Very often it is necessary to design and then install pipelines that pass through walls, ceilings and floors. And, as a rule, many questions of this kind arise: Is it worth using sleeves when pipes pass through walls? What size to use? How to seal sleeves? What material to use sleeves? How far should the sleeve extend from the wall, floor or ceiling. I hope that in this article I will give complete answers to all the questions that arise.
On device internal pipelines water supply and sewerage systems, some of them are in the thickness of ceilings, walls, partitions and foundations. For example, through building construction can pass up to 10% of the length of the riser ( the distance between the floors of adjacent floors - 3.0 m and the thickness of the ceiling - 0.3 m ). Moreover, pipes made of materials of different strength and surface hardness can pass through the same structures. In turn, the building structures of public buildings, depending on their number of storeys and the method of construction, are made of both hard (reinforced concrete, brick, etc.) and relatively soft (wood, plaster, dry plaster, etc.) materials.
In this regard, installers often face the question: how will the long-term strength behavior of pipelines made of a particular material be affected by their direct contact with a building element made of a material of a different hardness?
The regulatory documents and technical literature contain certain recommendations for the arrangement of pipeline intersections with building structures. So, the places where the risers pass through the ceilings must be sealed cement mortar throughout the entire thickness of the cover. The section of the riser above the ceiling by 8-10 cm (up to the horizontal outlet pipeline) should be protected with a cement mortar 2-3 cm thick, and before sealing the sewer riser with a mortar, the pipes must be wrapped with a rolled waterproofing material without a gap.
When passing polypropylene pipes through building structures it is necessary to provide sleeves . The inner diameter of the sleeve should be 5-10 mm larger than the outer diameter of the pipe being laid. The length of the sleeve should be 20 mm greater than the thickness of the building structure. The annular space should be sealed with soft non-combustible material in such a way as not to impede the axial movement of the pipeline during its linear temperature deformations.
Recommended pipeline crossing of a building structure
a - wall
b - overlap
1 - sleeve
2 - stuffing
3 - pipe
4 - wall
5 - gender
6 - overlap
With the aim of noise reduction sewer pipelines it is recommended to pass through the ceilings along the sleeves with the sealing of the gap between the sleeve and the pipe with an elastic material. The intersection made in this way allows to reduce, and sometimes significantly, the noise coming from them. In the figures, the number of arrows indicates the noise level.
1 - riser;
2 - stuffing;
3 - floor;
4 - sleeves;
5 - overlap;
7 - inner wall;
8 - outlet pipeline
Incorrectly executed crossing of the ceiling by a vertical pipeline
1 - partition;
2 - clamp;
3 - pipeline;
4 - bearing wall;
5 - sound waves;
6 - overlap;
7 - rigid termination;
8 - gender
Correctly executed crossing of the ceiling by a vertical pipeline
1 - sound waves;
2 - bearing wall;
3 - clamp;
4 - pipeline;
5 - partition;
6 - floor;
7 - rigid concrete embedment;
8 - elastic packing;
9 - overlap;
10 - sleeve
The need to equip pipelines with sleeves when they cross the walls and ceilings of public buildings can be justified by a number of factors. For example, straight sections of risers made of polymer pipes are very sensitive to temperature changes and can move significantly . In this situation, the installation of sleeves is mandatory, since it will create conditions for free movement of pipelines in walls and ceilings in case of their temperature deformations, which are possible during installation and operational, seasonal or daily temperature differences. At the same time, compensators prevent the movement of polymer pipelines in building structures, excluding their deformation in the building structure.
The sleeve should also be installed to ensure the possibility of dismantling the faulty pipeline section without destroying it. . At the same time, it is not always advisable to equip each design with sleeves, since the need for this event, as a rule, is dictated by force majeure circumstances. This is also evidenced by the fact that complete replacement pipeline (for example, polymer), in accordance with its service life, will need to be implemented in the cold water supply system in 50 years.
Compliance with the requirement to seal the space between pipelines and sleeves installed in the walls and ceilings of public buildings makes it possible to exclude the penetration of odors and insects from one room to another.
The space between the pipe and the sleeve does not have to be sealed with waterproof material. This is only required when the sleeve is in the floor. For example, in the event of an accident on a hot water riser from a metal-polymer pipeline, water should not pass through the gap between the pipe and the sleeve to the lower floors.
When determining the value protrusions of sleeves outside walls and ceilings (including ceilings) and the choice of their sizes the following should be taken into account :
- an overhang of 50 mm is appropriate for rooms where the level of poured water can rise above the level of the finished floor (for example, shower rooms, where, as a rule, waterproofing under the floor is provided). The sealing of the sleeve around the pipeline must be watertight;
- excessive protrusion of the sleeve beyond the baffle is not always justified, since the shorter the sleeve, the lower its cost and, consequently, the cost of fitting. It can be considered sufficient that there are no obstacles for finishing work (plastering, painting, wallpapering, tiles etc.);
- The dimensions of the sleeves depend on the method of installation of the pipeline. At concealed installation excessive protrusion of the sleeve beyond the baffle can be neglected. For open installation, sleeves with dimensions that will not spoil the interior of the room should be used.
The gap between the sleeve and polymer pipeline must be capable of producing a high quality finish. The inner diameters of the sleeves must also allow the free passage of failed pipeline parts.
