Plumbing for the home: varieties, selection, installation. What is plumbing equipment Plumbing types

When starting repairs in an apartment, the first thing to do is to take care of replacing plumbing pipes, especially when housing is purchased on the secondary market. Installing a new communication system will avoid serious problems, because old plumbing can leak, causing not only a lot of inconvenience to the inhabitants of the apartment, but also risking flooding the neighbors in the event of a leak.

Going to hardware store, it is worthwhile to first study the features of plumbing pipes, as well as their varieties, in order to purchase exactly those products that the best way suitable for the purchased apartment.

Peculiarities

Plumbing pipes belong to a fairly wide range of products, differing in various parameters, for example, in the material from which they are made, or in size, as well as additional elements used to fasten such connections.

The variety of plumbing pipes is due to the various functions that such pipeline elements must perform, because pipes for cold or hot water will differ in their characteristics from sewer analogues.

For example, completely different requirements are put forward for communications for hot water than for pipelines of cold water supply. For example, the material used for this type of plumbing must be able to withstand prolonged exposure to high temperatures.

But on this version of the products, plaque is formed to a lesser extent on inside compared to a cold water pipeline.

There are special requirements for plumbing that is used for sewage. by the most important criterion is the ability to withstand the action of chemically active substances.

Kinds

Plumbing pipes that are installed in the apartment, divided depending on the specifics of use:

• for holding cold water;
• for the admission of hot water and the installation of heating systems;
• to create a sewer.

The features of each type of pipe are described below.

Plumbing pipes for cold water

Pipes for cold water should be installed in any apartment, because if the centralized supply of hot water can be changed to a boiler or a column for heating water, then nothing can replace the centralized supply of a cold source.

As the main material used for the production of pipes for cold water supply, the following can be used:

• Cink Steel;
• stainless steel;
• copper;
• polymer materials.

In the first option, due to the zinc coating, the pipes are completely protected from destruction. But if in some place this coating is damaged, then the process of corrosion will be observed there, and rust will gradually appear. Such problems are often detected at joints and connections.

Pipes made of non-galvanized steel are in no case recommended for use for cold water supply., since it will be possible to observe condensate constantly protruding to the surface of such a pipe, which will provoke its rusting and wear. In addition, from the inside, such a product quickly overgrows, as a result of which its clearance will decrease, and the water supply will be disturbed. Even if it is advised to paint such a water pipe with paint, this will correct the situation for a short time - rust will still appear very quickly, and the plumbing will have to be changed.

Stainless steel is the more expensive option. Despite the great difficulty in installing this type of plumbing pipes, this option is one of the most durable and durable structures.

Copper is one of the noble metals. Copper pipes in their characteristics are largely superior to steel counterparts. In the process of their use, rust does not appear, moreover, they differ in bactericidal action. The only thing worth paying attention to is that it is better to use such plumbing in combination with a plastic coating that will protect against condensation.

polymeric materials. Despite the large number variety of options plastic pipes, they are united by similar qualities. The final choice will depend on the cost of products and the characteristics of a particular pipeline. Today, such communications have almost replaced all metal counterparts, since there is not a very wide range of requirements for cold water supply that even the most budgetary types of plastic communications can handle.

Plumbing pipes for hot water and heating

Non-galvanized steel can be used for hot water and heating, since condensation does not form on such plumbing. But you need to be prepared for the fact that water must be constantly in the system. If the water is drained and air enters the system, then such plumbing pipes will quickly rust and become unusable.

An excellent option would be galvanized or stainless pipes which do not necessarily contain water.

Copper shows good performance, but this type of plumbing will be very expensive. In addition, additional thermal insulation must be used, which will also affect the final cost of the pipeline.

If the choice fell on polymer pipes, then the best option will become reinforced propylene, since such material contains aluminium foil and fiberglass, which provide polypropylene with shape retention for an extended period of time. If preference is given to plastic pipes made of another material, then you need to pay attention to the maximum temperature that they can withstand.

One of the important advantages of plastic plumbing is ease of use, because over time, a large number of layers form in any pipeline, which should be removed. AT plastic options plaque accumulates much longer. In addition, they are much easier to clean than metal products.

In some cases, the cost of such a material can be comparable to metal, so before making a final decision, you need to weigh all the pros and cons.

Plumbing pipes for sewerage

Cast iron or plastic is often used to create sewers. The first option perfectly tolerates the effects of aggressive substances. In addition, cast iron pipes are not as noisy, so they are most often used in apartments located in multi-storey buildings.

Polyvinyl chloride products are no less popular for this type of plumbing. Their advantages include ease of installation, extended product range, excellent performance during operation and high threshold resistance to aggressive environment.

It is worth noting that ordinary plastic pipes can withstand exposure to hot water, the temperature of which does not exceed 60 degrees. To avoid this disadvantage, you can install a sewer made of polypropylene. These products are also lightweight. The only drawback is the lack of sound insulation, so you will hear water moving through the sewer.

