In private housing construction, the most popular are concrete and wooden floors. The floors of the first floors are often made of monolithic reinforced concrete or reinforced concrete slabs; for the second floors the floors are usually made of wood. Unlike concrete, floors made of wooden beams the walls are not so heavily loaded, and wood is an affordable and environmentally friendly material.
Insulation of the interfloor ceiling is necessary if there is an unheated room on the floor below (for example, a garage or vestibule) or the room “goes” beyond the boundaries outer wall(for example, the ceiling cantilevers beyond the outer wall of the first floor).
If the rooms separated by a ceiling have a positive temperature, then they no longer need insulation, but to ensure tightness and sound insulation. This task is relevant for wooden floors, which do not have high sound absorption capacity.
A universal solution for providing thermal insulation, airtightness and sound insulation interfloor ceilings is the use of thermal insulation PIR boards PirroKraft and PirroUniversal.
PIR consists of a system of rigid closed cells that give the board high strength. PIR boards are laid on top of the beams and form a continuous insulating layer that cuts off flooring from load-bearing wooden beams.
- Fire safety. PIR is fire resistant due to its special formula. The closed porous structure of PIR insulation prevents the combustion of polymers, allowing them only to char when exposed to flame. PIR does not support combustion, does not spread flame, does not melt or form burning melt droplets.
- Moisture resistance. The material is non-hygroscopic and does not need protection from water vapor. The use of a vapor barrier layer is necessary only in rooms with wet processes - kitchen, bathroom, etc., in which the volume of water vapor released is significant for wooden floors.
- Environmental friendliness .PIR boards are environmentally friendly to use, they do not contain styrene and formaldehyde, and are a chemically inert product with stable properties throughout their entire service life. The accumulation of dust, the development of bacterial populations and the occurrence of mold on the surface of the slabs and in areas adjacent to structural elements are excluded.
- High strength. PIR boards are characterized by significant strength characteristics and low weight. The compressive strength exceeds 120 kPa and the tensile strength exceeds 150 kPa. The density of PIR boards is 30 kg/m 3, and the weight of a 100 mm thick board is only 3.1 kg/m 2!
- If mineral wool is used under wooden floor beams, it is necessary to hem a vapor barrier film. It is needed to retain small fibers of insulation, which fall down over time under the influence of vibration loads on the floor. In the case of PIR boards, such a layer is not needed. PIR boards do not contain harmful fibers; when working with them, no fibrous dust is generated that requires respiratory protection. This condition is especially relevant for rooms with already glazed window openings.
- Thanks to laying PIR boards on top of the load-bearing layer of the floor (in the case of wooden beams), you are not tied to their spacing, and there is no waste from cutting the insulation.
- PIR boards have less rigidity than extruded foam, so they absorb sound better.
- The profiled ends of PIR slabs - “quarter” and “tongue and groove” - provide the slabs with high tightness of the joints.
- PIR boards are easy to cut construction knife, hacksaw.
- PIR boards are available in standard sizes: 1200x600 mm and 1200x1200 mm. For thermal and sound insulation of floors, slabs with profiled ends with a quarter thickness of 30 mm, 50 mm and 100 mm are recommended.
- Thanks to the raw materials used and special linings, PIR boards do not allow rodents and insects to create population and habitat zones.
- The use of PIR boards reduces the volume of required insulation, reduces delivery costs, increases installation speed, reduces the width of the foundation (foundation costs), and achieves high performance energy saving.
Technical characteristics of PIR boards PirroUniversal
Technical characteristics of PIR-boards PirroThermo
Technical characteristics of PIR boards PirroWall
Technical characteristics of PIR-boards PirroKraft
Instructions for insulating concrete interfloor slabs
1 step
Surface preparation. Free the base surface. Make sure it is level using a 2 meter lath.
Step 2
Laying PIR boards PIRRO.
To separate the floor screed and load-bearing base(floor slabs) it is possible to use profiled and non-profiled PIR slabs. PIR boards are laid in rows, with offset joints in adjacent rows. Mechanical fastening of the slabs to the base is not required.
Step 3
Installation of damper tape (for the installation of “floating” floors).
