To do this, in places where pipes with cables pass:
- through fire walls, ceilings and partitions with a rated fire resistance limit or their exit to the outside in rooms with a normal environment, lay electric circuits in pipe sections for electrical wiring, smooth, made of PVC D = 25 (clause 3.18 of SNiP 3.05.06-85 * ). Seal the gaps between the cables and the pipe with cable glands for pvc pipes. Sealing should be done on each side of the pipe;
- through building structures with a non-standardized fire resistance limit, lay electric circuits in pipes corrugated pvc d=16. Seal the gaps between the cables and the pipe with TFLEX plugs.
Through combustible walls and partitions - in steel pipes(clause 3.18 of SNiP 3.05.06)
When passing through floors, the cable at the passage point is protected from mechanical damage casings or boxes to a height of 2 m from the floor.
- for the passage of single cables through the walls between industrial premises with an explosive zone class - 2 (according to TRoTPB) and V-1a (according to PUE) and rooms with a normal environment, use steel water and gas pipes according to GOST 3262-75 and pipe cable glands, installed from the side of the room with an explosive zone of more than high class. Gaps between pipes and cables must be sealed with asbestos cord SHAON - 3.0 (according to GOST 1779-83) to a depth of 100-200 mm from the end of the pipe, with a total thickness that ensures fire resistance building structures. See sheet 16 of the RF project for the execution of single cable penetrations.
-- for the passage of cable assembly through the walls of industrial premises with a class of explosive zone - 2 (according to TRoTPB) and V-1a (according to PUE), use universal mortar cable penetrations designed for fire protection of cable line passages and consisting of:
- sealing flame retardant composition Formula KP - for sealing cable passage points;
- flame retardant composition Phoenix CE - for additional fire retardant treatment of cables;
- embedded parts - straight all-metal perforated tray LM 500x50.
Installation of cable penetrations must be carried out in accordance with the requirements technological regulations TRP-10/06 and "Recommendations for the installation and operation of cable fire penetrations type KP" (R5.04.067.10) RUE "Stroytekhnorm".
The sealing of the places where pipes pass through building structures must be made with fireproof materials ( mortar, cement with sand by volume 1:10, clay with sand - 1:3, clay with cement and sand - 1.5:1:11, expanded perlite with building gypsum - 1:2 or other non-combustible materials) over the entire thickness of the wall or partitions immediately after laying cables or pipes (SNiP 3.05.06-85, clause 3.65). Gaps in passages through walls may not be sealed if these walls are not fire barriers.
- cable entry from trenches into buildings is carried out through sections of concrete, reinforced concrete or asbestos-cement pipes or through holes in reinforced concrete structures.
- the ends of the pipes should protrude beyond the walls of the building into the trench by at least 0.6 m (Fig. 1). When removing cables from the ground and climbing the wall, they are protected from mechanical damage by a pipe, angle, channel or box to a height of 2 m (Fig. 2).
- passages through wooden walls and partitions are made in segments of steel or asbestos-cement pipes with a diameter of at least 100 mm, protruding on both sides of the wall or ceiling by 50 mm, or through a fireproof seal measuring 150x150 mm.
PUE: . Cable routing through pue wall
2006. Rules for the installation of electrical installations. Section 2. Sewerage of electricity (41439)
PUE PUE: 2006. Rules for the installation of electrical installations. Section 2. Sewerage of electricity
1 The lining of non-combustible materials must protrude from each side of the wire, cable, pipe or conduit by at least 10 mm.
2 The plastering of the pipe is carried out with a continuous layer of plaster, alabaster, etc. at least 10 mm thick above the pipe.
3 A continuous layer of non-combustible material around the pipe (box) can be a layer of plaster, alabaster, cement mortar or concrete with a thickness of at least 10 mm.
In museums, art galleries, libraries, archives and other repositories of national importance, only wires and cables with copper conductors should be used.
2.1.50. To power portable and mobile electrical receivers, cords and flexible cables with copper conductors, specially designed for this purpose, should be used, taking into account possible mechanical influences. All cores of the specified conductors, including the grounding conductor, must be in a common sheath, braid or have a common insulation.
For mechanisms with limited movement (cranes, mobile saws, gate mechanisms, etc.), it is necessary to use such designs of current supply to them that protect the cores of wires and cables from breaking (for example, loops flexible cables, carriages for movable suspension of flexible cables).
2.1.51. In the presence of oils and emulsions in the places where the wires are laid, wires with oil-resistant insulation should be used or the wires should be protected from their effects.
EXPOSED INDOOR WIRING
2.1.52. Open laying of unprotected insulated wires directly on the bases, on rollers, insulators, on cables and trays should be carried out:
1. At voltages above 42 V in rooms without increased danger and at voltages up to 42 V in any rooms - at a height of at least 2 m from the floor level or service platform.
2. At voltages above 42 V in rooms with heightened danger and especially dangerous - at a height of at least 2.5 m from the floor level or service platform.
These requirements do not apply to descents to switches, sockets, starting devices, shields, wall-mounted lamps.
AT industrial premises descents of unprotected wires to switches, sockets, devices, shields, etc. must be protected from mechanical impacts up to a height of at least 1.5 m from the floor level or service platform.
