Automation of the booster pumping station. The basic work program of the module (discipline) "Operation of pumping and compressor stations" Work program optimization of the operation of pumping stations

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1 APPROVED by the Vice-Rector for academic work S.A. Boldyrev 0 year.

2 CONTENTS 1. Goals and objectives of studying the discipline The purpose of teaching the discipline Tasks of studying the discipline Interdisciplinary communication Requirements for the results of mastering the discipline Volume of the discipline and types of educational work Content of the discipline Sections of the discipline and types of classes in hours (thematic lesson plan) Content of sections and topics lecture course Practical classes Laboratory classes Independent work Educational and methodological materials on the discipline Basic and additional literature, information resources List of visual and other aids, guidelines and materials for technical training aids Control and measuring materials... 11

3 1.1. The purpose of teaching the discipline 1. The goals and objectives of studying the discipline of forming knowledge on the main types of pumps, compressors, technological equipment; formation of skills in the design, construction and operation of pumping and blower stations, water supply and sanitation systems. 1.. The tasks of studying the discipline preparation of bachelors for design, production, technological, scientific activities and operation of pumping and blowing stations of water supply and sanitation systems Interdisciplinary communication The discipline "Pumps and pumping stations" refers to the variable part of the professional cycle. Profile "Water supply and sanitation", the main part. The discipline "Pumping and Blower Stations" is based on the knowledge gained during the development of disciplines: "Mathematics", "Physics", "Hydraulics", "Theoretical Mechanics", "Architecture", "Drawing", "Strength of Materials", "Building Materials" , "Engineering Geodesy", "Electrical Engineering". Requirements for the input knowledge, skills and competencies of students. The student must: Know: the main historical events, the basics of the legal system, regulatory and technical documents in the field professional activity; fundamental laws of higher mathematics, chemistry, physics, hydraulics, electrical engineering, theoretical mechanics, resistance of materials; Be able to: independently acquire additional knowledge in educational and reference literature; apply the knowledge gained in the study of previous disciplines; use a personal computer; Possess: decision skills math problems; graphic-analytical research methods; methods of setting and solving engineering tasks. Disciplines for which the discipline "Pumps and pumping stations" is the previous one: disciplines of a profile orientation: " Water networks”, “Drainage networks”, “Water treatment and water intake facilities”, “Water disposal and cleaning Wastewater”, “Sanitary equipment of buildings and structures”, “Heat and gas supply with the basics of heat engineering”, “Fundamentals of industrial water supply and sanitation”, “Fundamentals of industrial sanitation”, “Operation of structures of water supply and sanitation systems”, “Reconstruction of structures of water supply and sanitation systems” .

4 1.4. Requirements for the results of mastering the discipline The process of studying the discipline "Heating" is aimed at the formation of the following competencies: possession of a culture of thinking, the ability to generalize, analyze, perceive information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it (OK-1); the ability to logically correctly, reasonably and clearly build oral and written speech(OK-); ability to use regulations legal documents in their activities (OK-5); use the basic laws of natural sciences in professional activities, apply the methods of mathematical analysis and modeling, theoretical and experimental research (PC-1); the ability to identify the natural science essence of the problems that arise in the course of professional activity, to involve them in the solution of the appropriate physical and mathematical apparatus (PC-); possession of the main methods, methods and means of obtaining, storing, processing information, skills in working with a computer as a means of managing information (PC-5); knowledge regulatory framework in area engineering surveys, principles of designing buildings, structures, engineering systems and equipment, planning and development populated areas(PC-9); possession of methods for conducting engineering surveys, technology for designing parts and structures in accordance with terms of reference using standard applied calculation and graphic software packages (PC-10); the ability to conduct a preliminary feasibility study of design calculations, develop design and working technical documentation, draw up completed design work, monitor the compliance of developed projects and technical documentation task, standards, specifications and other regulatory documents(PC-11); mastery of technology, methods of fine-tuning and development of technological processes construction industry, production building materials, products and structures, machinery and equipment (PC-1); the ability to prepare documentation on quality management and standard methods of quality control of technological processes at production sites, organization of jobs, their technical equipment, placement of technological equipment, monitor compliance with technological discipline and environmental safety(PC-13); knowledge of scientific and technical information, domestic and foreign experience by activity profile (PC-17); possession of mathematical modeling based on standard packages of automation of design and research, methods of setting up and conducting experiments according to specified methods (PC-18); the ability to draw up reports on the work performed, participate in the implementation of research results and practical developments (PC-19); knowledge of the rules and technology of installation, adjustment, testing and commissioning of structures, engineering systems and equipment of construction sites, samples of products manufactured by the enterprise (PK-0); possession of methods for experimental testing of equipment and technological support (PC-1). As a result of mastering the discipline, the student must: Know: types and designs of the main equipment of pumping and blower stations; types and designs of structures of pumping and blower stations;