Attach to the wall around the perimeter of the room damper tape made of foamed polyethylene with a thickness of 4-10 mm or a special edge tape. The width of the strip should be such that after installation its upper edge is not lower than the finished floor level.
Step 4
A separating layer of polyethylene film thickness of at least 100 microns, foamed polyethylene or similar thick materials. This layer eliminates the possibility of mortar getting into the joints of the slabs. The rolled out separating layer sheets must have overlaps of at least 10cm. As an alternative, you can use any tape to seal the seams.
Step 5
The screed is made with a thickness of at least 40 mm. To distribute the loads, it is recommended to reinforce it steel mesh. After completing the screed, you can begin installing the floors.
Instructions for insulating wooden interfloor ceilings
1 step
Preparing the base for laying PIR slabs. As a base under the slabs, a sparse boardwalk from edged boards. Boards can be laid in increments equal to the width of the board.
Step 2
Laying PIR boards. PIR boards are laid on top of the flooring in the transverse direction with offsets in adjacent rows. The recommended displacement is at least 20 cm. It is recommended to fix the laid slabs. To do this, they are fastened with 2-3 self-tapping screws (nails) to the boardwalk, while the head of the fastener should be recessed into the slab by 1-2 cm. Sealing the joints. Along the perimeter, in places where they adjoin the walls, the gaps between the PIR boards and the walls should be filled polyurethane foam.
Step 3
Step 4
Floor installation. First, the sheathing elements are laid on the insulation in increments (usually edged board), which are attached with self-tapping screws to the sparse plank flooring through the laid layer of insulation. A finishing floorboard is laid over the sheathing, or a continuous flooring of boards is made, OSB boards or other hard sheet materials for the subsequent installation of finished floors in accordance with your project.
The base for laying PIR boards must be level and clean. If necessary, a leveling screed is performed.
For better sound insulation interfloor concrete floors, it is recommended to install “floating” floors. In floating floors, the base under the finished floor - the screed - should not be connected in any way to the walls and concrete floor. In this case, the effect of “sound bridges” will be eliminated.
Skirting boards in floating floors should only be attached to the floor or only to the wall.
When using brands of PIR boards with foil facings, a separating layer of polyethylene film with a thickness of 100 microns should be laid between the PIR board and the cement-containing layer.
To insulate the floor, the thickness of the PIR slabs is determined thermotechnical calculation. To install floating floors, it is enough to use slabs with a thickness of 30 mm.
Laying PIR boards is possible both on top of wooden beams and below. When laying on top of beams, a sparse plank flooring must first be installed. PIR-slabs PIRRO The recommended displacement of each subsequent row of slabs is at least 10 cm. Free overhangs of PIR slabs are allowed.
When installing a thermal insulation layer, the slabs can be secured against displacement with wood screws, and the screw head should be recessed into the slab by 1-2 cm. To ensure the tightness of the thermal insulation layer, the joints of the PIR slabs with the external walls should be filled with polyurethane foam.
Installing a vapor barrier layer. Executed only for wet areas. A vapor barrier layer is installed at the bottom of the beams. As a rule, vapor barriers are made from rolled materials based on polypropylene. The sheets are attached to the bottom of the beams with overlaps of at least 15 cm.
Installation of ceilings. As the base of the ceiling, continuous lining with boards or slabs of OSB, DSP, GVL can be used for the further installation of any type of ceiling (plaster, including based on gypsum plasterboard, tension, lath, etc.).
Floor installation. On top of the PIR slab, a sheathing is laid in increments - a board or block, which is attached with self-tapping screws to the beams through the laid layer of insulation. Along the sheathing, a continuous flooring is laid from boards or the above slab materials for subsequent installation of finished floors.
The ends of wooden beams must be treated with an antiseptic. To protect against capillary moisture in the wall, the beam should be supported on the wall through waterproofing material.
The end of the beam cannot be covered. Between the street wall and the end of the beam, a gap of 10-20 mm should be left for the escape of water vapor from the wood.
The cross-section of wooden beams should be selected based on the overlapped span between the walls, the pitch of the beams and the floor structure. The most common beam cross-sections are 200x150 mm and 200x200 mm.
Do not forget that the ceilings that cantilever out onto the street become part of thermal circuit at home, and therefore a layer of vapor barrier must be introduced into their composition.