In domestic premises industrial enterprises, in residential and public buildings, these slopes may not be protected from mechanical influences.
In rooms accessible only to specially trained personnel, the height of openly laid unprotected insulated wires is not standardized.
2.1.53. In crane spans unprotected insulated wires should be laid at a height of at least 2.5 m from the level of the crane trolley platform (if the platform is located above the crane bridge deck) or from the crane bridge deck (if the deck is located above the trolley platform). If this is not possible, then protective devices must be provided to protect the personnel on the trolley and crane bridge from accidentally touching the wires. Protective device must be installed along the entire length of the wires or on the crane bridge itself within the location of the wires.
2.1.54. The height of the open laying of protected insulated wires, cables, as well as wires and cables in pipes, boxes with a degree of protection of at least IP20, in flexible metal hoses from the floor level or service platform is not standardized.
2.1.55. If unprotected insulated wires intersect with unprotected or protected insulated wires with a distance between the wires of less than 10 mm, then additional insulation must be applied to each unprotected wire at the intersection.
2.1.56. When crossing unprotected and protected wires and cables with pipelines, the clear distance between them must be at least 50 mm, and with pipelines containing flammable or flammable liquids and gases, at least 100 mm. If the distance from wires and cables to pipelines is less than 250 mm, wires and cables must be additionally protected from mechanical damage at a length of at least 250 mm on each side of the pipeline.
When crossing hot pipelines, wires and cables must be protected from high temperature or must be appropriate.
2.1.57. When laying in parallel, the distance from wires and cables to pipelines must be at least 100 mm, and to pipelines with flammable or flammable liquids and gases - at least 400 mm.
Wires and cables laid parallel to hot pipelines must be protected from high temperatures or must be of an appropriate design.
2.1.58. In places where wires and cables pass through walls, interfloor ceilings or exit to the outside, it is necessary to provide the possibility of changing the electrical wiring. To do this, the passage must be made in a pipe, duct, opening, etc. In order to prevent the penetration and accumulation of water and the spread of fire in places of passage through walls, ceilings or exits to the outside, gaps between wires, cables and a pipe (duct, opening, etc.), as well as backup pipes (ducts, openings, etc.) .p.) easily removed mass from non-combustible material. The seal must allow replacement, additional laying of new wires and cables and ensure the fire resistance of the opening is not less than the fire resistance of the wall (ceiling).
2.1.59. When laying unprotected wires on insulating supports, the wires must be additionally insulated (for example, with an insulating pipe) at the points of passage through walls or ceilings. When these wires pass from one dry or wet room to another dry or wet room, all wires of one line can be laid in one insulating pipe.
When wires pass from a dry or damp room to a damp one, from one damp room to another damp one, or when wires exit a room to the outside, each wire must be laid in a separate insulating pipe. When leaving a dry or damp room into a damp or outside building, wire connections must be made in a dry or wet room.
2.1.60. On trays, support surfaces, cables, strings, strips and other load-bearing structures it is allowed to lay wires and cables close to one another in bundles (groups) various shapes(for example, round, rectangular in several layers).
The wires and cables of each bundle must be fastened together.
2.1.61. It is allowed to lay wires and cables in ducts in a multi-layer ordered and arbitrary (loose) mutual arrangement. The sum of cross sections of wires and cables, calculated according to their outer diameters, including insulation and outer sheaths, should not exceed: for deaf ducts 35% of the duct cross section in the light; for boxes with opening lids 40%.
2.1.62. Permissible long-term currents for wires and cables laid in bundles (groups) or multilayer should be taken into account with reduction factors that take into account the number and location of conductors (cores) in the bundle, the number and mutual arrangement bundles (layers), as well as the presence of unloaded conductors.
2.1.63. Pipes, boxes and flexible metal sleeves of electrical wiring must be laid in such a way that moisture cannot accumulate in them, including from the condensation of vapors contained in the air.
2.1.64. In dry, dust-free rooms, in which there are no vapors and gases that adversely affect the insulation and sheath of wires and cables, it is allowed to connect pipes, ducts and flexible metal hoses without sealing.
Connection of pipes, ducts and flexible metal hoses to each other, as well as to ducts, electrical equipment cases, etc. must be done:
in rooms that contain vapors or gases that adversely affect the insulation or sheaths of wires and cables, in outdoor installations and in places where oil, water or emulsion can get into pipes, boxes and sleeves - with a seal; boxes in these cases should be with solid walls and with sealed solid covers or deaf, split boxes - with seals at the split points, and flexible metal sleeves - sealed;
in dusty rooms - with sealing of joints and branches of pipes, sleeves and ducts to protect against dust.
2.1.65. The connection of steel pipes and ducts used as grounding or zero protective conductors must comply with the requirements given in this chapter and Ch. 1.7.
HIDDEN WIRING INDOOR
2.1.66. Hidden electrical wiring in pipes, ducts and flexible metal hoses must be made in compliance with the requirements given in 2.1.63-2.1.65, and in all cases - with a seal. The box of hidden electrical wiring must be deaf.
2.1.67. Performing electrical wiring in ventilation ducts and mines is prohibited. It is allowed to cross these channels and shafts with single wires and cables enclosed in steel pipes.
2.1.68. Laying wires and cables suspended ceilings should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of this chapter and Ch. 7.1.
