More than ever before, people today need electricity, which is needed for almost everything from charging your phone to heating water. In order for the usual lifestyle not to be disturbed, high-quality wiring installation in the house is necessary. For its implementation, the experience and practical rules accumulated by specialists will be useful.
Electricity is a source of comfort Source pic2.me
Safety Basics - Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
Ignorance or inattention to details can lead to installation errors. With further operation, such wiring in the house will cause malfunctions, damage to property, and sometimes a fire. There are simple rules that allow the master to act not at random, but according to safety rules:
- In a new building, before laying the wiring, a place is selected for the switchboard. It is installed close to the entrance, in a non-freezing room. When drawing up a shield diagram, it is wise to immediately think about the RCD (residual current device), the ground loop and other protective devices.
Mounted switchboard Source is.insterne.com
- All work on the replacement of electrical wiring (in the old dwelling) must be carried out with the power turned off at the electrical panel. It is required to leave a warning sign on it to avoid an unpleasant surprise.
- Wiring in the house is preceded by drawing up a detailed network plan and connecting electrical appliances.
- Even if all circuit breakers are turned off, before starting work, the presence or absence of voltage on the contacts or conductive surfaces is checked with an indicator screwdriver.
A warning sign must be hung on the introductory machine Source jamesgoodmandance.com
The most common mistakes:
- Use of aluminum wires. According to the requirements of the PUE (rules for the installation of electrical equipment), it is allowed to use aluminum wires with a cross section of at least 16 mm² in residential buildings. Wires of this diameter are usually used only in cables that carry current to the house, but not inside it. When replacing wiring, the combination of copper and aluminum parts is unacceptable - at the point of their connection, the contact will burn out over time due to contact resistance.
- Insufficient waterproofing. For long and safe operation of the system, it is necessary to take care of the thorough insulation of all wires in rooms with high humidity. Poor-quality insulation most often finds itself in the bathroom, pantry, kitchen or terrace.
- Shtroba. A depth of 2-2.5 cm is considered optimal. Grooves with a shallower depth are difficult to plaster.
Chasing the wall for wiring Source legkovmeste.ru
- Cable work. Diagonal laying is prohibited; the wire cross-section must be calculated according to the system parameters.
- distribution boxes. To avoid confusion and ease of maintenance, they are placed under the ceiling.
An example of drawing up a wiring diagram in a private house
The scheme of future electrical wiring is based on the plan of a private house. It consists of two parts, electrical and mounting. The main elements are outlined schematically, “for themselves”.
- Wiring diagram. The wiring diagram in a private house shows the method of including energy consumers in the circuit and their number.
An example of an electrical wiring diagram in a country house Source assz.ru
- Wiring diagram. Specifies where to mount devices. This data will help you calculate the number of cables and additional consumables needed.
Mounting version of the wiring diagram Source cable-house.ru
The main elements of the network include wires, sockets, switches, meters, fuses and relays, junction boxes, in addition:
- entry point for external power cable;
- connection points for high power household appliances;
- ceiling and wall lighting fixtures.
The beginning of the power supply of the house is the electrical panel. A supply wire is supplied to it from the outside (more often through an overhead line), supplying a single-phase or three-phase current.
On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer electrical work services. You can directly communicate with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".
Video description
An example of drawing up a plan for the location of electrical equipment on video:
To increase reliability, consumers are divided into groups on the shield (connection by groups of points):
- Lighting.
- Socket sockets.
- Power elements (boiler, electric stove, washing machine).
- Household groups (basement, garage).
Breakdown of consumers by rooms or floors is allowed. In this case, each group needs individual protection devices (automatic devices, RCDs).
Each room has a lighting and socket group, there are more of them in the kitchen (warm floor and electric stove are connected as a separate group). For powerful household appliances and circuit lamps in the bathroom, grounding is provided (connection via a cable with an additional residential "ground").
Preparatory work for the electrical wiring device
So that the wiring in a country house does not cause problems during operation, preparatory work and calculations are carried out. These include the calculation of the total power of the devices planned for installation; based on these numbers, the cable is selected.
The power of some household appliances Source bazliter.ru
Power consumption calculation
The total power consumption is the sum of the individual capacities of household appliances, lighting elements and power equipment. These values are taken from special tables; they can be found in the technical data sheets of the devices.
To independently obtain the final power consumption of the devices, it is necessary to sum up the power of all consumers on this wire. It is known that at the same time all devices are not turned on. Therefore, the resulting amount is multiplied by the demand correction factor (simultaneous use factor). The coefficient is 0.8 (if the total power is less than or equal to 14 kW), 0.6 (up to 20 kW), 0.5 (up to 50 kW).
