Heating of high-rise residential buildings. Varieties of heating systems in an apartment building. Purpose and principle of operation of the elevator unit

When designing large-scale heating systems (in particular, calculations for adjusting the heating system of an apartment building and its full functioning), special attention is paid to external and internal factors in the operation of the equipment. Several heating schemes for central heating have been developed and successfully applied in practice, differing from each other in structure, parameters of the working fluid and piping schemes in apartment buildings.

What are the types of heating systems in an apartment building

Depending on the installation of the heat generator or the location of the boiler room:

Heating schemes depending on the parameters of the working fluid:

Based on the piping diagram:

Functioning of the heating system of an apartment building

Autonomous heating systems of a multi-storey residential building perform one function - the timely transportation of the heated coolant and its adjustment for each consumer. To ensure the possibility of general control of the circuit in the house, a single distribution unit is mounted with elements for adjusting the parameters of the coolant, combined with a heat generator.

The autonomous heating system of a multi-storey building necessarily includes the following components and components:

The route of the pipeline through which the working fluid is delivered to apartments and premises. As already mentioned, the piping scheme in multi-storey buildings can be single- or double-circuit;
KPiA - control devices and equipment that reflects the parameters of the coolant, regulates its characteristics and takes into account all its changing properties (flow rate, pressure, inflow rate, chemical composition);
A distribution unit that distributes heated coolant through pipe lines.

A practical scheme for heating a residential multi-storey building includes a set of documentation: a project, drawings, calculations. All documentation for heating in an apartment building is compiled by responsible executive services (design bureaus) in strict accordance with GOST and SNiP. The responsibility for ensuring that the centralized central heating system will be operated correctly lies with the management company, as well as its repair or complete replacement of the heating system in a multi-apartment building.

How does the heating system work in an apartment building

The normal operation of the heating of an apartment building depends on compliance with the basic parameters of the equipment and the coolant - pressure, temperature, wiring diagram. According to the accepted standards, the main parameters must be observed within the following limits:

For an apartment building with a height of not more than 5 floors, the pressure in the pipes should not exceed 2-4.0 atm;
For an apartment building with a height of 9 floors, the pressure in the pipes should not exceed 5-7 atm;
The spread of temperature values for all heating circuits operating in residential premises is +18 0 C / +22 0 C. The temperature in radiators on landings and in technical rooms is +15 0 C.

The choice of piping in a five-story or multi-story building depends on the number of floors, the total area of \u200b\u200bthe building, and the heat output of the heating system, taking into account the quality or availability of thermal insulation of all surfaces. In this case, the difference in pressure between the first and ninth floors should not be more than 10%.

Single pipe wiring

The most economical variant of pipe wiring is according to a single-loop scheme. A single-pipe circuit works more efficiently in low-rise buildings and with a small heating area. As a water (and not steam) heating system, single-pipe wiring has been used since the beginning of the 50s of the last century, in the so-called "Khrushchev". The coolant in such a wiring flows through several risers to which apartments are connected, while the entrance for all risers is one, which makes the installation of the route simple and fast, but uneconomical due to heat losses at the end of the circuit.

Since the return line is physically absent, and its role is played by the working fluid supply pipe, this gives rise to a number of negative points in the operation of the system:

The room warms up unevenly, and the temperature in each individual room depends on the distance of the radiator to the point of intake of the working fluid. With such a dependence, the temperature on distant batteries will always be lower;
Manual or automatic temperature control on heaters is not possible, but bypasses can be installed in the Leningradka circuit, which allows you to connect or disconnect additional radiators;
It is difficult to balance a single-pipe heating scheme, since this is only possible when shut-off valves and thermal valves are included in the circuit, which, if the coolant parameters change, can cause the entire heating system of a three-story or higher house to fail.

In new buildings, a single-pipe scheme has not been implemented for a long time, since it is almost impossible to effectively control and account for the coolant flow for each apartment. The difficulty lies precisely in the fact that for each apartment in the "Khrushchev" there can be up to 5-6 risers, which means that you need to embed the same number of water meters or hot water meters.

A correctly drawn up estimate for heating a multi-storey building with a one-pipe system should include not only maintenance costs, but also the modernization of pipelines - the replacement of individual components with more efficient ones.

Two-pipe wiring

This heating scheme is more efficient, since in it the cooled working fluid is taken in through a separate pipe - the return pipe. The nominal diameter of the heat carrier return pipes is chosen the same as for the supply heating main.

The double-circuit heating system is designed so that the water that has given off heat to the premises of the apartment is fed back to the boiler through a separate pipe, which means it does not mix with the supply and does not take the temperature from the coolant delivered to the radiators. In the boiler, the cooled working fluid is heated up again and sent to the supply pipe of the system. When drawing up a project and during the operation of heating, the following number of features should be taken into account:

You can regulate the temperature and pressure in the heating main in any individual apartment, or in a common heating main. To adjust the parameters of the system, mixing units crash into the pipe;
When carrying out repair or maintenance work, the system does not need to be turned off - the necessary sections are cut off with shutoff valves, and the faulty circuit is repaired, while the remaining sections work and move heat around the house. This is the principle of operation, and the advantage of a two-pipe system over the others.

The pressure parameters in the heating pipes in an apartment building depend on the number of floors, but lie in the range of 3-5 atm, which should ensure the delivery of heated water to all floors without exception. In high-rise buildings, intermediate pumping stations can be used to lift the coolant to the last floors. Radiators for any heating systems are selected according to design calculations, and must withstand the required pressure and maintain a given temperature regime.

Heating system

The layout of the heating pipes in a multi-storey building plays an important role in maintaining the specified parameters of the equipment and the working fluid. So, the upper wiring of the heating system is more often used in low-rise buildings, the lower one - in high-rise buildings. The method of delivery of the coolant - centralized or autonomous - can also affect the reliable operation of heating in the house.

In overwhelming cases, they make a connection to the central heating system. This allows you to reduce the current costs in the estimate for heating a multi-storey building. But in practice, the level of quality of such services remains extremely low. Therefore, if there is a choice, preference is given to autonomous heating of a multi-storey building.

Modern new buildings are connected to mini-boiler rooms or to centralized heating, and these schemes work so efficiently that it makes no sense to change the connection method to an autonomous one or another one (common house or apartment). But the autonomous scheme gives preference to apartment or house-wide heat distribution. When installing heating in each apartment, an autonomous (independent) piping is performed, a separate boiler is installed in the apartment, control and metering devices are also installed separately for each apartment.

When organizing a common house wiring, it is necessary to build or install a common boiler room with its own specific requirements:

Several boilers must be installed - gas or electric, so that in case of an accident it is possible to duplicate the operation of the system;
Only a double-circuit pipeline route is carried out, the plan of which is drawn up in the design process. Such a system is regulated for each apartment separately, since the settings can be individual;
A schedule of planned preventive and repair activities is required.