5 basics of design and construction of pumping and blower stations. Be able to: justifiably accept design solutions according to the composition of the technological equipment of pumping and blower stations as elements of the system, for which the requirements of consumers are set for the reliability and conditions of water, air supply and operating modes. Possess: the skills of installation, construction and operation of the main technological equipment and facilities of pumping and blower stations.

6. The volume of discipline and types of study work Type of study work Total credit units (hours) Total labor intensity of the discipline 68 Classroom classes: 40 lectures 0 practical classes (PT) 0 seminar classes (SZ) - laboratory work (LR) - other types of classroom studies - intermediate control testing Independent work: 8 study of the theoretical course (TO) - course project - settlement and graphic work (RGR) - abstract 8 tasks - other types of assignments independent work- Type of intermediate control (test, exam) test

7 3. The content of the discipline 3.1. Sections of the discipline and types of classes in hours (thematic lesson plan) p / p Modules and sections of the discipline Pumps Purpose, principle of operation and scope of pumps various kinds The working process of vane pumps Characteristics of the operation of vane pumps, joint operation of pumps and networks , credit units (hours) LR, credit units (hours) work, credit units (hours) Implemented competencies PC-1, PC-5, PC-9, PC-10, PC-11, PC-1 PC-13, PC-17, PC-18, PC-19, PC- 0, PC PC-1, PC-5, PC-9, PC-10, PC-11, PC PC-13, PC-17, PC-18, PC-19, PC-0, PC-1 Total Content of sections and topics of the lecture course topics of the lecture section Lecture content Number of hours (credit units) Independent work Basic parameters and classification Study of theoretical pumps. Advantages and disadvantages of the course. Study of abstract 1 of pumps of various types. Lecture outlines. Working with the device and the principle of operation of special literature. vane pumps, friction pumps, Preparing for current positive displacement pumps. certification (CSR). Pressure and head developed by 1 centrifugal pump. Power and pump efficiency. Same

8 Kinematics of fluid movement in the working bodies of a centrifugal pump. Basic equation of a centrifugal pump. Likeness of 1 pumps. Conversion formulas and the same speed factor. Pump suction height. Cavitation in pumps. Valid values suction height. 4 Characteristics of centrifugal pumps. Ways to get 1 characteristics. Joint The same characteristic of the operation of the pump and pipeline. Pump testing. 5 Parallel and series 1 operation of pumps. Designs of pumps: centrifugal, axial, diagonal, borehole, vortex. Volumetric and screw pumps. The same 6 Classification and types of pumping stations Implementation of writing stations. Composition of equipment and control work of pumping and blower rooms (abstract). stations. 7 Specific features of water pumping stations. The study of the theoretical course. Elaboration of the abstract The main constructive solutions of the lectures. Work from buildings of pumping stations. Appointment by special literature .. and design features of pumping stations -1st and -th lift. Preparation for the current certification (CSR Classification of pumping stations of sewage systems. Schemes of the device, purpose. Design features of pumping stations of sewage systems. Determination of the capacity of receiving tanks. Placement of pumping units. Features of the construction of pumping stations of sewerage systems. Operation of blowers and pumping stations. Technical and economic indicators of pumping stations Total: 0 Written test (abstract) The same The same