Example: if the resulting number is 32.8 kW, then the estimated power consumption is: 32.8 * 0.6 \u003d 19.68 kW.
By dividing the total power by the voltage (220 V), you can find out the maximum current. For example, if the power turned out to be 5 kW (5000 W), the current strength is 22.7 A.
Video description
A visual example of calculations in the video:
Choice of cable section by length and power
The cable cross section is selected according to the previously determined maximum load current and the conductor parameter (current density for this material). With a current strength of 22.7 A and a conductor density of 9 A / mm2 (copper), a conductor with a cross section (CPS): 22.7 / 9 \u003d 2.5 mm2 will be suitable.
Copper is considered the best material because of its properties: wear resistance, high thermal and current conductivity (even during oxidation), ductility. Copper wire lends itself well to twisting and can withstand a load twice that of aluminum of the same section.
Calculation of the section by load (kitchen) Source reslando.ru
The optimal cross section for the socket group is considered to be 2-2.5 mm2, 1.3-1.5 mm2 will be sufficient for connecting lighting devices, for powerful electrical appliances it is better to play it safe - at least 4 mm2.
The length of the cable is calculated by taking measurements of all straight sections with the addition of an allowance of 10-15 cm on each side. The approximate length of the cable can be obtained by multiplying the area of \u200b\u200bthe premises by two.
The sequence of installation work
Installation work requires an integrated approach. They begin after the acquisition of the cable. Additionally, electrical accessories are purchased: sockets, socket boxes, switches, cable channels and junction boxes.
All materials must be prepared in advance. Source pinterest.co.uk
Ground Loop Installation
Any private house is necessarily supplied with a ground loop, which performs several tasks:
- Protects the inhabitants of the house when voltage appears on the device case.
- Supports the safe operation of appliances operating in a humid environment (washing machines and dishwashers, electric stoves, boilers and instantaneous water heaters).
- Reduces the level of noise (interference) in the electrical network.
The circuit is mounted in the ground next to the house; inside, grounding is connected to the electrical panel. It is required for:
- high power electrical engineering;
- light sources (chain groups) in bathrooms.
Switchboard installation Source justdial.com
Installation of switchboard elements
After the electricity connection scheme in a private house is selected, and the consumers are divided into groups, a switchboard is mounted. It contains:
- circuit breaker and RCD - common;
- automatic machines and RCDs - for selected groups;
- counter;
- neutral bus and main ground bus.
On the shield, the function of the core can be determined by the color of its insulation:
- white (sometimes red, black or brown) corresponds to the phase;
- blue - zero;
- yellow-green - protective earth.
The final switchboard for electrical wiring in a private house is assembled after the wiring is completed.
Applicable wire colors Source financloansinvest.ru
Installation of electrical wiring of closed and open type
Wiring in a new house is laid in two ways - open and closed, and the first option is often chosen if the second cannot be used.
- Open wiring. It is laid over the walls and, if desired, protected by cable channels. It has its advantages - it is always available for inspection. At the same time, like any technical element in the interior, it hurts the eye. The exception is the design of rooms in the loft or retro style, where such solutions are welcome.
With open installation, the cable is fastened with brackets to the surface, then it is closed with a box. Recesses for sockets and switches are made with a puncher or drill.
Box (cable channel) for open wiring Source wotsite.ru
- Hidden wiring. With hidden installation, you have to ditch the walls (punch channels), lay the wires and hide them behind the wall trim. This method is more reliable and durable, but at the same time time-consuming and costly for future alterations. In order not to touch the cables when drilling walls in the future, it is worth stocking up on a network layout plan.
Electrical wiring in the house is done according to an invariable rule: laying is done strictly horizontally or vertically, any other way is not allowed. Bends are made at right angles.
Before installation, in accordance with the scheme, walls, horizontal and vertical sections are marked. This can be done using a laser level or a plumb line smeared with chalk or charcoal. You can take pictures of the walls with the markings applied. The memo will help in the future not to touch the wiring with a drill or a nail.
You need to draw a diagram of the location of the wires inside the walls Source pinterest.com
With hidden installation, strobes (grooves in the wall surface) are pierced with a chisel or grinder or a special chasing cutter. The wires are placed in strobes, they are fixed and masked with plaster or alabaster. Sometimes hidden wiring is carried out not in the strobe, but under the plinth, which retains access and the possibility of verification.
Wiring in a wooden house
The organization of wiring in such a dwelling has its own characteristics. Internal wiring with wires buried in the walls increases the likelihood of fire for wooden structures. Therefore, the open version is the safest.
Wiring in a wooden house Source bauenhaus.ua
It is preferable to use a flat cable; to prevent sagging, it is fixed with fasteners made of tin or plastic.