To speed up work, you can stack several PIR slabs in an even stack and cut them at the same time. This is due to the ease of processing the slabs.
The final operation of the zero cycle is the installation of floor slabs on the foundation, which cannot be done without lifting equipment. For most construction work TTK maps have been developed to eliminate injuries and ensure the required quality.
The PC layout plan takes into account interfloor technological openings, the range of reinforced concrete products from factories in the region, the configuration of the building, and the presence of ventilation ducts in the internal load-bearing walls. Monolithic areas that will have to be filled locally are indicated separately. Delivery of floor slabs is carried out on semi-trailers only if the length of the products is within 3.2 m. If non-standard panels of greater length are used, they are moved on panel trucks.
The basic rules for laying prefabricated floors are as follows:
- panels can only be placed on aligned horizontal plane foundations;
- with a height difference of up to 5 cm, leveling with a screed is allowed; large values exclusively by masonry or armored belt poured into the formwork;
- support from 6 cm for reinforced concrete, from 12.5 cm for brickwork;
- the thickness of the pastel mortar is 15 – 20 mm with mandatory longitudinal reinforcement with a rod round section 10 – 12 mm (A240 fittings);
- adjustment of PC products should be carried out with crowbars in the first 10 minutes, always with tensioned slings;
- concrete plugs for voids are installed in the slab before or after laying, depending on the availability of access to the ends of the product;
- Anchoring the panels together is mandatory, with load-bearing walls depending on the project.
Attention! It is prohibited to crush PC slabs with crushed bricks or crushed stone to level the lower planes of the basement/underground ceiling. Sand or solution must be sifted before work begins.
Surface preparation
Before placing the slabs on the supporting surface, the foundation is cleaned of mortar, concrete deposits, and dirt. To install the first reinforced concrete product, workers need stepladders, scaffolding, ladders or scaffolding in the basement. If a prefabricated floor is being made on a MZLF foundation, these devices are usually not necessary.
Before installation, the quality of waterproofing of the upper edge of the foundation is checked. The film or roll layer must be continuous and be a continuation vertical waterproofing external and internal walls.
At the same stage, a solution is prepared at the rate of 2 - 6 buckets for each floor slab, depending on its width. Or you can order a mixture from a mortar unit with guaranteed brand strength. The mortar bed is laid for one/several panels depending on the following factors:
- air temperature - in cold weather the cement-sand mixture can freeze, and in hot weather it can dry out and lose its properties;
- experience of workers - professionals usually apply a bed for 3 - 4 reinforced concrete products, taking into account monolithic areas.
Attention! Working surface The PC is the bottom edge of the slab, so one specialist with bubble level to control the horizontal in two directions, maintaining the flatness of adjacent panels.
Installation of PC panels
Laying the floor slabs begins from the corner closest to the faucet or from the wall with the ventilation duct. In any case, two installers are enough for slinging. Work is usually carried out from the vehicle that delivered the PC product to the site in order to reduce unloading time. To ensure design support, the length of the spans is pre-measured with a tape measure.
IN TTK maps details on how to correctly lay slabs on a foundation with minimal costs time:
- slinging by mounting loops - with sling hooks or special lifting devices;
- supplying the product to the installation site - workers are at a safe distance, unfolding the panel into the design position using hooks in weight;
- laying - after leveling the mortar bed, longitudinal reinforcement is sunk into it in the middle of the supporting surface (3 cm from the edge for reinforced concrete, 6 cm for masonry), the floor slab is leveled on both sides, smoothly lowered into place, the slings remain taut.
If necessary, the reinforced concrete product is adjusted with crowbars during the first 10 minutes relative to the axis of the wall. Then the slings are loosened completely, the lower worker controls the horizontal in two directions.
Attention! Leveling with mortar is carried out by lifting the slab by all mounting loops, and not by one side. If you lift the PC by two loops, spontaneous movement is possible, squeezing out the solution from under the second edge.
When installing the first slab, the foundation cannot be used for workers to walk on, regardless of the width of the tape. It is necessary to use scaffolding, stepladders, and scaffolding. Then the prefabricated floor is mounted according to the layout diagram, the slabs are laid close to each other with their long sides. Concrete (less often polystyrene foam) plugs are usually placed in the voids at the ends after installation of the entire prefabricated basement floor.