For sleeves, as experience shows, segments of steel and polymer pipes, as well as rolled waterproofing materials such as roofing felt, should be used. The choice of material is made taking into account the enclosing structures of the building. So, in reinforced concrete elements, steel sleeves should be used. They can be easily concreted as in factory conditions. reinforced concrete structures(in the manufacture of wall and ceiling panels), and directly at the construction site during the installation of the pipeline system, using the appropriate formwork for this.
The ends of steel sleeves are specially treated , since, unlike sleeves made of other materials, which do not have sharp edges and burrs, during installation they can scratch and cut polymer pipes, which is especially dangerous for pressure pipelines. The walls of steel sleeves are bent outwards at the edges (flared) and burrs are removed from them (countersinking).
When using sleeves from other materials, it should be borne in mind that almost all polymers do not have sufficient adhesion to the cement mortar.
Regardless of the material, a solid sealing of sleeves in wooden (polymer) elements can only be ensured using special methods.
The use of roofing felt for sleeves is undesirable, since such materials may contain oil components, the contact of which, for example, with polymer pipes invalid. Moreover, in accordance with the requirement fire safety, the material of the sleeves should not contribute to the spread of fire from one room to another.
To prevent the spread of fire through polymer pipes, it is possible to use special fire cutters. They, as a rule, represent a casing or cuff made of durable material with intumescent components, which, expanding under thermal exposure, fill the space outside and inside the pipe. Fire-fighting couplings are installed in places where pipes cross walls or ceilings.
Fire hazard crossing of a polymer pipeline
a - brick;
b - concrete;
in - steel;
1 - wall;
2 - fire coupling;
3 - polymer pipeline;
4 - fasteners
Fireproof crossing of floors with polymeric pipelines with fire couplings embedded
a - concrete;
b, c - cement mortar;
1 - polymer pipeline;
2 - fire coupling;
3 - fasteners;
4 - overlap;
5 - sleeve;
6 - cement mortar
Pipelines crossing the foundations of public buildings should be subject to requirements related to ensuring impermeability ground water Into the basement. The possibility of uneven settlement of the foundation and pipeline should also be taken into account. For this the gap between the pipe and the sleeve is sealed with sealant or mastic, and the inner diameter of the sleeves, according to CH 478-80, is chosen 200 mm more than the outer diameter of the pipeline.
Copper pipelines at intersections with building structures should also be taken into protective cases. The space between the ceiling (concrete) and the protective case is filled with cement mortar. AT wooden partitions empty space outside the case is filled with asbestos or other similar material.
Crossing the ceiling with a copper pipe
1 - copper pipe;
2 - isolation;
3 - protective case;
4 - waterproofing ring
Copper pipe crossing wall
1 - copper pipe;
2 - concrete wall or brickwork;
3 - protective case;
4 - isolation
For compensation for temperature changes in length during the passage of horizontal copper pipelines through walls and partitions is installed sliding supports . Their installation locations are determined during design. After the pipe leaves the wall, it is recommended to install standard fittings in the form of an elbow or a tee so that the pipeline in the new room does not move away from the wall surface.
Laying copper piping after exiting the wall
1 - pipe;
2 - fitting in the form of a square;
3 - sliding support;
4 - turn of the pipe, made by bending;
5 - fixed support
Replacing risers in an apartment is an ambiguous event. There is no doubt that for a person tortured by constant leaks or slightly warm batteries, this is a long-awaited and joyful business. But after the replacement, all residents have to take care of sealing the holes formed around the risers.
In general, the passage of riser pipes through ceilings must be sealed according to certain rules. For example, SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning" establishes that pipelines through ceilings must be laid in sleeves made of non-combustible materials. Also, the sealing of holes in the ceilings around the pipes of the risers is carried out with non-combustible materials.
The sleeve is usually made from a piece of pipe larger than the riser diameter. Such a sleeve allows, if necessary, to very carefully replace the pipes without destroying the finish of the room. Unfortunately, such an ideal case does not often occur. In older houses, shells are often missing. It also happens that the riser pipe cannot be pulled out, and the pipe has to be knocked out along with the sleeve.
When replacing a riser, workers rarely bother making a sleeve. And very rarely it is possible to achieve restoration of the finish. Most often, an impressive hole remains around the riser.
And you can not close up?
No, of course, the hole can not be sealed. This even has its advantages. For example, the garbage generated during sweeping can simply be dumped into this hole. And the hassle is less, and the hole is slowly filling up. In a couple of years, it will be possible to fill it up to the top.
But at this time, your life will be much more diverse than it was before. You will be aware of all the events taking place at the neighbors - from the grades in the child's diary to the lunch menu. If smokers live below, then you will smoke with them. And it’s not at all lucky when a permanent tourist exchange opens between the apartments. Only cockroaches will act as tourists.
How to close up?
The very first thought that comes to mind is to fill up the hole cement-sand mortar. This is far from the best way. A rigid termination will prevent the pipes from moving due to thermal expansion. Steel pipes in this case, most likely, will destroy the cement-sand screed, and everything will have to start over. In addition, the coverage steel pipes in a rigid embedment, it is strongly scratched, which accelerates the corrosion of the metal.
Plastic pipes, rigidly fixed in the interfloor ceilings, deform themselves, and you will have to admire the curved pipes. In a different scenario, the pipe may crack, this is already a serious accident that will require a second replacement of part of the riser.
Therefore, a proper termination should allow the pipe to freely expand 1-2 mm in diameter, move 1-2 cm along the axis of the riser, reliably protect from the penetration of insects, smells and sounds.
From improvised materials for embedding is best suited capron. It is a strong and elastic substance resistant to mechanical influences. Kapron does not absorb moisture and does not rot. It is especially important that nylon does not support combustion - in the absence of an external source of fire, nylon fiber goes out on its own.