When the network is assembled and all elements are connected, the serviceability is checked.
Video description
For wiring errors in a wooden house, see the video:
Lead time and approximate cost of some works
Turnkey electrical installation in a cottage is completed in 4-6 days on average. Complex installation will cost 18-60 thousand rubles, replacement of wiring - 15-36 thousand rubles.
Electrical wiring on the floor of a private house will be carried out for 9-12 thousand rubles.
A comprehensive replacement of wiring in a wooden house will cost 18-29 thousand rubles.
Laying a cable with a cross section of up to 4 mm in a strobe - 25-30 rubles. for m/n.
Laying a cable with a cross section of more than 4 mm in a strobe - 42-55 rubles. m/n.
Chasing plaster walls - 75-85 rubles. for m / n, brick - 92-100 rubles. for m / n, concrete - 105-112 rubles. for m/n.
Electrical panel assembly (meter + 3 machines) - 980-1100 rubles.
Connecting an electric meter with installation (220 volts) - 665-720 rubles.
Connecting an electric meter (380 volts) - 1050-1130 rubles.
Loft-style interior with exposed ceiling wiring Source behance.net
General rules for connecting to the electrical network
Following the installation of electrical wiring, automatic machines, RCDs and electrical appliances are installed. To put into operation the electrical equipment of a private house, a specialist from the energy supervision, authorized to conduct acceptance tests, is invited.
After checking the safety of the electrical installation, a "Act of approval for connection" is issued, allowing the further use of the equipment. Based on this document, the energy supply organization concludes an agreement with the owner of the house and connects the dwelling to the support.
Video description
Clearly about the connection of electrical wiring in the video:
Conclusion
The life of a modern person is so dependent on electricity that even an hour without electricity seems to most to be endless. Things stop, the rhythm goes astray, plans remain unfulfilled. Faulty installation can lead not only to short-term malfunctions of the system.
Electrical malfunctions (caused by violation of the rules for the construction and operation of electrical equipment and household electrical appliances), according to the Russian Emergencies Ministry, caused 41,374 home fires in 2017. To protect your home and your loved ones, you should take care of many things in advance, but you should start with high-quality electrical wiring.
Having started the repair, first of all it is necessary to take care of the replacement of engineering communications. After all, the functionality and durability of electrical appliances depends on them. Old wiring can, at best, disable household appliances, and at worst, provoke a short circuit that can cause a fire. Therefore, wiring in a private house must be carried out in compliance with safety requirements and in accordance with the work scheme.
Planning
As a rule, electrics in new homes do not need to be replaced. In this case, it may only be necessary to place additional lighting fixtures and new sockets. In old houses, analysis and replacement of the damaged area, preferably all wiring, is needed.
When replacing electricians, the first stage of work is to draw up a diagram in which it is necessary to clearly define the locations of the proposed location of household appliances and other electrical equipment (computers, hoods, air conditioners). Also, do not forget that in a modern kitchen you need to install a lot of outlets.
After placing all household appliances, it is necessary to calculate the resistance and load. Only after this is it determined whether additional machines need to be installed. Powerful appliances require a separate wiring diagram. This will allow you to correctly distribute the load and, accordingly, prevent power outages throughout the house.
Mounting methods
Replacing electrical wiring begins with determining its location. If you plan to completely replace the power supply system, then it is enough to find out the exact location of the wire entering the house, and already from it to lay the cable according to the established scheme. The search is carried out by means of special devices.
Wiring in a private house can be done in two main ways - closed and open. Let's consider them in more detail.
Closed way
In this case, complete concealment of the power supply system is provided. Hidden electrical wiring allows not only to create an aesthetic interior, but also to protect engineering communications from various damages.
However, this mounting option needs a careful approach. To hide the cable, you will need to additionally purchase corrugated pipes for electrical wiring. For each point (switch, socket) you will need to buy a special box that will secure the installed mechanism.
In places where utilities are laid, strobes are arranged in the walls. As soon as the wiring in a private house is fully completed, it is necessary to connect the wires to each other and check the operation of the system. And only after that a layer of plaster is applied.
open way
The open wiring diagram provides free access to the wires and every point of the system. In this case, the wire is placed in special plastic boxes, which, if desired, will fit perfectly into the interior. The connection of the electrical wiring is carried out by means of special bundles.
Safety
Electrical wiring in a private house should be placed in free access. All meters, sockets, shields and switches should be located away from gas appliances and in open places.
Sockets must be mounted at a height of at least 300 mm from the floor level, and switches - at the level of the lowered hand. It is undesirable to install sockets in the toilet and bathroom. However, if such a need does arise, you will need to lay a separate line and high-quality cable insulation.
