The fixed part is the support of the crane installation. It serves for the perception of loads arising during the operation of the crane and the installation of crane equipment on it. During the operation of the crane installation, large and dynamic loads occur.
The fixed frame of the crane is a welded metal structure. It consists of:
two longitudinal beams of rectangular section;
transverse beams connecting the longitudinal beams;
support ring welded to the longitudinal and transverse beams.
To increase the stability of the crane in working condition, four additional supports are hinged to the fixed frame, and stabilizers are installed to equalize the deformation of the elastic suspensions of the axis of the crane undercarriage. The fixed frame is attached to the vehicle frame with ladders and bolts.
Adjust the brake of the crane rotation mechanism.
A permanently closed shoe brake is installed on the turning mechanism. It is installed at the top of the gearbox under the hydraulic motor. It consists of pads, levers, rods, springs and a hydraulic breaker.
Brake adjustment procedure:
1. Set the length of the working spring. Take its size in the passport or manual for the operation of the crane.
2. Use the rods to adjust the uniform withdrawal of the pads from the pulley.
3. Set the stroke of the hydraulic breaker to 8-15 mm. on his stock.
The maximum wear of the pads is 50% of their original thickness.
Responsibilities of the crane operator after work is completed.
Set the boom and hook to the position indicated or provided for in the instruction manual;
Inspect the crane, clean all its equipment;
The crane operator must make an entry in the shift acceptance and delivery log about all malfunctions in the operation of the crane and, at the end of work, report them to his shift worker or the person responsible for the technically sound condition of the lifting mechanisms;
Close cab windows and lock door.
Is a cross-lay rope of the design TK=6x37+1 rejected if 14 wires are broken in a section of 6 rope diameters? Wire wear 20%.
The rope is rejected.
Ticket number 2.
Purpose and general arrangement of outriggers.
Outriggers are designed to increase the support contour of the crane in the working position. They can be hinged, swivel, retractable. On the crane KS-3577, 4 swivel hydraulic supports are pivotally installed at the corners of the fixed frame.
Each support has two fixed positions: transport and working. In each position, it is fixed with a pin, which is pressed against the stop by a spring, ensuring reliable fixation. Lubrication of the support is carried out periodically through grease fittings with grease.
The support consists of a beam-crossbar and a hydraulic cylinder. The crossbar is a steel welded box-section structure made of high-strength rolled products.
The hydraulic cylinder ensures the leveling of the crane. The stroke of the support rod is 500 mm. The rod of the hydraulic cylinder has a ball head with an annular groove for connection with the thrust bearing using pins. A hydraulic lock is installed in the upper part of the hydraulic cylinder to prevent the rod from retracting in the event of an emergency pressure drop in the line during the operation of the crane.
Checking and adjusting the brake of the load lifting mechanism.
The load lifting mechanism has a band normally closed brake. To adjust it, it is necessary to lift the load to a height of 200 mm and hold it on weight for 10 minutes, while it should not fall onto the platform. The brake consists of a brake band with friction linings, enveloping the brake pulley and fixed at one end on the bracket, and at the other end on the lever. The belt is tensioned by a spring.
Brake inspection.
With a nut, set the length of the working spring to 85 mm.
Screw in the adjusting bolt of the brake band to the stop, unscrew it by 1.5 turns and lock it.
The working stroke of the hydraulic cylinder rod is 8-13 mm.
Tape wear not less than 3 mm. (or 50%)
What is forbidden to the driver during work
Rapidly lower the load onto the platform;
be distracted;
Transfer control of the crane to persons not related to the operation of the crane.;
Admit to independent work students or trainees without supervision;
Leave the tap for a short time;
Clean and lubricate crane mechanisms;
Use limit switches to stop the crane;
Deactivate safety devices and brakes, as well as work with faulty brakes and safety devices;
Lower the boom until the reach, at which the lifting capacity of the crane less weight understood cargo;
Lay the load on electric cables or pipelines, as well as on the edge of a slope or ditch, if the load can slide or tip over;
Lift people in a container or on a load;
To lift the load incorrectly tied, as well as in a container filled above the sides:
Release the slings, ropes or chains pinched by the load with a crane;
Tear off and lift dead weight;
Perform sharp braking when turning the boom with a load;
Drag the load along the ground;
Install a crane under power lines;
Lift a load exceeding the capacity of the crane;
Allow untrained and non-certified slingers to hook or sling;
Can a truck crane at a hook reach of 10 m lift a sheet of metal 6x2x0.03 ρ weight 7.8 t / m 3