It is easiest to get nylon at home from nylon stockings. As a matter of fact, it is not necessary to receive it - stockings and tights are made of pure nylon. Just need to cut middle part pantyhose so that the thickness of the resulting cord is approximately the same along the entire length. To get a long cord, tights are tied together.
Now the pipes are not tightly wrapped with a nylon cord, but so that there are no gaps. It is convenient to wind from above, gradually seating the winding down.
For aesthetics, a case made of polyethylene foam or other suitable material can be arranged in the upper part.
The hole can be sealed with a cement-sand mixture (in a ratio of cement-sand 1: 3-4) or building gypsum (alabaster). Alabaster is more convenient, as it allows you to quickly finish the job. To reduce the consumption of gypsum, fragments of bricks can be placed in the hole, old plaster and other durable non-rotting debris.
Alabaster is convenient to breed in a plastic container, which is not a pity to throw away. Special accuracy in the proportion of alabaster-water is not required. The mixture can be made thinner so that it is convenient to pour into the hole.
After pouring, you can pierce the mixture several times with something, similar to how concrete is bayoneted when pouring. This will allow the mortar to fill the hole around the risers evenly, without voids. The surface of the alabaster must be smoothed.
Now it remains to wait for complete drying, it will take 2-3 days, and you can paint over the surface of the alabaster in the color of the floor.
Such sealing allows the pipes of the riser to move relatively freely during thermal deformations, but reliably protects against the penetration of sounds, odors and insects.
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The tools used to fix the product are, firstly, a thick quartz thread for sealing holes and, secondly, several electrodes from an arc flashlight; all other reamers do not withstand the temperature of the gas-oxygen flame and contaminate the product with oxides.
Epoxy glue is designed for bonding metal, ceramics, glass, wood and other materials, for sealing holes and cracks.
Plastering begins after the complete settlement of the walls and partitions of the building, the installation and fixing of window and door blocks, the sealing of holes, the installation of means for fastening sanitary devices, and the performance of all types of wiring.
Liners from the risers are introduced into the laboratory through holes in the partitions with the installation of sleeves or special glands, followed by sealing the holes.
The reason for the sound transmission of floors is often insufficient backfill. interfloor overlap, poor-quality sealing of junctions of prefabricated reinforced concrete floor elements, poor sealing of holes in the places where heating pipelines, plumbing and other systems pass.
The laying of pipes and other intra-station communications through walls separating explosive and non-explosive spaces must be sealed by welding diaphragms to the pipes and sealing holes in the walls with concrete on expanding cement. Laying of acetylene pipelines through non-explosive premises of the station is not allowed.
The laying of pipes and other intra-station communications through walls separating explosive and non-explosive spaces must be sealed by welding diaphragms to the pipes and sealing holes in the walls with concrete on expanding cement.
Then it is explained that at enterprises, institutions, collective farms, state farms and other facilities, preparation for a possible flood is carried out in advance: work is being done to seal holes in buildings, to fix doors and windows in buildings in the open position, to fix flooded structures and equipment, to turn off power devices and networks; the order of removal and export is established material assets, withdrawal of transport and driving away animals. The simplest methods and means of waterproofing, equipment and property that may be in the water are shown.
When building new systems central heating, water supply, sewerage and gas supply in existing buildings the installation of these systems should be standardized according to the norms of SNiP IV, and punching holes with the sealing of holes for the passage of pipes in different structures should be additionally standardized according to the norms of SUSN.
When crossing the walls of basements or technical subfloors with inputs, the following should be protected: a) pipelines from possible settlement of the building; b) basement rooms from penetration precipitation and ground water. To do this, in dry soils, the pipe is laid with a gap of 0 2 m with sealing the hole in the wall with waterproof elastic materials. For this purpose, it is enough to use a tarred strand and crumpled greasy clay. After laying the pipeline, the inner surface of the basement wall is plastered with cement mortar. When laying the input under the wall (under the prefabricated strip foundations) pipelines are recommended to be placed under the unloading beam or at a distance of at least 0 2 m from the inner surface of the wall to the outer edge of the collar of the socket.
The preparation of parts before chromium plating consists of the following successive operations: mechanical surface treatment (grinding or polishing); preliminary degreasing to remove the main part organic pollution according to conventional technology by washing with organic solvents or treatment in a hot alkali solution, or in washing solutions; sealing holes and isolating areas that are not subject to chrome plating; installation of details on suspension brackets; degreasing; washing in water; activation; hanging parts in the bath.
When lifting individual slabs, make sure that the holes in the slab are drilled correctly (usually along the edges at a distance of 1-7 m from each other, the diameter of the holes is 30 mm), check the accuracy of raising the slab, the quality of filling the space under the slab (injection of lean cement or lime solution), sealing holes, timing of the opening of the movement.
Must know: the rules and terms for cleaning chimneys, chimneys and hogs, their arrangement and location; technical and fire safety requirements for chimneys, chimneys and flues; purpose and rules for the use of tools and devices for cleaning chimneys, chimneys and flues, for punching and sealing holes; bricklaying rules and methods for preparing mortars for sealing holes in pipes and hogs; rules and methods for burning soot.
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Sleeve for the passage of pipes through the foundation
To enter the water supply into the house and output sewer pipes holes must be provided in the foundation, they must be “reserved” even before the foundation is poured. For this purpose, protective sleeves made of steel or asbestos-cement pipes are used.