In a common building heating system, control and accounting of heat consumption is carried out on an apartment-by-apartment basis. In practice, this means that a meter is installed on each coolant supply pipe from the main riser.

Centralized heating for an apartment building

If you connect the pipes to the central heating system, then what will be the difference in the wiring diagram? The main working unit of the heat supply circuit is the elevator, which stabilizes the liquid parameters within the specified values. This is necessary because of the long length of heating mains in which heat is lost. The elevator unit normalizes the temperature and pressure: for this, the water pressure in the heat point increases to 20 atm, which automatically increases the coolant temperature to +120 0 C. But, since such characteristics of the liquid medium for pipes are unacceptable, the elevator normalizes them to acceptable values.

The heating point (elevator unit) functions both in a two-circuit heating scheme and in a single-pipe heating system of an apartment high-rise building. The functions that it will perform with this connection: Reduce the working pressure of the liquid using an elevator. The cone valve changes the flow of fluid into the distribution system.

Conclusion

When drawing up a project for heating, do not forget that the estimate for the installation and connection of centralized heating to an apartment building differs from the cost of organizing an autonomous system downwards.

Description:

The buildings considered in the book can be classified as high-rise buildings. We hope that in the future there will be a book about domestic experience in designing engineering equipment for ultra-tall buildings, figuratively called skyscrapers.

Heat supply and heating of high-rise residential buildings

To the publication of the book

V. I. Livchak, Vice-President of NP AVOK, Head of Energy Efficiency in Construction at Mosgosexpertiza

In Moscow, half a century after the construction of seven "Stalinist" skyscrapers, the construction of high-rise buildings resumed. Now buildings above 40 floors have been built: in 2003 - "Edelweiss" on Davydkovskaya St., vl. 3 (height 176 m, 43 floors), "Scarlet Sails" building 4 (179 m, 48 floors) on Aviation Street, vl. 77–79; in 2004 - "Vorobyovy Gory" (188 m, 49 floors) on Mosfilmovskaya st., vl. 4-6, "Triumph Palace" - the highest residential building in Europe (225 m, 59 floors, with a spire - 264 m), Chapaevsky lane, vl. 2.

Several dozens of buildings with a height of 30-50 floors are planned for construction under the city's investment program "The New Ring of Moscow". A number of skyscrapers over 300 meters high are being built in the Moscow City business center, and the apotheosis of everything is the construction of the Rossiya Tower, 600 meters high, designed by the English architect Norman Foster, the design of which began in 2006.

The project of the residential building "Edelweiss" was carried out by TsNIIEPzhilischa, the engineering part of the other listed high-rise residential buildings built by the company "DON-stroy" was the fruit of the creativity of the design and production company "Alexander Kolubkov" under the leadership of A. N. Kolubkov and bearing his name. It is also interesting that DON-Stroy itself operates the houses it builds, and therefore the applied solutions are confirmed by the practice of their work.

The experience gained in the design of these buildings and their operation was the basis of the book "Engineering equipment of high-rise buildings", published by "ABOK-PRESS" in 2007 under the general editorship of prof. Moscow Architectural Institute M. M. Brodach.

In our opinion, all buildings by height can be divided into 5 categories:

Up to five floors where installation of elevators is not required - low-rise buildings;

Up to 75 m (25 floors), within which vertical zoning for fire compartments is not required - multi-storey buildings;

76–150 m - high-rise buildings;

151–300 m - high-rise buildings;

Over 300 m - ultra-tall buildings.

The gradation is a multiple of 150 m due to a change in the calculated outdoor temperature for the design of heating and ventilation - every 150 m it decreases by 1 °C.

The design features of buildings above 75 m are due to the fact that they must be vertically divided into sealed fire compartments (zones), the boundaries of which are enclosing structures that provide the required fire resistance limits for localizing a possible fire and preventing it from spreading to adjacent compartments. The height of the zones should be 50–75 m, and it is not necessary to separate vertical fire compartments with technical floors, as is customary in warm countries, where technical floors do not have walls and are used to collect people in case of fire and their subsequent evacuation. In countries with a harsh climate, the need for technical floors is due to the requirements for the placement of engineering equipment. When it is installed in the basement, only part of the floor located at the border of fire compartments can be used to place smoke protection fans, the rest - for working rooms. With a cascade connection scheme for heat exchangers, as a rule, they, together with pumping groups, are placed on technical floors, where they need more space, and occupy the entire floor, and sometimes two floors in ultra-tall buildings.

Below, an analysis of design solutions for heat and water supply and heating of the listed residential buildings will be given. And this is only a part of the subject to which this book is devoted, beyond the scope of this article is the analysis of advanced solutions implemented in a number of foreign high-rise buildings, and the features of the influence of the outdoor climate, experience in designing ventilation and air conditioning systems for residential and public buildings, fire safety systems, water disposal and waste disposal, automation and dispatching, also given in the book "Engineering Equipment for High-Rise Buildings".

Heat supply

A feature of the design of heat and water supply systems is that all pumping and heat exchange equipment of the considered high-rise residential buildings is located at ground level or minus the first floor. This is due to the danger of placing overheated water pipelines on residential floors, the lack of confidence in the sufficiency of protection against noise and vibration of adjacent residential premises during the operation of pumping equipment, and the desire to save a scarce area to accommodate more apartments.

Such a solution is possible due to the use of high-pressure pipelines, heat exchangers, pumps, shut-off and control equipment that can withstand operating pressures up to 25 atm. Therefore, in the piping of heat exchangers from the side of local water, butterfly valves with collar flanges, pumps with a U-shaped element, pressure regulators “to themselves” of direct action installed on the make-up pipeline, electromagnetic valves rated for a pressure of 25 atm are used. at the filling station for heating systems.

With a building height above 220 m, due to the occurrence of ultra-high hydrostatic pressure, it is recommended to use a cascade connection scheme for zone heat exchangers for heating and hot water supply, an example of such a solution is given in the book.

Another feature of the heat supply of the implemented high-rise residential buildings is that in all cases the source of heat supply is the city heat networks. Connection to them is made through the central heating station, which occupies a rather large area, for example, in the Vorobyovy Gory complex, it occupies 1,200 m 2 with a room height of 6 m (rated power 34 MW).

The CHP includes heat exchangers with circulation pumps for heating systems of different zones, heat supply systems for ventilation and air conditioning heaters, hot water supply systems, pumping stations for filling heating systems and pressure maintenance systems with expansion tanks and automatic control equipment, emergency electric hot water storage water heaters. Equipment and pipelines are arranged vertically so that they are easily accessible during operation. A central passage with a width of at least 1.7 m passes through all the central heating stations for the possibility of moving special loaders, which make it possible to remove heavy equipment during its replacement (Fig. 1).

Picture 1.

This decision is also due to the fact that high-rise complexes, as a rule, are multifunctional in purpose with a developed stylobate and underground part, on which several buildings can be located. Therefore, in the Vorobyovy Gory complex, which includes 3 high-rise residential buildings of 43-48 floors and 4 buildings of 17-25 floors, united by a five-level stylobate part, technical collectors with numerous pipelines depart from this single central heating station, and to reduce them in the technical In the zone of high-rise buildings, booster pumping stations for water supply were located, which pump cold and hot water into each zone of high-rise buildings.

