Residents of Russia, especially its northern part, believe that if the walls are thin, then it will be cold in the house in winter. But then what can we say about houses with walls in which several rows of bricks or multi-centimeter concrete block? After all, it's still cold. And in panel houses, during the construction of buildings, special attention is paid to insulating materials, which, despite the small thickness of the walls, retain heat well in winter.
Not so long ago, panel houses came to the domestic construction market. The technology for creating such houses originates in countries such as Canada and the Scandinavian states. Agree, in Canada and Norway the climate is far from being hot. But people live in panel houses and do not think of building large-scale cottages for themselves, and heating in a panel house is not a problem for northerners. It's all about technology that can withstand frosts below minus 30 degrees. The fact is that between the two panels, builders lay a special insulation material. It turns out such a “sandwich” that does not let the cold into the room, but at the same time the walls “breathe” freely.
Also, in the project of building a house, it is always taken into account which heating system is best to carry out. The main thing is not to trust crooks, but to turn to experienced craftsmen and engineers. Construction work panel house and installation acceptable and optimal system heating require high qualifications. Carrying out heating equipment in the house is a laborious process. It all depends on the requests of the owners and total area panel house.
There are several optimal effective ways conduct heating in a panel house, namely: install convector, heat pump, water heating boilers.
Which heating method to choose?
Many prefer mobile heaters: oil coolers, convectors. Convectors operate on electricity, their convenience lies in mobility, but this requires large financial costs. Oil heaters are powered by mineral oil inside the steel case. But the connection comes from the mains, and it is advisable to use them only as an additional coolant. Such heating in a panel house is too expensive.
Good way to buy heat pumps with high technical performance. Energy saving reaches 30% compared to other types of boilers. But the high cost and long work to install the device make many people abandon this idea.
In the absence of supplied natural gas in the area, it is possible to install a water heating boiler for solid fuel (coal, wood, peat) or electric. Liquid fuel boilers are very beneficial, which burns for a long time, continuously releasing heat into the room.
If the house is held natural gas- here you shouldn’t even think about it - install heating in a panel house only through a gas boiler. There are many advantages:
- cost savings,
- gas is much cheaper than electricity, firewood and coal,
- constancy of fuel supply,
- no soot and soot.
Water heating boilers occupy the first place in the list of heating systems. The operation of the boilers depends on installed system radiator coolant. Now you can buy radiators different types: aluminum, cast iron, steel, bimetallic.
Cast iron is becoming a thing of the past due to poor wear resistance and the severity of the metal. Aluminum and steel - light in weight, have maximum heat dissipation. But the first in a series of batteries are bimetallic radiators. They have maximum heat transfer and lightness, are resistant to any type of coolant, to chemical additives in fuel. Exterior finish contemporary bimetallic radiators fits easily into any cozy design premises.
In panel houses, heating pipes are often built into the wall. When moving into a building of this type, people are often surprised by the similar arrangement of heating elements and even doubt their effectiveness. How efficient is such a system? Will there be enough heat in the apartment during the cold season? Let's try to answer these questions.
Heating system wiring diagram
When taking out heating devices inside the room or during repair work, the question often arises about the piping layout. Standard schemes: beech P or inverted beech Sh. Which scheme is implemented in your apartment depends on the panel house.
Two risers are located next to each other. Sometimes they are separated by a wall separating the rooms. In this case, the riser looks like the letter T, 2 risers are located on one side and one on the other. They go through the walls. Conclusion of the connection zones of structures - ceiling and floor.
Heating pipes built into the walls are usually made of metal. The advantages of this material are durability and reliability. In addition, during repair work using a puncher, you don’t have to worry that the drill will damage the structure. In contact with metal, you will quickly be able to understand that in this place you need to stop work.
Advantages and disadvantages
Rejoice or prepare for the harsh winter period if you have moved to panel house with heating pipes embedded in the wall? Consider the pros and cons of this option. Among the main advantages it should be noted:
- Aesthetics. Designs placed inside often spoil general form apartments. The system inside the partition allows you to save the design of the room without this "thorn in the eye";
- Space saving. This factor is especially relevant for small apartments. Heating elements do not occupy free space, which is already small;
- Efficiency. Do not be afraid that all the heat will go into the partition. Heating elements in such structures are designed for high power, which is enough for high-quality heating of the room. In addition, calibrated diameter designs are used to improve system efficiency and the most appropriate wiring pattern is applied.