Starting the installation of pipes for sewerage, it is worth considering the level of slope of the pipeline.

This value is determined by the diameter of the pipe:

• if the pipe diameter is 4-5 cm, then the slope is 3.5 cm per 1 meter of the pipeline;
• for a diameter of 10-11 cm - 2 cm per 1 meter of pipeline;
• 11-15 cm - 1 cm per 1 meter of pipeline;
• 20 cm and more - the slope is 8 mm per 1 meter of pipeline.

Dimensions

The diameter of plumbing pipes, as well as their size will depend on certain requirements, that extend to the water supply:

• operating pressure;
• temperature regime;
• the number of devices that were connected.

Plumbing pipes are used for a variety of systems different sizes. When installing a pipeline for cold water, it is worth considering the likelihood of overgrowth of the internal lumen of the pipe with plaque. The thinnest option includes copper products, the thickness of which reaches 1.2 cm. They can be used in an apartment that is additionally equipped with various filters for water purification. Steel pipes can also be installed, the thickness of which varies from 1.5 to 1.6 cm.

If the choice is on plastic products, then their diameter must be at least 2 cm. inner dimensions will be similar to thin-walled metal options.

To install plumbing for hot water, you need to use the same dimensions as in the first option. During installation heating system it is also necessary to take into account the fact that the diameter of the pipes must be increased. The minimum size of copper and steel pipes should be approximately 2 cm. Using polymer products, you need to increase the diameter to 25-32 mm. Too wide pipes with a diameter of 50 mm are not used in ordinary apartments is the prerogative of industrial enterprises.

When choosing the size of sewer pipes, it is necessary to take into account the scope of their use:

• Products with a diameter of 5 to 10 cm are used to connect 1 or 2 appliances, for example, sinks, washbasins, showers.
• Pipes with a size of 11 to 15 cm are used to connect several appliances that work at the same time and a toilet. They are also mounted to create a vertical riser.
• A pipeline with a diameter of 15 to 20 cm is used to combine several plumbing fixtures and a toilet bowl. Also, pipes of this diameter are installed to obtain a common drain.
• Options with a size of 20 to 30 cm are installed quite rarely, for example, in cases where it is necessary to connect sections between two water inlets.

Plastic plumbing with a diameter of less than 50 mm can only be used for installation in small kitchen sewers.

Additional elements

To create connections between different sections of plumbing pipes used a variety of parts:

• Coupling. This is a short part of the pipe containing sockets on both sides. It is used to combine two parts of one pipeline.
• Adapter. Used to connect pipes with different diameters. There are 2 options for such adapters: coaxial and eccentric.
• Tee. This fastening is necessary in cases where you need to make a branch that will depart from the main sewer channel. For example, such a detail is used when independent wiring is carried out by floors.

Plumbing for the bathroom and toilet are the main components of these premises. At the same time, the installation of plumbing plays a significant role, since the service life and the convenience of people living in an apartment or house largely depend on its quality. Replacing and installing plumbing in the bathroom with your own hands is not a difficult process.

• 1 Types of plumbing
  • 1.2 Sink
  • 1.3 Shower cabin
  • 1.4 Toilet
  • 1.5 Mixers

Types of plumbing

The set of plumbing fixtures that every modern apartment is equipped with is quite standard. However, without these elements normal person it is difficult to imagine everyday existence.

The up-to-date and up-to-date list includes:

• Bathrooms and jacuzzis;
• Toilets and bidets;
• Sinks, washbasins;
• sinks;
• Faucets;
• Shower cabins.

From this list, only the sink falls out somewhat, since it is more of an attribute of the kitchen. However, special sinks are also installed in the bathrooms, and they are used for soaking clothes, washing children or pets, washing large amounts of dishes after guests, which simply do not fit in the more compact sink in the kitchen.

If your home is scheduled to replace plumbing, then you should choose it with great care. New devices must comply not only with generally accepted norms and standards, but also with your personal requirements and wishes.

Given the wide variety of plumbing, let's talk about each of the components separately, and also talk about their varieties.

1. Acrylic. It is characterized by the ability to retain heat well, but needs careful care. In this case, do-it-yourself plumbing installation is allowed, since acrylic bathtubs easy to handle. It is not uncommon for acrylic models with Jacuzzi functions.
2. Cast iron. It also perfectly retains heat, covered with an impressive layer of enamel. More resistant to wear than the acrylic model, but the price is much higher. There is no special variety in forms, they are mostly oval. Therefore, the installation of plumbing in the form of cast-iron bathtubs is often carried out by those who are not particularly striving to achieve exquisite design interior.
3. Steel. Cheaper than cast iron, more durable than acrylic. Alas, the disadvantage is poor heat retention, which requires treatment with heaters.
4. Marble or granite. Made from natural or artificial stone keep the set temperature very well. Competent replacement plumbing for a marble bath is relevant for large bathrooms, plus help is required due to the large weight of the product.
5. Wooden. Bath for true connoisseurs unusual decisions. Not suitable for active use, because the coating is not particularly durable. Perfectly serve as a bath for relaxing treatments.
6. Glass. If you are a connoisseur of beautiful and non-standard products, then this bath is for you.