9 3.3. Practical classes p / n of the discipline section Name of practical classes Volume in hours Appointment and specifications pumps Classification and characteristics of pumps. Working part 1 1 characteristics of pumps. Stable and unstable characteristics of pumps. Gentle, normal, steeply falling characteristics. Determination of the steepness of the characteristic. Collaboration pumps and pipelines Building a joint characteristic of the operation of pumps and 1 pipelines. Graphical characteristic Q-H pipeline. Construction of the reduced characteristic Q-H centrifugal pump. Determination of the operating point of the pump in the piping system. Changes in the energy characteristics of a centrifugal 3 1 pump with a change in the diameter and speed of the impeller of the pump Working fields of characteristics Q-H of the pump. Calculation formulas. 4 1 Definition geometric height pump suction (part 1) Determination of the geometric suction height of the pump when the pump is installed above the liquid level in the receiving tank, below the liquid level in the receiving tank (the pump is installed under the bay), in the case when the liquid in the receiving tank is under excess pressure. 5 1 Determination of the geometric suction head of the pump (h) Determination of the geometric suction head of the pump, taking into account the geodetic mark of the pump installation and taking into account the temperature of the pumped water. Selection of the main equipment of water pumping stations 67 Calculation of the supply of the pumping station of the th lift according to the stepwise and integral water consumption curves. Influence of the capacity of 4 pressure-regulating tanks on the mode of operation of the pumping station. Definition design head pumping station and the number of working and standby pumps. 7 Operating mode of the sewage pumping station Calculation of the flow and pressure of the pumping station and the capacity of the receiving tank. Choice of working and reserve units. Building a graph of hourly inflow and pumping out, calculation of the frequency of switching on pumps depending on the capacity of the receiving tank. Determining the mark of the pump axis under the condition of its 8 non-cavitational operation. Determining the mark of the pump axis. Checking the cavitation reserve. 9 Study tour to the pumping stations Total: 0

10 3.4. Laboratory studies p / n of the discipline section Name of laboratory work Volume in hours 3.5. Independent work For students to acquire practical skills in choosing hydromechanical special equipment and designing structures for pumping water, it is planned to perform course project. The result of independent work is writing an abstract. This type of work is 8 hours. The organization of independent work is carried out in accordance with the schedule of the educational process and independent work of students.

11 4. Educational and methodical materials on discipline 4.1. Basic and additional literature, information resources a) Basic literature 1. Karelin V.Ya., Minaev A.V. Pumps and pumping stations. M .: LLC "Bastet", Shevelev F.A., Shevelev A.F. Tables for hydraulic calculation water pipes. M.: Bastet LLC, Lukinykh A.A., Lukinykh N.A. Tables for hydraulic calculation sewer networks and siphons according to the formula of Acad. N.N. Pavlovsky. M .: LLC "Bastet", Designing a sewer pumping station: textbook / b.m. Grishin, M.V. Bikunova, Sarantsev V.A., Titov E.A., Kochergin A.S. Penza: PGUAS, 01. b) additional literature 1. Somov M.A., Zhurba M.G. Water supply. Moscow: Stroyizdat, Voronov Yu.V., Yakovlev S.Ya. Water disposal and waste water treatment. Moscow: DIA Publishing House, Builder's Handbook. Installation of external water supply and sewerage systems. / ed. A.K. Pereshivkina/. Moscow: Stroyizdat, Water supply and sanitation. External networks and structures. Ed. Repina B.N. M.: Izd-vo ASV, 013. c) software 1. a package of electronic tests 170 questions;. electronic course of lectures "Pump and blower stations"; 3. Program AUTOCAD, RAUCAD, MAGICAD; d) databases, information and reference and search systems 4. electronic catalogs pumps; 5. samples standard projects pumping stations; 6. search engines: YANDEX, MAIL, GOOGLE, etc. 7. Internet sites: etc. 4.. List of visual and other aids, guidelines and materials for technical teaching aids technical base discipline includes: a laboratory with a stand for laboratory work, equipped with the necessary instrumentation, equipment and pumping units. computer class for laboratory work using simulators Control and measuring materials Control and measuring materials: a list of questions for the exam and exam tickets. An example of typical test tasks for the discipline "Pumps and pumping stations": 1. What does the coefficient take into account useful action? a) the degree of reliability of the pump; b) all types of losses associated with the conversion by the pump of the mechanical energy of the engine into the energy of a moving fluid; c) losses due to water overflow through the gaps between the housing and the impeller. The correct answer is b.. What is the pump head? a) the work done by the pump per unit of time; b) increase in the specific energy of the liquid in the area from the inlet to the pump to the exit from it; c) the specific energy of the liquid at the outlet of the pump.