Tying slabs with reinforcement
The rules for laying interfloor slabs provide slab anchoring according to the following schemes:
- outer plates - diagonal tying with wire 3 - 5 mm;
- adjacent panels - U-shaped lintels made of smooth reinforcement A240 with a diameter of 10 mm;
- slab/wall – L-shaped anchor with a bend of 30 – 40 cm;
- longitudinal connections - between the slabs resting on the internal load-bearing wall, smooth reinforcement 10 mm.
Thus, the prefabricated horizontal disk of the floor receives additional spatial rigidity and connection with walls made of bricks and concrete blocks.
Attention: The standard support for PC slabs is 6 – 12.5 cm. In the event of seismic activity, the anchors will ensure the evacuation of people from the building, preventing individual slabs from collapsing.
For normal connection of the PC with internal load-bearing walls, it is enough to place 3 longitudinal anchors on each linear meter length. All elements are joined to the mounting loops by welding in accordance with SP 70.13330 for enclosing and load-bearing structures.
Thermal insulation of joints
After laying the slab, the perimeter of the foundation is leveled brickwork. This material is a cold bridge by default, so it is necessary to lay bars of extruded polystyrene foam or mineral wool between it and the floor slab. Only in this case will heat loss through the floor be minimal.
Scheme of insulation of the ends of floor slabs.
It is allowed to use solid strips along the entire length of the wall, assembled from pieces of insulation. If there are cracks, it is necessary to fill them with polyurethane foam, the characteristics of which are almost similar to the specified heat insulator.
Sealing joints
The above thermal insulation is required exclusively along the outer perimeter of the floor slabs. However, reinforced concrete products have conical longitudinal edges, so there are seams between them. In addition, the width of internal load-bearing walls is usually greater than the supporting surfaces of two adjacent slabs. In the first case, it is enough to fill the longitudinal joints of the floor slabs with M100 mortar. In the second option, it is necessary to monolith the area, connecting the slabs and the foundation. For this, ready-mixed concrete of class B12.5 and higher can be used.
Attention! On sections of internal load-bearing walls strip foundation may contain ventilation ducts coming from the underground level. Before laying the mixture on this monolithic area it is necessary to first carry out the masonry to extend the channels to the next floor.
This technology allows you to lay PC slabs on the foundation with minimal time without reducing the strength of the horizontal floor disc. At the same time, a rigid connection with the load-bearing walls is ensured, and the safety of residents during natural disasters is guaranteed.
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When constructing any buildings, and especially housing, it is important to create the maximum level of comfort in the premises. Indicators of this level are humidity and temperature regime. Protection from cold outside air and moisture penetration are ensured by enclosing structures (walls, ceilings).
Only technical characteristics the construction material itself for reliable protection not enough. Therefore, insulating the floor slab is as important as insulating the walls. For floors above basements insulation is provided in the floor design. The first layer is laid over reinforced concrete slabs cement screed, which serves as a base, but often only seal the seams between the slabs.
Wooden logs are installed on slabs on thin soundproofing pads made of fiberboard or chipboard about 25 mm thick. The space between the joists is filled with insulation. The most common ones include mineral wool, soft basalt slabs, ready-made dry fillings, materials from the Izol series. Next, a vapor barrier layer (any roll material such as roofing felt, glassine, etc.).
In addition to laying insulation on a horizontal surface, it is also necessary to insulate the ends of the floor slabs to prevent them from freezing in winter period. To do this, the holes in the ends are first clogged with construction waste (for example, brick fragments) and filled with mortar. The space between the masonry and the end of the slab, approximately 50 mm, is filled with insulation (mineral wool, polystyrene foam, basalt insulation).
We insulate attic floors
To insulate the attic floor slabs, the same materials are used as for the slabs above the basement. But vapor barrier materials laid in the first layer on the slabs. The thickness of the insulation is determined by calculation, taking into account climate zone construction.
When choosing soft insulation, it should be taken into account that under any load it will compress, gradually losing its heat-shielding properties. These loads, at least temporary, from walking on the ceiling to inspect the roof, and especially when storing some things in the attic, are inevitable. Therefore, it is necessary to provide areas with walking bridges along wooden joists or areas with dense flooring also made along logs.