ELECTRICAL WIRING IN ATTIC ROOMS
2.1.69. AT attic spaces may apply the following types electrical wiring:
open;
wires and cables laid in pipes, as well as protected wires and cables in sheaths made of non-combustible or slow-burning materials - at any height;
unprotected insulated single-core wires on rollers or insulators (in attic rooms industrial buildings- only on insulators) - at a height of at least 2.5 m; if the height to the wires is less than 2.5 m, they must be protected from touch and mechanical damage;
hidden: in walls and ceilings made of non-combustible materials - at any height.
2.1.70. Open electrical wiring in the attic should be carried out with wires and cables with copper conductors.
Wires and cables with aluminum conductors are allowed in attic spaces: buildings with fireproof ceilings - when they are laid open in steel pipes or hidden in fireproof walls and ceilings; industrial buildings for agricultural purposes with combustible floors - when they are laid open in steel pipes with the exception of dust penetration into the pipes and junction (branch) boxes; at the same time, they must be applied threaded connections.
2.1.71. The connection and branching of copper or aluminum cores of wires and cables in attic spaces should be carried out in metal junction (branch) boxes by welding, crimping or using clamps corresponding to the material, cross section and number of cores.
2.1.72. Electrical wiring in attic spaces made using steel pipes must also meet the requirements given in 2.1.63-2.1.65.
2.1.73. Branches from lines laid in the attic to electrical receivers installed outside the attics are allowed provided that the lines and branches are laid openly in steel pipes or hidden in fireproof walls (ceilings).
2.1.74. Switching devices in the circuits of lamps and other electrical receivers installed directly in attic spaces must be installed outside these premises.
OUTDOOR WIRING
2.1.75. Unprotected insulated wires of external electrical wiring must be located or fenced in such a way that they are inaccessible to touch from places where people can often stay (for example, a balcony, a porch).
From these places, these wires, laid openly along the walls, must be at a distance of at least, m:
For horizontal laying:
under the balcony, porch, and also above the roof
under the window 0.5
under the balcony 1.0
under the window (from the window sill) 1.0
With vertical laying up to the window 0.75
The same, but up to the balcony 1.0
From the ground 2.75
When hanging wires on supports near buildings, the distance from the wires to balconies and windows must be at least 1.5 m with a maximum deviation of the wires.
External electrical wiring on the roofs of residential, public buildings and entertainment enterprises are not allowed, with the exception of inputs to buildings (enterprises) and branches to these inputs (see 2.1.79).
Unprotected insulated wires of external wiring should be considered as uninsulated with respect to contact.
2.1.76. Distances from wires crossing fire lanes and ways for transporting goods to the surface of the earth (road) in the carriageway must be at least 6 m, in the impassable part - at least 3.5 m.
2.1.77. The distances between the wires must be: for a span of up to 6 m - at least 0.1 m, for a span of more than 6 m - at least 0.15 m. The distances from the wires to the walls and supporting structures must be at least 50 mm.
2.1.78. Laying of wires and cables of external electrical wiring in pipes, ducts and flexible metal hoses must be carried out in accordance with the requirements given in 2.1.63-2.1.65, and in all cases with a seal. Laying wires in steel pipes and ducts in the ground outside buildings is not allowed.
The distance from the wires in front of the input and the input wires to the ground surface must be at least 2.75 m (see also 2.4.37 and 2.4.56).
The distance between the wires at the input insulators, as well as from the wires to the protruding parts of the building (roof overhangs, etc.) must be at least 0.2 m.
Entries are allowed to be made through roofs in steel pipes. In this case, the vertical distance from the branch wires to the input and from the input wires to the roof must be at least 2.5 m.
For low height buildings trade pavilions, kiosks, container-type buildings, mobile booths, vans, etc.), on the roofs of which people are excluded, the clear distance from the branch wires to the input and the input wires to the roof is allowed to be at least 0.5 m. In this case, the distance from the wires to the ground surface must be at least 2.75 m.
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Wiring | power engineer
Wiring and cable lines
- electrical installations different organizations, separated in administrative and economic terms, located in the same building, can be connected by branches to a common supply line or fed by separate lines from the ASU or MSB.
- It is allowed to connect several risers to one line. On branches to each riser supplying apartments residential buildings having more than 5 floors, a control apparatus combined with a protection apparatus should be installed.
- Lamps in residential buildings staircases, lobbies, halls, floor corridors and other indoor premises outside the apartments should be powered by independent lines from the ASU or separate group panels powered by the ASU. The connection of these lamps to floor and apartment shields is not allowed.
- For staircases and corridors with natural light, it is recommended to provide automatic control electric lighting depending on the illumination created by natural light.
- It is recommended to supply electrical installations of non-residential stock with separate lines.
7.1.34. In buildings, cables and wires with copper conductors* should be used.
Supply and distribution networks, as a rule, should be made with cables and wires with aluminum conductors if their calculated cross section is 16 mm2 or more.
Power supply of individual electrical receivers related to engineering equipment buildings (pumps, fans, heaters, air conditioning units, etc.) can be carried out with wires or cables with aluminum conductors with a cross section of at least 2.5 mm2.