EXAM TICKETS Ticket 1
1. Dangerous production facilities.
2. Difference truck cranes from other jib cranes.
3. Appointment and arrangement of safety devices for an automobile crane KS-4572.
4. Load characteristics of the crane KS-5476 on a special chassis of an automobile type.
5. Responsibility of the crane operator for violation of safety requirements.
Ticket 2
1. The procedure for transferring a crane operator from a crane of one design to a crane of another design.
2. Classification of truck cranes by load capacity.
3. Purpose of the load limiter ONK-140.
4. The procedure for maintaining the logbook of the crane operator.
5. The main causes of industrial injuries.
Ticket 3
1. In what cases is the knowledge of crane operators re-tested?
2. The main components and mechanisms of the automobile crane KS-35714.
3. Appointment of the registrar of the parameters of the operation of an automobile crane.
5. The effect of electric current on a person.
Ticket 4
1. The procedure for admission of the crane operator to independent work on the crane.
2. Characteristics of truck crane drives, their advantages and disadvantages.
3. Crane safety devices KS-4572A.
5. Electrical safety measures when servicing a truck crane.
Ticket 5
1. Obligations of the crane operator before the operation of the crane.
2. The main parameters of the truck crane KS-4572.
3. Appointment and arrangement of the load capacity limiter of the crane KS-6476.
5. Rendering first aid to the victim from the action of electric current.
Ticket 6
Fig. 2. Kinematic diagram of an automobile crane with a mechanical drive.
3. The main components and mechanisms of the crane KS-6973 on a special chassis of an automobile type.
4. Features of the operation of truck cranes in winter.
5. Requirements for labor protection during the operation of cranes.
Ticket 7
1. Duties of the crane operator in emergency situations.
Fig. 2. Kinematic diagram of a KS-4572 truck crane with a hydraulic drive.
3. Safety devices of the automobile crane KS-3577.
4. The concept of the system of preventive maintenance of cranes.
5. First aid for injury.
Ticket 8
1. The order of acceptance and delivery of the shift.
2. Kinematic diagram of a truck crane with a diesel-electric drive.
3. The main components and mechanisms of the automobile crane KS-4517K.
4. The concept of maintenance of cranes.
5. Requirements for lifting devices.
Ticket 9
1. Obligations of the crane operator at the end of the work of the crane.
2. Brakes, their purpose, type, device and adjustment.
3. Crane safety devices MKAT-16.
4. Every shift and periodic maintenance of truck cranes.
5. The order of inspection and rejection of slings.
Ticket 10
1. The main regulatory documents for the safe operation of the crane, necessary for the crane operator.
2. The design of the slewing device of the automobile crane KS-45719.
3. Purpose and device of the mechanical tilt indicator (inclinometer) of the crane KS-2561D.
4. The concept of current and overhaul of automobile cranes.
5. Safety measures when lifting cargo with two or more cranes.
Ticket 11
1. Responsibilities of the crane operator for the maintenance of the crane.
2. The main defects of the metal structures of automobile cranes.
3. Purpose and device of the electromechanical crane tilt indicator (inclinometer).
4. Works on preparing a truck crane for winter.
5. The main causes of fires.
Ticket 12
1. Conditions for installing a crane on the edge of the slope of the pit (ditch).
2. Design features of the booms of automobile cranes.
3. Appointment of the device for protecting the crane from dangerous voltage of power lines (type "Barrier").
4. Order Maintenance(EO and TO-1) cranes with a mechanical drive.
5. Safety measures when performing loading and unloading operations with cranes.
Ticket 13
1. The procedure for the production of work by a crane near an overhead power line.
2. Tower-boom equipment of automobile cranes.
3. Coordinate protection of cranes.
4. Procedure for maintenance (EO and TO-1) of cranes with hydraulic drive.
5. Obligations of the crane operator when working with flammable goods and when the crane is in a territory dangerous in terms of fire.
Ticket 14
2. Appointment and arrangement of steel ropes.
3. The purpose and arrangement of safety valves installed in the hydraulic lines of automobile cranes and cranes on a special automobile-type chassis.