Another solution is also possible - the central heating station is used to introduce urban heat networks to the facility, place a pressure drop regulator "after itself", a heat energy metering unit and, if necessary, a cogeneration unit and can be combined with one of the individual local heating points (ITP), serving to connect local heat consumption systems close in location to this heating point. From this CHP, superheated water is supplied through two pipes, and not through several from the comb, as in the previous case, to local ITPs located in other parts of the complex, including on the upper floors, according to the principle of proximity to the heat load. With this solution, there is no need to connect the internal heat supply system for air heaters of supply systems according to an independent scheme through a heat exchanger. The heater itself is a heat exchanger and is connected directly to the superheated water pipelines with pumping to improve the quality of load control and increase the reliability of the protection of heaters from freezing.

One of the solutions for redundant centralized heat and power supply of high-rise buildings can be the installation of autonomous mini-CHPs based on gas turbine (GTP) or gas piston (GPU) plants that simultaneously produce both types of energy. Modern means of protection against noise and vibration make it possible to place them directly in the building, including on the upper floors. As a rule, the power of these units does not exceed 30-40% of the maximum required power of the facility, and in the normal mode these units operate, supplementing the centralized power supply systems. With a higher capacity of cogeneration plants, problems arise in transferring excesses of one or another energy carrier to the network.

The book provides an algorithm for calculating and selecting a mini-CHP when the object is supplied with offline power and an analysis of optimizing the choice of a mini-CHP using the example of a specific project. With a shortage of only thermal energy for the object under consideration, an autonomous heat supply source (AHS) in the form of a boiler room with hot water boilers can be taken as a source of heat supply. Attached, located on the roof or protruding parts of the building, or stand-alone boiler rooms designed in accordance with SP 41-104-2000 can be used. The possibility and location of AIT should be linked to the whole complex of its impact on the environment, including on a residential high-rise building.

Heating

Water heating systems of high-rise buildings are zoned in height and, as already mentioned, if fire compartments are separated by technical floors, then the zoning of heating systems, as a rule, coincides with fire compartments, since technical floors are convenient for laying distribution pipelines. In the absence of technical floors, the zoning of heating systems may not coincide with the division of the building into fire compartments. Fire authorities allow crossing the boundaries of fire compartments with pipelines of water-filled systems, and the height of the zone is determined by the value of the allowable hydrostatic pressure for the lower heaters and their piping.

Initially, the design of zonal heating systems was carried out as for ordinary multi-storey buildings. As a rule, two-pipe heating systems with vertical risers and lower wiring of the supply and return lines passing through the technical floor were used, which made it possible to turn on the heating system without waiting for the construction of all floors of the zone. Such heating systems were implemented in the residential complexes "Scarlet Sails", "Vorobyovy Gory", "Triumph Palace". Each riser is equipped with automatic balancing valves to ensure automatic distribution of the coolant among the risers, and each heater is equipped with an automatic thermostat with increased hydraulic resistance to provide the tenant with the opportunity to set the desired air temperature in the room and minimize the influence of the gravitational component of the circulation pressure and turn on / off thermostats on other heaters connected to this riser.

Further, in order to avoid unbalancing the heating system associated with unauthorized removal of thermostats in individual apartments, which has repeatedly occurred in practice, it was proposed to switch to a heating system with an upper distribution of the supply line with an associated movement of the coolant along the risers. This equalizes the pressure losses of the circulation rings through the heating devices, regardless of which floor they are located on, increases the hydraulic stability of the system, guarantees the removal of air from the system and facilitates the setting of thermostats.

However, later, as a result of analyzing various solutions, the designers came to the conclusion that the best heating system, especially for buildings without technical floors, are systems with flat-by-apartment horizontal wiring connected to vertical risers, which, as a rule, pass through the stairwell and are made according to two-pipe scheme with lower wiring. Such a system was designed in the crowning part (9 floors of the third zone) of the Triumph Palace high-rise complex and in a 50-storey building under construction without intermediate technical floors on the street. Pyreva, 2.

Apartment heating systems are equipped with a unit with shut-off, balancing valves and drain fittings, filters and a heat energy meter. This node should be located outside the apartment in the stairwell for unhindered access to the maintenance service. In apartments over 100 m 2, the connection is made not by a loop laid along the perimeter of the apartment (since the diameter of the pipeline increases with increasing load, and as a result, installation becomes more complicated and the cost increases due to the use of expensive large fittings), but through an intermediate apartment distribution cabinet, in which the comb is installed, and from it the coolant is directed by pipelines of smaller diameter to the heaters according to the beam scheme according to the radiant scheme according to the two-pipe scheme.

Pipelines are used from heat-resistant polymeric materials, as a rule, from cross-linked PEX polyethylene (the justification for its use is given in the book), the laying is carried out in the preparation of the floor. The design parameters of the coolant, based on the technical conditions for such pipelines, are 90–70 (65) ° С for fear that a further decrease in temperature leads to a significant increase in the heating surface of heating devices, which is not welcomed by investors due to the increase in the cost of the system. The experience of using metal-plastic pipes in the heating system of the Triumph Palace complex was considered unsuccessful. During operation, as a result of aging, the adhesive layer is destroyed and the inner layer of the pipe “collapses”, as a result of which the flow area narrows and the heating system stops working normally.

The authors of the book believe that for apartment-by-apartment wiring, the best solution is to use automatic balancing valves ASV-P (PV) on the return pipeline and shut-off and measuring valves ASV-M (ASV-1) on the supply pipeline. The use of this pair of valves makes it possible not only to compensate for the influence of the gravitational component, but also to limit the flow to each apartment in accordance with the parameters. Valves are usually selected according to the diameter of the pipelines and adjusted to maintain a pressure drop of 10 kPa. This valve setting is selected based on the required pressure loss on the radiator thermostats to ensure their optimal operation. The flow limit per apartment is set by the setting on the ASV-1 valves, taking into account that in this case the pressure losses on these valves must be included in the differential pressure maintained by the ASV-PV regulator.

The use of apartment horizontal heating systems compared to a system with vertical risers leads to a reduction in the length of the main pipelines (they only fit the stair riser, and not to the most remote riser in the corner room), reduce heat losses from pipelines, simplify the floor-by-floor commissioning of the building and increase hydraulic stability of the system. The cost of installing an apartment system is not much different from standard ones with vertical risers, however, the service life is higher due to the use of pipes made of heat-resistant polymer materials.