In museums, art galleries, exhibition rooms, it is allowed to use lighting busbars with IP20 protection degree, in which branch devices to lamps have detachable contact connections located inside the busbar trunking at the moment of switching, and busbar trunkings with IP44 protection degree, in which the branches to the fixtures are made using plug connectors, which ensure that the branch circuit is interrupted until the plug is removed from the socket.
In residential buildings, the cross-sections of copper conductors must correspond to the calculated values, but not less than those indicated in Table 7.1.1.
* Until 2001, according to the existing construction reserve, it is allowed to use wires and cables with aluminum conductors.
A flame retardant gasket is allowed in common pipe, a common box or channel of building structures made of non-combustible materials, wires and cables of the supply lines of apartments together with wires and cables of group lines of working lighting of staircases, floor corridors and other indoor premises.
Table 7.1.1. The smallest permissible sections of cables and wires of electrical networks in residential buildings
The cross-sections of conductors must meet the requirements of clause 7.1.45.
7.1.38. Electricity of the net, laid behind impassable suspended ceilings and in partitions, are considered as hidden electrical wiring and should be carried out: behind ceilings and in the voids of partitions made of combustible materials in metal pipes with localization ability, and in closed boxes; behind ceilings and in partitions made of non-combustible materials * - in pipes and ducts made of non-combustible materials, as well as cables that do not spread combustion. At the same time, it should be possible to replace wires and cables.
*False ceilings made of non-combustible materials are understood to mean such ceilings that are made of non-combustible materials, while other building structures located above the suspended ceilings, including interfloor ceilings, are also made of non-combustible materials.
In saunas for zones 3 and 4 according to GOST R 50571.12-96 “Electrical installations of buildings. Part 7. Requirements for special electrical installations. Section 703 Premises containing sauna heaters must use electrical wiring with allowable temperature insulation 170 °C.
7.1.41. Electrical wiring in attics must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of Sec. 2.
Three-phase four- and five-wire lines when supplying three-phase symmetrical loads must have a cross section of zero working (N) conductors equal to the cross section of the phase conductors, if the phase conductors have a cross section of up to 16 mm2 for copper and 25 mm2 for aluminum, and for large cross sections - at least 50 % section of phase conductors.
The cross section of the PEN conductors must be at least the cross section of N conductors and not less than 10 mm2 for copper and 16 mm2 for aluminum, regardless of the cross section of the phase conductors.
The cross section of PE conductors should be equal to the cross section of the phase conductors with a cross section of the latter up to 16 mm2, 16 mm2 with a cross section of phase conductors from 16 to 35 mm2 and 50% of the cross section of phase conductors for large cross sections.
The cross section of PE conductors that are not part of the cable must be at least 2.5 mm2 - in the presence of mechanical protection and 4 mm2 - in its absence.
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PUE: Wiring and cable lines
Wiring and cable lines
7.1.32. Internal wiring must be carried out with the following in mind:
1. Electrical installations of different organizations, separated in administrative and economic terms, located in the same building, can be connected by branches to a common supply line or fed by separate lines from the ASU or MSB.
2. It is allowed to connect several risers to one line. On branches to each riser supplying apartments of residential buildings with more than 5 floors, a control device combined with a protection device should be installed.
3. In residential buildings, luminaires in stairwells, lobbies, halls, floor corridors and other indoor premises outside the apartments must be powered through independent lines from the ASU or separate group panels powered by the ASU. The connection of these lamps to floor and apartment shields is not allowed.
4. For staircases and corridors with natural light, it is recommended to provide automatic control of electric lighting depending on the illumination created by natural light.
5. Power supply of non-residential electrical installations is recommended to be performed by separate lines.
7.1.33. Supply networks from substations to VU, ASU, MSB must be protected from short circuit currents.
7.1.34. In buildings, cables and wires with copper conductors should be used 1
Supply and distribution networks, as a rule, should be made with cables and wires with aluminum conductors if their calculated cross section is 16 mm 2 or more.
The power supply of individual electrical receivers related to the engineering equipment of buildings (pumps, fans, heaters, air conditioning units, etc.) can be carried out with wires or cables with aluminum conductors with a cross section of at least 2.5 mm 2.
In museums, art galleries, exhibition spaces, it is allowed to use lighting busbars with IP20 protection degree, in which branch devices to lamps have detachable contact connections located inside the busbar trunking at the time of switching, and busbar trunkings with IP44 protection degree, in which branches to lamps are made with using plug-in connectors that ensure that the branch circuit is interrupted until the plug is removed from the socket.
In these premises, lighting bus ducts must be fed from distribution points by independent lines.
In residential buildings, the cross sections of copper conductors must correspond to the calculated values, but be not less than those indicated in table 7.1.1.
1 Until 2001, according to the existing construction reserve, it is allowed to use wires and cables with aluminum conductors.
The smallest allowable sections of cables and wires of electrical networks in residential buildings.
7.1.35. In residential buildings, the laying of vertical sections of the distribution network inside apartments is not allowed.
It is forbidden to lay from the floor shield in a common pipe, common duct or channel of wires and cables supplying lines different apartments.
It is allowed to lay fire-resistant laying in a common pipe, common duct or channel of building structures made of non-combustible materials, wires and cables of the supply lines of apartments together with wires and cables of group lines of working lighting of stairwells, floor corridors and other indoor premises.