Sealing of passages of engineering communications
The meaning of the sleeve is that it protects the pipeline from mechanical damage and makes it possible to replace the pipeline without digging it out completely. Protective sleeves are used not only for the passage of communications through the foundation, but also when laying a pipeline in the ground, as well as inside the house - between walls and ceilings. Sleeves are used depending on the application different sizes and from different materials. This article will focus specifically on the protective sleeves that are used to pass through the foundation of the house.
Protective sleeve for the passage of the pipe through the foundation.
Sleeve installation
The sleeve must be installed in the formwork before the foundation is poured, and it must be securely fixed so that when the concrete is poured, it does not fall out or move anywhere.
Sleeve for the passage of a sewer pipe through the foundation
Sleeve diameter
The diameter of the sleeve should be 4-6 cm larger than that of the pipeline in order to provide a gap between the walls of the sleeve and the pipe laid in it. If there is no such gap, then when the foundation settles, the pipe will simply break: the pipe laid in the ground remains motionless, and the pipe section passing through the foundation goes down. A foundation settlement of 1-2 cm is a common thing, it will occur as the house is being built, the load on the soil increases, and under this weight the soil is additionally compacted. To prevent a pipeline rupture, a gap is needed between it and the protective sleeve.
Gaps between pipe and sleeve.
For example, for water pipes (up to 50 mm in diameter), you can use sleeves with a diameter of 110 mm, and for sewer pipes (D = 110 mm) it is better to use a sleeve of 200 mm.
So that when backfill the soil did not get into the gap between the sleeve and the pipe, it needs to be foamed mounting foam- not all, but only along the edges, as shown in the diagram:
Scheme of the passage of the pipe in the sleeve, through the foundation.
To prevent moisture from entering from the outside, the foam must be protected with waterproofing.
Read also:
Roll waterproofing for the foundation
Rolled waterproofing materials have multilayer structure: a bituminous coating is applied on both sides of a polymer or fiberglass base, with outside additionally there may be a protective layer.
Bituminous mastics for foundation waterproofing
Bitumen mastic is a viscous substance based on bitumen and additional additives: rubber, rubber, polymers, latex, emulsions. For waterproofing, MGTN, MBR, MBU, MGH mastics are used.
Publication date: 01/05/2015 13:52:25
How to close up a hole around the risers in the ceilings?
Pipes in floors for risers
I had to deal with various installation solutions when installing pipes in interfloor ceilings for laying cables through a low-current riser. And by force too, but less often. So, when working on a multi-storey residential building, they put one plastic pipe and the whole beam was let through it. Well, a maximum of two - on the lower floors, solid cables were already assembled, they all did not pass into one pipe. And recently, when working at an office center, also multi-storey, the customer expressed a desire to put cassettes from metal pipes and run each cable through a separate pipe (which, of course, did not work out - two or three cables went through each pipe).
And the question is - is it really important that you can put plastic in the floors in a residential building, and certainly metal in a non-residential building? Does the customer punish himself with a ruble?
And then - on the upper floors, the cassettes weigh 6-10 kg, and on the lower floors - more than 70, the largest kilogram will pull 120. And the work is worth such a penny, I see no reason to tear the veins.
Nuances heating systems
When installing heating systems in houses, part of the pipes is in the thickness of foundations, ceilings, walls, etc.
Sealing holes in the passage of pipelines: in plastered ceilings
P. technical standards certain recommendations are provided for organizing the combination of pipelines with building structures. For example, places where risers pass through ceilings must be sealed with cement for the entire thickness of the ceiling being organized, and the perimeter above the ceiling by 80-100 mm must be protected cement layer in 20-30 mm. Before sealing the riser with a pipe solution, it should be wrapped with a rolled building waterproofing without a gap. Another important point: when a polypropylene heating pipe passes through building structures, a specially designed pipe sleeve must be provided.
Scheme of a pipe in a sleeve.
The annular space is sealed with a soft non-combustible material so as not to prevent changes in the physical parameters of the pipeline during its linear temperature deformations.
Equipping pipelines with sleeves: necessity or desire
The use of specially designed sleeves when crossing heating pipes of walls and ceilings of buildings is justified by a number of reasons:
Determination of dimensions and materials of sleeves
In a properly sized sleeve, the inside diameter must be greater than outside diameter by 5-10 mm.
- A protrusion above the ceiling of 50 mm is justified for rooms where there may be cases where the water level rises above the finished floor mark (in particular, showers). The sealing of the product in this case must have waterproofing.
- Excessive protrusion is not always advisable in terms of installation costs - the shorter the design, the cheaper it is.
- The dimensions of the products should be determined depending on the method of installation of the heating pipeline: with hidden installation, it is possible to neglect the protrusion; for open installation, it is necessary to use parts with dimensions determined by the interior of the room.
In any case, the gap formed between the sleeve and the polymer pipe fittings, should not interfere with its high-quality termination. The inner diameter of the sleeve for pipes must provide for the possibility of free passage of failed pipeline parts.
Some features of use
For sleeves, it is necessary to use pipe segments (steel or polymer is best). The choice of material depends on the building envelope. In particular, in reinforced concrete elements, a steel sleeve is appropriate, which can be easily concreted both in a factory (during the manufacture of wall panels) and at a construction site when installing a pipeline heating system.
The ends of the steel sleeve must be processed, since, unlike other materials without sharp edges and burrs, during installation they can damage (scratch or even cut) pipes made of polymer materials.
