Research"The study of electrical conductivity aqueous solution drinking soda"
Introduction
Soda was known to man about one and a half to two thousand years before our era, and maybe even earlier. It was mined from soda lakes and extracted from a few deposits in the form of minerals. The first information about obtaining soda by evaporating the water of soda lakes dates back to 64 AD. Until the 18th century, alchemists of all countries seemed to be a kind of substance that hissed with the release of some kind of gas under the action of acids known by that time - acetic and sulfuric. At the time of the Roman physician Dioscorides Pedanius, no one had a clue about the composition of soda. In 1736, the French chemist, physician and botanist Henri Louis Duhamel de Monceau was able to obtain very pure soda from the water of soda lakes for the first time. He managed to establish that the soda contains chemical element"Natr". In Russia, back in the time of Peter the Great, soda was called "zoda" or "itch" and until 1860 it was imported from abroad. In 1864, the first soda plant appeared in Russia using the technology of the Frenchman Leblanc. It was thanks to the appearance of its factories that soda became more accessible and began its victorious path as a chemical, culinary and even medicinal product.
In industry, trade and in everyday life, there are several products called soda: soda ash- anhydrous sodium carbonate Na2CO3, bicarbonate of soda - sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3, often also called baking soda, crystalline soda Na2CO3 10H2O and Na2CO3 H2O and caustic soda, or caustic soda, NaOH. Modern baking soda is a typical industrial product
Currently, the world produces several million tons of soda per year for various uses.
Soda is a many-sided substance, its use is different. Soda is used from the food industry to metallurgy. I became interested in this substance, which everyone has in the house, and decided to study how the various properties of an aqueous soda solution manifest themselves depending on the temperature and concentration of the solution.
So our goal was:
Investigate the dependence of the electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of drinking soda on temperature and concentration of an aqueous solution.
Tasks:
Examine the literature on the research topic.
Conduct an application knowledge survey of various applications baking soda.
Learn how to prepare a solution of baking soda of various concentrations.
Investigate the dependence of electrical conductivity on the concentration of the solution and temperature.
The relevance of research:
Soda is a versatile substance, its use is different. Soda is used from the food industry to metallurgy. Knowing its properties is always relevant.
The slide shows the main uses for baking soda.
chemical industry
light industry
textile industry
food industry
medical industry
metallurgy
So, in the chemical industry - for the production of dyes, foams and other organic products, fluorine reagents, household chemicals.
In metallurgy - during the precipitation of rare earth metals and flotation of ores.
In the textile industry (finishing silk and cotton fabrics).
AT light industry- in the production of sole rubbers and artificial leather, leather production (tanning and neutralization of leather).
In the food industry - bakery, production confectionery, preparing drinks.
In the medical industry - for the preparation of injection solutions, anti-tuberculosis drugs and antibiotics
After studying the theoretical material, I decided to ask my classmates if they know in which industries baking soda is used:
At home
food industry
The medicine
Chemical industry
Metallurgy
Light industry
Here are the poll results: the largest number respondents answered:
At home -63%
Food industry-71%
Chemical industry - 57%, the smallest number of respondents indicated the use of soda in metallurgy and light industry.
For further research, I needed to prepare an aqueous solution of different concentrations.
Hypothesis
So, if you increase the concentration of an aqueous solution of baking soda, then its electrical conductivity will increase.
II. experimental part
"Investigation of the electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of baking soda"
Purpose: to make sure that there are carriers of electricity in an aqueous solution of soda - ions that conduct electricity.
Equipment: baking soda, chemical glasses made of heat-resistant glass, electrodes, connecting wires, power source, ammeter, voltmeter, key, laboratory scales, weights, thermometer, electric stove. Experience 1. "Preparation of an aqueous solution of baking soda"
Objective: To learn how to prepare an aqueous solution of baking soda of various concentrations.
Equipment: chemical glasses made of heat-resistant glass, filtered water, scales, weights, baking soda.
Experience execution:
Weigh 4 g of baking soda on the scales;
Pour 96 ml into a beaker. filtered water;
Pour soda into a glass of water and mix thoroughly;
Repeat the experiment to prepare a solution of 8% and 12%
No. Mass of soda (g) Amount of water (ml) concentration of soda in (%)
1 4 96 4
2 8 92 8
3 12 88 12
Conclusion: Experimentally learned to prepare an aqueous solution of baking soda of various concentrations.
Experience 2. "Study of the electrical conductivity of a solution of baking soda"
Purpose: to prove that with an increase in the concentration of a soda solution, its electrical conductivity increases.
Equipment: three glasses with a solution of baking soda of various concentrations, a power source, an ammeter, a voltmeter, connecting wires, a key, electrodes.
Resistivity is a scalar quantity numerically equal to the resistance of a homogeneous cylindrical conductor of unit length and unit area. The greater the resistivity of the conductor material, the greater its electrical resistance.
Unit resistivity– ohmmeter (1 ohm m).
Experience execution:
Collect electrical circuit according to the scheme;
Place the electrodes in a beaker with a concentration of 4%, 8% and 12% baking soda solution;
Measure the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter;
Calculate the solution resistance;
Calculate the electrical conductivity of the solution.
Table 2.
No. Soda concentration I (A) U (B) R (Ohm) λ=1 R (1Ohm=Sm)1 4 1.0 6 6 0.17
2 8 1,4 6 4,9 0,23
3 12 1,7 6 3,53 0,28
For the experiment, an electrical circuit was assembled according to the scheme. By changing the concentration of the aqueous solution, we record the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter.
The measurements were carried out at a temperature of 180C and an atmospheric pressure of 757 mm Hg.
Conclusion: I learned experimentally to determine the electrical conductivity of baking soda and made sure that the greater the concentration of the solution, the greater the electrical conductivity of the baking soda solution. And the resistance of the solution, with increasing concentration, decreases. Therefore, with a 12% solution of baking soda, the electrical conductivity will be the highest and the resistance the lowest.
Experience 3. "Investigation of the dependence of electrical conductivity on the temperature of the solution"
Purpose: To verify that electrical conductivity changes with temperature.
Equipment: three glasses with a solution of baking soda of various concentrations, a power source, an ammeter, a voltmeter, connecting wires, a key, electrodes, a thermometer, an electric stove. Performing the experiment:
Assemble the installation according to the scheme;
Put a 4% solution of baking soda on the tile;
Enable tile;
Record the temperature of the solution;
Measure the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter through each degree of solution;
Calculate resistance and electrical conductivity using the formulas.
To study this dependence, a 4% percentage solution of baking soda was heated, fixing the temperature with a thermometer.
Table 3
% solution to C solution I (A) U (B) R (Ohm) λ (Cm)
4 18 1 6 6 0,17
19 1,03 6 5,83 0,172
20 1,05 6 5,71 0,175
21 1,08 6 5,56 0,180
22 1,1 6 5,45 0,183
λ=1R (1Ω=Sm)
Conclusion: From experience it is obvious that the electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature. When heated, the speed of the ions increases, thereby accelerating the process of transferring charges from one point to another.