7.1.36. In all buildings, group network lines laid from group, floor and apartment shields to lamps general lighting, socket outlets and stationary electrical receivers, must be three-wire (phase - L, zero working - N and zero protective - PE conductors).
It is not allowed to combine zero working and zero protective conductors of various group lines.
Zero working and zero protective conductors it is not allowed to connect on shields under a common terminal.
The cross-sections of the conductors must meet the requirements of clause 7.1.45.
7.1.37. Electrical wiring in the premises should be replaced: hidden - in the channels of building structures, embedded pipes; open - in electrical skirting boards, boxes, etc.
AT technical floors, undergrounds, unheated basements, attics, ventilation chambers, damp and especially damp rooms, electrical wiring is recommended to be carried out openly.
In buildings with building structures made of non-combustible materials, non-replaceable monolithic laying of group networks in the grooves of walls, partitions, ceilings, under plaster, in the floor preparation layer or in the voids of building structures is allowed, performed by a cable or insulated wires in a protective sheath. The use of non-replaceable monolithic laying of wires in panels of walls, partitions and ceilings, made during their manufacture at construction industry plants or performed in the assembly joints of panels during the installation of buildings, is not allowed.
7.1.38. Electrical networks laid behind impassable suspended ceilings and in partitions are considered as hidden electrical wiring and they should be carried out: behind ceilings and in the voids of partitions made of combustible materials in metal pipes with localization ability and in closed boxes; behind ceilings and in partitions made of non-combustible materials 2 - in pipes and ducts made of non-combustible materials, as well as cables that do not spread combustion. At the same time, it should be possible to replace wires and cables.
Note 2 to entry: Suspended ceilings made of non-combustible materials are understood to mean such ceilings that are made of non-combustible materials, while other building structures located above suspended ceilings, including interfloor ceilings, are also made of non-combustible materials.
7.1.39. In the premises for cooking and eating, with the exception of the kitchens of the apartments, open laying of cables is allowed. Open laying of wires in these rooms is not allowed.
In the kitchens of apartments, the same types of electrical wiring can be used as in living rooms and corridors.
7.1.40. In saunas, bathrooms, toilets, showers, as a rule, should be used concealed wiring. Open laying of cables is allowed.
In saunas, bathrooms, toilets, showers, it is not allowed to lay wires with metal sheaths, in metal pipes and metal sleeves.
In saunas for zones 3 and 4 according to GOST R 50571.12-96 "Electrical installations of buildings. Part 7. Requirements for special electrical installations. Section 703. Premises containing heaters for saunas" electrical wiring with a permissible insulation temperature of 170 o c must be used.
7.1.41. Electrical wiring in attics must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of Sec. 2.
7.1.42. through cellars and technical underground sections of the building are allowed to be laid power cables voltage up to 1 kV, supplying electrical receivers of other sections of the building. These cables are not considered as transit cables, the laying of transit cables through the basements and technical undergrounds of buildings is prohibited.
7.1.43. Open laying of transit cables and wires through pantries and warehouses not allowed.
7.1.44. Lines feeding refrigeration units trade enterprises and Catering, must be laid from the ASU or MSB of these enterprises.
7.1.45. The choice of the cross section of conductors should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the relevant chapters of the PUE.
Single-phase two- and three-wire lines, as well as three-phase four- and five-wire lines when supplying single-phase loads, must have a cross section of zero working (N) conductors equal to the cross section of phase conductors.
Three-phase four- and five-wire lines when supplying three-phase symmetrical loads must have a cross section of zero working (N) conductors equal to the cross section of the phase conductors, if the phase conductors have a cross section of up to 16 mm 2 for copper and 25 mm 2 for aluminum, and for large cross sections - not less than 50% of the cross section of the phase conductors.
cross section PEN conductors must be at least the cross section of N conductors and at least 10 mm 2 for copper and 16 mm 2 for aluminum, regardless of the cross section of the phase conductors.
The cross section of PE conductors should be equal to the cross section of the phase conductors with a cross section of the latter up to 16 mm 2. 16 mm 2 with a cross section of phase conductors from 16 to 35 mm 2 and 50% of the cross section of phase conductors for large cross sections.
The cross section of PE conductors that are not part of the cable must be at least 2.5 mm 2 - in the presence of mechanical protection and 4 mm 2 - in its absence.
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In the installation of electrical wiring of an apartment and a house, it is impossible to avoid work on arranging the passage of a cable through a wall. Let's look at regulatory requirements to such works and the practice of their implementation.
But first, we note that in these works, in addition to the normative, there are organizational stage. Since from works this type(dismantling, gating, etc.) a lot of construction debris, you need to think about its disposal in advance.
For the disposal of stone waste from such works, you need to rent special garbage containers. For the disposal of rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, it is reasonable to look at a company that buys scrap metal, for example here https://www.metallrutorg.ru/. It will be not only convenient, but also profitable.
Norms for the passage of cable through walls
As expected, the right electrician, first we turn to regulatory documents. We begin the search for information with, electrical installation rules. You can download the PUE from the site.
In the PUE edition 7, we look at the points from 2.1.56 down. Translating an official document into everyday language, we see following rules the passage of wires and cables of electrical wiring through the walls:
- When arranging a passage, it is important to ensure the replacement of electrical wiring in case of repair or replacement (PUE, clause 2.1.58).