When using sleeves made of other materials, it is necessary to take into account their insufficient adhesion to the cement mortar.
The use of roofing material for sleeves is undesirable, since contact of oil-containing materials with polymer pipes is unacceptable. In addition, according to fire safety requirements, the sleeve (more precisely, the material from which they are made) should not cause the spread of fire from adjacent rooms.
In order to prevent the spread of fire, it is possible to use specially designed fire cutters at the intersections of heating pipelines and walls or ceilings.
Based on materials from the site: http://experttrub.ru
Arrangement and sealing of openings, holes, seams and joints
Transfer of openings. When repairing walls and partitions, it is very often necessary to either strengthen the openings of doors and windows, or move them when changing the layout of the premises. These works are the most time-consuming and require great attention and skill from the performer.
If during the repair it is necessary to change the location of the door or window opening in bearing wall, then the overlap is reinforced with beams, racks, stands and wedges.
First, the racks are nailed to the upper beam with carpenter's staples. Outside, the wall is reinforced with wooden struts after 1.5 m.
Before punching, first, over the marked opening, furrows with a depth of U2 bricks are made on both sides of the wall. Reinforced concrete lintels or steel beams (channel) are laid in the furrows, the length of which is 500 mm more than the width of any opening. The beams are bolted together at the ends and in the span after 1.0 ... 1.5 m. The gaps between the top of the beams and the masonry are caulked with a hard cement mortar. After it hardens, they begin to punch the opening from top to bottom.
First, furrows are laid on both sides below the jumper. Then, deepening and expanding them, a through gap is made in the wall to the width of the opening, and then the masonry is disassembled in rows using conventional hand or mechanized tools.
Rice. 1. Installation of a steel beam before punching a doorway in a brick wall: 1 - opening contour; 2 - steel one-tee beam (channel); 3 - brick wall; 4 - selectable brick
Before cutting a doorway in a reinforced concrete partition, special conductors are placed on both sides of the panel to be removed and connected with screws.
Rice. 2. Preparation for moving the partition panel from the punched doorway to the one being laid: 1 - lintel; 2 - removable partition panel; 3 - screws for fastening the circuit; 4 - conductor; 5 - partition
They will keep it upright after cutting. After that, a recess is hollowed out for the jumper, which is inserted into the solution. Next, the panel is cut down along the vertical side faces and the base is partially hemmed. The solution is removed under the jumper, slinging is carried out at the places where the conductors are attached and the chains are connected to the winch cable. The panel to the opening to be laid is moved along steel skids using a winch. Prior to this, the missing nests are punched in the stone partitions and wooden plugs with a diameter of 25 ... 30 mm and a length of 60 ... 80 mm are installed.
In the closed doorway The panel is installed in the following order. First, using a template, its position in the horizontal and vertical planes. Then, with the help of ruffs or nails driven into traffic jams, they are attached to adjacent masonry; after that, the conductors are removed and the gaps between the masonry and the panel are closed.
The most difficult to transfer openings in concrete panels reinforced with steel reinforcement. In this case, it is better to replace the panels.
Hole punching. Before punching holes, mark their position and, if necessary, install scaffolds of such a height that the punching point is at the chest level of the worker: in this position it is more convenient and easier to work.
Holes for electrical cables and pipes with a diameter of up to 40 mm are drilled with an electric drilling machine or punched with a jumper. The sawtooth end of the bolt is attached to the intended place (the bolt is held perpendicular to the wall) and, hitting the blunt end with a sledgehammer, periodically rotate it around the axis so that it does not become hammered into the masonry like a pin. Periodically, the jumper is removed from the nest and cleaned of pieces of brick and dust.
Rectangular holes are punched with a scarpel, jackhammer or electric hammer, starting from their upper part. First, the upper brick is knocked out, splitting it with a scarpel and a light sledgehammer. Then, driving a scarpel under the bed or into a vertical seam, they knock out the next brick, etc.
With thick walls, it is advisable to punch holes first on one side to half the thickness of the wall, and then on the other.
Furrows are punched as follows: first, at one of its ends, a nest is made along the cross section of the furrow, then other bricks are knocked out sequentially along the intended line. If in the process of work it is necessary to choose not a whole brick, but only a part of it, then a notch is first made on the chipping line of the brick, hitting the scarpel with a sledgehammer, and then the brick is knocked out. Narrow furrows - grooves - are cut in the masonry with a furrow maker, they also drill nests with a diameter of up to 75 mm.
Openings in masonry made of brick, natural stone, concrete, reinforced concrete can be cut with mechanical saws with diamond tooth crowns, corundum discs with steel grain.
In this case, holes must first be drilled in the partitions. The cut should be made from hole to hole. The saw blade is recommended to be cooled with water.
Closing holes. Openings and large holes are closed with bricks or stones of the correct shape, corresponding to the old masonry. At the same time, the dressing of the seams is continued in accordance with the old masonry, then, if necessary, the seams are embroidered or left empty. Especially carefully close up the top of the opening or hole.
Installation of sleeves for the passage of pipes through the ceiling
When laying the last upper row of masonry, the gap (seam) between the old and new masonry is caulked with a hard cement mortar. At the same time, the last row of backings is first laid and minted, and then the front versts.
When sealing a small hole, nest or furrow, the surface of the masonry is first cleaned of debris and washed with water. Then individual bricks are selected and adjusted with a joke. After that, the mortar is thrown into the nest and the prepared bricks are laid. It is not necessary to bind old masonry with a new one. The furrows are sealed to the full depth or in the form of a partition that encloses a channel arranged in the wall.