Graph 1. Dependence of solution resistance on temperature.
Graph 2. Dependence of electrical conductivity on temperature
Conclusion
Having studied the literature on the properties of baking soda, its use in medicine, the food industry, and everyday life, after doing a series of experiments, we were convinced that:
Soda is a multifaceted substance with different properties.
The resistance of a soda solution depends on its concentration.
The electrical conductivity of the solution also depends on the concentration.
The electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature.
Literature
General chemical Technology. Ed. I. P. Mukhlenova. Textbook for chemical-technological specialties of universities. - M.: graduate School.
Fundamentals of General Chemistry, v. 3, B. V. Nekrasov. - M.: Chemistry, 1970.
General chemical technology. Furmer I. E., Zaitsev V. N. - M .: Higher School, 1978.
General chemical technology, ed. I. Volfkovich, vol. 1, Soda M. - L., 1953, p. 512-54;
Benkovsky V., Technology of soda products, M, 1972;
Shokin I. N., Krasheninnikov Soda A., Technology of soda, M., 1975.
What is the difference between an electrode and a heating element boiler?
In a heating element boiler, with the help of electricity, a heating element is heated - a tubular electric heater, which then gives off its heat to the coolant. The electrode boiler works by passing current through the coolant (water or non-freezing coolant "-20 C"). The passage of an alternating current cannot be called electrolysis, since only the ionization of the liquid occurs. Electrode boiler - a simple and very reliable water (liquid) heater, in ideal cases, can work without replacing elements for many years (tens of years).
What affects the performance and service life of electrode boilers?
For the operation of the electrode boiler, it is necessary that the coolant has the desired resistivity (conductivity). The electrode boiler is part of the heating system. To ensure reliable, long-term, trouble-free operation of the boiler, the heating system must comply with the recommended parameters in the passport for the boiler.
Why are heating systems based on electrode boilers, as a rule, more economical and reliable than heating elements?
Despite some difficulties when starting heating systems based on electrode boilers, electrode boilers more economical than heating elements by at least 20 - 30%. The efficiency of electrode boilers has been proven by the practice of installation and operation for more than 15 years. Reliability and economy are ensured by simpler, robust design. In the heating element boiler, the heating elements are first heated, and then the heating elements give off heat to the liquid. In the electrode boiler, the role of the heater is played by the liquid itself. When current passes, the liquid is heated by the entire volume in the boiler. Using electrode heating of the liquid, it is possible to reduce the volume of the boiler several times compared to a heating element of the same power.
With a properly assembled system, the boiler starts with a small (less than 50%) of the rated power, and gradually gains power as it warms up. Modern automation allows you to maintain comfortable temperature indoors with an accuracy of + / - 0.2 deg. C. When heating country houses it is possible to use the weekly mode to control the heating system. Thus, the efficiency in the operation of electrode boilers is achieved due to:
- Less inertia of heating (several times);
- Smooth start;
- Application of modern automation;
Reliability and durability are ensured by the simplicity of design and application modern materials.
How much electricity will the boiler consume?
The boiler will consume exactly as much electricity. energy, how much is the heat loss of the building.
During normal operation, when normal heat loss, at right choice boiler, at max. winter mode(when it is -23 outside for Kyiv, with a normal assembly of the heating system, the boiler operates for about 8 hours a day (in the mode of switching on - heating, switching off - cooling). Next, we take the boiler power, multiply it by an average of 8 hours and get the consumption of electricity in day.
How to choose the right boiler?
Electrode boiler "ION" is selected according to the following parameters:
- 1 kW power of the electrode boiler can heat a room with an area of up to 20 sq / m, a volume of up to 60 cubic meters and 40 liters of water in the heating system.
For example, - a boiler with a power of 5 kW can heat a room with an area of 100 sq / m, a volume of 300 cubic meters and with the amount of water in the heating system up to 240 liters.
What pipes and radiators can be used in heating system with electrode boiler "ION"?
For heating systems, any pipes that are certified for this purpose can be used. We recommend using polypropylene.
The use of metal-plastic pipes is undesirable, connection fittings significantly narrow the flow area;
metal-plastic pipe is often subject to deformation and delamination when the temperature of the liquid fluctuates.
You can use any modern radiators(cast iron, bimetallic), but it is best to use steel batteries. Cast iron radiators it is undesirable to use, since they have a significant volume of liquid, a porous structure and contain dirt inside.
To ensure the durability and reliability of the boiler, the inner diameter of the inlet and outlet pipes and pipe fittings must not be less than the inner diameter of the inlet and outlet of the boiler itself.
What are the advantages of ION electrode boilers?
The working chamber of ION boilers is made of thick pipe special material, which is very important for ionization boilers in terms of their reliability and durability.
The working chamber of almost all such boilers is made of thin-walled ordinary tubular material. Boiler electrodes "ION" larger diameter are made of a special alloy, which increases their durability and reliability in the ion exchange process, and also makes it possible to form a heat flow inside the boiler chamber at a higher speed, unlike boilers of the same boilers from other manufacturers.
Boilers "ION" are presented in a wider model range unlike other brands of boilers, which allows you to expand customer demand.
The manufacturer of ION boilers does not bind the buyer to its coolant, and ION electric boilers can be operated, unlike some boilers, with ordinary water or with a self-prepared solution in the heating system.
Can antifreeze be used as a coolant?
It must be understood that antifreeze is not intended for use in heating systems. He is poisonous! It is better to use special non-freezing liquids. But since the manufacturers of these liquids do not take into account its electrical conductivity, it is possible that after pumping it into the heating system, you will still have to make preparations - set the electric boiler to the required current (this is described in detail in the instruction manual). From practice, I can say that usually when using non-freezing liquids, the current in the electric boiler phase is overestimated, and it is necessary to dilute it with distilled water (approximately to a freezing point of -5-10 gr.).
And of course, do not forget about the properties of antifreeze:
- The physical properties of antifreeze differ significantly from the physical properties of water. The heat capacity of antifreezes is 15-20% less than that of water, the viscosity is 2-3 times higher, and the volumetric expansion is 40-60% higher. The values of thermal conductivity, boiling point, and other values also differ. physical characteristics. This means that when using antifreeze in the heating system, it will be necessary to increase by 40-50% thermal power radiators, increase the volume by 40-50% expansion tank, increase the pressure of the circulation pump by 60%, change a number of other parameters of the heating system, including the boiler power.