In apartment heating systems, it is much easier and with absolute visibility for residents to carry out heat energy metering. We must agree with the opinion of the authors that although the installation of heat meters is not an energy-saving measure, however, payment for the actually consumed thermal energy is a powerful incentive that makes residents take care of its expenditure. Naturally, this is achieved, first of all, by the obligatory use of thermostats on heating appliances. The experience of their operation has shown that in order to avoid affecting the thermal regime of adjacent apartments, the thermostat control algorithm should be limited to lowering the temperature in the room they serve at least 15-16 ° C, and heaters should be selected with a power margin of at least 15%.

Water supply

To improve the reliability of water supply in buildings up to 250 m, at least two inputs from independent water supplies (separate lines of the external ring water supply network) are provided, with a higher height, each input is laid in two lines, each of which must be designed for a pass of at least 50% of the calculated expense.

In order to increase reliability and ensure uninterrupted operation of hot water supply in all high-rise residential buildings, in addition to high-speed hot water heaters, the installation of capacitive electric water heaters is provided, which are turned on during a shutdown of the heating network for scheduled maintenance or accidents. The volume of these backup water heaters is selected based on the one and a half hour peak consumption of hot water. The power of the heating element is assigned in such a way that the heating time for a given volume of water is 8 hours - this is the interval between peak morning and evening water intakes.

As a rule, there are a lot of backup electric water heaters (there are objects where their number reaches 13 units), and for the stability of their operation, the water heaters should be turned on according to the scheme with associated water movement. If the water heater is the first to connect hot water, it should be the last one to supply heated water. The operating pressure of electric water heaters does not exceed 7 atm. This determines the height of the zone of water supply systems. Therefore, it is not necessary that the number of zones in water supply systems coincide with heating. So, in a 50-storey residential building on the street. Pyriev, there are 3 vertical zones for the heating system and 4 for hot and cold water supply (Fig. 2). For the latter systems, the number of zones is the same to enable redundancy between them.

Figure 2 ()

Zoning of engineering systems

Another feature of the hot water supply system of the listed high-rise buildings is that, regardless of the number of zones, a single heat exchanger is installed for the entire system, and then hot water is pumped into the corresponding zone by separate booster pumping stations. Also, for cold water, there are own booster pumping stations for each zone, which increases the reliability of the water supply system, allowing in emergency situations to supply water through hot water pipelines.

The circulation pipelines of different zones are connected to a common comb through a unit that includes, in addition to shut-off valves and a check valve, a downstream pressure regulator and a flow regulator. This scheme was adopted after a lot of trial and error. Electric control valves were installed first. During operation, it turned out that their response speed is not enough for normal operation. It was necessary to find equipment capable of responding more quickly to changes in pressure in the circulation pipeline. As a result, direct acting pressure regulators were chosen. Initially, they were supplied without flow regulators, but since the circulation pumps contribute to airing, these pressure regulators began to work like chokes with unacceptable noise. To eliminate this defect, they tried to adjust the system more carefully, but then they installed flow regulators, after which the described effect disappeared.

So that a change in pressure in the city water supply system does not affect the stability of maintaining pressure by pumping stations, a pressure regulator "after itself" is installed at the inlet of the water supply system. If before the installation of this regulator, the pressure spread was 0.6–0.9 atm., Then after installation it stabilized at the level of 0.2–0.4 atm. At the hot water supply inlet (after the heat exchangers, in front of the pumping station of each zone), their own pressure regulators “after themselves” are also installed, thanks to which false operation of check valves and the inclusion of standby pumps without special need are excluded.

The water supply system, as a rule, is organized with horizontal apartment wiring. Such a solution has been successfully implemented in the high-rise residential complexes "Vorobyovy Gory", "Triumph Palace" and on the street. Pyriev. In this case, the risers of the water supply system are laid in the stair-lift hall, from where hot and cold water pipelines are supplied to the apartment. The system is equipped with cold and hot water meters, which, together with filters and pressure regulators, are installed in distribution cabinets in the stair-lift hall. In order to avoid the overflow of water (from a cold main to a hot one and vice versa) resulting from improper operation of plumbing equipment, check valves are installed at the inlets to apartments on the supply pipelines of cold and hot water.

Piping from risers to apartments and in apartments is made of cross-linked polyethylene pipes (PEX-pipes). In apartments, it is advisable to use collector wiring, when water is supplied to each water tap from the collector through a separate pipe, this minimizes the influence of neighboring devices on each other (when one mixer is turned on, the spout temperature on the other changes). The risers are laid from steel pipes, and just like in the heating system, hot water risers are equipped with compensators and fixed supports. Estimated circulation in the amount of 40% of the calculated water intake is set using control and balancing valves.

With horizontal wiring of the hot water supply system, you can refuse to install heated towel rails. Operating experience has shown that even in buildings equipped with heated towel rails, up to 70% of apartment owners do not use them. They either leave the bathroom without towel warmers at all, or use electric heated towel rails. The use of electric heated towel rails, from the point of view of the owner of the apartment, is more convenient, since it turns on only as needed.

These are the solutions for the systems of heat supply and heating of the tallest residential buildings built to date in Moscow. They are understandable, logical and do not fundamentally differ from the solutions used in the design of conventional multi-storey buildings with a height of less than 75 m, with the exception of the division of heating and water supply systems into zones. But within each zone, standard approaches to the implementation of these systems remain. Greater attention is paid to the installations for filling heating systems and maintaining pressure in them and on each floor of water supply systems, as well as in circulation lines from different zones before connecting them to a common comb, automatic control of heat supply and distribution of the coolant to implement comfortable and economical modes, redundancy operation of equipment to ensure uninterrupted supply of consumers with heat and water.

A distinctive feature is the use of emergency capacitive electric water heaters for an hour and a half supply of water for the purposes of uninterrupted supply of hot water. But it seems that their potential is not being fully utilized. In addition to turning them on in case of an accident or scheduled preventive maintenance of heating networks, they could be tied in such a way that their capacity is used to relieve peak heat loads on the heat supply system.

This ingenious scheme, proposed by A.V. Khludov, the progenitor of hot water supply technology, includes a water heater, a storage tank and a pump that performs the function of charging the tank with hot water (Fig. 3). When the accumulator is charged, cold water flows in parallel flows into the water heater and into the accumulator tank, displacing hot water from the accumulator upwards into the consumer system. Thus, with a large drawdown, the consumer receives hot water from the water heater and accumulator into his system. With a decrease in water intake, the pump squeezes out the excess of water heated in the water heater into the storage tank, thereby displacing cold water from the bottom of the battery into the water heater, i.e., the battery is charging. This allows you to equalize the load on the water heater and reduce its heating surface.

The disadvantages of the adopted solutions include ignoring the use of energy-saving solutions, such as partial replacement of energy demand through the use of autonomous energy-producing gas turbine or gas piston units, solar photovoltaic or water heating elements, heat pumps using low-potential ground energy, ventilation emissions. It should also be noted the insufficient use of centralized refrigeration to increase the comfort of living in apartments and eliminate the negative impact on the architecture of the building of the external blocks of split systems randomly hung on the facade. High-rise buildings, being advanced in terms of architectural and structural solutions, should be an example for the implementation of promising technologies in engineering systems.