12 Correct answer b. 3. The pump head is measured a) in meters of the column of liquid pumped by the pump, m; b) in m 3 / s; c) in m 3. The correct answer is a. 4. What is the volumetric flow of the pump? a) the volume of liquid supplied by the pump per unit time; b) the mass of fluid pumped by the pump per unit time; c) the weight of the pumped liquid per unit of time. Correct answer a. 5. Which pumps belong to the dynamic group? a) centrifugal pumps; b) piston pumps; c) plunger pumps. Correct answer a. 6. Which pumps belong to the positive displacement group? a) centrifugal; b) vortex; c) piston. Correct answer c. 7. Which pumps are based on general principle the force interaction of the impeller blades with the flow of the pumped liquid flowing around them? a) diaphragmatic; b) piston; c) centrifugal, axial, diagonal. Correct answer c. 8. The main working body of a centrifugal pump? a) impeller b) shaft; c) pump housing. Correct answer a. 9. Under the influence of what force is the liquid ejected from the impeller of a centrifugal pump? a) under the influence of gravity; b) under the action of centrifugal force; c) under the influence of the Cariolis force. Correct answer b. 10. According to the layout of the pumping unit (shaft location), centrifugal pumps are divided into a) single-stage and multi-stage; b) with one-sided supply and two-sided supply; c) horizontal and vertical. Correct answer c.

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1. OBJECTIVES OF MASTERING THE DISCIPLINE "PUMPS AND BLOW STATIONS"

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The fulfillment of this task is based on carrying out full-scale tests of pumping units, which are carried out on the basis of the developed methodology for diagnosing pumping stations, shown in fig. fourteen.
To optimize the operation of pumping units, it is necessary to determine their efficiency and specific consumption electricity, which will allow an assessment of the economic efficiency of the pumping station.
After definitions of efficiency pumping units is determined by the efficiency of the pumping station, from where it is easy to proceed to the selection of the most economical modes of operation of pumping units, taking into account the dis-
station supply rate, standard sizes of installed pumps and the allowable number of their switching on and off.
Ideally, to determine the efficiency of a pumping station, you can use the data obtained
direct measurements during full-scale testing of pumping units, for which it will be necessary to perform full-scale tests at 10-20 delivery points in the operating range of the pump at various values valve opening (from 0 to 100%).
When carrying out full-scale tests of pumps, the rotational speed of the impeller should be measured, especially in the presence of frequency controllers, since the current frequency is directly proportional to the engine speed.
According to the test results, the actual characteristics are built for these particular pumps.
After determining the efficiency of individual pumping units, the efficiency of the pumping station as a whole is calculated, as well as the most economical combinations of pumping units or their modes of operation.
To assess the characteristics of the network, you can use the data of automated accounting of costs and pressures for the main water conduits at the outlet of the station.
An example of filling out forms for field testing of a pumping unit is presented in Appendix. 4, graphs of the actual performance of the pump - in App. 5.
The geometric meaning of optimizing the operation of a pumping station lies in the selection of working pumps that most accurately meet the needs of the distribution network (flow rate, head) in the considered time intervals (Fig. 15).
As a result of this work, a reduction in electricity consumption by 5-15% is provided, depending on the size of the station, the number and sizes of installed pumps, as well as the nature of water consumption.

Source: Zakharevich, M. B. Improving the reliability of water supply systems based on the introduction of safe forms of organizing their operation and construction: textbook. allowance. 2011(original)

More on the topic Improving the efficiency of pumping stations:

1. Zakharevich, M. B. / M. B. Zakharevich, A. N. Kim, A. Yu. Martyanova; SPbEASU - SPb., 2011. - 6 Increasing the reliability of water supply systems based on the introduction of safe forms of organization of their operation and construction: textbook. allowance, 2011

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Introduction

At the present stage of development of the oil and gas industry great importance is developing automatic control production, replacement physically and morally of obsolete automation equipment and control systems for technical processes and oil and gas production facilities. The introduction of new automatic control and management systems leads to an increase in the reliability and accuracy of tracking technological process.

Automation production processes is the highest form of development of oil and gas production technology, the creation of high-performance equipment, the improvement of production culture, the establishment of new oil and gas regions, the growth of oil and gas production have become possible due to the development and implementation of automation and improved management.

A systematic approach to solving issues of automation of technological processes, the creation and implementation automated systems management made it possible to carry out the transition to the integrated automation of all the main and auxiliary technological processes of drilling, production, desalting and transportation of oil and gas.