- If the temperature of the antifreeze in the system, even at any one of its points (and most often this happens inside heating element boiler), exceeds the critical value for this brand of antifreeze - thermal decomposition of ethylene glycol and anti-corrosion additives occurs with the formation of acids and solid precipitation. Precipitation worsens the coolant flow through the system. Acids cause corrosion of metals in the heating system. Also, overheating of antifreeze causes increased foaming, which leads to airing of the system, and in individual cases and until the foam thickens, and the formation of hard foam-like deposits. The decomposition of the additives leads to the fact that the antifreeze enters into a chemical reaction with the materials of the seals - rubber, paronite, etc., which caused a leak at the joints. In addition, the use of pipelines with an internal zinc coating is unacceptable.
- Antifreezes have the property of increased permeability or fluidity. The more threaded connections, gaskets, seals, the higher the likelihood of leakage. Basically, a leak often occurs when the heating is turned off, when the system has cooled down. Cooling causes a decrease in volume metal connections and, as a result, the appearance of microchannels through which antifreeze exits. For this reason, all connections in the heating system must be accessible for inspection and repair, which means that concealed installation heating system is unacceptable. Antifreeze based on ethylene glycol is toxic (single use lethal dose 100-300 ml), so they cannot be used to heat water in DHW systems, since if the heat exchangers are leaking, they can get into the points of analysis hot water. Antifreeze fumes are also toxic and should not enter living areas.
- If you have no other choice and you decide to use an antifreeze liquid as a coolant, then you should opt for antifreeze liquid for electrode boilers "POTOK-40", but it should be taken into account that for this it is necessary to replace all rubber gaskets in the heating system on paronite!
Is it possible to use the ION electrode boiler together with a circulation pump?
The electrode boiler is a heater flow type and for the correct operation of the boiler and the heating system using a circulation pump, it is necessary to ensure the flow of the coolant through the boiler with the following indicators:
Are pipes of any diameter used for the installation of an electrode boiler?
In the heating system, it is recommended to make wiring at the inlet and outlet of the electric boiler with pipes with a diameter of at least 1 inch, in the heating system. After the comb, you can switch to pipes of a smaller diameter, provided that the total section of the pipes of a smaller diameter is at least 1 inch.
How to heat a house with an area of more than 750 kV / m?
What if the area of my premises is 2800 kV / m?
For an area of 2800 kV / m, it is necessary to install a mini-boiler room, consisting of 4 electrode boilers "ION" 3/36 connected in parallel to each other. When two or more ION electric electrode boilers (of the same power) are connected in parallel to one water heating system, the area (volume) of the heated room increases by 2 or more times.
For example: two modifications 3/36 heat an area of 1500 sq / m, a volume of 4500 cubic meters, three modifications 3/36 heat an area of 2250 kV / m, a volume of 6750 cubic meters, etc.
Can an electrode boiler work without a circulation pump?
Ionization chamber, where the heating process takes place, small size, therefore, a sharp heating of the coolant follows and, as a result, an increase in its pressure (at the maximum power of the device - up to 2 atmospheres). Thus, the ION electrode boiler can operate in heating systems without a circulation pump, if the heating system is assembled according to the natural circulation scheme.
Is it possible to parallel connection with other boilers?
It is possible to mount the electrode boiler in parallel with other boilers (gas, solid fuel, etc.), and use them at a time convenient for you.
Do you need an ammeter or measuring clamp to start an electrode boiler?
After connecting the boiler to the heating system and turning on the power, the current consumption is measured with an ammeter. If the current strength is more than indicated in the boiler passport, it is necessary to add distilled (melt or rain) water to the heating system. If the current strength is less than required, it is necessary to add caustic (food) soda to the heating system at the rate of 30 grams per 100 liters of water, stirring the soda in warm water.
Can the "ION" electrode boiler be used in heating systems with aluminum radiators?
Yes, it is possible, the only caveat, instead of a soda solution to increase the electrical conductivity of water, you must use ASO-1 ( special agent for aluminum radiators)
What liquid is used in the heating system during operation of the ION electrode boiler?
During the operation of the ION electrode boiler, a specially prepared coolant is not needed. It uses ordinary water with a specific electrical resistance of not more than 1300 Ohm cm. Since water is an element of an electrical circuit that generates heat, it needs some preparation in order to obtain the desired electrical resistance (for example, attempts to heat distilled water will not be successful, since it does not conduct electricity). Preparation is carried out empirically - the electrical resistance of water is reduced by adding a solution of caustic (food) soda, or increased by mixing distilled (rain, melt) water. All this is described in detail in the passport for electric boilers.
Can the ION electrode boiler be used for hot water supply?
Electrode boilers "ION" can work together with boilers indirect heating to obtain hot water, for example, the ION 3/9 electric boiler can heat a room with an area of up to 180 m2, a ceiling height of up to 3 meters and a water volume in the heating system of up to 360 liters, when connecting an indirect heating boiler, it is necessary to add power to it for hot water supply ( DHW) based on the passport data of your boiler, for example 3/6 kW, for home heating and DHW, you will need a boiler with a total capacity of 3/9 kW + 3/6 kW = 3/15 kW
Is it possible to use an electric electrode boiler "ION" in conjunction with the "warm floor" system?
A water heated floor is a closed system of pipes located in the floor screed and connected to the heating system. Commonly used metal-plastic pipes due to ease of installation. Underfloor heating can be used as a main or additional heating. When sharing a warm floor with an electric electrode boiler "ION", you can achieve a greater economic effect.
A warm water floor has a number of advantages. Due to the large surface, the amount of radiated heat increases and is immediately transferred to surrounding objects. Thus, a warm floor provides uniform horizontal and vertical distribution of heat over the entire area of the room.
Can in plain language explain how to prepare the coolant?
If you use ordinary water as a heat carrier in your heating system, then it must be brought into line with GOST R 51232 “Drinking Water” (1300 Ohm per cubic cm).
At home, you can not do this without special equipment. But it is possible to go the other way.
When starting the ION electric boiler into operation, it is necessary to measure the starting current with an ammeter using current clamps (or a direct-on ammeter).
If, at startup, the current strength does not correspond to the parameters specified in the product passport, then the following actions should be taken:
- The current is less - it is necessary to add a soda solution in portions (it reduces the specific resistance of the liquid). The first stage - no more than a teaspoon per hundred liters of water (coolant). If after 2 hours the current has increased slightly, the first step should be repeated.
- More current - add distilled or rain (melt) water (it increases the resistivity of the liquid).
Tell me what other materials you need to buy and still have to do to start your boiler?
Sample list additional materials and equipment for installation and start-up of a single-phase heating system "ION".
Necessarily :
- Magnetic starter (contactor) corresponding to the current characteristics of this ION model.
- Automatic switch (machine) single-pole corresponding to the current characteristics of this model "ION".
- Electrical cable (electrical wire) according to the cross section corresponding to the current characteristics of this ION model. Electrical cable (electrical wire) for connecting a thermostat (for example, 3x0.5 (0.75) or pv 3x0.5 (0.75).)