Currently, the vast majority of existing residential multi-storey buildings in our country are heated mainly by vertical single-pipe water heating systems. The advantages and disadvantages of such systems are noted in other sources. Among the main shortcomings, the following should be noted:

□ it is impossible to keep records of heat consumption for heating each apartment;

□ it is impossible to pay for heat consumption for actually consumed heat energy (TE);

□ it is very difficult to maintain the required air temperature in each apartment.

Therefore, we can conclude that it is necessary to abandon the use of vertical systems for heating residential multi-storey buildings and use apartment heating systems (CO), as recommended. At the same time, it is necessary to install a heat meter in each apartment.

Apartment-specific SS in multi-storey buildings are systems that can be serviced by residents of an apartment without changing the hydraulic and thermal regimes of neighboring apartments and provide apartment-by-apartment accounting for heat consumption. This increases the thermal comfort in residential premises and saves heat for heating. At first glance, these are two contradictory tasks. However, there is no contradiction here, because overheating of the premises is eliminated due to the absence of hydraulic and thermal misalignment of CO. In addition, the heat of solar radiation and household heat inputs to each apartment are used 100%. The urgency of solving this problem is realized by builders and maintenance services. Existing apartment heating systems in our country are rarely used for heating multi-storey buildings for various reasons, including their low hydraulic and thermal stability. The apartment heating system, protected by the current patent of the Russian Federation No. 2148755 F24D 3/02, according to the authors, meets all the requirements. On fig. 1 shows the CO scheme for residential buildings with a small number of floors.

WITH contains the supply 1 and return 2 heat pipelines of network water, communicated with an individual heat point 3 and connected, in turn, with the supply heat pipeline 4 WITH. A vertical supply riser 5 is connected to the supply heat pipe 4, connected to a floor horizontal branch 6. Heaters 7 are connected to the branch 6. In the same apartments where the vertical supply riser 5 is installed, a return riser 8 is installed, which is connected to the return heat pipe CO 9 and horizontal floor branches 6. Vertical risers 5 and 8 limit the length of floor branches 6 to one apartment. On each floor line 6, an apartment heating point 10 is installed, which serves to ensure the supply of the required coolant flow and to account for the heat consumption for heating each apartment and to control the air temperature inside the room depending on the outside temperature, heat input from solar radiation, heat generation in each apartment , wind speed and direction. To turn off each horizontal branch, valves 11 and 12 are provided. Air valves 13 serve to remove air from heaters and branches 6. Taps 14 can be installed at heaters 7 to control the flow of water passing through heaters 7.

Rice. 1. Scheme of the heating system for buildings with a small number of floors: 1 - heating supply network water; 2 - return heat pipe of network water; 3 - individual thermal

paragraph; 4 - supply heat pipe of the heating system; 5 - vertical supply riser; 6 - floor horizontal branch; 7 - heating devices; 8 - reverse riser; 9 - return heat pipe of the heating system;

10 - apartment heating point; 11, 12 - valves; 13 - air valves; 14 - taps for regulating the flow of water.

In the case of a multi-storey building (Fig. 2), the supply vertical riser 5 is made in the form of a group of risers - 5, 15 and 16, and the vertical return riser 8 is made in the form of a group of risers 8, 17 and 18. In this CO, the supply riser 5 and the reverse riser 8, connected respectively with the heat pipes 4 and 9, unite in block "A" horizontal floor branches 6 of several (in this particular case, three branches) of the upper floors of the building. The supply riser 15 and the return riser 17 are also connected to the heat pipes 4 and 9 and unite the horizontal floor branches of the next three floors into block "B". Vertical supply riser 16 and return riser 18 unite the floor branches 6 of the three lower floors into block C (the number of branches in blocks A, B and C can be more or less than three). On each horizontal floor branch 6, located in one apartment, an apartment heating point 10 is installed. It includes, depending on the parameters of the coolant and local conditions, shut-off and control and instrumentation valves, a pressure (flow) regulator and a device for accounting for heat consumption (heat meter). To turn off the horizontal branches, valves 11 and 12 are provided. Valves 14 are used to regulate the heat transfer of the heater (if necessary). Air is removed through taps 13.

The number of horizontal branches in each block is determined by calculation and can be more or less than three. It should be noted that the vertical supply risers 5, 15, 16 and return risers 8, 17, 18 are laid in the same apartment, i.e. the same as in fig. 1, and this ensures high hydraulic and thermal stability of the CO of a multi-storey building and, consequently, the efficient operation of the CO.

By changing the number of blocks into which CO is divided along the height, it is possible to almost completely eliminate the influence of natural pressure on the hydraulic and thermal stability of the water heating system of a multi-storey building.

In other words, we can say that with the number of blocks equal to the number of floors in the building, we will get a water heating system in which the natural pressure arising from the cooling of water in heaters connected to floor branches will not affect the hydraulic and thermal stability of CO.

The considered SS provides high sanitary and hygienic indicators in heated rooms, saves heat for heating, and effectively regulates the air temperature in the room. It is possible to carry out the start-up of CO in action at the request of a resident (if there is a coolant) in the heat point 3 at any time, without waiting for the start-up of CO in other apartments or in the whole house. Taking into account that the thermal power and the length of the horizontal branches are approximately the same, the maximum unification of the CO units is achieved during the manufacture of the pipe billet, and this reduces the cost of manufacturing and installation of the CO. The developed system of apartment heating for multi-storey residential buildings is universal, i.e. such CO can be used for heat supply:

□ from the central source of heat (from heating networks);

□ from an autonomous source of heat (including a rooftop boiler).

Rice. 2. Scheme of the heating system of multi-storey buildings. 1 - supply heat pipe network water; 2 - return heat pipe of network water; 3 - individual heating point; 4 - supply heat pipe of the heating system; 5, 15, 16 - vertical supply risers; 6 - floor horizontal branch; 7 - heating devices; 8, 17, 18 - return risers; 9 - return heat pipe of the heating system; 10 - apartment heating point; 11, 12 - valves; 13 - air valves; 14 - taps for regulating the flow of water.

Such a system has hydraulic and thermal stability, can be single-pipe and two-pipe, and it can use any type of heating device that meets the requirements. The scheme for supplying the coolant to the heater may be different, when installing a tap at the heater, you can adjust the thermal output of the heater. Such CO can be used not only for heating residential buildings, but also public and industrial buildings. In this case, a horizontal branch is laid near the floor (or in the recess of the floor) along the plinth. Such a CO can be repaired and reconstructed if there is a need to redevelop the building. The system described above requires less metal consumption. Installation of such CO can be carried out from steel, copper, brass and polymer pipes approved for use in construction. The heat transfer of heat pipes should be taken into account when calculating heating devices. The use of apartment COs provides a reduction in heat consumption by 10-20%.