Modern oil and gas production enterprises are complex complexes of technological facilities dispersed over large areas. Technological objects are interconnected. This increases the requirement for reliability and perfection of automation tools. Ensuring the reliability and efficiency of the gas supply system, optimizing the processes of oil production, transport, improving the technical and economic indicators of the development of the oil industry requires solving the most important tasks of long-term planning and operational dispatch control of the oil production system based on the implementation of a program of integrated automation of technological processes, the widespread introduction of automated control systems.

In this paper, the automation system of a booster pumping station (BPS) is considered.

1. Automation of the booster pumping station

The booster pumping station (Fig. 1) after the primary separation of oil ensures its flow to the units of the further technological cycle and maintains the necessary pressure there.

Rice. 1 - Technological scheme of the booster pumping station

The basis of this station is self-priming centrifugal pumps, to which oil is supplied from the primary separation unit or from reserve bullets. Oil is pumped into the pumps through filters, which are installed both on the suction and discharge lines of this system. The station is equipped with always working and reserve pumps. Filters are also reserved on its discharge line. The activation of each of the pumps or one of the filters on the discharge line is carried out using drive valves controlled by the automation system.

The booster pumping station automation control system not only maintains the specified oil pressure in the flow line, but also performs timely switching working line to the reserve in case of failure of the working pump or clogging of one of the working filters. To control the operating parameters in the technological chain of the booster pumping station, the following technical means are used:

DM1 - DM4 - differential pressure gauges;

P1, P3 - pressure sensors at the pump inlet;

P2, P4 - pressure sensors at the outlet of the pumps;

Z1 - Z6 - valve drives and sensors of their position;

F1 - F4 - filters on the oil line.

This equipment is connected to the corresponding ports of the controller of the booster pumping station control system according to the scheme shown in fig. 2.

As in the previous case, the control buttons and damper position sensors are connected to the discrete input module (port) of this controller. Analog pressure sensors and differential pressure gauges are connected to the input of the analog input module (port). All valve motors and pump drives are connected to the discrete output module (port).

Rice. 2 - The structure of the lower level of the control system of the booster pumping station

oil extraction pumping station

The booster pumping station control algorithm has a complex structure, consisting of several interconnected subroutines. The main program of this algorithm is shown in Fig. 3.

According to this algorithm, after entering the value of the setting signals, a waiting cycle is performed for pressing the "Start" button, after pressing which the automatic selection pump No. 1 and valve Z5 as the working equipment of the technological cycle. This choice is fixed by assigning a single value to the constants N and K. Based on the value of these constants, the choice of the direction of branching in the subroutines of the algorithm will be determined later.

These subroutines are launched by the main algorithm immediately after the command is given to open the gate valve Z1, which connects the production line of the booster pumping station with the primary oil separation unit. The first of these subprograms "Pump start" controls the process of starting the working (or backup) pump, and the other subprogram "Parameter control" monitors the main parameters of the process and, if they do not correspond to the set values, switches in the technological chain of this process.

The subprogram "Control of parameters" is launched cyclically throughout the working cycle of this process. At the same time, in this cycle, the “Stop” button is polled, when pressed, the gate valve Z1 is closed. Then, before stopping the main program, the algorithm starts the subroutine "Pump Stop" for execution. This subroutine performs sequential actions to stop the working pump.

According to the subprogram “Pump Start” (Fig. 4), the content of the parameter N is initially analyzed, which determines the number of the working pump (respectively, N=1 for pump No. 1 and N=0 for another pump). Depending on the value of this parameter, the algorithm selects the start branch of the corresponding pump. These branches are similar in structure, but differ only in the parameters of technological elements.

Rice. 3 - Algorithm for controlling the booster pumping station

The first procedure of the selected branch of this subprogram polls the differential pressure sensor DM1, the content of which determines the operating state of the corresponding filter at the inlet of the pumping unit. The readings of this sensor are compared with the set limit value of the relative pressure on the filter. If the filter is contaminated (when it needs to be cleaned), the pressure difference at its inlet and outlet will exceed the specified value, so this technological branch cannot be put into operation, and a transition to the launch of a backup line will be required, i.e. backup pump.

If the filter is in a normal state, its actual differential pressure is less than the specified one, and the algorithm proceeds to polling the sensor that controls the pressure at the inlet of the selected pump. Again, the readings of this sensor are compared with the set value. In case of insufficient pressure at the inlet of the pump, it will not be able to enter the operating mode, therefore it cannot be started either, and this will again require a transition to starting the standby pump.