If and for attic floor If you plan to purchase PB or PC floor slabs, then the insulation of the ends of the floor slabs is carried out similarly to the method already described.
At repair work additional insulation Attic floor slabs can also be made along the inner surface on the side of the living space. Good effect laying a thin insulating layer under hanging structure ceiling.
When insulating the floor slab using any materials under wooden floors on joists or attic walking bridges, should be left ventilation gap between insulation and wooden flooring.
Floor slabs are reinforced concrete products that are produced for the construction of various structures. They are made of crushed stone and concrete using powerful reinforcement.
The floors are made of crushed stone and concrete using powerful reinforcement.
Laying floor slabs, like any technology, has its own characteristics and rules that need to be paid attention to.
It is important to familiarize yourself with the main stages of the work in advance in order to avoid mistakes during the construction process.
In private construction, floors made of reinforced concrete round-hollow slabs are most often used. They are popular due to their advantages, which distinguish them from other types of flooring. Thanks to the voids that are filled with air, they retain heat well and increase sound insulation. Unlike some other similar products, they have significantly less weight, which reduces the load on supporting structures.
Necessary tools for work: trowel, hammer, tape measure.
To carry out the work you will need the appropriate tools and equipment:
- truck crane or tower crane;
- loop grip;
- steel solution box;
- construction steel scrap;
- electrode holder;
- Bulgarian;
- shovels: mortar and pick-up;
- trowel;
- cam, crowbar;
- steel wire brush;
- hammer and chisel;
- - bucket;
- roulette, level.
The following materials will be needed:
- floors;
- cement-sand mortar;
- electrodes;
- expanded polystyrene.
Diagram of a hollow core slab.
Hollow-core slabs are produced to order in any size, but sometimes situations arise during the installation process when you need to reduce their width or length, or cut out the desired shape. In this case, the slab must be cut using a grinder and a crowbar.
There are two cutting options: lengthwise and crosswise. In order to cut the material crosswise, the following scheme is used:
- the ceiling is located horizontally with linings laid under it;
- the necessary markings for shortening are applied;
- the structure is cut with a grinder along the marked lines;
- using a cam, blows are made on the voids near the cut line across the entire width;
- The bottom wall of the pipe is broken through with a crowbar, and the fittings underneath are cut with a grinder with a metal disc installed.
Approximately the same pattern is used to cut lengthwise. But this will take more time, since the length is greater than the width. The stages of work will be as follows:
- it is necessary to mark a line and make a longitudinal cut along it with a grinder;
- use your fist to break the wall of the void that runs along the slab;
- Use a crowbar to break through the bottom wall of the pipe.
During cutting in concrete layer there are rods reinforcing mesh, which can also be cut with a grinder.
Laying with insufficient width
Floor slab installation diagram.
During the process of laying slabs, it may turn out that the dimensions of the room do not correspond to their dimensions. As a result, gaps appear between the floor elements or between them and the wall. Exists simple circuit fix this problem.
The size of the gap must be divided into two equal parts. In this case, the first slab is laid at a certain distance from the wall, which is equal to the width of one of the resulting parts. All other structures are mounted end-to-end. As a result, a gap forms between the slab and the last wall, where it is necessary to poke a cinder block. It is securely fixed, as it rests against the slab. You need to lay the cinder block so that its holes point to the sides, and not down or up. External wall the structure will further secure it. This design may not seem reliable at first glance, but in reality it is quite durable.
There is another technology for bridging the gap, when its size is distributed between the plates. Then, under each gap, a board is tied, which acts as formwork, into which reinforcement is laid and concrete is poured.
Cracked structure
Sometimes during construction it is discovered that the floor slab has cracked before it has even been laid. The cause of such a defect is improper storage or transportation. Given building material must be stored in a certain way, observing basic rules.
Structural elements must be stacked without touching the ground. Under the lower one, you need to place a non-wetting and non-rotting base, high enough and strong enough. It is advisable to lay the slabs in a horizontal position and install gaskets between them. wooden slats. The distance from the slats to the edge of the product should be 20-40 cm.
If everything necessary conditions are met, if there is a solid base, the stack can have 8-10 rows, but should not have a height of more than 2.5 meters.