It is important to strictly follow the safety requirements. Installation of electrical wiring must be carried out in a completely de-energized room. It is necessary to follow the recommendations for the installation of the cable and make sure that it does not come into contact with metal structures.
Main steps
Do-it-yourself wiring must be carried out in series. The whole process consists of the following main steps:
- Drawing up a wiring diagram.
- Markup.
- Construction works.
- Cabling.
- Installation of lighting fixtures and sockets.
- Cable connections in a single system.
- Commissioning works.
Charting
Before making electrical wiring, it is necessary to develop drawings. This is required to determine the number of consumers of electrical energy and how to connect them. The scheme will allow you to find out the installation locations of all elements, the optimal distance between them, as well as the exact amount of consumables.
Drawings can be drawn up in any order, but it is desirable to comply with some requirements.
Powerful household appliances (boiler, electric stove, washing machine) must be grounded. To do this, you will need to install 3 wires for electrical wiring ("phase", "zero", "ground"). Separate lines for connecting lamps and sockets.
markup
In accordance with the project documentation, it is necessary to carry out marking work. Places for laying cables and installing sockets should be marked. At this stage, you can also study the features of providing other utilities (water supply, sewerage, heating, etc.).
Construction works
After marking, you should start drilling the walls. This is required for laying communications. Strobes are drilled - special channels in concrete or brick. These holes can vary in depth and size. In the absence of professional equipment for drilling strobes, you can use an ordinary chisel. But in this case, the process will take much longer. Therefore, it is advisable to use a perforator or grinder. To create holes for switches and sockets, you need to drill round recesses with a diameter of 80 mm.
Cabling
As mentioned above, do-it-yourself wiring can be done in two ways - closed and open. In the first case, the installation is carried out in the furrows under the plaster. Traditionally, such communications are created during the construction of the building. This option is used in the construction of houses to ensure maximum safety. But it is worth noting that this option is characterized by significant drawbacks - for example, they are difficult to access if it is necessary to additionally connect current receivers. Also, the cable with hidden wiring can be laid in the floor structure.
In the second case, wires for electrical wiring are laid openly on the surface of walls and ceilings. This option is more suitable for technical rooms and country houses.
Installation of lamps and sockets
Wiring equipment can be divided into several types - lamps, switches and sockets. All of them can belong to open or hidden wiring.
This equipment must be mounted on special sockets with a thickness of at least 10 mm and a diameter of 70 mm. Products must be made of materials that do not conduct current - textolite, plexiglass, wood. The boxes are installed in strobes and fixed with a gypsum mortar.
The top cover is removed from the switch, a cable is connected to the terminals with a margin of approximately 50-60 mm. To push the body of the product from the plates of spacer brackets into the box, it is necessary to dismantle the screws. Then they should be wrapped, the spacers should be moved apart for fixing in the installation device. To prevent the socket from being skewed, the screws must be tightened in turn. And finally, the cover is installed in place.
The switches are installed in the break of the "phase" wire leading to the lamp holder. In the event of a short circuit, this will allow you to de-energize the network as quickly as possible, and ensure safety when replacing lighting fixtures.
During installation, you need to ensure that the shutdown is carried out by pressing the top button. Sockets are connected in parallel with the main line of the electrical network.
Connecting the cable into a single system
The connection of the line into a single whole is carried out by means of special terminals. In order to further ensure convenient operation of electrical wiring and the possibility of disconnecting or connecting additional consumers, it is recommended to mark cable connections.
Commissioning works
Checking the health of the electrical network is one of the important points, as this will prevent many problems in the future. Commissioning includes the following steps:
- Visual inspection of the electrical installation for compliance with the requirements for electrical work and project documentation.
- Measurement of insulation resistance.
- Checking the presence of a circuit and the quality of the connection of grounding devices.
- Testing fixtures for installing fixtures and socket assemblies.
Connection Permission
The installation of the electrical wiring of the residential building is completed, the object is ready for power supply. The owner of electrical networks, on the basis of acceptance measures, draws up an act of admission to connection. In the process of acceptance measures, it is allowed to supply voltage to a new house on the basis of an agreement during the entire test period. To carry out these tests, you will need to contact the owner of the electrical networks to which the power supply is connected, with an application for a technical inspection and admission to connection. The following documents must be attached to the application:
- current technical conditions.
- Project documentation with all necessary approvals.
- Information about the installed electric energy metering devices.
- An act of operational responsibility of the parties and balance sheet ownership.
- Single line power supply.
If you decide to replace electrical networks, then you need to understand a few basic rules:
- Before installation, you need to draw a wiring diagram indicating the locations of switches, lighting fixtures, sockets, metering and protection devices for electrical energy.