4. Procedure for maintenance (EO and TO-1) of cranes with electric drive.
5. Safety measures when performing construction and installation works with the help of cranes.
Ticket 15
1. Terms joint work two or more truck cranes for lifting bulky loads.
2. Methods for fastening ropes on truck cranes and their rejection rates.
3. Frequency and methods of checking the load capacity indicators of truck cranes.
4. Types of lubricants used in the lubrication of automobile cranes.
5. Providing first aid to victims of electric current.
Ticket 16
1. Procedure for loading and unloading rolling stock and vehicles by crane.
2. Appointment and arrangement of drums, blocks, hook hangers and tackles.
3. Frequency and methods of checking load limiters.
4. Map of lubrication of the automobile crane KS-3574.
5. Requirements for the installation of truck cranes at the work site.
Ticket 17
1. Rules for the safe lifting and movement of goods by cranes.
2. Schemes of rope reeving with different multiplicity of chain hoists.
3. Load characteristics of the crane KS-4573.
4. Rules to be observed when carrying out lubrication work.
5. The procedure for the use of fire extinguishing agents.
Ticket 18
1. Conditions for the performance of construction and installation work by cranes.
2. Purpose and device of the pneumatic control system for automobile cranes.
3. Periodicity and methods of checking the coordinate protection of cranes.
4. The procedure for adjusting the brakes during the maintenance of automobile cranes.
5. Rules of conduct for crane operators in case of fire and their participation in the elimination of the fire.
Ticket 19
1. The procedure for slinging and securing cargo.
2. Apparatus for controlling the hydraulic drive of the crane KS-6973.
3. Frequency and methods of checking the load limiter ONK-140.
4. Faults in which the operation of the crane is not allowed.
5. Safety measures when repairing a crane.
Ticket 20
1. In what cases is the crane operator obliged to stop working with the crane.
2. Apparatus for controlling the electric drive of automobile cranes.
3. Purpose of the crane lubrication system.
4. The main malfunctions of the mechanical limiters of the load capacity of automobile cranes.
5. Actions of the crane operator in emergency situations.
Ticket 21
1. The main duties of the crane operator when the crane is put into operation.
2. Sign signaling when moving goods by cranes.
3. Cabin of the crane operator and the location of the handles and control pedals in it.
4. Appointment of coordinate protection of cranes.
5. The main malfunctions of the electromechanical load limiter (type OGP-1)
Ticket 22
1. The procedure established at the enterprise for the direction of truck cranes to the objects of work.
2. The device of the system of electro-pneumatic control of the crane KS-4562.
3. Lubrication system for hydraulic cranes.
4. The main malfunctions of the electronic load limiter ONK-120.
5. Obligations of the crane operator at the end of the work of the crane.
Ticket 23
1. The duties of the crane operator during the operation of the crane.
2. Control devices for hydraulic drive KS-6476.
3. The lubrication system of automobile cranes with electric drive.
4. The main damage to the metal structures of automobile cranes.
5. Rules for the evacuation of people in case of fire.
Ticket 24
1. Cases when the crane operator must not put the truck crane into operation.
2. The device of the hydraulic system of the crane KS-6973.
3. Electrical equipment of automobile cranes of the SMK type.
4. The main malfunctions of the mechanical equipment of automobile cranes.
5. The procedure for carrying and transporting the victim.
Ticket 25
1. Basic safety measures when moving goods with a crane over the ceilings of buildings where people are located.
2. Appointment and arrangement of hydraulic equipment of the crane KS-3575.
3. Frequency of inspection and maintenance of electrical equipment of a crane with an electric drive (CMK type).
4. The main malfunctions and damage to the cargo and jib ropes of cranes.
5. First aid for fractures, dislocations and sprains.
1. Federal Law "On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities" dated July 21, 1999 No. 116-FZ.
2. Federal law "On the basics of labor protection in Russian Federation dated 17.07.99 No. 181-FZ.
3. Rules device and safe operation of cranes (PB 10-283-00). M.: PIO OBT, 2000.
4. Collection standard instructions for the safe operation of cranes. M.: PIO OBT, 1997.
5. New regulatory documents for the safe operation of lifting structures, issues 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. M .: PIO OBT, 1998-2000.
6. Shishkov N.A. Manual for technical supervision of the safe operation of cranes. M.: PIO OBT, 1995.
7. Shishkov N.A. Ensuring safety in the production of work with cranes. M.: PIO OBT, 1999.
8. Shishkov N.A. Handbook for crane operators (drivers) of automobile cranes. M.: PIO OBT, 1997.
9. Directory on maintenance, repair and diagnostics of cranes, volume 1 and 2. M .: PIO OBT, 1996.
To category:
Crane operators and slingers
Training, certification and re-testing of knowledge of crane operators
Who should be assigned to. management and maintenance of cranes?