However, heating pipes in the wall also have disadvantages:
- In some cases low power. The capacity of the system largely depends on the service provider. Sometimes there is not enough heat from the heating elements;
- Difficulties with repairs. In the event of an emergency, getting to the structure will not be easy. However, such unforeseen circumstances occur very rarely;
- Problems when working with a partition. If you want to drill through a partition, you need to do this with great care so as not to hurt the structures. To do this, you need, first of all, to study the wiring diagram in your house;
- Difficulties with conducting cosmetic repairs in the apartment. Hot structures can cause cracking of the plaster. Wallpaper may also come off.
It is difficult to say unequivocally how efficient and convenient heating pipes in the wall will be. It all depends on the personal preferences of the person. Some want to bring the heating pipes inside the room, while others, on the contrary, wall them into the wall. But, in any case, it should be remembered that work with risers must be previously discussed with the relevant services. Unauthorized intervention in the design scheme can entail a considerable fine.
An apartment in a high-rise building is an urban alternative to private houses, and very a large number of of people. The popularity of city apartments is not strange, because they have everything that a person needs for comfortable living: heating, sewerage and hot water supply. And if the last two points do not need special introduction, then the heating scheme high-rise building requires detailed consideration. From point of view design features, centralized heating system in apartment building has a number of differences from autonomous structures, which allows it to provide the house with thermal energy in the cold season.
Features of the heating system of apartment buildings
With heating equipment in high-rise buildings needed in without fail comply with the requirements set regulatory documentation, which includes SNiP and GOST. These documents state that heating structure should provide apartments with a constant temperature within 20-22 degrees, and humidity should vary from 30 to 45 percent.
Despite the existence of standards, many houses, especially old ones, do not meet these indicators. If this is the case, then first of all you need to deal with the installation of thermal insulation and change the heating devices, and only then contact the heat supply company. The heating of a three-story house, the scheme of which is shown in the photo, can be cited as an example of a good heating scheme.
To achieve the required parameters, use complex structure requiring quality equipment. When creating a heating system project apartment building specialists use all their knowledge to achieve an even distribution of heat in all sections of the heating main and create a comparable pressure on each tier of the building. One of the integral elements of the work of such a design is the work on a superheated coolant, which provides for the heating scheme of a three-story house or other skyscrapers.
How it works? Water comes directly from the thermal power plant and is heated to 130-150 degrees. In addition, the pressure is increased to 6-10 atmospheres, so the formation of steam is impossible - high pressure will drive water through all floors of the house without loss. The temperature of the liquid in the return pipeline in this case can reach 60-70 degrees. Of course, in different time year, the temperature regime may change, since it is directly related to the ambient temperature.
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Purpose and principle of operation of the elevator unit
It was said above that water heating system high-rise building heats up to 130 degrees. But consumers do not need such a temperature, and it is absolutely pointless to heat batteries to such a value, regardless of the number of floors: the heating system of a nine-story building in this case will not be different from any other. Everything is explained quite simply: the heating supply in multi-storey buildings is completed by a device that goes into the return circuit, which is called elevator node. What is the meaning of this node, and what functions are assigned to it?
warmed up high temperature the coolant enters the elevator unit, which, according to the principle of its operation, is similar to the dosing injector. It is after this process that the liquid carries out heat exchange. Leaving through the elevator nozzle, the coolant under high pressure out through the return line.
In addition, through the same channel, the liquid enters the heating system for recirculation. All these processes together make it possible to mix the coolant, bringing it to optimum temperature, which is enough to heat all apartments. The use of an elevator node in the scheme allows you to provide the most quality heating in high-rise buildings, regardless of the height.
Design features of the heating circuit
There are different valves in the heating circuit behind the elevator unit. Their role cannot be underestimated, since they make it possible to regulate heating in individual entrances or in the whole house. Most often, the adjustment of the valves is carried out manually by employees of the heat supply company, if such a need arises.
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Often used in modern buildings additional elements, such as collectors, heat meters for batteries and other equipment. AT last years almost every heating system high-rise buildings equipped with automation to minimize human intervention in the operation of the structure (read: "Weather-dependent automation of heating systems - about automation and controllers for boilers with examples"). All the details described allow you to achieve better performance, increase efficiency and make it possible to more evenly distribute thermal energy for all apartments.
Piping in a multi-storey building
As a rule, in multi-storey buildings, a single-pipe wiring diagram with top or bottom filling is used. The location of the forward and return pipes can vary depending on many factors, including even the region where the building is located. For example, the heating scheme in a five-story building will be structurally different from heating in three-story buildings.