The idea to use apartment systems for heating multi-storey residential buildings was born a long time ago. However, such heating systems were not used even in newly built residential buildings for many reasons, including the lack of a regulatory framework and design recommendations. Over the past 5 years, a regulatory framework has been created and recommendations for the design of such systems have been developed. In Russia, there is still no experience in the operation of apartment COs connected to various heat sources.

When designing such systems, many questions arise regarding the placement of horizontal branches and places for laying vertical supply and return drains. The consumption of pipelines for the installation of horizontal branches will be minimal if the apartment in the plan is in the shape of a square or approaches a square.

It should be noted that the supply and return vertical risers can be laid in special shafts located in stairwells or common corridors. In the shafts on each floor, installation cabinets should be located in which the apartment input nodes are placed.

For mass housing construction, it is expedient to perform per-apartment COs as single-pipe horizontal ones with trailing sections and serial connection of heating devices. In this case, the consumption of pipes is significantly reduced, but at the same time, the heating surface of the heating devices increases (due to a reduction in thermal pressure) by an average of 10-30%.

Horizontal branches should be laid near the outer walls, above the floor, or in the floor structure or in special plinths - boxes, depending on the height of the heater, its type and the distance from the floor to the window sill (the distance from the floor to the window sill during new construction, if necessary, can be increased by 100-250 mm).

With long heaters, such as convectors, it will be possible to use through convectors and use a versatile (diagonal) connection of appliances to a horizontal branch, and this in many cases improves the heating of appliances and, consequently, increases their heat transfer. With open laying of horizontal branches, their heat transfer to the room increases, and this ultimately leads to a decrease in the surface of heating devices and, consequently, the consumption of metal for their manufacture is reduced.

Such a system is convenient for installation and, as a rule, pipelines of the same diameter are used for horizontal branches. In addition, with single-pipe CO, higher coolant parameters (up to 105 ° C) can be used. When using three-way valves (or other constructive solution), it is possible to increase the amount of water flowing into the device, and this reduces the heating surface of the devices. With such a constructive implementation of the system, it is possible to repair it, i. replacement of pipelines, shut-off and control valves and heating devices in each apartment without opening the floor structure, etc.

The indisputable advantage of such heating systems is that only Russian-made materials and products can be used for their construction.

Literature

1. Scanavi A.N., Makhov L.M. Heating. Textbook for universities - M.: DIA Publishing House, 2002. 576 p.

2. SNiP. 41-01-2003. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning / Gosstroy of Russia. - M.: FSUE TsPP, 2004.

3. Livchak I.F. Apartment heating. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1982.

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

Belarusian National Technical University

Faculty of Energy Construction

Department "Heat and gas supply and ventilation"

on the topic: "Heat supply and heating of high-rise buildings"

Prepared by: student gr. №11004414

Novikova K.V.

Checked by: Nesterov L.V.

Minsk - 2015

Introduction

If the temperature situation in the room or building is favorable, then the specialists in heating and ventilation are somehow not remembered. If the situation is unfavorable, then experts in this field are criticized first of all.

However, the responsibility for maintaining the set parameters in the room lies not only with heating and ventilation specialists.

The adoption of engineering solutions to ensure the specified parameters in the room, the volume of capital investments for these purposes and subsequent operating costs depend on space-planning decisions, taking into account the assessment of the wind regime and aerodynamic indicators, building decisions, orientation, building glazing coefficient, calculated climatic indicators, including including the quality, level of atmospheric air pollution in the aggregate of all sources of pollution. Multifunctional high-rise buildings and complexes are an extremely complex structure in terms of designing engineering communications: heating systems, general exchange and smoke ventilation, general and fire water supply, evacuation, fire automatics, etc. This is mainly due to the height of the building and the allowable hydrostatic pressure, in particular , in water systems of heating, ventilation and air conditioning.

All buildings by height can be divided into 5 categories:

Up to five floors where installation of elevators is not required - low-rise buildings;

Up to 75 m (25 floors), within which vertical zoning for fire compartments is not required - multi-storey buildings;

76–150 m - high-rise buildings;

151–300 m - high-rise buildings;

Over 300 m - ultra-tall buildings.

The gradation is a multiple of 150 m due to a change in the calculated outdoor temperature for the design of heating and ventilation - every 150 m it decreases by 1 °C.

The design features of buildings above 75 m are due to the fact that they must be vertically divided into hermetic fire compartments (zones), the boundaries of which are enclosing structures that provide the required fire resistance limits for localizing a possible fire and preventing it from spreading to adjacent compartments. The height of the zones should be 50–75 m, and it is not necessary to separate vertical fire compartments with technical floors, as is customary in warm countries, where technical floors do not have walls and are used to collect people in case of fire and their subsequent evacuation. In countries with a harsh climate, the need for technical floors is due to the requirements for the placement of engineering equipment.

When it is installed in the basement, only part of the floor located at the border of fire compartments can be used to place smoke protection fans, the rest - for working rooms. With a cascade connection scheme for heat exchangers, as a rule, they, together with pumping groups, are placed on technical floors, where they need more space, and occupy the entire floor, and sometimes two floors in ultra-tall buildings.

Below, an analysis of design solutions for heat and water supply and heating of the listed residential buildings will be given.

1. Heat supply

Heat supply of internal heating systems, hot water supply, ventilation, air conditioning of high-rise buildings is recommended to provide:

From district heating networks;

from an autonomous heat source (AHS), subject to confirmation of the admissibility of its impact on the state of the environment in accordance with the current environmental legislation and regulatory and methodological documents;

from a combined heat source (CHS), including hybrid heat pump heat supply systems using non-traditional renewable energy sources and secondary energy resources (soil, building ventilation emissions, etc.) in combination with heat and / or electrical networks.

Heat consumers of a high-rise building are divided into two categories according to the reliability of heat supply:

the first - heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems in which, in the event of an accident, interruptions in the supply of the calculated amount of heat and a decrease in air temperature below the minimum allowable in accordance with GOST 30494 are not allowed. The list of these premises and the minimum allowable air temperatures in the premises must be given in the Terms of Reference;

the second - the rest of the consumers, for which the temperature in heated rooms is allowed to decrease for the period of liquidation of the accident no more than 54 hours, not lower than:

16С - in residential premises;

12С - in public and administrative premises;

5С - in industrial premises.

The heat supply of a high-rise building should be designed to ensure uninterrupted heat supply in case of accidents (failures) at the heat source or in the supply heat networks during the repair and restoration period from two (main and backup) independent inputs of heat networks. From the main input, 100% of the required amount of heat for a high-rise building must be supplied; from the reserve input - the supply of heat in an amount not less than required for heating and ventilation and air conditioning systems of consumers of the first category, as well as heating systems of the second category to maintain the temperature in heated rooms not lower than specified above. By the beginning of the working cycle, the air temperature in these rooms must comply with the standard.

Internal heating systems should be connected:

in case of centralized heat supply - according to an independent scheme to heat networks;

with AIT - according to a dependent or independent scheme.