- ASO -1 (soda substitute for aluminum radiators), if the system has aluminum radiators, to increase the electrical conductivity of water
- Boxing (box) for installation of protective equipment.
- Ammeter of direct connection (measuring clamp) for monitoring the working load and, if necessary, timely correction of the electrical conductivity of the coolant.
- The control lamp indicates the state of the boiler (heating, interruption, absence / presence of power supply in the network).
- SALUS FL091 weekly programmer for additional savings electricity and more comfortable use of the heating system
Protective grounding is MANDATORY!
Heating system:
To facilitate the operation of the ION boiler and significantly save electricity, it is advisable to use circulation pump. Provide the heating system with additional valves for convenient maintenance, installation and dismantling of the boiler and pump.
What is the best three-phase boilers?
It all depends on what voltage you have - 220 or 380.
If you have the opportunity to install the boiler on three phases 380V. , From 3/6 kW, this gives you additional benefits. In three-phase boilers, three electrodes are installed that can be turned on in steps, for example, the ION 3/6 kW boiler has three 2 kW electrodes, during the off-season, when it is + 10 degrees outside, you do not need to turn on the boiler at full power, but it is enough to turn on one electrode. If you do not have three phases, then you can install a three-phase boiler on one phase. The phase is divided into three outputs and connected through automatic machines to three electrodes. It is advisable to use three-phase boilers from 100 sq.m.
What problems can be during installation copper pipelines?
When assembling a heating system from copper pipelines, an important problem is the connection of copper with other metals in the same water circulation system. In the case of a direct connection of copper with steel, galvanized steel or aluminum, an electrochemical reaction occurs, causing a rapid dissolution of iron, zinc and aluminum. And also you can not use pipes as an element of grounding electrical engineering. To exclude this phenomenon, it is necessary to separate these metals from copper with an insulating gasket. Even in the absence of a metal joint, copper stimulates corrosion of the above materials. This process is the result of precipitated copper ions (Cu2 +) penetrating into the water in the process of uniform corrosion of copper surfaces. Ions are deposited in the places of corrosion pits that have already occurred, causing accelerated destruction of the base material (steel, galvanized steel, or aluminum). The most dangerous forms of corrosion include pitting and erosion.
Ulcerative corrosion, there is a local corrosion of the metal, occurs in the places of destruction of the oxide protective film covering the internal surfaces of the pipes that are in contact with water. In cold and hot water pipes, the following factors make it difficult to form a protective film or damage an existing film:
- wrong chemical composition of copper,
- improper preparation of the inner surfaces of pipes during their production,
- solder leakage on the inner surface of the pipes,
- the presence of solid particles inside the pipes (for example, sand) that entered the installation during installation or during operation (hence the requirement to filter the water supplied to the system and used to flush it).
Erosive corrosion causes turbulent flow of water near the pipe walls. Thus, it is important to comply with the design water flow rate, as well as to exclude local resistance such as constrictions, solder sagging, incorrectly made bends.
In heating systems, the combination of steel and copper is permissible only when the oxygen content in water does not exceed 0.1 mg/dm3, which is practically possible only in closed systems. Even in a closed circulation system, it is not recommended to use copper and aluminum radiators in the same circuit.
It is possible to use an electrode boiler for heating if I have a device installed in my electrical network. protective shutdown(RCD)?
The practical value of current leakage is determined by the design of the insulators and lies within 20 ¬ 40 mA. This should be addressed Special attention when connecting heaters to the electrical network with installed device protective shutdown (RCD), which usually register a current leakage within 30 ¬ 40 mA.
Considering this, heaters of this type must be connected via a separate circuit breaker bypassing the RCD.
Can I get a certificate of conformity for your products?
Our company has fifteen years of experience in the development and production of electrode (ion) boilers. For the first time on the Ukrainian market, we present an energy-saving electrode heating device "ION" of a new generation.
Produced using the latest technologies and modern materials. Improved design and improved electrode alloy composition result in long term use.
Electrode heater "ION" is produced according to specifications and design documentation.
You can view the certificate of quality by clicking on the image.
Rozanov Evgeny
Soda is a many-sided substance, its use is different. Soda is used from the food industry to metallurgy. I became interested in this substance that everyone has in the house and decided to study how the various properties of an aqueous soda solution manifest themselves depending on the temperature and concentration of the solution
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The work was completed by: Evgeny Rozanov. Scientific adviser: Khabarova Olga Nikolaevna
Doroninskoye soda lake is a hydrological monument of nature, the largest soda lake Eastern Siberia. The area of the reservoir in different seasons and years varies from 3.7 to 4.8 km2. The average water depth is about 4 m, the largest is 6.5 m. The most famous soda deposit in Transbaikalia is located on the lake.
Dioscorides Pedanius Greek by origin, physician, pharmacologist and naturalist, one of the founders of botany, Dioscorides Pedanius was born in Anazarba, Cilicia, Asia Minor (modern Nazarva). Dioscorides traveled extensively with the Roman army under Emperor Nero, engaging in military medicine, collecting and identifying plants. The main work of Dioscorides is "De materia medica" ("On medicinal substances”) contains a description of 600 plants, 1000 different medicines. In the Middle Ages, "De materia medica" was considered the main source of knowledge on botany and pharmacology.
Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau Peter the Great
Leblanc Studied medicine, listened to lectures on chemistry by G. Ruel in the Botanical Garden of Paris. In 1791, Nicolas Leblanc received a patent for "Method of converting Glauber's salt into soda." Leblanc offered his technology for obtaining soda to the Duke Philippe of Orleans, whose personal physician he was. In 1789, the duke signed an agreement with Leblanc and gave him two hundred thousand silver livres for the construction of a factory. The soda plant in the Parisian suburb of Saint-Genis was called "Franciade - Soda Leblanc" and produced 100-120 kg of soda daily. During French Revolution in 1793, the Duke of Orleans was executed, his property was confiscated, and the soda factory and the Leblanc patent itself were nationalized. Only seven years later, Leblanc was returned to the devastated plant, which he was unable to restore.
Purpose: To investigate the dependence of the electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of drinking soda on temperature and concentration of an aqueous solution.
Tasks: To study the literature on the research topic. Conduct a knowledge survey of the various applications of baking soda. Learn how to prepare a solution of baking soda of various concentrations. Investigate the dependence of electrical conductivity on the concentration of the solution and temperature.
Relevance of research Soda is a multifaceted substance, its application is different. Soda is used from the food industry to metallurgy. Knowing its properties is always relevant.
Soda is a multifaceted substance
Scope of baking soda chemical light industry textile industry food industry medical industry metallurgy
Chemical industry In the chemical industry - for the production of dyes, foam plastics and other organic products, fluorine reagents, household chemicals.
Metallurgy In metallurgy - during the precipitation of rare earth metals and flotation of ores.