According to the “Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Cranes”, the management of an enterprise or construction site that owns cranes is obliged to appoint crane operators and locksmiths to manage and maintain cranes with a machine drive, and electricians are also required to service cranes with an electric drive.
In addition, slingers must be assigned to hang the load on the crane hook.
Who can work as a crane operator, assistant crane operator, mechanic, electrician and slinger?
A crane operator, an assistant crane operator, a mechanic and an electrician for the maintenance of cranes, as well as a slinger may be employed by persons at least 18 years old, trained and certified in vocational educational institutions or in courses and technical schools established by non-enterprises with a base for practical training in curricula approved State Committee Council of Ministers of the USSR for vocational education or ministries and departments.
All these persons who have passed the exams after training are issued a certificate signed by the chairman of the commission, and crane operators and assistant crane operators - signed by the chairman of the commission and a representative of technical supervision, since the participation of a representative of technical supervision in the work of the commission for certification of crane operators, as well as assistant drivers of steam cranes is mandatory .
The crane operator's license must indicate the type of crane he is authorized to operate.
The admission to work of crane operators, assistant crane operators, locksmiths, electricians and slingers, the administration is obliged to issue an order for an enterprise or organization indicating the category assigned to them.
Should the certificates of crane operators, locksmiths, electricians and slingers be supplied with a photo card?
The certificates of crane operators and slingers must be supplied with a photo card.
Other identity service personnel It is not necessary to provide a photograph.
During work, crane operators and slingers must have these certificates with them. Crane operators and slingers who do not have a certificate with them are prohibited from being allowed to work independently.
What should the administration of an enterprise or construction site ensure before allowing crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths and electricians servicing cranes, and slingers to work?
The administration of the enterprise or construction site, before allowing crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths and electricians servicing cranes, and slingers, to work, must provide instructions defining their rights, obligations and the procedure for safe work, taking into account the type of crane and the requirements contained in the section "Production of work » "Rules for the design and safe operation of cranes".
When do crane operators and their assistants need to be retrained and certified?
Crane operators and their assistants must be retrained and certified in cases where they are transferred from one type of crane to another, for example, from a tower crane to an overhead crane. In these cases, before they are allowed to work, they must be trained and certified in accordance with Art. Art. 313-314 "Rules for the design and safe operation of cranes." Training in this case can be carried out according to an abbreviated program. Should crane operators and their assistants be trained and certified again in accordance with Art. Art. 313 and 314 of the "Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Cranes" when transferring them from one crane to another of the same type, but of a different model or with a different drive?
When transferring crane operators and their assistants from one crane to another of the same type, but of a different model or with a different drive, train and certify them in accordance with Art. Art. 313 and 314 "Rules for the design and safe operation of cranes" does not follow.
In this case, the administration of the enterprise or construction site is obliged to familiarize them with the features of the device and maintenance of such a crane and provide an internship, after which they organize a test of the practical skills of these persons. Only after checking the practical skills of the crane operators and them. assistants may be allowed to work independently.
Is it always necessary to train and certify according to Art. Art. 313 and 314 "Rules for the design and safe operation of cranes"?
Not always. When transferring crane operators and their assistants to a steam powered crane from a crane with a different drive, they must be trained in relevant program and certified in accordance with Art. Art. 313 and 314 "Rules for the design and safe operation of cranes."
Should crane operators and their assistants be trained and arrested in accordance with Art. Art. 313 and 314 of the Rules for the Design and Safe Operation of Hoisting Cranes after a break in work in the specialty for more than one year?
No, it shouldn't. In this case, they must pass a knowledge test in the commission of the enterprise or construction site, and if the crane operator or assistant crane operator shows satisfactory knowledge, they can be admitted to an internship to restore the necessary skills in practical work.
In what cases, crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths, electricians and slingers must be re-tested knowledge?
Crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths, electricians and slingers must pass a re-test of knowledge:
periodically at least once every 12 months; when moving from one enterprise to another; at the request of the engineer for the supervision of cranes or the inspector.
Re-testing the knowledge of these persons should be carried out by the commission of the enterprise or construction site in the scope of the instructions, and the participation of the inspector in the re-testing of knowledge is not necessary.