When designing a heating system, all these factors are taken into account, and the most successful scheme is created that allows you to bring all the parameters to the maximum. The project may involve various options pouring the coolant: from the bottom up or vice versa. In individual houses, universal risers are installed, which ensure the rotation of the movement of the coolant.
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Types of radiators for heating apartment buildings
In multi-storey buildings, there is no single rule that allows the use of a specific type of radiator, so the choice is not particularly limited. The heating scheme of a multi-storey building is quite versatile and has a good balance between temperature and pressure.
The main models of radiators used in apartments include the following devices:
- Cast iron batteries. Often used even in the most modern buildings. They are cheap and very easy to install: usually by installing of this type radiators are handled by the apartment owners themselves.
- Steel heaters. This option is a logical continuation of the development of new heating appliances. Being more modern, steel heating panels demonstrate good aesthetic qualities, are quite reliable and practical. Very well combined with the regulating elements of the heating system. Experts agree that it is steel batteries that can be called optimal when used in apartments.
- Aluminum and bimetallic batteries. Products made of aluminum are very much appreciated by the owners of private houses and apartments. aluminum batteries have the most best performance, when compared with previous versions: excellent external data, low weight and compactness are perfectly combined with high performance. The only disadvantage of these devices, which often scares off buyers, is the high cost. Nevertheless, experts do not recommend saving on heating and believe that such an investment will pay off pretty quickly.
Conclusion
The right choice of batteries for centralized system heating depends on the performance indicators that are inherent in the coolant in the area. Knowing the rate of cooling of the coolant and the themes of its movement, it is possible to calculate required amount radiator sections, its dimensions and material. Do not forget that when replacing heating devices, it is necessary to follow all the rules, since their violation can lead to defects in the system, and then the heating in the wall of the panel house will not perform its functions.
Fulfill repair work in the heating system of an apartment building on its own is also not recommended, especially if it is heating within the walls of a panel house: practice shows that residents of houses, without having the appropriate knowledge, are able to throw away an important element of the system, considering it unnecessary.
Centralized heating systems demonstrate good qualities, but they need to be constantly maintained in working order, and for this you need to monitor many indicators, including thermal insulation, equipment wear and regular replacement of spent elements.
Initially, the houses of Khrushchev's projects were conceived as temporary, to solve the housing problem. However, to this day, they occupy a fair share of the fund. The main problem of living is the scheme of the Khrushchev heating system and its device. Given the natural wear and tear, it often does not fully perform its functions.
Khrushchev centralized heating scheme
The houses of this project are characterized by a single-pipe scheme, when the distribution of the coolant starts from the upper (5th) floor and ends with the entry of cooled water into the basement. Such heating systems in Khrushchev have one significant drawback - the uneven distribution of heat throughout the apartments.
This is due to the successive passage of the coolant through the floors, i.e. the highest degree of its heating will be on the 5th, 4th, and on the 1st the amount of heat is not enough to heat the room. In addition, the heating scheme of the five-story Khrushchev has the following disadvantages:
- Poor condition of heating elements. Lime buildup on the inner surface of pipes and batteries leads to a decrease in diameter, and as a result, a decrease in heat transfer;
- No battery temperature control system. It is impossible to reduce the flow of coolant with devices, as this will affect the hydraulic pressure in the entire system. The way out is to install a bypass for each radiator.
To solve these problems, it is necessary to carry out modernization - to install modern radiators and pipes. Best proven metal appliances heating and pipelines made of polymers. They have increased heat transfer rates, which contributes to the fastest heating of rooms. However, to truly create effective system heating in Khrushchev must be replaced on all floors. If old pipes and radiators are left on the upper ones, then the rate of passage of water in the system will be unsatisfactory as before.
The implementation of such modernization can be carried out not only by the residents, but also by attracting the resources of the housing office. This organization is obliged to carry out planned replacement of pipelines. They also know how the heating system in Khrushchev is arranged - the scheme and location of pipelines for a particular house.
Auxiliary heating in Khrushchev
What to do if, even after the improvement and replacement of elements, the temperature in the apartment is far from ideal. The best option is autonomous heating in Khrushchev. However, this is not always possible - gas boiler not allowed due to low pressure in the line or due to inappropriate chimney channels.
Then start developing alternative ways increase in room temperature. The negative point is that the heating scheme of the five-story Khrushchev house does not provide for connection additional radiators. This can lead to a decrease in pressure in the pipes and a significant loss of heat for residents living below. To avoid unpleasant moments, you can perform a number of actions that contribute to energy saving in the apartment.