- If wiring is carried out with wires, then the passage of wires in the wall must be protected by a pipe, a duct, an electrical corrugated pipe.
- the wiring is carried out by cable, then the passage of the cable through the walls of dry interior spaces can be arranged in the form of an opening, without a duct or pipe.
- the cable passes through the walls of the interior with different humidity or through the wall from the street into the room, for example, entering the power supply into the house, then there are no strict recommendations in the PUE on protecting the cable in the wall passage with a pipe (sleeve). There is an indication of the need to close the gaps between the cables with non-combustible materials that can be easily removed during cable replacement work. This is necessary to close the penetration of water and moisture through the passage.
However, in practice, it is better to protect the passage of the cable through the wall of the house from the street with a pipe (sleeve) firmly fixed to the wall structure and laid with a slope to the street.
In indoor areas apartments and houses, to protect the passage of the cable through the wall, it is obligatory only in wooden houses, to strengthen the anti fire safety.
Let's sum up the first result
If in practice you need to make a cable pass through a wall in an apartment and house, you need to:
First: If possible, refuse to use wires for electrical wiring and work with cables. If this is not possible, for example, retro wiring with wires on insulators, make a passage in the wall through the sleeve.
Second: Make the cable pass through the wall so that it is easy for you to replace it yourself. This criterion will be sufficient for a correct pass.
Third: Arrange passage through the wall wisely. For example, if you are making hidden (non-replaceable) wiring, then there is no justification for using a sleeve for the passage. Except if the passage is made between two walls with an air gap.
Fourthly: protect all cable passages from the street from moisture penetration. In an apartment, these are power cables for air conditioners; in a house, this is the input of a power cable into the house or the output of a cable to buildings on the site.
How to make a cable pass through a wall in practice
Let's see the practice of work. Let's start with a hole in the wall for wiring in the apartment.
Cable passage through the wall in the apartment
The first problem that arises when drilling a hole in the wall for laying the cable is the existing wiring in the walls. When drilling, it is important not to damage the existing electrical wiring, and also not to hurt possible pipes pipeline.
Special devices or folk methods can help solve this problem. I wrote about the search for hidden wiring with devices. Folk methods I list below:
- First, if you have a radio receiver, tune it to 100 kHz and scan the wall at the location of the future hole. If there are live wires, the receiver should show a background sound.
- Secondly, take a phase determiner (probe). It will show a live wire NOT running deep in the wall.
- Thirdly, for a smartphone, there are programs like "Metall Detector".
- Fourthly, it “hears” the wire in the wall, the hearing aid is in the “phone” mode. Didn't check.
Unfortunately, the proposed technical methods find concealed wiring not always available. Therefore, we use a simple and reliable visual inspection. For this:
Look at the place of the future passage (hole) for the presence of junction boxes, sockets, switches. Never not drill through holes in the walls on the horizontal and vertical lines for the installation of boxes, sockets, switches, lamps. It is highly likely that the wiring was done according to the rules and the wiring routes were parallel to the floor and corners with standard indents from corners and slopes. About it .
Tool
To drill through holes, you will need, first of all, a puncher with a drill. The length of the drill depends on the thickness of the walls. It must be determined in advance. In the panel share it is 270-350 mm, in the "stalinka" the thickness of the walls can exceed 1 meter.
The diameter of the drill depends on the required hole and wall thickness. The thicker the wall, the larger diameter borax. A reasonable drill diameter is 25-30 mm. However, in the kit you need to have a drill of a smaller diameter of 10-16 mm, below I will explain why.
Stages of work on drilling a through hole
stone wall
Prepare the place of work: there will be a lot of garbage. Wallpaper from the wall at the drilling site, it is better to remove it. If the hole is at a height, the footing must be firm.
Start drilling with a short small diameter drill. This will reduce the crumbling of the concrete or plaster when drilling starts.
On a long drill, make a marker with electrical tape showing the thickness of the wall. He will be needed.
Continue drilling. If you have not warned the neighbors in advance, they are already ringing your doorbell. The sound from your drilling in panel house extends to the entire hallway.
Continue with careful drilling. If you feel the stop of the drill, stop immediately, it is likely that the drill will hit the rebar. The drill will not be able to drill through the panel reinforcement, so the hole must be shifted and started over.
Follow the wall thickness mark on the drill. When 5-7 cm remains to the mark, again change the thick drill (25-30 mm) to the drill 10-16 mm and, if possible, reduce the impact of the perforator.
This technique will avoid falling out of a piece of wall on the opposite side of the passage. After the passage of the drill of the entire wall, you will feel it immediately, go to adjoining room and widen the hole with a larger diameter drill.
If a hole sleeve is required, then the diameter of the pipe for the sleeve should be slightly smaller than the diameter of the hole. It is necessary to hammer the sleeve from the side of the beginning of drilling (!).
wooden wall
You need a wood drill, a simple drill and accuracy.