Seal of seams and joints. During the operation of the house in the first place, as a rule, the seams and joints begin to collapse. They are embroidered or embossed and rainwater penetrates into them, causing rotting of the wood (in wooden houses) or soaking solutions (in stone houses). At low temperatures, it freezes, increasing the opening of seams and joints. Therefore, it is very important to keep them in good condition.
In a log house, it is especially necessary to monitor the seams between the logs laid along the crowns, as well as the seams when installing door and window frames. With outer side they should be closed with flashings and platbands, and with the inside - only with flashings and slats.
Many seams and joints appear when interior decoration. For example, rolling or filing is covered with sheets of plywood or dry plaster using nails. But at the same time, gaps are revealed between the roll plates, which are closed with bars of the desired shape or covered with a gypsum-sand mixture as follows. First, the surface is roughened with a chisel, then a small portion of the gypsum-sand mixture is prepared (1 part of gypsum and 2 ... 3 parts of dry sand). The mixture is mixed, closed with water until the dough is thick and the seams are filled with this solution, leveling flush with the roll. After the solution has dried, proceed to the ceiling sheathing.
When elongated rafter legs“fillies”, to which cornice boards are then nailed, must be sealed with caulking (tow moistened in gypsum or gypsum-sand mortar), putty or oil paint poorly processed or completely embossed joints and seams.
When sealing joints, especially horizontal ones, for example, when installing floors, use tape soundproof gaskets, one layer of waterproof paper, solid heat-insulating gaskets 40 mm thick, as well as roofing felt, roofing felt, etc.
In a brick house, joints and seams are very often embroidered at the points of support of multi-hollow or ribbed floor panels and coatings on brick wall, racks, columns, beams and other structural elements of the house. To restore them, cement mortar is used and mineral wool boards. At the same time, the embedded ends of the structures are wrapped with roofing felt (roofing material). The joint formed when the floor panels adjoin the walls is sealed with concrete. The seams between the floor panels with a seam width of 10 ... 50 mm are caulked with cement mortar, with 50 ... 300 mm - with concrete. If it is necessary to fix a special hook for hanging a lamp (chandelier) in the seam between the panels, then this area is carefully inspected and, if necessary, strengthened by caulking with cement mortar.
Rice. 3. a - filling the gap with glue: 1 - syringe with glue; 2 - exfoliated piece; 3 - ceiling; 4 - gap gap; 5 - drilled hole; b - pressing the glued layer: 1 - floor; 2 - rack; 3 - pressed layer; 4 - a sheet of plywood; 5 - ceiling
On the attic floor the joint of the floor panel with a brick wall is sealed with cement mortar.
When the gaps between the masonry and the boxes of doors and windows are destroyed, they are carefully caulked with felt or tow soaked in gypsum mortar. With a gap between the masonry and the frame of up to 40 mm or more, roofing strips are used, which wrap door and window frames from the side of the gaps. In addition, the minted gaps are covered with platbands.
On the internal walls such gaps of door blocks are sealed with a plaster layer. If, when sealing seams and joints, the adjacent layer of plaster lagged behind, but did not collapse, it can be strengthened after the work on caulking is completed (Fig. 2.50). To do this, drill this layer and pour CMC, bustilat, PVA or other glue into the cavity with a syringe. Then put a piece of plywood and carefully press the plaster with a stand and a wedge.
When repairing seams, sedimentary seams are left unsealed.
Foundation - Arrangement and sealing of openings, holes, seams and joints
Anyone who is familiar with the technical disciplines studied in specialized educational institutions knows that each hole drilled in the body of the slab causes disturbances in the structure of the material invisible to the eye. But in practice, holes are indispensable, for example, when laying electrical wiring, hanging lamps, etc. Therefore, the answer to the question of whether it is possible to drill floor slabs is positive, but with the condition that the place for the holes is chosen correctly.
How to do it. If this is your private house, then you know from which slabs the floor was mounted and the layout of their layout. In urban high-rise buildings, PC or PB floor slabs are used. Both types of slabs are multi-hollow, only the production technology is different. To maintain the strength characteristics of the floor, drilling of the floor slab should be done only along the line of voids longitudinally located in the concrete body. Between them are stiffening ribs in which reinforcement is laid. large diameter which must not be destroyed in any way.
Getting working drawings of floors for an ordinary tenant is an impossible task. But if Finishing work on the ceiling, the minimum ones are still made, you can determine the position of the voids by lighter strips of concrete, which indicate the location of the voids. If no such stripes are found during visual inspection, there is only one way out, determine its brand by the width of the plate and look at GOST, in which the distances of the voids from the side faces, as well as their dimensions, are indicated.
How to drill holes in a plate
During repair work in houses with reinforced concrete floors, not only the question is whether it is possible to drill, but also the question of how to do it. In the manufacture of PC, heavy concrete is used, which, when gaining standard strength, is almost impossible to drill with a conventional tool.
To drill the floor slab, you need to use durable drill bits with a diamond tip or a hammer drill. But even such a powerful tool will not help much to speed up the work.
Features of the passage of pipelines through building structures
This process is very laborious and lengthy.
When drilling holes for fasteners suspended ceilings it is almost impossible to avoid falling on the places of laying transverse reinforcement. In this case, it is recommended not to touch the metal, and move the hole. Only in exceptional cases, the reinforcement can be cut with a drill for metal, but in no case longitudinal. It is possible to determine that the wire belongs to the transverse laying direction by its diameter, which is usually not more than 4-6 mm.