Textile and light textile industry (finishing of silk and cotton fabrics). light industry - in the production of sole rubber and artificial leather, leather production (tanning and neutralization of leather).
Food industry In the food industry - baking, confectionery, beverages.
Medical industry In the medical industry - for the preparation of injection solutions, anti-tuberculosis drugs and antibiotics
Questionnaire In what areas of industry do you think baking soda is used: Food industry Medicine Metallurgy Chemical industry Light industry Household
Poll results
Conclusion from the survey Most of the respondents answered that soda is used most often in everyday life, in the food industry, and in the chemical industry.
Hypothesis If you increase the concentration of an aqueous solution of baking soda, then its electrical conductivity will increase.
Experience No. 1 "Preparation of an aqueous solution of baking soda" Purpose: to learn how to prepare an aqueous solution of baking soda of various concentrations. Equipment: 3 beakers, baking soda, filtered water, scales, weights.
No. Mass of soda (g) Mass of water (ml) Concentration of soda (%) 1 4 96 4 2 8 92 8 3 12 88 12
Conclusion: Experimentally learned to prepare an aqueous solution of baking soda of various concentrations.
Experiment No. 2 “Investigation of the electrical conductivity of a baking soda solution” Purpose: to prove that with an increase in the concentration of a soda solution, its electrical conductivity increases. Equipment: Power supply, 2 electrodes, 3 cups with a solution of soda of various concentrations, ammeter, voltmeter, connecting wires, key
Installation scheme
Table No. Soda concentration I (A) U (B) R (Ohm) λ =1/ R (1/ Ohm=Sm) 1 4 1.0 6 6 0.17 2 8 1.4 6 4.9 0.23 3 12 1.7 6 3.53 0.28
Formulas for calculating R=U/I (Ohm=V/A) λ=1/R (1/Ohm=Sm) (Siemens)
Conclusion: I learned experimentally to determine the electrical conductivity of baking soda and made sure that the greater the concentration of the solution, the greater the electrical conductivity of the baking soda solution. And the resistance of the solution, with increasing concentration, decreases.
Experience No. 3 "Investigation of the dependence of electrical conductivity on the temperature of the solution" Purpose: Make sure that the electrical conductivity of the solution depends on temperature. Equipment: Thermometer, Power supply, 2 electrodes, 3 cups with a solution of soda of various concentrations, ammeter, voltmeter, connecting wires, key, heating element.
Table % solution t about C solution I (A) U (B) R (Ohm) λ (Cm) 4 18 1 6 6 0.17 19 1.03 6 5.83 0.172 20 1.05 6 5.71 0.175 21 1.08 6 5.56 0.180 22 1.1 6 5.45 0.183
Graph 1. Dependence of solution resistance on temperature
Graph 2. Dependence of electrical conductivity on temperature
Conclusion: From experience it is obvious that the electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature. When heated, the speed of the ions increases, thereby accelerating the process of transferring charges from one point to another, from one electrode to another.
Conclusion: After studying the literature on the research topic, conducting a sociological survey, we came to the conclusion: Soda is a many-sided substance with different properties. The resistance of a soda solution depends on its concentration. The electrical conductivity of the solution also depends on the concentration. The electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature.
Thank you for your attention!
Preview:
Research
"Study of the electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of drinking soda"
Introduction
Soda was known to man about one and a half to two thousand years before our era, and maybe even earlier. It was mined from soda lakes and extracted from a few deposits in the form of minerals. The first information about obtaining soda by evaporating the water of soda lakes dates back to 64 AD. Until the 18th century, alchemists of all countries seemed to be a kind of substance that hissed with the release of some kind of gas under the action of acids known by that time - acetic and sulfuric. At the time of the Roman physician Dioscorides Pedanius, no one had a clue about the composition of soda. In 1736, the French chemist, physician and botanist Henri Louis Duhamel de Monceau was able to obtain very pure soda from the water of soda lakes for the first time. He managed to establish that soda contains the chemical element "Natr". In Russia, back in the time of Peter the Great, soda was called "zoda" or "itch" and until 1860 it was imported from abroad. In 1864, the first soda plant appeared in Russia using the technology of the Frenchman Leblanc. It was thanks to the appearance of their factories that soda became more accessible and began its victorious path as a chemical, culinary and even medicine.
In industry, trade and in everyday life, several products are found under the name soda: soda ash - anhydrous sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3 , bicarbonate soda - sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3
, often also called baking soda, crystal soda Na 2 CO 3 10H 2 O and Na 2 CO 3 H 2 O and caustic soda, or caustic soda, NaOH.
Modern baking soda is a typical industrial product
Currently, the world produces several million tons of soda per year for various uses.
Soda is a many-sided substance, its use is different. Soda is used from the food industry to metallurgy. I became interested in this substance, which everyone has in the house, and decided to study how the various properties of an aqueous soda solution manifest themselves depending on the temperature and concentration of the solution.
So our goal was:
Investigate the dependence of the electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of drinking soda on temperature and concentration of an aqueous solution.
Tasks:
- Examine the literature on the research topic.
- Conduct a knowledge survey of the various applications of baking soda.
- Learn how to prepare a solution of baking soda of various concentrations.
- Investigate the dependence of electrical conductivity on the concentration of the solution and temperature.
The relevance of research:
Soda is a versatile substance, its use is different. Soda is used from the food industry to metallurgy. Knowing its properties is always relevant.
The slide shows the main uses for baking soda.
- chemical industry
- light industry
- textile industry
- food industry
- medical industry
- metallurgy
So, in the chemical industry - for the production of dyes, foams and other organic products, fluorine reagents, household chemicals.
- In metallurgy - during the precipitation of rare earth metals and flotation of ores.
- In the textile industry (finishing silk and cotton fabrics).
- In light industry - in the production of sole rubber and artificial leather, leather production (tanning and neutralization of leather).
- In the food industry - baking, confectionery, beverages.
- In the medical industry - for the preparation of injection solutions, anti-tuberculosis drugs and antibiotics
After studying the theoretical material, I decided to ask my classmates if they know in which areas of industryused baking soda:
- At home
- food industry
- The medicine
- Chemical industry
- Metallurgy
- Light industry
Here are the results of the survey: the largest number of respondents answered:
- At home -63%
- Food industry-71%
- Chemical industry - 57%, the smallest number of respondents indicated the use of soda in metallurgy and light industry.
For further research, I needed to prepare an aqueous solution of different concentrations.
Hypothesis
So, if you increase the concentration of an aqueous solution of baking soda, then its electrical conductivity will increase.
II. experimental part
"Investigation of the electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of baking soda"
Target: make sure that there are carriers of electricity in an aqueous solution of soda - ions that conduct electricity.
Equipment: baking soda, chemical glasses made of heat-resistant glass, electrodes, connecting wires, power source, ammeter, voltmeter, key, laboratory scales, weights, thermometer, electric stove.