Sink

Often, plumbing replacement involves the installation of a new sink. And which one to choose among the current variety? In many ways, it depends on the tastes of specific buyers, so let's consider the types of washbasins that are currently encountered. The sink can be:

• Steel. In its manufacture, stainless steel is used, sometimes with a special coating. They can have a variety of shapes and sizes, but they are characterized by increased noise during operation;
• Marble. Exclusive, expensive, but very sophisticated solution;
• Ceramic. Perhaps the most popular view shells that are made different forms, sizes and configurations. A serious drawback is fragility;
• Glass. A true design delight. Plus, requiring heightened attention when leaving;
• Acrylic. It is similar to a ceramic sink and slightly ahead of it in terms of reliability and durability. The price is also slightly higher.

shower cabin

Not infrequently, the replacement of plumbing involves a change standard bath for a modern shower. They are also different.

1. Prefabricated structure. During installation, individual components are used, namely pallets, curtains, walls and even roofs.
2. Monoblock construction. It is a completely finished product. Such do-it-yourself plumbing is installed without any problems, and therefore it is more popular than prefabricated structures.

Toilet

The most common toilet bowls are made of ceramics. This is explained by the aesthetic, sanitary and hygienic and other characteristics inherent in this material.

Depending on the installation method, toilet bowls can be divided into two types:

• floor;
• Suspended.

Each option has its own advantages and installation features. So, floor mounting is easier, but suspended ones take less space, facilitate the process of cleaning indoors.

Not infrequently, in addition to the usual toilet, a bidet is installed. This element is already modern design. Plus, do not forget about the latest developments in the world of plumbing, where manufacturers have managed to perfectly combine the functions of a toilet and a bidet in one device. Initially, it was considered a curiosity and many did not dare to buy it. Now the situation has changed dramatically. Similar plumbing for the toilet can already be found on the domestic market.

Faucets

When installing new plumbing in the house, you should definitely think about the devices that are responsible for providing a flow of cold and hot water. As you understand, we are talking about mixers, taps.

Distinguish mixer from faucet not difficult. A simple tap delivers only cold water, while the mixer is cold and hot, mixing it to the right temperature.

For the bathroom, it is best to use a faucet that has one faucet, rather than two separate ones. In terms of operation, such plumbing is much more practical and convenient.

When choosing a mixer, pay attention to the fact that it is made of one of the following materials:

• Brass. Ensures a long service life of the product;
• Stainless steel alloy. Inexpensive, but much less durable analogue.

As for the water supply scheme itself, then mixers can be divided into three categories:

• Two-valve. A separate valve is responsible for the supply and pressure of cold and hot water;
• Single lever. Due to a special cartridge, water is mixed. Work is carried out with the help of one lever, which is responsible for both temperature and pressure;
• Electronic. A special sensor reacts to the movement of the hand, thereby turning on the water supply. Temperature and pressure are regulated by special elements on the mixer body. In terms of practicality, they are more suitable for toilets in public institutions than for home use.

As you can see, plumbing is diverse, and each of its individual components has its own varieties and characteristics.

One way or another, you should choose exceptionally reliable, high-quality plumbing, the performance of which will not cause you doubt. To do this, it is recommended to pay attention to trusted manufacturers, and trust the installation to professionals.

Plumbing is the heart of any private household. The main elements are a bathroom or a toilet. The comfort of your home depends on the right choice of sanitary materials.

To date, there is a large selection of different products in terms of color, material, design, function, quality, cost and other criteria. In addition to good looks, they must have reliability, durability and the necessary functions.

How to choose plumbing for bathroom, toilet and kitchen?

With the choice of good plumbing for the bathroom, toilet, kitchen, you need to decide at the preparatory stage or before installing all communication systems, so that all system components fit well into the interior. To make sure everything fits well in size and everything is in its place.

If you choose plumbing accessories after the construction of the house and all the necessary communications have been made (sewage, water supply, heating), then their placement must also be taken into account so that there are no troubles with the installation of plumbing, you can easily connect all the necessary elements.

When choosing a product, determine the required cost range. This is the amount you can pay for the item. After you need to take the most suitable option.

Cheap plumbing is characterized by low cost and poor design or not very good technical potential. But even an expensive product sometimes does not stand out with good quality. Now on the market there are high-quality fakes of well-known manufacturers. When choosing an expensive product of a famous company, be careful. Firms that care about reputation give a guarantee.

Pay close attention to reviews. When choosing a product, pay attention to the functional range and design. You need to remember what simpler product, the more reliable it is. It is necessary to remember when purchasing a product about the operating conditions.