The installation of pipelines in capital structures requires a serious approach already at the stage of network planning. It is equally important to take into account all the nuances of the operation of communications when replacing old highways. The points of passage of pipes through walls, ceilings and foundations are strain stress concentrators. In these areas, network elements are subject to mechanical and chemical stress, therefore, according to building codes and regulations, they are equipped with additional structural elements- sleeves. What are sleeves for passing pipes through walls, SNiP restrictions in this direction, the nuances of the device - you will now receive all this information in in full in order to understand this topic.
Meet the main character of the article
Important little things
The sleeve for the pipeline is an important element. And this applies to communications of various structures - residential, office or industrial. The part performs a number of functions: mechanical, protective, waterproofing, fire-fighting, sanitary, and also increases the service life of pipelines and facilitates their replacement. The device of sleeves for the pipeline depends on its type.
Common types of pipelines for capital structures are as follows:
- cold and hot supply plumbing;
- drainage system ( internal sewerage);
- heat pipe steam heating;
- furnace chimney.
Elements passing through the building structures of the building can be metal (usually steel, less often copper), plastic (polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene), or combined (plastic enclosed in an aluminum alloy). For the installation of sleeves, the material of the products passing through interior walls and interfloor ceilings, as well as the material of building structures. Usually the pipeline is steel, the walls are brick, and the floors are reinforced concrete.
It looks like a pipe in a sleeve
Product device
The pipeline can cross building structures in two planes. Interfloor ceilings are crossed by vertical pipelines (risers), the walls are horizontal (wiring). The figure shows an example of a product device in walls (a) and floors (b). Actually, the sleeve consists of a cover (1), for which it is most often used steel structure, packing (2), which can be a soft non-combustible material, but Portland cement is often used (which, according to experts, is undesirable). The cover is firmly attached. The pipe (3) freely passes through the cover (the diameter of which should be 5-10 mm larger than the pipe) and is fixed in the wall (4) or ceiling (6). Installation and caulking of pipeline sleeves in ceilings is carried out taking into account the height of the screed (5) or other floor covering, and the length of the product should be at least 10 or even 20 mm greater than the thickness of the overlap. This is important to prevent the penetration of emergency water masses to the lower floors.
Schematic hint for understanding the features of the passage area
Types of pipelines
The order of the passage of networks through walls or ceilings largely depends on what, in fact, communications are being laid. Let's figure it out.
Water pipes
If this network is mounted using steel products, should be used general recommendations above. In this case, the surface of the pipe in the area of \u200b\u200bcrossing the wall or ceiling must necessarily be protected by a moisture-resistant coating. For cold water supply, it is also necessary to provide a thermal cover, which will prevent the formation of condensate on the surface of the line and will extend the service life. When a polymer or composite pipe is used, the manufacturer's recommendations as outlined in the product annotations should be followed.
If groundwater pressure is observed at the point where the pipeline enters the house, then special waterproofing sleeves can be used that prevent water masses from entering the internal (basement) premises.
The passage of the water supply network through the foundation
Cast iron products do not require sound insulation and reinforcement, and also do not require the mandatory arrangement of sleeves, which, however, can complicate the process of repair work. Plastic requires a steel sleeve for pipes, for example, a larger section of roofing steel can be used. The diameter of the part by 15-20 mm should exceed the same indicator of the pipe, and the length should exceed the width of the wall by 20-30 mm. The structure at the point of passage through the floor is wrapped waterproofing material, and the section of the passage itself is sealed with cement mortar.
Sewer example
Steam heating heat pipe
The mandatory use of sleeves for steam heating networks is due to temperature deformations of the metal and stress on straight sections of pipes during a sharp change in temperature, which can cause cracks in building structures and failure of the heating system. In fact, the device and position of the sleeve for passing through the floors is identical to that for hot water systems. When passing through interior walls, not steel, but combined or plastic pipelines various manufacturers. Their specification provides for individual fastening and connecting elements, including a sleeve for passing pipes through the wall. Often these parts are high-tech and provide required level slipping of the pipe, which is due to different parameters of expansion and deformation of plastic from different manufacturers.
Chimney
If the chimney is made of steel elements, then when passing through the ceilings, it is necessary to use a hollow sleeve made of galvanized iron, while the upper and lower surfaces are additionally insulated with a fire protection plate. If the building structures are made of combustible materials (for example, wood), then the hollow sleeve is additionally insulated from the outside non-combustible insulation, For example, basalt fiber or asbestos. special attention from the standpoint of fire safety, it requires the arrangement of a chimney passage in the roof.
Competent installation of the network is the key to its long and trouble-free functioning.
Do not forget to follow building codes and regulations, and you are already familiar with the basic subtleties and nuances of installing sleeves.
Video fragment of an example of an original solution for arranging sleeves
In SNiP 3.05.01–85 (“Internal sanitary systems”) there are no recommendations for arranging pipeline passages through building elements, except for the following:
"uninsulated pipelines of heating systems, heat supply, internal cold and hot water supply should not be adjacent to the surface of building structures",
as well as
“the distance from the surface of the plaster or lining to the axis of uninsulated pipelines with a nominal diameter of up to 32 mm inclusive with open laying should be from 35 to 55 mm, with diameters of 40-50 mm - from 50 to 60 mm, and with diameters of more than 50 mm - accepted according to the working documentation.