Rice. 4 - Structure of the subroutine "Pump start"

If the pump inlet pressure is normal, the next command of the subroutine starts it, with the parameter N being assigned the appropriate numerical value, and the pump start control discrete sensors control this process. After this start, the sensor that controls the outlet pressure of the started pump is interrogated. In the event that this pressure is below the set level, the pump cannot also operate in normal mode, therefore this case also requires the backup pump to be started, but only after the running pump has stopped.

If the set pressure at the pump outlet is reached, then it means that it has reached the set mode, therefore, at the next step, the algorithm opens the valve that connects the pump outlet to the line of the system outlet filters. The opening of each of the valves is fixed by discrete sensors of its position.

At this point, the pump start subroutine has fulfilled its functions, therefore, at the next step, it exits from it to the main program, where the next subroutine “Parameter Control” of the operating system is then launched. This subroutine runs in a loop until the process is stopped with the Stop button.

Structurally, the "Control of parameters" subprogram is identical to the "Pump start" subprogram, however, it has some features (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5 - Structure of the subroutine "Control of parameters"

In this subroutine, as in the previous one, the same sensors are polled sequentially and their readings are compared with the specified values ​​of the controlled parameters. If they do not match, a command is given to close the corresponding valve and stop the corresponding pump, while the parameter N is assigned a value opposite to the previous one. After all this, the “Pump Start” subprogram is launched, according to which the standby pump is put into operation.

If all controlled parameters correspond to the specified values, then, before entering the main program, the algorithm checks the condition of the main line filters. For this purpose, the subprogram “Control of gate valves Z5 and Z6” (Fig. 6) is launched, according to which, in the event of failure of one of these filters, the backup filter is put into operation.

Rice. 6 - Structure of the subprogram "Control of valves Z5 and Z6"

According to this subroutine, through the analysis of the value of the parameter K, the working branch is selected in it, according to which the differential pressure gauge of the operating filter is polled. When normal operation filter, the actual pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the filter will not exceed the specified value, so the algorithm exits the subroutine according to the “yes” condition without changing the structure of connecting elements in the line.

If this difference exceeds the specified value, the algorithm follows the “no” condition, as a result of which the working valve closes and the reserve valve opens, and the opposite value is assigned to the parameter N. After this is done, this subroutine exits to the previous one, and from it to the main program.

The process of controlled start-up of the working pump, and in case of its breakdown, the start-up of the backup pump is carried out automatically by the algorithm. Similarly, the controlled launch of filters is carried out through the inclusion of valves in the main line.

When the "Stop" button is pressed, the cycle of continuous monitoring of the system parameters is terminated, the valve that connects the booster pump station to the separation unit is closed, and the transition to the "Pump stop" subprogram is performed (Fig. 7).

According to this subroutine, based on the analysis of the parameter N, one of two identical branches of the algorithm is selected. According to it, the algorithm initially sends a command to close the valve installed at the outlet of the operating pump. After closing it, another command stops the running pump. Then, by a new analysis of the value of the parameter K, a branch of the algorithm is selected, along which the valve of the operating main filter is closed, after which the algorithm stops its work.

Rice. 7 - Structure of the subroutine "Pump stop"

Bibliography

1. Sazhin R.A. Elements and structures of automation systems for technological processes in the oil and gas industry. PSTU publishing house, Perm, 2008. ? 175 p.

2. Isakovich R.Ya. and other Automation of production processes in the oil and gas industry. "Nedra", M., 1983

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The basis of energy efficient use pumping equipment is the coordinated work on the network, i.e. the duty point must be within the operating range of the pump curve. Fulfillment of this requirement allows the pumps to be operated with high efficiency and reliability. The duty point is determined by the characteristics of the pump and the system in which the pump is installed. In practice, many water supply organizations are faced with the problem of inefficient operation of pumping equipment. Often, the efficiency pumping station is significantly lower efficiency. pumps installed on it.

Studies show that, on average, the efficiency pumping systems is 40%, and 10% of pumps operate with efficiency. below 10%. This is mainly due to resizing (selection of pumps with large values flow and pressure than required for the operation of the system), regulation of pump operating modes using throttling (i.e. valve), wear of pumping equipment. The choice of a pump with large parameters has two sides.

