waterproofing is laid. This method is considered the most reliable and effective.

Preparatory stage

This stage of work involves preparing the soil for the upcoming loads and installing an insulated screed. To do the work on your own, there is next order actions:

1. Performing markup. Measure the floor of the basement, if it is absent, then the first floor. These marks will serve starting point overlap, also this surface will be the place you walk on. The threshold of the room, whether it is a basement or the entrance to a private building, will be the starting point. Subtract the thickness of the concrete slab from the reference point. At the next stage of work, several marks are made on the foundation. Thus, the points of the lower and upper parts of the overlap become known. You can perform all actions with the help of a level, with its help, accuracy will increase and the work process will be significantly accelerated.
2. Further preparatory steps. For a concrete slab, or rather a floor, dense layers of soil will be the basis in the basement. You can use a vibrator to compact the soil. However, this mechanism requires special tool. Also, compaction of the soil structure can be performed using a bulk mass, which is a log with a diameter of at least 30 cm. To perform this important task, a wide platform is attached to the tree trunk. Under its influence and the total weight of the wood, the soil is compacted.
3. Preliminary actions in relation to a monolithic slab of a strip base are additional bedding throughout the basement area. To make it, you will need building materials such as: sand or crushed stone of the middle fraction. At the time of purchasing the material for powdering, it should be remembered that the sand must be chosen not less than the average size. The size of the bedding layer should not exceed 50 cm. The sandy appearance of the pillow plays a role drainage system, which evenly transfers the mass from the building to the ground. In some situations, in order for the layers to be denser, they are watered with a small amount of water, after which they are sprinkled and rammed again.
4. An important component in the base of the tape type is the laying of high-quality protection against moisture. Most often, an ordinary film is used for this, which is made of polyethylene or membrane types of materials with a high density. Pouring a concrete screed can only be done after the waterproofing has been laid out around the entire perimeter of the room. It is important to remember that all joints of the waterproofing material must be connected exclusively with an overlap. The film must be made larger than the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room, this is necessary in order to bend the edges. For details of preparation and laying on the ground, see this video:

It is important to remember during the pouring of the screed that the floor structure can be made warm. This action can be performed using the design of a warm floor. It is powered by electricity, while consuming a small amount of energy, but it heats the entire area well.

The final stage in the arrangement of the floor on the ground

In order to manufacture concrete structure reliable floor, the pouring process must be carried out in several stages. If the concrete consistency will be made by hand, then material such as:

• brand of cement 300 or 400;
• fine sand;
• water;
• crushed stone of medium small size.

All of the above elements should be thoroughly mixed in an electric concrete mixer, adhering to certain proportions. If this is not available construction tool, you can make a wooden box. In it, you can make batches of concrete consistency. For answers to the main questions about the installation of this type of floor, see this video:

Pouring the concrete mixture according to the beacons

Lighthouses are installed in the room according to the level. According to them, the floor will be filled. A well-mixed solution is poured from the extreme corners of the room, while tamping is performed. This is necessary so that there is no porosity in the structure of the concrete consistency, that is, air formations.

The concrete mixture is leveled in the room using a special long aluminum rule. After the completion of pouring concrete, the room should be left for 30 days. This time will be enough for the complete solidification of the structure.

After this period, a specialized mixture is poured over the structure, which is necessary for quality alignment errors.

Floor on the ground on a strip foundation: device tips

To install the floor on the ground on a strip foundation, you should know many nuances that will be useful in constructing a concrete structure.

Heat accumulation in country cottage or dacha building- the key to creating an energy efficient home. You can independently lay the floor, placed on the ground on one of the types of strip foundation, using a screed. The technology is suitable for budget construction and large-scale housing construction.

Features of floors on the ground

Floor covering on the ground is a multi-layer construction that contributes to good ventilation and building stability. Overlapping in the form of a tape is justified for buildings with low basement floors and the impossibility of mounting a monolithic base.
Concrete floor structures located on the ground include the following elements:

• bedding in the form of sifted river sand, which is rammed;
• a layer of medium fractional material - crushed stone or expanded clay;
• rough screed from a cement mixture;
• layers of hydro, steam and thermal insulation;
• finishing screed from cement mortar;
• finishing flooring.

A building cake organized in layers protects the building from freezing, the appearance of condensing sediment. The design of the floor is durable, strong, easy to implement, but requires financial investments.