Drywall partition
If you need to make a cable pass through a plasterboard wall, then:
- Find a place where there are no structural profiles;
- Drill drywall sheets with a simple drill. It's 12-24mm;
- Look there is a heater in the partition;
- If there is insulation and it is soft, pass it with a thin metal rod, such as an awl, to the drywall sheets on the opposite side. Manually rotating the homemade awl, go through the sheets of the Civil Code from the opposite side;
- Expand the hole with a drill to the desired size;
- Insert a sleeve into the hole plastic pipe. In order for the pipe to pass through the insulation, sharpen the edge of the pipe with a file;
- If the insulation is hard, just drill a hole with a long drill bit.
Conclusion
The passage of the cable through the wall in the apartment and the house is quite possible to do with your own hands. The main thing to have right tool be careful and turn off the power to the apartment so as not to get hit by electric shock in case of damage to the wiring. And the puncher needs to be powered from another group or from the (apartment) shield, through the carrying.
Is fire-resistant mounting foam in cable penetrations a crime or a blessing?
Communicating with electrical equipment installers from various regions of Russia, I was surprised to learn that almost all of them, when laying power or low-current cable lines through fire barriers (walls, partitions, etc.), use fire-resistant mounting foam for sealing. To my questions “WHY?”, they answer that everyone does this, and she is also “FIRE-RESISTANT”, and even has a certificate, and it’s more convenient to work with her ...... foamed and that’s it .... And no one answered how this is regulated.
Let's figure it out. What does the law say about this?
Federal Law of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements". Article 137 Fire safety requirements for building structures.
item 4. Crossing points of enclosing building structures with cables, pipelines and other technological equipment must have a fire resistance limit not lower than the required limits established for these structures.
SP 2.13130.2012 "Systems fire protection. Ensuring the fire resistance of objects of protection.
Clause 5.2.4 Crossing points of building structures with standardized fire resistance limits for cables, pipelines, air ducts and other technological equipment must have a fire resistance limit not lower than the limits established for the structures being crossed. The fire resistance limits of intersections (passages) are determined according to GOST 30247, GOST R 53299, GOST R 53306, GOST R 53310.
SP 76.13330.2016 " Electrical devices. Updated version of SNiP 3.05.06-85"
p.5.25 After completion electrical work the general contractor is obliged to seal holes, grooves, niches and nests, ensuring the standardized fire resistance limit of the intersected enclosing structure.
PUE 7. "Rules for the installation of electrical installations." Edition 7. Section 2. Sewerage of electricity. Chapter 2.1. Wiring
clause 2.1.58. In places where wires and cables pass through walls, interfloor ceilings or exit to the outside, it is necessary to provide the possibility of changing the electrical wiring. To do this, the passage must be made in a pipe, duct, opening, etc. In order to prevent the penetration and accumulation of water and the spread of fire in places of passage through walls, ceilings or exits to the outside, gaps between wires, cables and a pipe (duct, opening etc.), as well as reserve pipes (ducts, openings, etc.) with an easily removed mass from fireproof material. The seal must allow replacement, additional laying of new wires and cables and ensure the fire resistance of the opening is not less than the fire resistance of the wall (ceiling).
GOST R 53310-2009 “Cable penetrations, sealed entries and busbar ducts. fire safety requirements. Test methods for fire resistance.
4.1 Cable penetrations, sealed entries and busbar ducts made in building envelopes with standardized fire resistance limits or fire barriers must have a fire resistance limit not lower than the fire resistance limit of the crossed structure.
4.2 The design of penetrations should provide the possibility of replacement and (or) additional laying of wires, cables, the possibility of their maintenance.
Well, and so on ... .. It is not written anywhere which materials should be used. Accordingly, the fire-resistant mounting foam "seems to be suitable" in terms of parameters.
This is where the main mistake is immediately revealed !!!
SP 2.13130.2012 says The fire resistance limits of intersections (passages) are determined according to GOST 30247, GOST R 53299, GOST R 53306, GOST R 53310. GOST R 53310 refers to cable penetrations. What is a cable run?
cable penetration: structural element, a product or a prefabricated structure designed to seal the places where cables pass through enclosing structures with standardized fire resistance limits or fire barriers and prevent the spread of combustion to adjacent rooms for a standardized time. Cable penetration includes cables, embedded parts (boxes, trays, pipes, etc.), sealing materials and prefabricated or structural elements.
All fire resistant foams tested in accordance with GOST 30247.1-94 for fire resistance, as well as in accordance with GOST 30244-94, 30402-96, 12.1.044-89 to determine the properties fire hazard materials. The question is why it is impossible to test fire-resistant foam according to GOST 53310 and calmly use it when embedding cable passages? It's all about the properties of the foam itself. First: fire-resistant foams have the same combustible (polyurethane foam) base as conventional ones. mounting foams. It acquires fire resistance due to special flame retardant fire-resistant and flame-retardant additives. Those. under the influence of a flame, the foam will melt, but not burn. And secondly, she is also afraid of UV radiation, from which it is destroyed. For protection, it is plastered or smeared with special sealants.
The most a big problem fire-resistant mounting foam when sealing cable penetrations is that when the cable burns, it melts around it, and, accordingly, a hole is formed through which smoke and fire spread to neighboring rooms.
According to GOST 53310, tests are carried out according to three indicators of limit states - this is the loss of the heat-insulating ability of the sealing material (I), the loss of the integrity of the sealing material (E) and the achievement of the critical heating temperature of the material of the product elements (T). The designation of the fire resistance limit of penetration consists of symbols normalized limit states and a figure corresponding to the time to reach one of these states (first in time) in minutes. The fire resistance limit must correspond to one of the numbers in the following series: 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 360.