Laying a broken slab
If the slab does crack, can it be used as a floor? Builders quite often use flooring materials with similar defects during construction; they are laid provided that the cracks are not too large. At the same time, it is important not to load them too much and to secure them additionally.
There are several options where it is better to install slabs with cracks.
- Place it on the outer or load-bearing wall by 0.1-0.15 m. This laying scheme assumes that the slab will rest simultaneously on three walls not only with its short edges, but also with its long side. It is securely pressed against the higher walls, thereby providing additional support.
- You can lay the slab where it is installed brick partition, which will support it.
- There is another installation scheme, when the burst material is mounted between two whole ones. During installation, rusts form between the structures, which must be carefully sealed with mortar to create an almost monolithic ceiling.
- The deformed slab can be laid in a place where there is minimal load. For example, for an attic floor, but it is important that structural elements the roofs did not rest on it.
- If the cracks are quite large, about 4-10 mm or there are many of them, it is necessary to cut off the damaged part and use only the whole one.
Sealing joints
A joint or rustle is where the long sides meet. To obtain a strong and solid ceiling, all rustications must be filled with mortar. Round-hollow flooring materials have locks on the sides, which look like round recesses. During the process of pouring rustications, the recesses are filled with concrete and the slabs are securely connected to each other.
Sometimes you come across defective products that have incorrectly made sides with locks. When they are connected, the notch is at the bottom, and the top is tightly joined. As a result, it seems that it will be difficult to fill such rust with concrete. In fact, the scheme of work is quite simple. To repair defective rust, it is necessary to connect the ceiling elements not end-to-end, but to leave a small gap - 2-3 cm. It should be located in the upper part. At the bottom, along the length of the rust, you need to tie wooden board, which will serve as formwork for pouring concrete. The solution, which is not thick in consistency, is poured into the rustication through the upper gap. After the solution has hardened, the work can be considered completed.
Installation technology
Diagram of a prefabricated floor slab.
The slabs are laid and lifted by a truck crane. A device is attached to its main hook, which has four cables of the same length with hooks that are connected to mounting loops located on the floors. This scheme prevents rotation during lifting and ensures a horizontal position for the product.
The technology involves laying the material on a solution that will prevent the formation of cracks and promote a strong fit of the building elements. Therefore, within 10-20 minutes it is allowed to move them using a crowbar to give the desired position. The slabs must rest on load-bearing walls and approach them by about 0.12-0.15 m.
A steel rod is inserted into the mounting loops, which are located nearby, and its protruding edges are bent inward, after which they are connected using welding. As a result, adjacent slabs are firmly connected.
It is important that the flooring is laid as quickly as possible. comfortable conditions. For example, you can place the dishes with the solution on the first installed structure so as not to be distracted from work and not waste time and effort going downstairs to get it each time.
The laying scheme after completion of their installation provides for sealing the ends to prevent freezing. These actions will help to additionally preserve heat in the house, since the cold will not be able to get inside.
Sealing the ends
There are several ways to seal the ends of slabs.
- You can use mineral wool and fill the voids of the pipes with it approximately 0.2-0.3 m deep.
- Fill voids to 0.12-0.25 m with light concrete mortar or close with concrete plugs.
- To fill the voids, use backfill bricks on mortar and seal the surface with mortar.
Sometimes the slab is very close to the facing masonry. If there is no insulation between them and the ends are not sealed, the ceiling will begin to freeze and become covered with ice in the room. The stove will become a source of cold, and when the heating is turned on due to sharp drop temperatures, “dew” forms on its surface. To get rid of this problem already finished house, the following scheme of actions will do.
- It is necessary to drill with a hammer drill bottom side slabs hole in frozen pipes.
- Insert a tube sloping towards the outer wall into the resulting recess and blow foam through it.
- The result should be a foam plug extending to a depth of 01.-0.2 m, which will serve as a heat insulator.
The ends must be sealed not only for slabs resting on external walls, but also for those resting on internal ones.
Monolithic floors reinforced concrete slabs floors have long been known and have proven themselves in the construction of private and multi-storey buildings. To this day, they are in demand and popular, especially in the construction of large-area cottages. Reinforced concrete hollow-core floor slabs have a lot of advantages; the design of these slabs is such that, in addition to evenly distributing the load over the entire surface, they also additionally add rigidity and stability to the building.