Experience 1. "Preparation of an aqueous solution of baking soda"
Target: Learn how to prepare an aqueous solution of baking soda of various concentrations.
Equipment: chemical glasses made of heat-resistant glass, filtered water, scales, weights, baking soda.
Experience execution:
- Weigh 4 g of baking soda on the scales;
- Pour 96 ml into a beaker. filtered water;
- Pour soda into a glass of water and mix thoroughly;
- Repeat the experiment to prepare a solution of 8% and 12%
Mass of soda (g) | Amount of water (ml) | soda concentration in (%) |
|
Conclusion: Experimentally learned to prepare an aqueous solution of baking soda of various concentrations.
Experience 2. "Study of the electrical conductivity of a solution of baking soda"
Target: prove that with an increase in the concentration of a soda solution, its electrical conductivity increases.
Equipment: three glasses with a solution of baking soda of various concentrations, a power source, an ammeter, a voltmeter, connecting wires, a key, electrodes.
Resistivity - a scalar quantity numerically equal to the resistance of a homogeneous cylindrical conductor of unit length and unit area. The greater the resistivity of the conductor material, the greater its electrical resistance.
The unit of resistivity is an ohmmeter (1 Ohm m).
Experience execution:
- Assemble the electrical circuit according to the scheme;
- Place the electrodes in a beaker with a concentration of 4%, 8% and 12% baking soda solution;
- Measure the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter;
- Calculate the solution resistance;
- Calculate the electrical conductivity of the solution.
Table 2.
Soda concentration | I(A) | U(B) | R (ohm) | λ=1 R (1Ω=Sm) |
|
0,17 |
|||||
0,23 |
|||||
3,53 | 0,28 |
For the experiment, an electrical circuit was assembled according to the scheme. By changing the concentration of the aqueous solution, we record the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter.
The measurements were carried out at a temperature of 18 0 C and atmospheric pressure 757 mm Hg.
Conclusion: Experimentally, I learned to determine the electrical conductivity of baking soda and made sure that the greater the concentration of the solution, the greater the electrical conductivity of the baking soda solution. And the resistance of the solution, with increasing concentration, decreases. Therefore, with a 12% solution of baking soda, the electrical conductivity will be the highest and the resistance the lowest.
Experience 3. "Investigation of the dependence of electrical conductivity on the temperature of the solution"
Target: Verify that electrical conductivity changes with temperature.
Equipment: three glasses with a solution of baking soda of various concentrations, a power source, an ammeter, a voltmeter, connecting wires, a key, electrodes, a thermometer, an electric stove.
Experience execution:
- Assemble the installation according to the scheme;
- Put a 4% solution of baking soda on the tile;
- Enable tile;
- Record the temperature of the solution;
- Measure the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter through each degree of solution;
- Calculate resistance and electrical conductivity using the formulas.
1,05
5,71
0,175
1,08
5,56
0,180
5,45
0,183
λ=1R (1Ω=Sm)
Conclusion: From experience it is obvious that the electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature. When heated, the speed of the ions increases, thereby accelerating the process of transferring charges from one point to another.
Graph 1. Dependence of solution resistance on temperature.
Graph 2. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity
Conclusion
Having studied the literature on the properties of baking soda, its use in medicine, the food industry, and everyday life, after doing a series of experiments, we were convinced that:
- Soda is a multifaceted substance with different properties.
- The resistance of a soda solution depends on its concentration.
- The electrical conductivity of the solution also depends on the concentration.
- The electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature.
Literature
- General chemical technology. Ed. I. P. Mukhlenova. Textbook for chemical-technological specialties of universities. - M.: Higher school.
- Fundamentals of General Chemistry, v. 3, B. V. Nekrasov. - M.: Chemistry, 1970.
- General chemical technology. Furmer I. E., Zaitsev V. N. - M .: Higher School, 1978.
- General chemical technology, ed. I. Volfkovich, vol. 1, Soda M. - L., 1953, p. 512-54;
- Benkovsky V., Technology of soda products, M, 1972;
- Shokin I. N., Krasheninnikov Soda A., Technology of soda, M., 1975.
And maybe even earlier. It was mined from soda lakes and extracted from a few deposits in the form of minerals. The first information about obtaining soda by evaporating the water of soda lakes dates back to 64 AD. Until the 18th century, alchemists of all countries seemed to be a kind of substance that hissed with the release of some kind of gas under the action of acids known by that time - acetic and sulfuric. At the time of the Roman physician Dioscorides Pedanius, no one had a clue about the composition of soda. In 1736, the French chemist, physician and botanist Henri Louis Duhamel de Monceau was able to obtain very pure soda from the water of soda lakes for the first time. He managed to establish that soda contains the chemical element "Natr". In Russia, back in the time of Peter the Great, soda was called "zoda" or "itch" and until 1860 it was imported from abroad. In 1864, the first soda plant appeared in Russia using the technology of the Frenchman Leblanc. It was thanks to the appearance of their factories that soda became more accessible and began its victorious path as a chemical, culinary and even medicine.
In industry, trade and everyday life, under the name of soda, there are several products: soda ash - anhydrous sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3, bicarbonate soda - sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3, often also called baking soda, crystalline soda Na 2 CO 3 10H 2 O and Na 2 CO 3 H 2 O and caustic soda, or sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
Modern baking soda is a typical industrial product
Currently, the world produces several million tons of soda per year for various uses.
Soda is a many-sided substance, its use is different. Soda is used from the food industry to metallurgy. I became interested in this substance, which everyone has in the house, and decided to study how the various properties of an aqueous soda solution manifest themselves depending on the temperature and concentration of the solution.
So our goal was:
Investigate the dependence of the electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of drinking soda on temperature and concentration of an aqueous solution.
Tasks:
Examine the literature on the research topic.
Conduct a knowledge survey of the various applications of baking soda.
Learn how to prepare a solution of baking soda of various concentrations.
Investigate the dependence of electrical conductivity on the concentration of the solution and temperature.
Soda is a versatile substance, its use is different. Soda is used from the food industry to metallurgy. Knowing its properties is always relevant.
The slide shows the main uses for baking soda.
chemical industry
light industry
textile industry
food industry
medical industry
metallurgy
In metallurgy - during the precipitation of rare earth metals and flotation of ores.
In the textile industry (finishing silk and cotton fabrics).
In light industry - in the production of sole rubber and artificial leather, leather production (tanning and neutralization of leather).
In the food industry - baking, confectionery, beverages.
In the medical industry - for the preparation of injection solutions, anti-tuberculosis drugs and antibiotics
At home
food industry
The medicine
Chemical industry
Metallurgy
Light industry
At home -63%
Food industry-71%
Chemical industry - 57%, the smallest number of respondents indicated the use of soda in metallurgy and light industry.