How to install plumbing yourself?

Novice repairmen are concerned about the question of whether it is easy to install plumbing on their own.

Today, thanks to the development of information technology, you can find any information, but to install plumbing you need:

- Certain skills and abilities.

- Full availability of the necessary tools.

Experience in plumbing installation cannot be acquired immediately, it must be developed over the years.

Before installing plumbing, you need to replace the plumbing and sewerage in the apartment, then proceed to plumbing:

You must know where your plumbing is located.

Plumbing equipment includes: sinks, toilet bowls, drain tanks, taps, shut-off and collapsible fittings (valves and gate valves), siphons and many other devices that are not visible under decorative panels. Next, we will consider in more detail the different types of plumbing, from the simplest to the more complex.

Siphons

Siphon - is one of the most important sanitary devices. Thanks to this clever device, unpleasant odors from the sewer cannot enter the room. Otherwise, it is also called a water filter or shutter. Siphons can be of two types: double-turn and bottle (example in Fig. 105). Today, the double-turn siphon is considered obsolete. But, nevertheless, he copes with his task. Bottle siphons are more common due to the fact that they are made of plastic, which means that they are convenient, compact, easy to install and quite easy to maintain. Buy bottle siphon can be complete with all connecting elements, gaskets and seals. A modern bottle siphon is equipped with an additional pipe to which you can connect the drain hose of a washing or dishwasher machine.

Rice. 105. Siphon device:

a - nickel-plated bottle; b - double-turn steel with revision

As we know, all thermoplastics, when heated, have a large coefficient of linear expansion. And since this property is applied to siphons, it is their advantage, since their connection to the sewer should not be of a rigid type, which means that additional sealing of the joint is not needed. The outlet of the siphon is simply placed in the pipe, and an elastic sleeve serves as insulation. Whereby installation of a plastic bottle siphon takes only a few minutes, since it is not necessary to prepare various solutions for sealing joints, caulking a bell, and the like.

How to connect a plastic bottle siphon shown in fig. 106.

Rice. 106. Appearance and connection diagram of a PVC siphon:

1 - siphon body; 2 - branch; 3 - square; 4 - socket with insulation; 5 - sewer pipe

In addition to plastic siphons, we also manufacture steel bottle siphons . In appearance, steel siphons, of course, win, but the installation of a steel siphon is much more difficult.

In principle, there is nothing impossible, only because of the problematic fitting of a metal water seal at the installation site, a lot of time and effort is spent. And to shorten the pipe, you have to cut the metal.

In fact, only the convenience and simplicity of cleaning a clogged pipe is important. To clean a clogged pipe, you just need to unscrew the lid (bottom of the glass) - and eliminate the blockage.

Drain tanks, depending on their location relative to the toilet bowl, can be - high and low located.

Today, it is unlikely that you will see high-lying flush tanks anywhere, they are practically not used anymore. There were several reasons for this course of events. First, flush tank of this type more difficult to maintain and repair, and it is also not convenient to use, like a low-lying flush tank.

Flush semi-automatic cistern of siphon type, high location, consists of:

- cast iron body;

- covers;

- lever - a lever connected at one end to a flexible siphon, and at the other - to a holder.

The principle of operation of such a tank is as follows: when the handle is lowered, the siphon tilts, the water collected in the siphon enters the flush pipe through it, which leads to the toilet. It siphons until all of it flows out of the tank. After that, the siphon returns to its original place, and its tank is again filled with water. In order to prevent water from flowing through the top of the tank, a special float is placed in it. The float, in turn, is connected to the valve stem by means of a lever. As the tank fills with water, the float rises, the rubber stopper is pressed and blocks the access of water to the tank. The float mechanism is attached to the tank body.

The valve is connected to the water supply via coupling. The tank is filled with water through a filling pipe connected to the house's water supply.

The float valve (example in Fig. 107), which is installed in the cistern, must meet the following requirements:

- it should open together with the start of emptying the tank at a pressure in the water supply from 0.03 to 1.1 MPa and block the flow of water into the tank as soon as the tank is filled with water to the specified level. In addition, it should not allow water to leak through a closed valve, since water will go through the top and no cover will save;

- it should ensure a stable water level in the tank during pressure fluctuations in the water supply at home, that is, an increase or decrease in pressure in the network by 0.05 MPa, and the water level in the tank should not independently change by more than 5 mm.

Rice. 107. Float valve device:

1 - pressure washer; 2 - gasket; 3 - saddle; 4 - membrane; 5 - rod; 6 – float lever; 7 - lever axis

Low-lying flushing cisterns (example in Fig. 108) are made of faience (ceramic), cast iron or plastic. The semi-automatic ceramic flush cistern consists of a main body with a lid, a drain valve, a float valve and a drain fitting. As soon as you press the handle of the drain lever, the pear of the drain valve pops up, the water exits through the vacated opening into the toilet. As soon as the water level in the tank has dropped, the pear also drops and is sucked into the fitting hole, thus blocking the access of water to the toilet bowl. At the same time, the float mechanism is activated: the float lowers and the float valve opens through the opening of which water enters and fills flush tank to the specified level.