SNiP: information for the developer

The installation of the floor along the ground line will be effective if you follow the recommendations of SNiP 29.13330 of 2011. The document specifies a number of conditions under which the technology will be justified:

1. Carrying out waterproofing works. The optimal material is extruded polystyrene foam, placed under the sole of the building. Foam boards help retain geothermal heat.
2. Selection of the optimal layer thickness. The need to create a structure, its thickness depends on the level of subsoil moisture, the load of the structure and the possibility of heating. When the GWL is less than 2 m, sand bedding is not used, and the rough screed is replaced by pouring crushed stone. Loads over 0.2 t / 1 m2 require reinforcement with wire 4 mm in diameter.
3. The presence of a drainage system. Drainage is required when the groundwater level is high. In private construction, a storm drain is used to drain flood, ground or melt water.
4. Backfilling with non-metallic bulk materials (20 cm of sand and the same amount of crushed stone), followed by tamping, will prevent subsidence of the foundation.
5. Laying geotextile fabric is relevant only when arranging filtering communications or drainage. Otherwise, the soil will not be compacted, violating the strength of the foundation.

Strip base technology – optimal for dacha construction. It minimizes the cost of making each layer of the pie, increases the life of the house, is maintainable and reliable.

Varieties of the base in the form of a tape

The tape base is suitable for the construction of buildings made of heavy materials and on soils that are not uniform throughout the area. simple technology arrangement of the structure makes the foundation of the first floor durable, prevents shrinkage. The tape base allows you to equip the basement, it is used in the construction of houses with a complex configuration.
The tape, which is carried out under the inner and outer walls of the dwelling, is distinguished by its simplicity of arrangement. The product needs in large numbers building materials - concrete, wood for formwork, reinforcement, etc. In construction practice, several types of tape bases are created.

Monolithic, or filler construction

Raised directly to construction site. The structure is subject to additional reinforcement, and after hardening it forms a rigid inseparable monolith.
The foundation requires the obligatory erection of a formwork made of metal or wood that can withstand the weight and pressure of hardened cement, it is metal or wood. The frame can be removable or non-removable. For stability, concrete masses are additionally insulated, waterproofing is laid. The monolithic base is durable, with high strength.

Prefabricated strip base

It is mounted from factory reinforced concrete blocks, which, after delivery to the construction site, are connected using reinforcement and cement mortar. When erecting a low-rise structure on sandy soil, it is allowed not to use pillow blocks.
The disadvantage of the design lies in the difficulty of perfectly fitting the size of the elements in conditions complex configuration designs of the future home.
The advantages of a prefabricated tape base are many:

• construction is carried out as soon as possible;
• labor costs for arranging the foundation are minimized by renting special equipment;
• work can be carried out even in winter.

A basement or basement floor is built on a prefabricated foundation.

Combined structure

A combined strip foundation is used on difficult soils when it is necessary to raise the level of the first floor in the presence of a slope or on moving soil. The construction allows you to reduce heat loss throughout the house.

Rubble and brick types

The rubble base belongs to the long-term construction, but it is considered the most durable - it does not freeze through and is not exposed to groundwater. The work involves the selection of the shape of stones and their connection cement mortar. The rubble-concrete look differs from the previous one in an equal ratio of stone and cement (50/50). Brick strip foundation is a standard brickwork with concrete. It is recommended to use it on dry soils and be sure to put high-quality waterproofing.
The foundation in the form of a tape is suitable for laying the floor on the ground in reinforced concrete, stone and brick houses with a density of more than 1300 kg / m3.

Benefits of a tape monolith

Foundations in the form of a tape allow you to organize an underground, to equip the thermal insulation of a private house. The design has many advantages:

• prevents the penetration of subsoil gases into the dwelling with proper waterproofing and backfilling.
• underground space does not need to lay ventilation systems.
• soil and concrete slab accumulate heat, which is suitable for frame and other houses with thin walls.
• concrete screeds are a convenient base, an ideal thermal platform for organizing “warm floors”.
• thermal insulation of the structure reduces the risk of freezing of the foundation and its swelling.
• for communications laid at the level of backfill, minimal insulation is required.

The internal space of the tape structure is filled up, insulated and waterproofed before the installation of the concrete floor.

Material selection technology

Building materials for arranging floors on the ground on a strip foundation are selected depending on the level of the structure. To reduce construction costs, the screed is performed by working from top to bottom:

• a reinforcing frame is laid that will withstand linoleum, carpet, laminate, tiles, boards or plywood subbase;
• lined with foil insulation, which reduces the number of heating points;
• lay waterproofing, mainly - roofing material, film;
• cover the subbase with a thickness of 4-7 cm based on M200 cement, crushed stone and sand;
• form a sand cushion, which is compacted with a vibrating plate to a depth of 20-30 cm.
• pour the main screed of durable concrete.

The selected materials will make it possible to carry out the construction of floors in a technologically correct way. The amount of consumable raw materials can be determined approximately. For a standard floor surface at the soil level, you will need 30 cm of sand, 5-10 cm of concrete, 10 cm of insulation, 5-7 cm of screed and finishing materials.