Hypothesis
So, if you increase the concentration of an aqueous solution of baking soda, then its electrical conductivity will increase.
II. experimental part
"Investigation of the electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of baking soda"
Target: make sure that there are carriers of electricity in an aqueous solution of soda - ions that conduct electricity.
Equipment: baking soda, chemical glasses made of heat-resistant glass, electrodes, connecting wires, power supply, ammeter, voltmeter, key, laboratory scales, weights, thermometer, electric stove.
Experience 1. "Preparation of an aqueous solution of baking soda"
Target: Learn how to prepare an aqueous solution of baking soda of various concentrations.
Equipment: chemical glasses made of heat-resistant glass, filtered water, scales, weights, baking soda.
Experience execution:
Weigh 4 g of baking soda on the scales;
Pour 96 ml into a beaker. filtered water;
Pour soda into a glass of water and mix thoroughly;
Repeat the experiment to prepare a solution of 8% and 12%
Conclusion: Experimentally learned to prepare an aqueous solution of baking soda of various concentrations.
Experience 2. "Study of the electrical conductivity of a solution of baking soda"
Target: prove that with an increase in the concentration of a soda solution, its electrical conductivity increases.
Equipment: three glasses with a solution of baking soda of various concentrations, a power source, an ammeter, a voltmeter, connecting wires, a key, electrodes.
Resistivity is a scalar quantity numerically equal to the resistance of a homogeneous cylindrical conductor of unit length and unit area. The greater the resistivity of the conductor material, the greater its electrical resistance.
The unit of resistivity is an ohmmeter (1 Ohm m).
Experience execution:
Assemble the electrical circuit according to the scheme;
Place the electrodes in a beaker with a concentration of 4%, 8% and 12% baking soda solution;
Measure the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter;
Calculate the solution resistance;
Calculate the electrical conductivity of the solution.
Table 2.
| № | Soda concentration | I(A) | U(B) | R (ohm) | |
| 1 | 4 | 1,0 | 6 | 6 | 0,17 |
| 2 | 8 | 1,4 | 6 | 4,9 | 0,23 |
| 3 | 12 | 1,7 | 6 | 3,53 | 0,28 |
For the experiment, an electrical circuit was assembled according to the scheme. By changing the concentration of the aqueous solution, we record the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter.
The measurements were carried out at a temperature of 18 0 C and an atmospheric pressure of 757 mm Hg.
Conclusion: Experimentally, I learned to determine the electrical conductivity of baking soda and made sure that the greater the concentration of the solution, the greater the electrical conductivity of the baking soda solution. And the resistance of the solution, with increasing concentration, decreases. Therefore, with a 12% solution of baking soda, the electrical conductivity will be the highest, and the resistance the lowest.
Experience 3. "Investigation of the dependence of electrical conductivity on the temperature of the solution"
Target: Verify that electrical conductivity changes with temperature.
Equipment: three glasses with a solution of baking soda of various concentrations, a power source, an ammeter, a voltmeter, connecting wires, a key, electrodes, a thermometer, an electric stove.
Experience execution:
Assemble the installation according to the scheme;
Put a 4% solution of baking soda on the tile;
Enable tile;
Record the temperature of the solution;
Measure the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter through each degree of solution;
Calculate resistance and electrical conductivity using the formulas.
Table 3
| % solution | t about C solution | I(A) | U(B) | R (ohm) | λ (cm) |
| 4 | 18 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 0,17 |
| 19 | 1,03 | 6 | 5,83 | 0,172 |
|
| 20 | 1,05 | 6 | 5,71 | 0,175 |
|
| 21 | 1,08 | 6 | 5,56 | 0,180 |
|
| 22 | 1,1 | 6 | 5,45 | 0,183 |
Conclusion: From experience it is obvious that the electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature. When heated, the speed of the ions increases, thereby accelerating the process of transferring charges from one point to another.
Graph 1. Dependence of solution resistance on temperature.
Graph 2. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity
Conclusion
Having studied the literature on the properties of baking soda, its use in medicine, the food industry, and everyday life, having done a series of experiments, we were convinced that:
Soda is a multifaceted substance with different properties.
The resistance of a soda solution depends on its concentration.
The electrical conductivity of the solution also depends on the concentration.
The electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature.
General chemical technology. Ed. I. P. Mukhlenova. Textbook for chemical-technological specialties of universities. - M.: Higher school.
Fundamentals of General Chemistry, v. 3, B. V. Nekrasov. - M.: Chemistry, 1970.
General chemical technology. Furmer I. E., Zaitsev V. N. - M .: Higher School, 1978.
General chemical technology, ed. I. Volfkovich, vol. 1, Soda M. - L., 1953, p. 512-54;
Benkovsky V., Technology of soda products, M, 1972;
Shokin I. N., Krasheninnikov Soda A., Technology of soda, M., 1975.
Who knows the formula of water since school days? Of course, everything. It is likely that from the entire course of chemistry, for many who then do not study it specializedly, only the knowledge of what the formula H 2 O stands for is left. But now we will try to figure out in as much detail and depth as possible what are its main properties and why life without it on planet Earth is not possible.
Water as a substance
The water molecule, as we know, consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Its formula is written as follows: H 2 O. This substance can have three states: solid - in the form of ice, gaseous - in the form of steam, and liquid - as a substance without color, taste and smell. By the way, this is the only substance on the planet that can exist in all three states simultaneously in vivo. For example: at the poles of the Earth - ice, in the oceans - water, and evaporation under the sun's rays is steam. In this sense, water is anomalous.
Water is also the most common substance on our planet. It covers the surface of planet Earth by almost seventy percent - these are oceans, and numerous rivers with lakes, and glaciers. Most of the water on the planet is salty. It is unsuitable for drinking and for doing Agriculture. Fresh water makes up only two and a half percent of the total amount of water on the planet.
Water is a very strong and high-quality solvent. Thereby chemical reactions move through the water at great speed. This same property affects the metabolism in the human body. that the body of an adult is seventy percent water. In a child, this percentage is even higher. By old age, this figure drops from seventy to sixty percent. By the way, this feature of water clearly demonstrates that it is the basis of human life. The more water in the body - the healthier, more active and younger it is. Therefore, scientists and doctors of all countries tirelessly repeat that you need to drink a lot. It is water in its pure form, and not substitutes in the form of tea, coffee or other drinks.
Water forms the climate on the planet, and this is not an exaggeration. Warm currents in the ocean heat entire continents. This is due to the fact that water absorbs a lot solar heat, and then gives it away when it starts to cool down. So it regulates the temperature on the planet. Many scientists say that the Earth would have cooled down and turned into stone long ago if it weren’t for the presence of so much water on the green planet.
Water properties
Water has many very interesting properties.