Rice. 108.:

a - low-lying semi-automatic; b - plastic; 1 - body and cover; 2 – release lever handle; 3 - overflow; 4 - drain valve; 5 - gasket; 6 - float valve; 7 - drain fittings; 8 - glass; 9 - lattice; 10 - central pipe; 11 - bell; 12 - release button

In a plastic tank, a plastic drain valve with a piston siphon is installed. Drain valve This tank consists of a kind of glass with a grate at the bottom, which is covered with a polyethylene membrane, as well as a central pipe with a bell with a float installed on it. When you press the release valve (button), the bell lowers while charging the siphon that drives the tank, that is, drains the water into the toilet. In fact, tanks without float valves are considered more reliable in operation, since they do not have water leaks and other things.

During normal, non-interrupted operation, the flush tank should be filled with water by 85% in just 1.5-2 minutes after the previous drain at a network pressure of 0.1 to 1.2 MPa. At the same time, there should be no back suction of water from the flush tank into water supply network at home when a vacuum is formed in it, that is, water from a filled tank should not flow out after its termination.

The right tank should be actuated by pressing its trigger lever once.

Also, the tank with a float valve is equipped with an overflow device, which ensures that water is drained into the toilet bowl with a water flow rate of at least 0.35 l / s when the water level in the tank exceeds the overflow level by 15-20 mm.

The industry produces mass-produced faience, semi-porcelain and porcelain toilet bowls with flushing devices.

Depending on the design of the bowl, toilet bowls can be: dish-shaped or canopy. But depending on the type of release, they are divided into straight and oblique (at an angle of 55-60 °). At the location of the flush cistern, there are models with highly located cisterns and those installed on the toilet shelf. In the latter case (this is the best option) connecting the toilet bowl to the cistern produced by means of a rubber cuff.

A possible option is usually associated with design decision when the flush tank is installed separately from the toilet. The toilet shelf (to install the cistern) can be molded together with the main body and can be made as a separate piece. Its connection to the toilet body also occurs using a rubber cuff.

Dish-shaped toilet bowls can be both with direct and oblique outlet, but visor toilets can only be with oblique outlet. Also, a water seal is already provided in the design of the toilet bowl, thanks to this shutter, to put it mildly, unpleasant odors from the sewer do not enter the room. A bowl-shaped toilet bowl with direct and oblique outlet (an example in Fig. 109) consists of a bowl, a water distribution chute, a water seal (siphon) with a release. The flush pipe from the tank is connected to the toilet through the neck.

Rice. 109. Bowl toilets:

a - with direct release; b - with an oblique outlet; 1 - release; 2 - bowl; 3 - neck; 4 - water distribution chute; 5 - hydraulic seal; 6 - tide of the base of the toilet bowl; 7 - shelf

At the back of the toilet body there is a shelf with two holes in it, thanks to which it is possible to attach a seat. And at the base of the toilet there are four bolt holes. With their help, the toilet is attached to the floor.

In recent years, the toilet bowl of the Compact model (an example in Fig. 110) with a low-lying flush tank, which is installed on the toilet shelf, has become increasingly popular. This model is very easy to install and maintain. And also one of the most important properties of the "Compact" model is its hygiene, since hygiene in the bathroom and toilet room very necessary.

Rice. 110. Canopy toilet bowl "Compact" with an oblique outlet at an angle of 60 °

Plumbing for the bathroom and toilet are determined by the style (classic, modern, high-tech), size and functional features, includes a standard set of products:

• Baths (acrylic, cast iron, steel, marble and wood) with a rectangular, angular and oval shape, up to 135 ... 190 cm long;
• Toilets for floor, wall-mounted and side-mounted installations, with a compact, monoblock design, without a cistern. Models with side, rear and bottom water supply, horizontal, vertical and oblique outlet.
• Shower cabins open and closed type, in a simple and multifunctional design.
• Corner, oval, rectangular and round washbasins made of faience, porcelain and glass. Mounting types: on a pedestal, overhead and suspended.
• Faucets for sinks, sinks and showers. Single-lever and two-valve models with a long and short spout.

Bath - types and sizes

Cast iron models

Cast iron bathtubs have a number of positive characteristics:

• optimal combination of price and quality;
• duration of operation;
• stability and practicality in use;
• thermal insulation characteristics.

Bowls of small, medium or large dimensions are represented by the following parameters:

• Small designs of 1200x700 mm save space. But it will not be possible to lie down in the bath, which is explained by the average height of people - 165 cm.
• Dimensions 130x70 are classified as small, but they are made to order.
• The size of 140x70 cm is an ideal option for non-standard dimensions of the bathroom.
• 150x70 - average parameters for baths with different width and form.
• Large-sized models 170x70 cm are ideal for modern layouts.
• 185x85 - large bowls, comfortable and convenient, suitable for rooms with non-standard dimensions.