Arrangement of floors on a strip foundation

All work is divided into several stages. When performing each, it is necessary to follow the algorithm - so the design will be strong and reliable.

Backfilling of the sand layer

Before the start of events, it is necessary to take into account the need for tamping bulk raw materials - manipulations will compact the sand cushion. Tasks are performed in stages:

1. Sand is laid in a layer of 10-15 cm and, in a dry form, is rammed with a vibrating plate.
2. The compacted material is watered with a hose with a spray nozzle. It is important not to oversaturate the material with moisture, because. in the future, do not tamp it down.
3. Re-compacting is carried out. The vibrating plate is used twice, changing the direction of movement.
4. Re-sanding is in progress.

On the moistened material, you need to walk several times with a vibrating plate and wait for the layer to dry.

Reinforcing cage construction

It is difficult to reinforce tape-type foundations - the process is laborious. Experts advise to follow the step-by-step technique of work:

1. Lay several smooth crossbars with a diameter of 6-8 mm, extending them by 100 mm.
2. Calculate the step - the distance over which the cement mortar will be poured.
3. Place ribbed longitudinal reinforcement with a diameter of 12 - 16 mm on the transverse pins. Form the lower belt.
4. Mount the upper rods at the mating points in a vertical position.
5. Lay 2 longitudinal rods on the elements. Form the lower belt.

The joints of the reinforcing frame are welded, tied with clamps or drags.

Pouring the foundation on the pillow

The foundation-base is created on a ready-made pillow of crushed stone and sand. The concrete mass is made in proportions of 1:3:6 based on M200 cement and other materials. Self-concreting consists of the following steps:

1. Filling the starting layer with a thickness of 10 cm.
2. Secondary pouring of the mixture to a height of 40-50 cm.
3. Compaction of the mass with a vibrotamper or piercing with a reinforcing pin.

To reduce the time of work, the cement mortar is poured in one go.

Laying a waterproofing layer. vapor barrier

The works are designed to protect the underground structure from moisture. A pre-made footing will ensure the evenness of the application of materials for fusing or stickers. The procedure for preliminary concreting is relevant in conditions of close proximity to groundwater or in the arrangement of basements.
The waterproofing process is carried out according to the construction algorithm:

1. A polyethylene film 150 microns thick is laid with an overlap of 15-20 cm, and then the seams are glued.
2. For reliable protection against the penetration of moisture and condensate, the second layer of hydroprotection is similarly covered.
3. Insulation is carried out with foam plastic or extruded polystyrene foam. They are placed in a layer of 10 cm.

When using foam, protect it from contact with the polyethylene film cement mortar.

Types of screed

Arrangement of the floor on the ground is carried out in two techniques - dry and self-leveling. The choice of technology is at the discretion of the site owner.

Performing a dry screed

The technology provides for the formation of layers - cushions based on crushed stone, sand filling, rough screed and waterproofing. Then, using special ready mixes, the flooring is being screeded. Ready compositions are laid as follows:

1. Install beacons (slats or profiles), fix them with putty.
2. Fall asleep between the lighthouses crumbled expanded clay composition. Level the material over the waterproofing layer.
3. Plates are laid, which are fixed with adhesive-sealant or with self-tapping screws 19 mm long.

Finishing installation work the edges of the film are cut off, and the resulting gaps are sealed with sealant.

Floor screed

Self-leveling floor technology creates a perfectly smooth surface for subsequent finishing. The arrangement of the coating has a number of features:

1. The waterproofing layer is cleaned of dust and treated with liquid glass diluted with water in proportions of 2:1. The surface is processed in 2-3 layers, after complete drying of each (1 hour);
2. The mixture for pouring is prepared manually on the basis of bulk material and water. The composition must be kept for 10 minutes and kneaded again.
3. The mass is poured onto the floor with a layer of 0.3-1 cm and leveled with a spatula.
4. Air bubbles are eliminated - a spiked roller is rolled on the surface.
5. The mixtures formed after drying are eliminated with a putty mesh.
6. Finishing is carried out after the mass has solidified.

Arrangement bulk screed compensates for the load of the house, eliminates wall shrinkage, isolates noise from heating equipment.

Construction work rules

When performing floors on the ground, try to observe the boundaries of the layers, carry out backfilling and laying waterproofing along the beacons. When conducting communications, place the wires in a metal box, the openings of which must be sealed. Be sure to check the quality of the layers - only in this way the structure will receive strength and reliability. The floor at soil level can be lined with insulation, on top of which lay boards, tiles or laminate.
With technologically correct design of the floor, careful control of the height of the layers, selection of the strip foundation, the product will last up to 50 years.