Internal heating systems must be divided into zones according to the height of buildings (zoning). The height of the zone should be determined by the value of the allowable hydrostatic pressure in the lower elements of the heat supply systems of each zone.

The pressure at any point of the heat supply systems of each zone in the hydrodynamic mode (both at the calculated flow rates and water temperature, and with possible deviations from them) must ensure that the systems are filled with water, prevent water from boiling and not exceed the value allowed by the strength of the equipment (heat exchangers, tanks, pumps, etc.), fittings and pipelines.

Water supply to each zone can be carried out in series (cascade) or parallel scheme through heat exchangers with automatic temperature control of the heated water. For heat consumers of each zone, it is necessary to provide, as a rule, its own circuit for the preparation and distribution of heat carrier with a temperature controlled according to an individual temperature schedule. When calculating the temperature graph of the coolant, the beginning and end of the heating period should be taken at an average daily outdoor temperature of + 8С and an average design air temperature in heated rooms.

For heat supply systems of high-rise buildings, it is necessary to provide for equipment redundancy according to the following scheme.

At least two heat exchangers (working + backup) should be installed in each heat carrier preparation circuit, the heating surface of each of which should provide 100% of the required heat consumption for heating, ventilation, air conditioning and hot water supply systems.

When installing backup capacitive electric heaters in the hot water preparation circuit, redundancy of heat exchangers of DHW systems may not be provided.

It is allowed to install three heat exchangers (2 working + 1 reserve) in the heating medium preparation circuit for the ventilation system, the heating surface of each of which must provide 50% of the required heat consumption for ventilation and air conditioning systems.

With a cascade heat supply scheme, the number of heat exchangers for heat supply of the upper zones is allowed to be 2 working + 1 reserve, and the heating surface of each should be taken at 50% or according to the terms of reference.

Heat exchangers, pumps and other equipment, as well as fittings and pipelines, should be selected taking into account the hydrostatic and operating pressure in the heat supply system, as well as the maximum test pressure during hydraulic testing. The working pressure in the systems should be taken 10% lower than the allowable working pressure for all elements of the systems.

The parameters of the heat carrier in heat supply systems, as a rule, should be taken into account the temperature of the heated water in the zone heat exchangers of the water preparation circuit of the corresponding zone along the height of the building. The coolant temperature should be taken not more than 95 С in systems with pipelines made of steel or copper pipes and not more than 90 С - from polymer pipes approved for use in heat supply systems. The parameters of the heat carrier in internal heat supply systems are allowed to be more than 95 С, but not more than 110 С in systems with pipelines made of steel pipes, taking into account the check that the transported water does not boil along the height of the building. When laying pipelines with a coolant temperature of more than 95 С, they should be laid in independent or common with other pipelines, enclosed mines, taking into account appropriate safety measures. The laying of these pipelines is possible only in places accessible to the operating organization. Measures should be taken to prevent the ingress of steam in case of damage to pipelines outside the technical premises.

Such a solution is possible due to the use of high-pressure pipelines, heat exchangers, pumps, shut-off and control equipment that can withstand operating pressures up to 25 atm. Therefore, in the piping of heat exchangers from the side of local water, butterfly valves with collar flanges, pumps with a U-shaped element, pressure regulators "to themselves" of direct action installed on the make-up pipeline, electromagnetic valves rated for a pressure of 25 atm are used. at the filling station for heating systems.

With a building height above 220 m, due to the occurrence of ultra-high hydrostatic pressure, it is recommended to use a cascade scheme for connecting zone heat exchangers for heating and hot water supply. Another feature of the heat supply of the implemented high-rise residential buildings is that in all cases the source of heat supply is the city heat networks. Connection to them is made through the central heating station, which occupies a fairly large area. The CHP includes heat exchangers with circulation pumps for heating systems of different zones, heat supply systems for ventilation and air conditioning heaters, hot water supply systems, pumping stations for filling heating systems and pressure maintenance systems with expansion tanks and automatic control equipment, emergency electric hot water storage water heaters. Equipment and pipelines are arranged vertically so that they are easily accessible during operation. A central passage with a width of at least 1.7 m passes through all the central heating stations for the possibility of moving special loaders, which make it possible to remove heavy equipment when it is replaced (Fig. 1).

This decision is also due to the fact that high-rise complexes, as a rule, are multifunctional in purpose with a developed stylobate and underground part, on which several buildings can be located. Therefore, in the complex, which includes 3 high-rise residential buildings of 43-48 floors and 4 buildings of 17-25 floors, united by a five-level stylobate part, technical collectors with numerous pipelines depart from this single central heating station, and to reduce them, technical collectors were placed in the technical zone of high-rise buildings booster pumping stations for water supply, which pump cold and hot water into each zone of high-rise buildings.

Another solution is also possible - the central heating station is used to introduce urban heating networks to the facility, to place a pressure drop regulator "after itself", a heat energy metering unit and, if necessary, a cogeneration unit and can be combined with one of the individual local heating points (ITP), serving to connect local heat consumption systems close in location to this heating point. From this CHP, superheated water is supplied through two pipes, and not through several from the comb, as in the previous case, to local ITPs located in other parts of the complex, including on the upper floors, according to the principle of proximity to the heat load. With this solution, there is no need to connect the internal heat supply system of the supply air heaters according to an independent scheme through a heat exchanger. The heater itself is a heat exchanger and is connected directly to the superheated water pipelines with pumping to improve the quality of load control and increase the reliability of the protection of heaters from freezing.

There is literature that provides an algorithm for calculating and selecting a mini-CHP when supplying an object in an autonomous mode and an analysis of optimizing the choice of a mini-CHP using the example of a specific project. With a shortage of only thermal energy for the object under consideration, an autonomous heat supply source (AHS) in the form of a boiler room with hot water boilers can be taken as a source of heat supply. Attached, located on the roof or protruding parts of the building, or stand-alone boiler rooms designed in accordance with SP 41-104-2000 can be used. The possibility and location of AIT should be linked to the whole complex of its impact on the environment, including on a residential high-rise building.

The temperature situation in the room is significantly affected by the area and thermal performance of the glazed surface. It is known that the normative reduced resistance to heat transfer of windows is almost 6 times less than the reduced resistance to heat transfer of external walls. In addition, through them per hour, if there are no sun protection devices, up to 300 - 400 W / m2 of heat due to solar radiation. Unfortunately, when designing administrative and public buildings, the glazing coefficient can be exceeded by 50% if there is an appropriate justification (with a heat transfer resistance of at least 0.65 m2 ° C / W). In fact, the use of this assumption without appropriate justification is not ruled out.

2. Heating

The following heating systems can be used in high-rise buildings:

water two-pipe with horizontal wiring by floors or vertical;

air with heating and recirculation units within the same room or combined with a mechanical supply ventilation system;

electric on the design assignment and upon receipt of technical conditions from the energy supply organization.

It is allowed to use floor (water or electric) heating for heating bathrooms, changing rooms, swimming pools, etc.