Additional accessories are handles that provide ease of movement in the bathroom. Many manufacturers develop custom-made bathtubs up to 200 cm long and 100 cm wide.

Steel baths

Choice budget option differs in light weight (up to 30 kg) and wall thickness close to 3 mm. The coating of a steel bath is comparable in quality to a cast-iron bath. To negative characteristics include thin walls of structures that bend under the weight of users, which negatively affects the life of the enamel coating and low sound insulation. In order to increase the level of sound absorption, experts recommend installing rubber gaskets. Choosing quality faucets will ensure that the noise level from the flow of water in the bath is reduced.

The dimensions of the structures are presented in the following range:

• length 150 - 180 cm;
• width 70 - 85 cm;
• depth - 65 cm.

Attention! The width of the selected bath is selected taking into account the observance of a distance to the sides of 5 cm on all sides. Regarding the depth, the optimal parameter is 50-60 cm.

Acrylic bathtubs

Acrylic structures are distinguished by their lightness, convenience and quality of the material, and other positive characteristics:

• resistance to temperature extremes and bactericidal effects;
• ease of installation due to light weight;
• wide palette of colors.

Standard combined baths have dimensions: 145x250 cm, 195x172 cm, most popular models presented with a number of options:

• Length - 140, 150, 185 cm.
• Width - 90, 100, 105 - 135 cm.

Acrylic bathtubs are vulnerable. Please note that any sharp objects and cleaning agents will scratch the surface.

Triangular bowl baths

Product parameters:

• The depth varies between 48 - 65 cm.
• The size of the sides of the "triangle" is 150 - 180 cm.
• Capacity - up to 400 liters. In the presence of anatomical niches, recesses, protrusions or armrests, the volume changes.

The negative characteristics include a large width, which complicates the cleaning process.

wooden bath

For the development of models using a single piece of oak. To unique properties oak include an increase in the strength of the product with prolonged exposure to water.

Sinks and wash basins

Based on the method of installing the mixer, there are designs with and without a hole. When choosing a given type of construction, you should deal with the location of the mixer - on the sink, wall surface or together with the bathroom.

Classification by installation method

The models on the market are divided into a number of categories:

• hanging,
• on a pedestal (tulip);
• invoices;
• built-in.

Suspended models (console sinks) are fixed to the wall surface with special brackets. The faucet can be mounted on a sink or wall. The disadvantages include the impossibility of hidden installation of the siphon and plumbing fittings. The optimal solution stands the placement of a small bedside table under the sink, which allows you to save space in a small room and place all the necessary items. Suspended flat sinks are designed for installation above the washing machine. sewer outlet located not below, but on the back wall.

Overhead sinks are installed on a countertop, cabinet, pedestal or semi-pedestal. Some models are supplied with pedestals included. The specified method of fixation provides effective use space, as the sink can be placed on the left and right side, be in the center. To positive characteristics include ease of piping and installation, ease of use and space saving. The disadvantages include the lack of a hole for the mixer. Before buying an overhead sink, you should decide on the installation location of the faucet - on the countertop, under the sink or in the wall.

Washbasins on a pedestal (tulip) differ from hanging products by the inclusion of a stand (leg) in the package, hiding the siphon and pipes, provides additional emphasis. There are monolithic and separate stands. The height of the kit is 700-800 mm, which should be remembered when purchasing them. To increase the height, experts recommend installing a pedestal under the stand. A lower height will be provided by a model with a semi-pedestal. The difference lies in the installation of the pedestal not on the floor, but on the wall, like the sink itself. The use of such a semi-pedestal helps to adjust the height of the sink. The disadvantage is the withdrawal of sewage at a given height.

Built-in sinks (moidodyr) are cut into the countertop of the cabinet, which eliminates the need to fix the sink to the wall. Bedside table contributes flush mounting communications.

Shell material

The basis for the production of shells is the material used:

• ceramics;
• a natural stone;
• composites;
• corian;
• glass;
• metal.

Porcelain or earthenware sinks are in high demand. They differ in firing technology. Faience is characterized by high moisture-absorbing properties (10%), which leads to the loss of original characteristics during operation, cracks appear on the enamel. The duration of operation is 10-15 years. High quality and the cost of porcelain is achieved by low porosity and smooth surface. Porcelain production technology contributes to its dense structure and less moisture absorption. The service life varies from 30 years. Porcelain sinks retain their glaze longer, are easier to clean and retain their original appearance.

Marble designs are different high price and an abundance of material textures. The natural characteristics of the material contribute to the formation of pores and microcracks, where dirt collects, which requires more attention and careful maintenance.