- Replacing electrical wiring is not just wallpapering a room. It is desirable to carry out its installation as quickly as possible and at one time.
- It is important that the installation is carried out by qualified specialists.
- As a rule, wiring is replaced every 30-50 years, it all depends on the quality of the installation and the materials used. Therefore, in this case, it is not worth saving, this primarily concerns protective devices and cable products.
- For electrical wiring, it is desirable to use a copper cable. Despite the fact that, unlike aluminum, it is much more expensive, copper wire has excellent mechanical and electrical characteristics.
Before starting electrical work, a wiring diagram is first drawn up. With a clear idea and a power supply circuit diagram at hand, wiring becomes much easier.
Why is a wiring diagram needed?
Well, first of all, the scheme is necessary for compiling a list of necessary consumables. That is, having a diagram at hand, the length of the wire, the cross section of the wire in individual sections, the required number of sockets and switches, junction boxes and their marking places, etc. are calculated.
Also, a wiring diagram is necessary to determine the installation location and location of power wiring elements, such as: switchboard, circuit breakers, metering devices (meters), input of power wires and cables.
An example of drawing up a wiring diagram in a private house.
Power in a private house, as a rule, comes through a 0.4 kV overhead line. A phase wire L and a combined zero protective and working PEN (single-phase power) come from the overhead line support to the introductory electrical panel.
Fig 1. Input of power supply via an overhead line.
Recently, energy supply organizations have been practicing installing metering devices on the street, in the introductory electrical panel (previously, meters were installed inside the house). Therefore, an electric meter and an introductory circuit breaker are installed in the introductory electrical panel (you can also install an introductory RCD of selective action).
From the introductory shield, the supply wire or cable is laid to the internal electrical panel located directly inside the house.
From this internal electrical panel, the power supply of the house begins. In order to make the power supply more reliable, consumers are divided into groups. Consider the example of the main consumer groups:
- 1. Lighting;
- 2. Rosette group;
- 3. Power group (boiler, washing machine, boiler, etc.);
- 4. Owner. needs (outbuildings, garage, basement, etc.).
Separate protection devices (automatic devices, ouzo) are installed in the internal electrical panel for each consumer group.
Also for compiling wiring diagrams in a private house you need to have a plan of the house itself. Knowing the drawing of the house plan, you can superficially display the wiring diagram.
Fig 3. Layout of the electrical wiring of a private house.
From the above material, a fundamental house wiring diagram.
Ri 4. Wiring diagram of the house.
If the mansion is large, then you can split the consumers separately for each floor, half of the house or each room separately.
If three-phase power is suitable for the house?
If not single-phase, but three-phase power is suitable for the house, then in this case three phases (L1, L2, L3) and a combined zero protective and working wire PEN come from the support to the input electrical panel.
Wiring diagram of the apartment
Wiring diagrams in the apartment and the house do not have a significant difference between them. The difference between them is that the power supply of the apartment starts from the floor shield, since the power supply does not come through the overhead line, but through the cable line.
Entering electricity into the apartment begins at the stairwell, where the switchboard with the meter is located. A common switch is installed here, from which two independent lines usually go.
Each line is protected by an automatic package switch or a fuse (called a plug). Thus, in the event of a short circuit in one line, the apartment will not be completely de-energized.
Apartment wiring can be open or hidden. For open wiring, SHVVP or NYM wires can be used. Hidden wiring is divided into replaceable and non-replaceable. Replaceable wiring wires are laid inside vinyl-plastic pipes, and non-replaceable wiring directly under the plaster layer.
Previously, in Soviet times, metering and protection devices (meters, automatic machines, traffic jams) were located only in the stairwell of the apartment. Now, by many electricians, the wiring diagram in the apartment is being redone in such a way that an internal electrical panel is also installed in the apartment. From it already comes the distribution of individual electrical wiring lines in the rooms.
Before drawing up a wiring diagram in an apartment, you need to draw up a plan for the layout and location of future electrical appliances. That is, where a TV, refrigerator, computer, etc. will be installed.
This is necessary in order to know where and in what quantity to place sockets and light switches during installation and over time, when the repair is over, there was no need to use devices such as carriers and tees.
Consider an ordinary two-room apartment. We divide the wiring in it into the following main groups of consumers:
- - lighting (entrance hall, rooms, kitchen);
- - sockets (rooms);
- - bathroom, toilet (lighting);
- - kitchen (sockets);
Wiring diagram in the apartment similar to the scheme of a private house with a single-phase power supply.
Fig 6. Plan-scheme of electrical wiring in the apartment
Also, I would like to note that for bathrooms there are requirements for the location of switches - they are not allowed inside these rooms. In addition, plug sockets are not allowed in the bathroom.