As a rule, in water supply systems, the water consumption schedule varies greatly depending on the time of day, day of the week, season. At the same time, the station must ensure maximum water consumption in normal mode during peak loads. Often, the need to supply water for the needs of fire extinguishing systems is added to this. In the absence of regulation, the pump cannot operate effectively over the entire range of water consumption changes.

The operation of pumps in conditions of changing the required flow rates in a wide range leads to the fact that the equipment operates outside the working area most of the time, with low efficiency values. and low resources. Sometimes the efficiency pumping stations is 8-10%, while the efficiency pumps installed on them in the operating range is over 70%. As a result of such operation, consumers have a false opinion about the unreliability and inefficiency of pumping equipment. And given the fact that a significant proportion of it is domestically produced pumps, a myth arises about unreliability and inefficiency. domestic pumps. At the same time, practice shows that a number of domestic pumps in terms of reliability and energy efficiency are not inferior to the best world analogues. There are many ways to optimize energy consumption, the main ones are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Methods for reducing the energy consumption of pumping systems

The effectiveness of one or another method of regulation is largely determined by the characteristics of the system and the schedule of its change over time. In each case, it is necessary to make a decision depending on the specific features of the operating conditions. For example, received in recent times the wide distribution of regulation of pumps by changing the frequency can not always lead to a decrease in energy consumption. Sometimes this backfires. The use of a frequency drive has the greatest effect when pumps operate on a network with a predominance of the dynamic component of the characteristic, i.e. losses in pipelines and shut-off and control valves. Application cascade control by switching on and off the required number of pumps installed in parallel, has the greatest effect when working in systems with a predominantly static component.

Therefore, the main initial requirement for carrying out measures to reduce energy consumption is the characteristics of the system and its change over time. The main problem in development energy saving measures due to the fact that at existing facilities the network parameters are almost always unknown, and are very different from the design ones. The differences are associated with a change in network parameters due to corrosion of pipelines, water supply schemes, water consumption volumes, etc.

To determine the actual operating modes of pumps and network parameters, it becomes necessary to measure directly at the facility using special control and measuring equipment, i.e. technical audit hydraulic system. For the successful implementation of measures aimed at improving the energy efficiency of installed equipment, it is necessary to have as many complete information about the operation of the pumps and take it into account in the future. In general, there are several specific successive stages of the audit of pumping equipment.
1. Collection of preliminary information on the composition of the equipment installed at the facility, incl. information about the technological process in which pumps are used (stations of the first, second, third lifts, etc.)
2. Clarification on site of previously received information about the composition of the installed equipment, the possibility of obtaining additional data, the availability of measuring instruments, the control system, etc. Preliminary planning for testing.
3. Testing at the facility.
4. Processing and evaluation of results.
5. Preparation of a feasibility study for various options modernization.

Table 2. Causes of increased energy consumption and measures to reduce it

Rice. 1. The operation of the pump on the network with a predominant static component with frequency regulation

Rice. 2. The operation of the pump on the network with predominant friction losses with frequency regulation

During the initial visit to the site, it is possible to identify "problematic", in terms of energy consumption, pumps. Table 2 shows the main signs that may indicate inefficient operation of pumping equipment and typical measures that can correct the situation, indicating the estimated payback period for energy saving measures.

As a result of the test, the following information should be obtained:
1. Characteristics of the system and its changes over time (hourly, daily, weekly charts).
2. Determination of the actual characteristics of the pumps. Determination of pump operating modes for each of the characteristic modes (the longest mode, maximum, minimum flow).

The assessment of the application of various modernization options and the method of regulation is taken on the basis of the calculation of the life cycle cost (LCC) of the equipment. The main share in the life cycle costs of any pumping system is the cost of electricity. Therefore, at the stage of preliminary evaluation of various options, it is necessary to use the specific power criterion, i.e. the power consumed by the pumping equipment, related to the unit flow rate of the pumped liquid.

findings:
The tasks of reducing the energy consumption of pumping equipment are solved, first of all, by ensuring the coordinated operation of the pump and the system. The problem of excessive energy consumption of pumping systems in operation can be successfully solved by upgrading to meet this requirement.

In turn, any modernization activities must be based on reliable data on the operation of pumping equipment and system characteristics. In each case, several options must be considered, and as an instrument of choice the best option use the method of estimating the life cycle cost of pumping equipment.