Composite materials are similar in external characteristics to analogues from natural stone, but differ in the availability of material. The smooth surface of the sinks prevents dirt and is easy to clean.

Corian is a durable artificial composite, including mineral filler, acrylic resin and pigment. The pigment allows you to give the shell any color. The material is characterized by ease of processing, providing the ability to create a variety of shapes. Designs are impact resistant and have a smooth finish for easy cleaning.

Glass is characterized by high cost and impact resistance. During operation on transparent surface divorce remains. Glass sinks contribute visual magnification space, they go well with metal elements. Glass thickness varies from 15 to 19 mm.

Metal products are developed from copper (and alloys - brass, bronze), stainless steel, steel. Designs provide long-term operation, but require careful maintenance, excluding the formation of scratches from abrasives on the surface. When hit by a jet of water, the products make noise.

Connection to the sewer

The sink is connected to the sewer through drain pipe(usually corrugated) with a siphon. For this, on the main sewer pipe there is a branch with a cross section of 5 cm (a tee is placed), where a drain from the sink is installed.

Shower cabins

Shower cabins take up little space, allowing you to free up more than 1 sq. m. Free space is available for the arrangement of a washing machine, etc. Tight closing of the doors eliminates the possibility of flooding the floor with water, solid construction protects against accidents. Water savings are increased by 5 times.

Types of shower cabins

There are 3 types of shower cabins:

• open;
• closed;
• multifunctional.

The open version of the cabins got its name from the open ceiling. The design is limited on 4 sides. The cabin is mounted directly on the floor, freeing up space. Designs are used for arranging small-sized rooms where it is possible to open the doors inward. This feature allows you to visually enlarge the space.

The disadvantages include careful leveling of the floor and walls, the arrangement of high-quality insulation that prevents water from entering outside the cabin. The doors are fixed to the wall with steel hinges, which is not always convenient indoors. The absence of a roof excludes the functions of aromatherapy, tropical soul and Turkish bath. Draining water into the grate on the floor requires the installation of a siphon (to prevent the formation of odor), which will lead to the need to raise the floor by 10 cm.

Closed cabins (boxes). From all sides they are closed with partitions. Ease of installation determines their popularity. In the presence of drainage and water supply, installation work will not be difficult. Boxes are produced in standard and multifunctional versions.

Multifunctional installations go on sale with horizontal and vertical hydromassage. The first option is built into the most expensive models. Instead of a conventional pallet, the design is equipped with a special hot tub. To supply water, nozzles are placed on the sides and at the bottom, contributing to a different direction of flow and the formation of bubbles that produce a hydromassage function. The force of the flow is regulated independently.

Vertical devices are designed to supply water from nozzles located on the ceiling of the booth. To ensure the healing properties of massage, the stream of water is directed to the neck, hips or back.

How to decide on the choice of a shower cabin?

Pallet. The choice of quality construction provides resistance to maximum load, compactness and capacity. Safe performance is achieved with a small relief on the bottom.

Curtains are produced in a sliding and swing version. Smooth opening and silent operation of the doors indicates the quality of installation and the selected material. When buying polystyrene curtains, you should be prepared for the loss of transparency and the formation of stains on the surface. Glass curtains provide increased strength and ease of maintenance. Glass does not cloud over time and does not leave streaks. Transparent and tinted rough options come to the market.

What determines the cost of showers?

The cost of structures is determined by the material (glass, artificial and natural stone) and design features products, additional functions: hydromassage, Turkish sauna and sauna. Dear models equipped with an electronic control system, a waterproof telephone and a stereo system.

Popular Models

The products of the Apollo brand are most in demand, represented by a price range from 10 to 100 thousand rubles. and more. Products of world brands are widely in demand: Golden Fish, Luxus, Niagara, Timo, Serena, Aumeia. For those who decide to purchase a shower stall for average price at 20 thousand rubles, below it is proposed to consider the TS-025 model. The cost of the structure includes a chrome-plated profile structure, strained glass 10 mm thick, siphon and hinged doors. Chrome-plated hinges, clear glass and comfortable handles with a chrome coating - all this is successfully combined with a pentagonal, angular shape profile and acrylic low tray.

Types of toilets

GOST requirements are imposed on toilet bowls:

• mounting height - 40 cm;
• volume drain tank- from 6 liters.

Classification of toilet bowls

The form provides comfort, hygiene and functionality, they come on the market in the main versions:

• funnel-shaped. Placing the funnel in the center of the bowl allows for thorough and immediate removal of faeces, but splashing is possible.
• Dish-shaped. Models have the form of a flat platform (shelf) for the accumulation of waste products, cleaned under the action of a stream of water. Such structures are among the outdated ones. They do not spray drops, but are characterized by low hygiene.
• Kozyrkov. The wide popularity of the design is justified by the inclusion of a special protrusion that prevents the appearance of a splash and a slope for effective removal faeces from the walls of the appliance.

flush types

Based on the direction of the flow of water, there are toilet bowls with a direct or cascade type of flush, reverse circular (shower type).