An exception is the socket for connecting an electric shaver, however, its connection to the network must be made through a transformer.
An obligatory part of the repair work in the apartment is the replacement or installation of electrical cables, junction boxes, electrical panels. A well-chosen wiring diagram will protect your home from accidents and unforeseen situations.
We will tell you what you need to provide for self-replacing or laying electricians. Here you will learn how to draw up a diagram and distribute electrical outlets in one-room, two- and three-room apartments. Based on our recommendations, you will be able to provide yourself with a trouble-free energy network.
Modern household technologies at the end of the 20th century made a tangible breakthrough. In addition to televisions, computers, security and video surveillance systems, powerful household appliances, and wireless communications appeared in homes. In this regard, the wiring of electrical cables has become much more complicated, although the principles of the device have not changed.
Difficulties begin with the very first stage - design. In order to correctly draw up a wiring diagram in an apartment, you need to know in advance the approximate power of household electrical appliances, their location. At the same time, it is necessary to think over the lighting system in all rooms.
If you do not take into account the laying of computer cables and the installation of a router for a home network, in the future you will get wires hanging on the wall or stretched along the floor. At best, they can be hidden in the plinth or sewn into boxes.
In addition to a large number of new devices, another difference has appeared: along with the power network, there is always a low-current system, which traditionally includes telephone and television wires, as well as computer, security, acoustic equipment and an intercom.
These two systems (power and low-current) cannot be separated, since all devices are powered by 220 V power sources.
Wiring diagram of a low-current system in an apartment. Includes three networks: computer, telephone and television. Each network has its own types of cable and equipment.
The number of devices and cables operated simultaneously has changed. If earlier it was enough to install one chandelier in the hall, now many people use a lighting system that includes, in addition to the chandelier, spotlights and lighting.
An increase in power must be added to the increase in the number of equipment - for this reason, the old cables are no longer suitable, and the dimensions of the electrical switchboard have grown noticeably.
What is a wiring diagram for?
It turns out that the device of modern electrical wiring in an apartment is a real art, which only a professional electrician can handle.
If you do not want to constantly change the wall decoration in order to mask cables that appear here and there, we recommend that before repairing an apartment or building a house, draw up a drawing indicating all significant objects related to electricity: sockets, switches, electrical panel with, lighting fixtures.
Consider the power grid in terms of its constituent parts:
- Automatic protection devices installed in the electrical panel. The functioning of all home equipment and the safety of users depend on their quality and proper installation.
- Cables, wires with a properly selected section and good insulation.
- Sockets and switches with high-quality contacts, safe cases.
In private houses, an obligatory element is an introductory machine and a power cable from it to the shield. With the help they regulate the power consumption and, if necessary, turn off all the electricity at home.
In the article we will talk about how an electrician is made in a house with our own hands, wiring diagrams will also be considered. If a couple of decades ago, the loads on the electrical networks of cities and even villages were insignificant, but today the picture is the opposite. A lot of high-power household appliances - washing machines, multicookers, split systems and more.
The load on the electrical networks has increased many times over. And if the city has some reserve, then there is no such thing in the wiring of a private house, therefore, an increase in the load leads to the fact that the wires do not withstand and begin to collapse. Therefore, the question is that the electrician in the apartment and the house with their own hands should not only be repaired, but also completely changed.
Previously, they did wiring in houses according to the simplest scheme - a switch and an outlet for each room, but in modern conditions this turns out to be too little - you want to turn on three chargers, and a laptop, and a TV, and so on. To independently make wiring in the house, you need to know certain rules and standards that should be followed during installation. You will also learn how the wiring diagram is made, how to breed it correctly with your own hands and the requirements for it.
Regulations
Building materials and all activities of builders are regulated by certain rules and requirements, they are called GOST and SNiP. The Electrical Installation Rules (hereinafter PUE) also apply to electrical wiring in houses and structures. It is this regulatory document that prescribes all the requirements for electrical equipment, thoroughly indicating what to do with it and how. All electrics in the apartment and house are connected to the voltage with their own hands only after all checks for a short circuit have been carried out.
Requirements for electrical wiring in private houses and apartments
In the event that you decide to independently make electrical wiring in your home, you must carefully study all the requirements for it. But the main attention should be paid to the following points:
- The main components of electrical wiring (distribution boxes, switches, sockets, meters) must be made easily accessible. It is quite simple to install the wiring in the house with your own hands. Electricity, however, is demanding in terms of safety. But all the rules can be easily observed.