The rules for crossing elements of buildings with pipelines are not reflected in the national standard SNiP 2.04.01–85 (“Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings”) according to design standards internal systems water supply and sanitation of buildings. Section 17 provides guidance according to which:
the places where the risers pass through the floors must be sealed with cement mortar for the entire thickness of the floor(clause 17.9d);
the section of the riser above the ceiling by 8–10 cm (up to the horizontal outlet pipeline) should be protected with cement mortar 2–3 cm thick(clause 17.9e);
before sealing the riser with a mortar, the pipes should be wrapped with a rolled waterproofing material without a gap(Section 19.9e).
This instruction applies only to sewer risers.
Some recommendations for arranging the intersections of pipelines with various elements of buildings are available in the all-Russian codes of practice and departmental technical recommendations. They apply, as a rule, to the design and installation of specific internal systems from a specific type of pipe.
In SP 40-101-96 ("Design and installation of pipelines made of polypropylene "Random copolymer"") it is indicated (clause 4.5.) That
“when the pipeline passes through walls and partitions, its free movement must be ensured (installation of sleeves, etc.). With hidden laying of pipelines in the wall or floor structure, the possibility of thermal elongation of pipes must be provided..
In this case, we mean polypropylene pipelines.
Other codes of practice provide recommendations that relate to pipelines made of metal-polymer pipes. For example, in paragraph 5.7. SP 41–102–98 (“Design and installation of pipelines for heating systems using metal-polymer pipes”) states that
- “The passage of the water supply from the MPT through building structures should be carried out in sleeves made of metal or plastic” *.
“For the passage of pipes through building structures, it is necessary to provide sleeves. The inner diameter of the sleeve should be 5–10 mm larger than the outer diameter of the pipe being laid. The gap between the pipe and the sleeve must be sealed with a soft non-combustible material that allows the pipe to move along the longitudinal axis "*
In another set of rules SP 40–103–98 (“Design and installation of pipelines for cold and hot water supply systems using metal-polymer pipes”), clause 3.10 states that
“To pass through building structures, it is necessary to provide cases made of plastic pipes. The inner diameter of the case should be 5–10 mm larger than the outer diameter of the pipe being laid. The gap between the pipe and the case must be sealed with a soft waterproof material that allows the pipe to move along the longitudinal axis..
Almost the same recommendations are given. Only the "sleeve" is called the "case" and the material from which it must be made is indicated.
Regarding metal-polymer pipes, there are other recommendations. So, in TR 78–98 (“Technical recommendations for the design and installation internal plumbing buildings from metal-polymer pipes") in clause 2.20 it is indicated that
And literally in the next paragraph 2.21, a restriction on the material is introduced:
“crossing the floors with MPT water pipes should be carried out with the help of steel pipe sleeves protruding above the ceiling to a height of at least 50 mm”.
In the same document, under " Repair work» (clause 5.9) states that
“when the seal between the pipe and the case passing through the building structures is weakened, it must be sealed linen strand or other soft material.
The question arises: what kind of seal are we talking about? There are standards that to some extent answer this question. For example, in TR 83–98 (“Technical recommendations for the design and installation of internal sewerage systems of buildings from polypropylene pipes and fittings”) it is indicated (clause 4.26) that
“in places where sewer risers pass through the ceiling, before sealing with a mortar, the riser should be wrapped with a rolled waterproofing material without a gap to enable the pipelines to be dismantled during repairs and compensate for their temperature elongations”.
The "Guidelines for the design and installation of internal water supply systems for the sewerage of buildings made of polypropylene pipes and fittings" contain sections relating to both water supply and sewerage. For sewerage, it is indicated (clause 3.2.20) that
"pass polypropylene pipelines through building structures must be carried out using sleeves, the inner diameter of sleeves made of rigid material (roofing steel, pipes, etc.) must exceed the outer diameter of a plastic pipeline by 10–15 mm. The annular space must be sealed with soft non-combustible material in such a way as not to impede the axial movement of the pipeline during its linear temperature deformations. It is also allowed, instead of rigid sleeves, to wrap polypropylene pipes with two layers of roofing material, glassine, roofing felt, followed by bandaging them with twine, etc. material. The length of the sleeve must exceed the thickness of the building structure by 20 mm.. No information is given regarding the passage of water supply pipelines through building elements.
It turns out that the intersection of pipelines made of polypropylene pipes with building elements can be completely equipped without the use of sleeves (cases).
In a public document building codes SN 478–80 (“Instructions for the design and installation of water supply and sewerage systems made of plastic pipes”) - it is indicated (clause 3.16) that
“The crossing of the foundation of buildings with a plastic pipeline should be provided using a steel or plastic case. The gap between the case and the pipeline is closed with a white rope impregnated with a solution of low molecular weight polyisobutylene in gasoline in a ratio of 1:3. The same type of termination should be used for the ends of the cases. If a tarred rope or strand is used to seal the gap, the plastic pipe should be wrapped with PVC or plastic wrap in 2-5 layers. It is allowed to seal with asbestos material (cloth, cord) with sealing the ends of the case with gernite".
The same building codes indicate (clause 4.6) that “In places of passage through building structures, plastic pipes must be laid in cases. The length of the case should exceed the thickness of the building structure by 30-50 mm. The location of the joints in the cases is not allowed.. In addition to the length of the case, information about the material from which the case should be made, the thickness of its walls and other characteristics is not given.
In the set of rules that replaced SN 478–80, the set of rules SP 40–102–2000 (“Design and installation of pipelines for water supply and sewerage systems made of polymeric materials”) does not contain any information about the intersection of pipelines with building elements.