Direct flush is characterized by the flow of water on one side of the bowl. The design is designed for long-term operation, but does not provide 100% quality of washing the entire coating. The advantages include low cost. Among the shortcomings, incomplete coverage of the bowl capacity, the formation of noise and splashes are distinguished.

Circular flush. The water flow is directed at different angles with respect to the inner coating of the bowl and moves in different direction. This contributes to the processing of up to 95% coverage. The design is low noise.

Less often, manufacturers develop non-standard drain designs that provide for filling the bowl with water with a quick descent. This option allows the flush to cover the inside of the toilet bowl. Negative characteristics include excessive water consumption (up to 8 liters or more).

The average water consumption in the drain system according to GOST is 6 liters, but there are systems on the market designed for 2 modes - full and economy. The second option provides a reduction in water consumption by 2 r.

Release to the sewer network

According to the type of release, vertical, horizontal and oblique branches are distinguished. Choice specific design determined by the location of the sewer inlet.

The horizontal and oblique outlet is determined by the angle of inclination: the first option is 180 degrees. (parallel to the floor surface), and the second 145 - 140 gr. relative to the sewer inlet. The latter option allows you to lay the sewer system in the plane of the floors, united by vertical risers. In the place of attachment of the toilet bowl with an oblique outlet, the installation of a device with a horizontal outlet without adapters - special pipes is excluded.

Oblique release. It is well used in the arrangement of risers sewer systems in multi-storey buildings of the 70s - 80s. Modern objects are designed for toilet bowls with a horizontal outlet.

Vertical release. It is found in buildings of the 50s and on the American continents, which determines the principle of installing communications without being tied to walls. This method facilitates the installation of a plumbing unit in any part of the bathroom, hiding the pipeline lines, thanks to facing materials for floor and ceiling.

Material for the manufacture of the toilet

earthenware. Toilet bowls made of earthenware are characterized by low strength and increased porosity, which makes it difficult to clean and maintain the device. A fragile product is prone to chipping and cracking.

Porcelain design excellent and durable, their coating is easy to clean, and strength indicators contribute to the use of structures in in public places. The structures are characterized by high cost due to increased production costs. More economical option act ceramic products, characterized by a low degree of coating glaze, high weight and low strength.

Steel and cast iron products. Designed for installation in public toilets. The products are very popular due to their high strength and easy cleaning. Less in demand cast iron structures having a large weight and low enamel resistance to mechanical stress.

Glass and stone designs are attributed to products of the "modern" series. These devices are distinguished by their high cost and exquisite appearance. The strength indicators of glass and natural stone are compensated by artificial substitutes, which are inferior to natural counterparts in terms of visual and tactile perception.

Plastic products are made on the basis of reinforced acrylic. They are highly durable, easy to maintain and low in porosity for maximum hygiene. Among the minuses, susceptibility to deformation caused by mechanical stress or high temperature is noted.

Toilet mounting options

Based on the method of attachment, suspended and floor devices are distinguished. The latter option is performed in standard and wall-mounted versions.

Floor structures are low cost and easy to install. They are placed in spacious rooms. Products are fixed on anchor bolts With minimal cost time. During the dismantling process, a negative impact on flooring. In small rooms, attached (wall) models are installed, which are distinguished by a special flush system, providing compact product shapes.

Corner installations. The difference with standard designs is the shape of the overflow tank. It is represented by a triangular shape, without prejudice to the overall volume. In some models, the installation of the drain structure is carried out behind the wall. Models are recommended for installation in small bathrooms or rooms with unusual design. The corner placement of plumbing contributes to the "rounding" of the room, making it more spacious. Choices include one-piece installations and designs with suspended drain bowls. For rooms with a separate bathroom, the installation of a corner structure helps to expand the space for mounting a corner sink or bidet. Separate modules are supplemented with a height adjustment function up to 4 cm, an emergency system. The drain bowl is developed from solid material, eliminating the possibility of cracking.

Suspended models are designed for installation in small spaces. They are able to withstand a load of 400 kg and above. The pluses include the availability of available space for cleaning.

The bowls are fixed using block or frame technology. The second option is distinguished by the rigid fastening of the bowl to the wall and floor surface, the location inside the false walls. Pipeline elements are fixed to the product. Block mounting allows you to fix the frame on bearing wall. The installation depth is 15 cm. Space savings are ensured by using an existing "false" wall or niches reinforced with metal beams.

Tank mounting methods

Regarding pairing with the bowl, separate and joint design options are distinguished.

Separate technology. Installation is carried out under the ceiling, connecting to the toilet through a plastic or metal pipeline. For management drain system use a lever with an elongated flexible handle on a chain, rope, etc. The pluses include increased speed drain, which ensures the quality of operation, relative to analogues. The choice of separate systems is represented by hidden tanks.