Alexander Kostyuk, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Director of the Water Pump Program;
Olga Dibrova, engineer;
Sergey Sokolov, lead engineer. LLC "MC "HMS Group"

Explanatory note

Real working training program developed in accordance with the State Compulsory Education Standard of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the specialty 2006002 "Construction and operation of gas and oil pipelines and gas and oil storage facilities", and therefore is intended to implement state requirements for the level of training of specialists in the subject "pumping and compressor stations" and is the main one, if necessary, for compiling a working curriculum .

The program of the subject "Pumping and compressor stations of main gas and oil pipelines" provides for the study of methods of operation, repair and maintenance of installations, various types of pumping and compressor stations. Special attention given to compressor shops with gas turbine, gas engine and electrical appliances on the study of methods of operation and repair technical equipment. When studying the subject, it is necessary to use achievements and developments both in domestic and foreign practice. Information of various series on the technology of pumping oil and gas, as well as gas condensate and oil products, when performing calculations, it is necessary to comply with GOST and ESKD.

When implementing this work program, it is necessary to use didactic and visual aids, diagrams, lessons at compressor and pumping stations.

This work program provides for practical exercises that contribute to the successful assimilation educational material, acquiring skills in solving practical problems related to the operation of compressor and pumping stations, it is necessary to conduct excursions to existing stations.

Thematic plan

Topic 1. Pump units used at oil pumping stations of main pipelines

Technological schemes and main equipment, compressor stations and pumping stations, as well as auxiliary equipment of pumping units. The main nodes and blocks at the CS and pumping stations.

Characteristics of pumps, operation of pumps on the network. The choice of the pump according to the given parameters. Parallel and series connection of pumps. Methods for regulating the operating mode of pumps. Unstable operation of pumps: Surge and cavitation.

Topic 2. Operation of oil pumping stations

Gas compression at the compressor station, main parameters controlled at the compressor station. Division of the COP according to the technological principle. Operations carried out at the COP. The main groups of the CS. The main tasks of the personnel involved in the operation, maintenance and repair of equipment, systems and construction of the compressor station. Classification of PS and characteristics of the main objects. General plan of the NPS.

Theme 3. PS master plan

Pump unit. Auxiliary systems. The main and auxiliary equipment of compressor stations.

Topic 4. Tank farms of oil pumping stations

Piston pumps. Centrifugal pumps. vortex pumps. booster pumps. Their main characteristics. Innings. Head. Power. efficiency. cavitation reserve.

Topic 5. Basic information about the main gas pipeline

Turboblock. The combustion chamber. Starting turbo detonator. Turbo expander. Turning devices. Elements of the oil system. Control systems. Basic modifications of gas pumping units. Superchargers manufactured by Nevsky Zavod JSC (St. Petersburg), Kazan Compressor Plant JSC (Kazan), SMNPO named after M.V. Frunze JSC (Sumy).

Topic 6 Classification of compressor stations Purpose Composition of structures and master plans of compressor stations

Characteristics of PGPU operation. Features of PGPA. The scope of their application. Appointment of piston GPUs.

Topic7. Pipeline accessories used at pumping and compressor stations

Combination of compressor shops. Block structures PGPA. The main functions of the blocks. The composition of the gas compressor unit GPU.

Topic 8. Water supply of stations.

Device. High-pressure turbines and nozzle apparatus, arrangement of low-pressure turbines and gas turbine housings.

Topic 9

Execution of gas turbine plants. Requirements for the body of gas turbine installations. Operational characteristics.

Topic 10 Heat supply of stations

Types of auxiliary systems. Functions of these systems.

aggregate function

station function

Auxiliary systems of gas pumping units.

Topic 11. Station ventilation

Basic information on water supply systems. Sources of water supply and water intake facilities. Types of drainage networks. Drainage network equipment.

Topic 12. Power supply system

General workshop and aggregate oil supply systems. Emergency oil drain. The operation of the lubrication system. Oil cooling system based on air coolers.

List of used literature

1. Surinovich V.K. Engineer of technological compressors 1986

2. Rezvin B.S. Gas turbine and gas compressor units 1986

3. Bronstein L.S. Repair of gas turbine plant 1987

4. Gromov V.V. Operator of main gas pipelines.

5. Oilfield equipment E.I. Bukharenko. Nedra, 1990

6. Oilfield machines and mechanisms. A.G. Molchanov. Nedra, 1993