The parameters of the heat carrier in the heating systems of the corresponding zone should be taken according to SP 60.13330 not more than 95С in systems with pipelines made of steel or copper pipes and not more than 90С - from polymer pipes approved for use in construction.

The height of the heating system zone should be determined by the allowable hydrostatic pressure in the lower elements of the system. The pressure at any point of the heating system of each zone in the hydrodynamic mode must ensure that the systems are filled with water and not exceed the value allowed by strength for equipment, fittings and pipelines.

Devices, fittings and pipelines of heating systems should be selected taking into account the hydrostatic and operating pressure in the zone heating system, as well as the maximum test pressure during a hydraulic test. The working pressure in the systems should be taken 10% lower than the allowable working pressure for all elements of the systems.

Air-thermal regime of a high-rise building

When calculating the air regime of a building, depending on the configuration of the building, the effect of vertical wind speed on the facades, at the roof level, as well as the pressure difference between the windward and windward facades of the building are evaluated.

The design parameters of outdoor air for heating, ventilation, air conditioning, heat and cold supply systems of a high-rise building should be taken according to the terms of reference, but not lower than according to parameters B in accordance with SP 60.13330 and SP 131.13330.

Calculations of heat losses by external enclosing structures, the air regime of high-rise buildings, outdoor air parameters at the locations of air intakes, etc. should be performed taking into account changes in the speed and temperature of the outdoor air along the height of buildings according to Appendix A and SP 131.13330.

Outdoor air parameters should be taken into account the following factors:

decrease in air temperature in height by 1 °C for every 100 m;

increase in wind speed during the cold period of the year;

the appearance of powerful convective currents on the facades of the building, irradiated by the sun;

placement of air intake devices in the high-rise part of the building.

When placing receiving devices for outside air on the southeast, south or southwest facades, the temperature of the outside air in the warm season should be taken 3-5 С higher than the calculated one.

The design parameters of the indoor air microclimate (temperature, speed and relative humidity) in residential, hotel and public premises of high-rise buildings should be taken within the optimal norms according to GOST 30494

During the cold season in residential, public, administrative and industrial premises (refrigeration units, machine rooms of elevators, ventilation chambers, pump rooms, etc.), when they are not used and during non-working hours, it is allowed to lower the air temperature below the standard, but not less than:

16С - in residential premises;

12С - in public and administrative premises;

5С - in industrial premises.

By the beginning of working hours, the air temperature in these rooms must comply with the standard.

At the entrance vestibules of high-rise buildings, as a rule, double locking of the hall or vestibule should be provided. As entrance doors, it is recommended to use airtight devices of a circular or radius type.

Measures should be taken to reduce air pressure in vertical elevator shafts, which is formed along the height of the building due to the gravitational difference, as well as to exclude unorganized flows of internal air between individual functional areas of the building.

Initially, the design of zonal heating systems was carried out as for ordinary multi-storey buildings. As a rule, two-pipe heating systems with vertical risers and lower wiring of the supply and return lines passing through the technical floor were used, which made it possible to turn on the heating system without waiting for the construction of all floors of the zone. Such heating systems were implemented, for example, in the residential complexes "Scarlet Sails", "Vorobyovy Gory", "Triumph Palace" (Moscow). Each riser is equipped with automatic balancing valves to ensure automatic distribution of the coolant among the risers, and each heater is equipped with an automatic thermostat with increased hydraulic resistance to provide the tenant with the opportunity to set the desired air temperature in the room and minimize the influence of the gravitational component of the circulation pressure and turn on / off thermostats on other heaters connected to this riser.

Further, in order to avoid unbalancing the heating system associated with the unauthorized removal of thermostats in individual apartments, which has repeatedly occurred in practice, it was proposed to switch to a heating system with an upper distribution of the supply line with an associated movement of the coolant along the risers. This equalizes the pressure losses of the circulation rings through the heating devices, regardless of which floor they are located on, increases the hydraulic stability of the system, guarantees the removal of air from the system and facilitates the setting of thermostats.

However, later, as a result of analyzing various solutions, the designers came to the conclusion that the best heating system, especially for buildings without technical floors, are systems with flat-by-apartment horizontal wiring connected to vertical risers, which, as a rule, pass through the stairwell and are made according to two-pipe scheme with lower wiring. For example, such a system is designed in the crowning part (9 floors of the third zone) of the Triumph Palace high-rise complex and in a 50-storey building under construction without intermediate technical floors.

Apartment heating systems are equipped with a unit with shut-off valves, regulating valves and drain fittings, filters and a heat energy meter. This node should be located outside the apartment in the stairwell for unhindered access to the maintenance service. In apartments larger than 100 m2, the connection is made not by a loop laid along the perimeter of the apartment (because with an increase in the load, the diameter of the pipeline increases, and as a result, installation becomes more complicated and the cost increases due to the use of expensive large fittings), but through an intermediate apartment distribution cabinet, in which a comb is installed, and from it the coolant is directed to the heaters according to the beam scheme by pipelines of smaller diameter to the heating devices according to the two-pipe scheme.

Pipelines are used from heat-resistant polymeric materials, as a rule, from cross-linked polyethylene PEX, the laying is carried out in the preparation of the floor. The design parameters of the coolant, based on the technical specifications for such pipelines, are 90–70 (65) °С for fear that a further decrease in temperature leads to a significant increase in the heating surface of heating devices, which is not welcomed by investors due to the increase in the cost of the system. The experience of using metal-plastic pipes in the heating system of complexes was considered unsuccessful. During operation, as a result of aging, the adhesive layer is destroyed and the inner layer of the pipe "collapses", as a result of which the flow area narrows and the heating system stops working normally.

Some experts believe that for apartment-by-apartment wiring, the best solution is to use automatic balancing valves ASV-P (PV) on the return pipeline and shut-off and measuring valves ASV-M (ASV-1) on the supply pipeline. The use of this pair of valves makes it possible not only to compensate for the influence of the gravitational component, but also to limit the flow to each apartment in accordance with the parameters. Valves are usually selected according to the diameter of the pipelines and adjusted to maintain a pressure drop of 10 kPa. This valve setting value is selected based on the required pressure loss on the radiator thermostats to ensure their optimal operation. The flow limit per apartment is set by the setting on the ASV-1 valves, taking into account that in this case the pressure losses on these valves must be included in the differential pressure maintained by the ASV-PV regulator. heat supply temperature water heating

These are the solutions for the heat supply and heating systems of the tallest residential buildings built to date. They are clear, logical and do not fundamentally differ from the solutions used in the design of conventional multi-storey buildings with a height of less than 75 m, with the exception of the division of heating and water supply systems into zones. But within each zone, standard approaches to the implementation of these systems remain. Greater attention is paid to the installations for filling heating systems and maintaining pressure in them, as well as in the circulation lines from different zones before connecting them to a common comb, automatic control of heat supply and distribution of the coolant to implement comfortable and economical modes, redundancy of equipment operation to ensure uninterrupted supply heat consumers.