- Switches according to the PUE must be performed at a level of 0.6-1.5 meters from the floor surface. And you need to pay attention to the fact that when opening the doors they should not create an obstacle. For example, if the door opens to the right, then the switch must be located on the left. And if the door opens to the left, then the switch is mounted on the right. The cable must be laid to the switch from above.
- Sockets are mounted at a level of 0.5-0.8 meters from the floor surface. The fact is that at this level it is necessary to have it for safety purposes when the house is flooded. Moreover, a distance of at least 0.5 m must be maintained from a gas or electric stove, heating radiators, pipes (and other objects with grounding). Wires go to all sockets from the bottom up. This is how it is done by hand. Wiring diagrams are given in the article.
- For every 6 sq. m. area of the room should be one outlet. An exception is the kitchen, in which as many sockets are mounted as necessary (based on the number of household appliances located in it). It is forbidden to install sockets in the toilet, but in the bathroom it is allowed, only on condition that there is an isolation through a transformer (220 volts are supplied to the primary winding, the same amount is removed from the secondary). The transformer is installed outside the bathroom.
- Before starting work, you need to make a wiring plan, clearly indicate its location in the walls. Please note that all wires must be either horizontal or vertical - but not diagonally or in a broken line. So the wiring in the house should not be done with your own hands. The wiring diagram of all devices must take this feature into account.
- There must be a certain distance from ceilings, pipes and other obstacles. For example, from the beams you need to maintain a distance of 5-10 cm, from the cornices - the same amount. About 15 cm must be maintained from the ceiling, and 15-20 cm from the floor. If we are talking about vertical surfaces, then there should be at least 10 cm from door and window openings. But between the gas pipe and the wiring, it is necessary to maintain a distance of more than 0.4 m.
- External or hidden wiring should not touch the metal parts of any structures.
- If several wires run in parallel, the distance must be maintained between them over three millimeters. An alternative option is to hide each wire in a protective box or corrugation. So the electrician is mounted in the house with his own hands. Schemes should be designed with this in mind.
- Connecting and distributing wires should be in special junction boxes. All joints must be carefully insulated, and one feature must be taken into account - it is forbidden to connect copper and aluminum wires. If you make wiring from copper wire, then you make it all out of it, there should not be any sections of aluminum.
- Grounding (including zero wires) must be fixed to all devices using bolted connections.
These are the requirements that all electricians ask for. You can draw up wiring diagrams with your own hands only if you take into account all these rules and regulations.
house wiring project
First of all, you need to create a wiring project, it all starts with it. From it will be repelled in the future during the installation. Of course, it will be much better if it is made for you by experienced technicians who have been doing this for more than one year. But if you have experience, go for it.
But keep in mind that your own safety depends on how the project is made. You definitely need to know what symbols are used when drawing up diagrams and projects. It is worth noting that Russian standards are quite different from European or American ones, so you should not use foreign schemes in our country. All the electrics in the house are designed with their own hands (the diagrams are given in the article) at the initial stage.
Draw a plan of a house or apartment, mark on it the places where sockets, switches, chandeliers, etc. will be installed. The number of electrical appliances was mentioned a little lower. At this stage, the main goal is to create a diagram on which all the places for mounting devices will be indicated. The second part is to outline the places for laying wires around the apartment. Of course, you need to know where the household appliances will be.
Wiring
Then make the wiring of all wires. And if creating a scheme with the location of consumers is a simple matter, at this stage of work it is worth dwelling in more detail. Three types of connections and wiring can be used:
- Consistent.
- Parallel.
- Mixed.
The third one is considered the most attractive from the point of view of saving materials.
An electrician is made in the house with his own hands (mixed-type circuits) with the highest possible efficiency. To make your work easier, ungroup:
- Lighting corridors, residential premises, kitchens.
- Bathroom and toilet (lighting).
- Sockets in living rooms, corridors.
- Sockets in the kitchen.
- Electric stove socket (if necessary).
Please note that this is the simplest option for grouping electricity consumers. The fewer groups, the less materials will be used up. The above example is the simplest and most economical. It can be complicated: literally to every outlet, for example, to bring electrical wiring. You begin to realize a little about how to conduct an electrician in a private house with your own hands.
To simplify the laying of electrical wiring, it can be mounted under the floor (for sockets). In the case of overhead lighting, installation in floor slabs can be carried out. Ideal for the "lazy" way - there is no need to ditch the walls and ceiling. Moreover, on the plan diagram, this type of wiring must be marked with dotted lines.
Current consumption calculation
Be sure to take into account the strength of the current that will flow through the network. There is a simple formula for this: current strength is the ratio of the total power of all consumers to voltage (we can say that this is a constant, since the voltage standard in our country is 220 Volts). Let's say you have the following consumers:
- 2000W electric kettle.
- A dozen incandescent lamps, each 60 watts (600 watts in total).