General information and advantages of reinforced concrete slabs
The slabs are made of concrete, in which iron reinforcement is installed during pouring. The slabs along their length have circular longitudinal voids, which, in combination with reinforcement, gives the structure a huge advantage. A reinforced concrete slab can withstand bending and not break when high loads, it is very durable correct operation during construction. Monolithic slabs factory-produced meet all the requirements for floors, they are durable and resistant to high temperatures. It is very important that the reinforced concrete slab is a good sound insulator and, in addition, retains heat.
Equally important is the fact that the use of slabs in construction greatly speeds up and simplifies the process; they can be installed where no other flooring method is suitable. For example, laying the floors of a private house with an area of over 100 m² using pouring will take a lot of time, in addition to labor costs, as well as financial costs will be much higher than when laying the floor with reinforced concrete slabs.
Correct selection of slabs and calculations
When laying the floor of the first floor, you need to understand that a large load will be placed on it, so it is important to correctly calculate the weight of the structure and take into account everything, including total weight home and furniture or equipment that will be installed on the premises. The thickness of reinforced concrete slabs is standard and equal to 220 mm, but the slabs can be designed for different weight loads depending on their brand. Here, the reinforcement of the slab and what grade of concrete it is made of play a role.
Reinforced concrete slabs are produced in lengths of 2.4-6.8 meters, the width of such slabs, depending on the length, is 1.2-1.5 meters, and their weight is 0.9-2.5 tons. This allows the use of small equipment during construction, cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 3 tons. It is not difficult to understand which slab you need; a marking is placed on the surface, for example, a PC 8-42-12 slab will be 4.2 meters long, 1.2 m wide, with a weight load of 800 kg/m².
Rules for installing slabs depending on the floor
When laying floor slabs, it is important to consider where they will be laid, since installation rules ground floor differ from laying floors between floors.
In the case of laying a basement floor, it is necessary to first carry out work to level the foundation, namely its upper edge. To do this, the upper edge of the foundation is not made of high formwork from boards; here it is necessary to pour a small layer of concrete to create a perfectly flat horizontal surface. Now a reinforced concrete slab can be laid on such a platform.
The slabs are laid taking into account their taper; it turns out that the lower part of the slab will fit smoothly with the adjacent row. There is a small seam at the top that needs to be sealed. cement mortar. Thus it turns out practically flat surface floors in the shortest possible time. Depending on the type of floor you'll be laying, you may need to use a thin screed, but for most flooring materials, a slab without additional finishing is suitable.
In the case when a reinforced concrete slab is laid as a floor between floors, an additional reinforced concrete belt must be made on the walls made of bricks or blocks. This is something like a seismic belt, which is performed as follows. When the height of the walls is laid out to required height, another row is laid, but one layer needs to be laid in order to leave an inner end around the entire perimeter, into which the slab will lie, and from the outside this place will be covered with brick. Before laying the slab, as in the first case, it is necessary to perform formwork and pour a thin layer of concrete with reinforcement. As a result, a niche is formed with a small gap for laying insulation materials, where the slab is laid. A thin layer of reinforced concrete increases the strength of the surface and evenly distributes the load from the slab along the walls.
Insulation
The floor slabs themselves serve good insulation, since they are located inside the premises of the house, there is no need to insulate them, however, it is necessary to insulate the ends. The slab has high thermal conductivity, which is undoubtedly good, because the slab on the upper floor conducts heat from below and thus the floor becomes warm. But the stove will receive cold from the ends, so you need to protect it with a layer of insulation. In the niche that was formed during the reinforcement process, where the slab adjoins the wall, it is necessary to lay insulation. Then this space, like the rest of the cracks, is filled with concrete.
It is necessary to carry out insulation, otherwise condensation will form in these voids, which the slab will absorb and gradually collapse. In addition to the destruction of the slab, humidity will appear in the room, and in places where there is reinforcement, rust will appear, which will not be covered with any putty.
Actually, this completes the process of creating floors and interfloor ceilings; now you can begin finishing the floor with materials. As already mentioned, you may have to apply a thin leveling layer of screed
With these types of work, construction equipment can greatly help you, for example