Insulation of the outer walls of Khrushchev
It is recommended to install a heat-insulating layer on the outer walls. It will help reduce heat losses and will not affect the current state of the heating system in Khrushchev. It is also necessary to replace the old wooden windows on new ones made of PVC or glued beams. Special attention should pay attention to the thickness of the double-glazed windows. For effective thermal insulation, this parameter must be at least 28 mm.
Warm floor in Khrushchev
This is one of best mechanisms rise in temperature in the apartment. It can be installed not only in the bathroom and kitchen, but also in living quarters. It is best to choose infrared floor heating models, since their installation requires a minimum increase in thickness. floor covering. The Khrushchev heating scheme is not designed to connect a water heated floor. Its installation may result in wrong work the entire heating circuit of the house.
Apartment heaters
They can solve the problem with the rate of air heating in the apartment and do not affect the operation of the main heating system of apartments in Khrushchev. Along with traditional oil and converter-type electric heaters, infrared models have become very popular. They increase the temperature not of the air, but of objects, heating their surface. However, the disadvantage of such devices is the increase financial costs for electricity.
Before connecting the heaters, it is necessary to check the wiring. Often the cross section of the wire is not designed for large loads. The heating scheme for a five-story Khrushchev building is designed only for a water coolant.
Therefore, it is first recommended to replace it, only after that install powerful electrical appliances.
Autonomous heating systems in Khrushchev: choosing a boiler and proper piping
Contrary to popular belief, you can make individual heating in Khrushchev. To do this, it is necessary to select a boiler that meets the standards and provide management company developed project. Pre-she gives specifications, on the basis of which an autonomous heating system in Khrushchev houses is compiled.
What should be taken into account when solving this problem? Consider the main components autonomous heating in Khrushchev - a boiler, a piping system and radiators.
Heating boiler for Khrushchev
Average area two-room apartment in Khrushchev does not exceed 60 m2. Therefore, the optimal power of a gas boiler should be 7-8 kW. The next condition is the type of burner - it must be closed. Since the installation of the heating system in Khrushchev according to the scheme does not provide for the installation of a boiler, it is necessary to ensure normal air exchange for its operation. This is necessary for air intake from the street using coaxial chimney. In some cases, it is possible to install diversion systems carbon monoxide into the air ducts of the building. But before that you need to get approval. fire service. Often this is an obstacle to installation. individual heating in Khrushchev.
Heating pipes and radiators
For laying the highway, it is best to use reinforced pipes from polypropylene. They are characterized simple installation, affordable cost. Their advantages include the possibility hidden installation. It can only be performed in the floor, since strobing bearing walls forbidden. The scheme of the heating system in Khrushchev is arranged in such a way that the place of installation of radiators is most often located under the windows. When designing autonomous system heating, it is possible to provide for the installation of additional batteries. Most often they are installed in the bathroom.
Khrushchev heating project and schemes
When developing a Khrushchev heating scheme, all the nuances must be foreseen. In particular, the provision of hot water. So it's best to buy double-circuit boilers heating.
The requirements for the scheme are no different from the standard ones.
- Conformity temperature regime and pressure performance characteristics pipes, radiators;
- Connection to a water supply system for feeding heating;
- Installation expansion tank and a circulation pump.
In this case, it is possible to install a water heated floor. For this, the Khrushchev heating scheme provides for the installation of a collector. It will distribute the heat carrier through the floor heating pipelines, the built-in system for mixing hot and cold water flows (two-way valve) will automatically adjust the temperature.
To minimize the increase in floor thickness, it is recommended to use decorative coating designed for installation directly on water heating pipes. The package must be labeled accordingly.
In addition to the modernization of the autonomous heating installation, a number of actions can be taken, the result of which will lead to a decrease in current operating costs and payment for housing and communal services. Given the specific scheme of the heating system in Khrushchev, the installation of heat meters in the apartment is impractical. This is due to the lack of a central riser, i.e. even for one-room apartment you will have to put at least three counters - in the bathroom, in the kitchen and in the living room.
The total cost of installing one device can range from 25 to 30 thousand rubles. The way out of this situation is to install a common house meter. It will take into account the amount of heat energy consumed for the entire building. Fortunately, the centralized scheme, characteristic of all types of Khrushchev heating, allows this to be done. As additional function a mode for adjusting the supply of coolant depending on the temperature outside can be provided.