Numerous inspections and tests have shown that without the use of additional measures and means of protection, fire-resistant mounting foam in cable penetrations cannot provide the necessary fire resistance limits, perhaps only the most minimal ones.
Based on all of the above, it can be argued that fire-resistant mounting foams cannot be used when sealing cable penetrations, because. they are not tested according to GOST 53310. Test and certify according to GOST 53310 without additional protection not economically viable. And, finally, when using additional measures and means of protection, the complexity and cost increase many times over.
We all must understand that during a fire, every minute is important to save people, and because of dishonesty or elementary ignorance of the requirements, people can die. Use systems for terminating cable penetrations that comply with regulatory and technical documentation in the field of fire safety. Don't break the law. Take care of people!!!
The material was prepared by D.P. Ovchinnikov, Development Director, ANGTS for Industrial Security of Ogneza LLC.
Passages through internal and external walls, partitions and intermediate floors should be made in a pipe or opening, which would make it possible to replace the electrical wiring. The passages of unarmored cables and wires through fireproof walls and interfloor ceilings must be carried out in metal or insulating semi-solid rubber, polyvinyl chloride tubes (uncut) or in segments plastic pipes, and through combustible walls - in insulating tubes enclosed in steel segments. The ends of metal pipes must be terminated with bushings or funnels. The installation of insulating tubes is necessary not only to ensure the replacement of wiring, but also to strengthen the insulation of unprotected wires.
Wires with a folded seam (APRF, PRF, PRFl) are allowed to be laid through wooden walls without additional protection.
Passages can be open and closed. open passages wires and cables are carried out in buildings with wooden walls and ceilings. In a brick building, the passage can be made hidden, in a furrow carved into the wall, but not under a layer of plaster.
When preparing passages through walls and ceilings, it is necessary to take into account the environment of the adjoining premises. If the adjoining premises are classified as dry, then the wire in the wall is laid through one hole. When passing from a dry room to a damp, damp or outside, from damp to damp, each wire must be pulled in a separate insulating pipe.
To ensure the flow of water, the holes are made with a slight slope towards a damp, damp room or outside. From the side of the dry room, the hole is framed with an insulating porcelain or plastic sleeve, and from the side of the wet, damp or outside - with a porcelain funnel. Bushings and funnels are smeared with alabaster or cement mortar so that the collar of the sleeve lies firmly on the surface of the wall, and the outlet of the funnel completely comes out of the wall and is directed downwards. Bushings are put on insulating tube.
The connection of wires when leaving a dry, damp room to a damp or outside building should be carried out in a dry or damp room at the roller or in a junction box installed at the aisle.
To prevent the penetration of water, the spread of fire, open passages of cables and wires through the outer walls of the premises should be sealed with easily removable fireproof materials after laying electrical wiring ( mineral wool, slag, etc.). Funnels on both sides are filled with an insulating compound, such as bituminous mass. Open passages through internal walls normal non-explosive and non-flammable premises may not be compacted.
Open passages of wires through interfloor ceilings are made in an insulating tube with protection against mechanical damage to a height of at least 1.5 m. When wires are laid hidden through interfloor ceilings, wires are passed in insulating tubes, the exits of which are terminated with porcelain funnels.
When making passages through interfloor ceilings, where protection of the wire from mechanical damage is required when it exits to the upper floor, it is forbidden to use wires of the PRD, PRHD brands (these wires are not laid in steel pipes).
When passing through interfloor overlap single-core insulated wires of the APR, APV, APRV, etc. brands are used. Insulated pipes in the passages should not have breaks along the length and are sealed with the outer edges of the bushings and funnels (they can protrude from them by 4-5 mm). It is forbidden to make passes in wooden walls at the joints between the logs.
Intersections of wires and cables are not recommended. AT open wiring when crossing unprotected wires with unprotected or protected insulated wires (with a distance between them of less than 10 mm), additional insulation must be applied to the unprotected wire: a piece of a whole PVC tube is put on it or 3-4 layers of insulating tape are applied.
In brick buildings, wire crossings are carried out hidden in plastered furrows - twisted two-core wires of one of the intersected lines are laid in a furrow, putting an insulating or PVC tube on them. At the points of entry and exit of the wire from the groove, porcelain funnels are put on the insulating tube.
Rice. Pipeline bypass:
1 - wire; 2 - rubber tube; 3 - funnel.
In cases where wiring is carried out with single-core wires, each of them is placed in a separate insulating tube.
Around metal structures buildings, beams, pipes and especially pipelines with hot liquids, condensation and rust can form, which destroy the insulation. Therefore, when crossing protected and unprotected wires and cables with pipelines (Fig. 38), the distance between them must be at least 50 mm, or wires and cables at the intersection must be laid in insulating or metal pipes embedded in the furrow. If the distance from wires and cables to pipelines is less than 250 mm, they should be additionally protected from mechanical damage at a length of at least 250 mm in each direction from the pipeline.
With open parallel laying, the distance of wires and cables, as well as the distance from the hidden laying junction boxes to pipelines, must be at least 100 mm.
When crossing hot pipelines, wires and cables in without fail protect against high temperatures