- 1000W microwave oven.
- Refrigerator with a power of 400 W.
The voltage in the network is 220 V, the total power is 2000 + 600 + 1000 + 400, that is, 4000 watts. Dividing this value by the voltage in the network, we get 16.5 A. But if you look at practical data, then in apartments and houses the maximum current consumption rarely reaches 25 Amperes.
According to this parameter, it is necessary to select all materials for installation. In particular, it depends on the strength of the current Please note that you must always take a margin of 25%. In other words, if you calculated a current consumption of 16 A, you cannot install a fuse with the same tripping current value. It is necessary to choose a standard value greater than the calculated one.
Wire brands for use in homes
Now about how the electrician is mounted in the house. The cable (PUE rules regulate all its parameters) must be selected based on current characteristics. It is desirable that the wiring in the house or apartment be made of the following materials:
- Wire brand VVG-5X6. This wire consists of five cores, each has a cross section of 6 square meters. mm. It is widely used for houses that have a three-phase network to connect the light box to the main one.
- VVG-2X6 has two cores with a cross section of 6 square meters. mm. It is widely used for single-phase power houses to connect the light box and the main one.
- The wire brand VVG-3X2.5 has three cores, each with a cross section of 2.5 square meters. mm. It is used to connect lighting boards with junction boxes. Also from boxes to sockets.
- Brand VVG-3X1.5 has three cores, each with a cross section of 1.5 square meters. mm. It is used to connect switches and lighting lamps.
- The brand is three-core, the cross section of each core is 4 square meters. mm. It is used to connect electric stoves.
Material counts
Now consider what components (including small ones) the electrical wiring in the house consists of. Do-it-yourself project, wiring, installation, is carried out quickly enough. True, you will have to try pretty hard to count the number of wires as accurately as possible. To do this, according to the plan, go through the apartment with a tape measure. After taking measurements, add four meters on top - the stock will not be superfluous.
At the entrance to the house, all the wires from the house are placed to it. It installs automatic switches. Please note that the machines must have a maximum tripping current of 16 or 20 Amps. must be connected via a separate circuit breaker. With a power of up to 7 kW, a 32 A automatic machine is used, with a larger one - by 63 A.
After counting the number of junction boxes and sockets, there is nothing complicated in this matter, this is done according to the scheme drawn up earlier. In the future, you will need various "little things", for example, insulating tape, lugs, tubes, cable channels, boxes, thermal insulation, and others. Now it’s worth talking about what tools do the wiring in the house with your own hands. The scheme is considered in some detail.
Work Tools
When carrying out, always follow the safety rules. In order not to get confused, it is better to do it yourself, but if you have a partner, then help should be minimal - give, bring, do not interfere. You will need the following tool:
- Multimeter.
- Perforator.
- Bulgarian.
- Screwdriver.
- Pliers.
- Wire cutters.
- Curly and flat screwdrivers.
- Level.
If you are doing repairs in an old apartment and changing the wiring at the same time, you need to pull out all the cables so that they do not interfere. For this work, a special electrical wiring detection sensor is useful.
Marking the location of the wires
On the wall, put marks along which you will lay the wires. Pay attention to whether the position of the wires complies with the rules. After the places for the passage of electrical cables have been outlined, sockets, boxes, shields and switches can be marked. Please note that in new apartments there is a niche for installing a shield. And in old houses, shields are simply attached to the wall.
Wall chasing
First of all, install a special nozzle on the puncher and drill holes for installing junction boxes, switches and sockets. To lay wires, it is necessary to make grooves in the walls - strobes. They are made using a grinder or a perforator. Whichever method you choose, dirt and dust will suffice. The groove should have a depth of 2 cm. As for the width, it should be enough to lay all the wires. As you understand, do-it-yourself wiring is a simple matter, it is more difficult to make installation from a physical point of view.
Separate story with the ceiling. If you plan to make a hinged one, then simply install all the wires on the floor. This is the easiest way. A little more difficult is to make a shallow strobe. And one more - to hide in the ceiling. For example, in panel houses, such ceilings are used in which there are internal voids. Therefore, two holes are enough to lay the wires. And the last thing is punching holes in the corners of the rooms to bring the wires to the central shield. After proceeding to closed (you will have to ditch the walls) or open methods.
Conclusion
The most important thing in the installation of electrical wiring in houses and apartments is to adhere to all the rules and regulations in accordance with GOST, SNiP, PUE. So you can not only achieve maximum efficiency from electrical wiring, but also reliability, durability, and most importantly - safety. And try to use only high-quality materials during installation. For example, it is desirable to use copper wires - they have a much longer service life (better conductivity, they heat up less).