For the central heating circuit of a five-story Khrushchev building, a balancing riser can be installed. It will perform the functions of evenly distributing the coolant over all floors of the house. However, which project is carried out only in agreement with the housing office, as it belongs to the category of changing the principle of supplying hot water.
K category: Water supply and heating
Panel heating systems
In panel heating systems, heating devices are steel pipes through which the coolant passes; pipes are embedded in concrete panels. When combining elements of heating systems with building structures, the prefabrication of construction increased and labor costs were reduced. In addition, sanitary-hygienic and aesthetic qualities have increased, and metal consumption has also decreased compared to heating systems in which radiators are heating devices.
Rice. 1. Window-sill concrete heating panels: 1 - plate, 2 - coil, 3 - double adjustment valve, 4 - hatch, 5 - furrow, 6 - heating riser, 7 - seams along the perimeter of the panel, 8 - sleeve, 9 - slag layer, 10 - floor, 11 - floor slab
When installing panel heating, the heating element is placed: in attached window sill panels, partitions, external walls, and also embedded in the ceiling or in the floor.
Heating panels are a finished element of prefabrication, and their installation is carried out simultaneously with the erection of the building.
The window sill panel (Fig. 1) is a slab of concrete grade 200-250, into which a coil of pipes with a diameter of 20 mm is embedded. For thermal insulation of the panel from outer wall between the panel wall and outer wall lay an insulating layer of slag wool 30-40 mm thick. It is possible not to apply an insulating layer, but in this case it is necessary to leave air gap 40-50 mm in size between the inner surface of the panel and the outer wall.
The panels are installed directly on the floor slab and attached to the outer wall.
Window heating panels do not find wide application due to the complexity of their installation, as well as the need for additional laying of risers and piping.
Partition heating panels are used much more widely (Fig. 2). These panels contain not only heating elements, but also risers, so the installation of the system is reduced to installing panels, connecting them with interfloor inserts and laying main pipelines.
The partition panel is concrete slab 120 mm thick, 800-1000 mm wide and one floor high. The panel is part of the partition and is installed near the outer wall.
Rice. 2. Partition heating panels: a - for two-pipe system, b - for single pipe system; 1 - heating elements, 2 - concrete panel, 3 - control valve
Partition heating panels can be used in two-pipe and one-pipe heating systems.
The disadvantages of partition panels are: equal heat transfer to two adjacent rooms with various heat losses and the inability to adjust the heat input to each room, the difficulty of processing the interface between panels and partitions (the appearance of cracks), the lack of taps for household adjustment and the large concentrated heat transfer of the panel.
To reduce concentrated heat transfer, heating elements are placed along the perimeter of the partition (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Partition concrete heating panels: a - a diagram of the riser of a single-pipe panel heating system, b - a partition heating panel of the R-2 type, c - the same, R-4, d - the same, R-1, e - the same, R -3
Currently, the most rational are panel heating systems in which heating elements and risers are embedded in external wall panels (Fig. 4).
In such systems, the number of cold surfaces in the room is reduced, and when the heater is located in the lower part of the outer wall under the windows, the effect of falling cold air flows from the windows is eliminated and the possibility of room-by-room temperature control is eliminated.
Rice. 4. Wall panel with heating element
Heating panels are tested at the factory hydraulic pressure 10 kgf/cm2. The panel is considered fit for installation if no pressure drop is observed within 5 minutes.
Panels are supplied for construction with caps at the ends of the pipes to prevent clogging of the heating elements.
At construction sites, before installing the panel, the heating elements are blown with air to remove scale and debris from them.
The concept of panel and electric heating
Rice. 5. Elevator
Panel heating system. In this case, pipes are embedded in the structure of the floor, ceiling or wall and a hot coolant is passed through them. The heat from the coolant to the indoor air will be transferred by the surface itself building structure. Panel heating systems provide savings in metal, provide the best sanitary conditions air environment, cause the minimum speed convective currents. The named advantages of panel heating and the emerging trend of building from large-sized elements make panel heating increasingly popular in the construction of trade buildings and Catering.
Electric heating. The principle of operation of electric heating is that electricity, passing through the conductor, heats it, and the latter heats the air surrounding it. Reflectors are the most common among electric heating devices. Electric heating does not require fuel preparation, its heating devices have a small mass, the possibility of freezing devices is excluded. However, this type of heating is fire hazardous and consumes a significant amount of electricity. In view of these shortcomings electric heating not widely used and is used in trade and public catering buildings located in areas with a short heating season, as a temporary heating device.
- Panel heating systems