For example, water is the most mobile substance after air. From the school course, many, for sure, remember such a thing as the water cycle in nature. For example: a brook evaporates under the influence of direct sun rays turns into water vapor. Further, this steam is carried somewhere by the wind, collects in clouds, and even falls in the mountains in the form of snow, hail or rain. Further, from the mountains, the brook again runs down, partially evaporating. And so - in a circle - the cycle is repeated millions of times.
Water also has a very high heat capacity. It is because of this that water bodies, especially oceans, cool very slowly during the transition from a warm season or time of day to a cold one. Conversely, when the air temperature rises, the water heats up very slowly. Due to this, as mentioned above, water stabilizes the air temperature throughout our planet.
After mercury, water has the most high value surface tension. It is impossible not to notice that accidentally spilled on flat surface a drop sometimes becomes an impressive speck. This shows the ductility of water. Another property manifests itself when the temperature drops to four degrees. As soon as the water cools to this mark, it becomes lighter. Therefore, ice always floats on the surface of the water and freezes in a crust, covering rivers and lakes. Thanks to this, in ponds that freeze in winter, fish do not freeze out.
Water as a conductor of electricity
First, you should learn about what electrical conductivity is (including water). Electrical conductivity is the ability of a substance to conduct an electric current through itself. Accordingly, the electrical conductivity of water is the ability of water to conduct current. This ability directly depends on the amount of salts and other impurities in the liquid. For example, the electrical conductivity of distilled water is almost minimized due to the fact that such water is purified from various additives that are so necessary for good electrical conductivity. An excellent current conductor is sea water, where the concentration of salts is very high. The electrical conductivity also depends on the temperature of the water. The higher the temperature, the greater the electrical conductivity of water. This regularity was revealed thanks to multiple experiments of physicists.
Water conductivity measurement
There is such a term - conductometry. This is the name of one of the methods of electrochemical analysis based on electrical conductivity solutions. This method is used to determine the concentration in solutions of salts or acids, as well as to control the composition of some industrial solutions. Water has amphoteric properties. That is, depending on the conditions, it is able to exhibit both acidic and basic properties - to act both as an acid and as a base.
The instrument used for this analysis has a very similar name - a conductometer. Using a conductometer, the electrical conductivity of electrolytes in a solution is measured, the analysis of which is being carried out. Perhaps it is worth explaining another term - electrolyte. This is a substance that, when dissolved or melted, decomposes into ions, due to which an electric current is subsequently conducted. An ion is an electrically charged particle. Actually, the conductometer, taking as a basis certain units of electrical conductivity of water, determines its electrical conductivity. That is, it determines the electrical conductivity of a specific volume of water, taken as the initial unit.
Even before the beginning of the seventies of the last century, the unit of measure "mo" was used to indicate the conductivity of electricity, it was a derivative of another quantity - Ohm, which is the main unit of resistance. Electrical conductivity is a quantity that is inversely proportional to resistance. Now it is measured in Siemens. This value got its name in honor of the physicist from Germany - Werner von Siemens.
Siemens
Siemens (it can be denoted by both Cm and S) is the reciprocal of Ohm, which is a unit of measurement of electrical conductivity. One cm is equal to any conductor whose resistance is 1 ohm. Siemens is expressed through the formula:
- 1 Sm \u003d 1: Ohm \u003d A: B \u003d kg −1 m −2 s³A², where
A - ampere,
V - volt.
Thermal conductivity of water
Now let's talk about - this is the ability of a substance to transfer thermal energy. The essence of the phenomenon lies in the fact that the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules, which determine the temperature of a given body or substance, is transferred to another body or substance during their interaction. In other words, thermal conductivity is heat exchange between bodies, substances, as well as between a body and a substance.
The thermal conductivity of water is also very high. People daily use this property of water without noticing it. For example, pouring cold water into a container and cooling drinks or foods in it. Cold water takes heat from the bottle, container, instead of giving cold, the reverse reaction is also possible.
Now the same phenomenon can be easily imagined on a planetary scale. The ocean heats up during the summer, and then - with the onset of cold weather, it slowly cools down and gives up its heat to the air, thereby heating the continents. Having cooled down during the winter, the ocean begins to warm up very slowly compared to the land and gives up its coolness to the continents languishing from the summer sun.
Density of water
It was said above that fish live in a reservoir in winter due to the fact that water freezes with a crust over their entire surface. We know that water begins to turn into ice at a temperature of zero degrees. Due to the fact that the density of water is greater than the density floats and freezes on the surface.
water properties
Also water at different conditions can be both an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent. That is, water, giving up its electrons, is positively charged and oxidized. Or it acquires electrons and is charged negatively, which means it is restored. In the first case, the water oxidizes and is called dead. It has very powerful bactericidal properties, but you don’t need to drink it. In the second case, the water is alive. It invigorates, stimulates the body to recover, brings energy to the cells. The difference between these two properties of water is expressed in the term "redox potential".
What can water react with?
Water is able to react with almost all substances that exist on Earth. The only thing is that for the occurrence of these reactions, it is necessary to provide a suitable temperature and microclimate.
For example, at room temperature, water reacts well with metals such as sodium, potassium, barium - they are called active. Halogens are fluorine and chlorine. When heated, water reacts well with iron, magnesium, coal, methane.
With the help of various catalysts, water reacts with amides, esters of carboxylic acids. A catalyst is a substance that seems to push the components to a mutual reaction, accelerating it.
Is there water anywhere else but Earth?
So far on no planet solar system, except for the Earth, no water has been found. Yes, they assume its presence on the satellites of such giant planets as Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus, but so far scientists do not have exact data. There is another hypothesis, not yet fully verified, about groundwater on the planet Mars and on the Earth's satellite - the Moon. Regarding Mars, a number of theories have been put forward that once there was an ocean on this planet, and its possible model was even designed by scientists.
Outside the solar system, there are many large and small planets, where, according to scientists, there may be water. But so far there is not the slightest way to be sure of this for sure.
How to use the thermal and electrical conductivity of water for practical purposes
Due to the fact that water has a high heat capacity, it is used in heating mains as a heat carrier. It provides heat transfer from the producer to the consumer. Many nuclear power plants also use water as an excellent coolant.
In medicine, ice is used for cooling, and steam for disinfection. Ice is also used in the catering system.
In many nuclear reactors water is used as a moderator for the successful flow of a nuclear chain reaction.
Pressurized water is used to split, break through and even cut rocks. This is actively used in the construction of tunnels, underground facilities, warehouses, subways.
Conclusion
It follows from the article that water, in terms of its properties and functions, is the most irreplaceable and amazing substance on Earth. Does the life of a person or any other living being on Earth depend on water? Certainly yes. Does this substance contribute to the management scientific activity human? Yes. Does water have electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and other useful properties? The answer is also yes. Another thing is that there is less and less water on Earth, and even more so clean water. And our task is to preserve and protect it (and, therefore, all of us) from extinction.