Who should be on the commission when re-testing the knowledge of crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths, electricians and slingers?
The commission, when re-testing the knowledge of crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths, electricians and slingers, should include:
chief engineer of the enterprise (organization) or his deputy (chairman);
chief mechanic or chief power engineer (deputy chairman);
the head of the relevant workshop (section) or the person responsible for the good condition and safety of the facilities of this workshop (section);
representative of the safety department or technical supervision of the enterprise; supervisor technical training; the person who conducted the training.
How should the results of certification and knowledge checks of crane operators, their assistants, locksmiths, electricians servicing cranes, and slingers be drawn up?
The results of certification of crane operators, their assistants, mechanics, electricians and slingers should be documented in a protocol, and the results of repeated and periodic knowledge checks should be recorded in the log of repeated and periodic knowledge checks.
Is it necessary to train and certify workers of the main professions who serve cranes operated from the floor or from a stationary console and hook loads on the hook of such cranes?
According to Art. Art. 317-323 of the Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Load-Lifting Cranes, these workers are not required to be trained according to special programs, but they can be allowed to manage and hook the load on the hook of such cranes only after appropriate instruction and testing skills in operating the crane and hooking loads in in the manner prescribed by the company. These workers must be re-instructed at least once every 12 months.
In what cases is it allowed to admit workers of the main professions trained under the reduced slinger program to hooking loads?
The admission of workers of the main professions, trained under the reduced program of the slinger, to the hooking of goods is allowed in cases where industrial enterprise the load is hung on the crane hook without prior strapping (load having eyelets, trunnions, loops, and also located in buckets, tubs, containers or other containers) or when the load is captured by semi-automatic gripping devices.
Moreover, these workers should be subject to the same requirements of the “Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Hoisting Cranes”, as for slingers. Who can work as a signalman?
Only a worker from among certified slingers can work as a signalman. He is appointed by the person responsible for the safe production of work on the movement of goods by cranes.
What should a trained and certified crane operator know?
A trained and certified crane operator must know: – the design of a crane4 and its mechanisms, as well as the interaction of its parts; - regulations technical operation crane and crane tracks, technical description and operating instructions for cranes and crane tracks; - rules for inspecting the crane, the main types and causes of its malfunctions, ways to prevent and eliminate them; - rules for the production of rigging, the device of slings and methods of slinging various cargoes, as well as grabs used when working with bulk cargo and timber; – rules and methods for inspection of ropes and their lubrication; ways of performing work on loading, unloading and storing materials; - norms and rules of warehousing of bulk cargoes; foundations of organization construction industry; basic information on the mechanization and automation of construction; - the procedure for carrying out scheduled preventive maintenance and repair of cranes, the rules and procedure for disassembling, repairing a crane, the rules and procedure for disassembling, repairing and assembling components and mechanisms of cranes, locksmith work in the scope of requirements for a locksmith of the 3rd category; - tools, fixtures and measuring instruments used in the operation and repair of cranes; - the appointment of various lubricants, the installation of devices for lubricating units and mechanisms of cranes; – rules for the construction and safe operation of cranes, standard instruction for crane operators; – rules and alarm system when performing work with cranes; - the foundations of the economics of labor and production in the scope of the requirements provided for " General provisions» Unified Tariff and Qualification Handbook (Issue 1); – norms and rules of labor protection, labor hygiene and industrial sanitation, fire safety and internal regulations.
What should a trained and certified crane operator be able to operate a crane?
A trained and certified crane operator for crane control must be able to: - operate a crane equipped with various load handling devices when performing construction, installation, loading and unloading and other works; – dismantle, load cranes onto vehicles and assemble them; - perform locksmith work during the current repair of cranes (together with a team of fitters), carry out maintenance and current repairs of the crane; – repair, fasten, adjust and lubricate the crane mechanisms before starting, during work shift and after it; - determine by appearance the name, main dimensions and weight of the load being lifted, the correctness and reliability of slinging, as well as the reliability of the slings and knots themselves, braids and connections; – detect and timely eliminate malfunctions arising during the operation of cranes; – determine the suitability of lubricants by outward signs and store them; - read drawings, understand kinematic and electrical diagrams, make sketches of parts to be repaired or manufactured; - keep records of the operation of the crane in the prescribed form; - accept and give shift; – handle tools and machinery with care; - apply advanced methods of work performance, organization of labor and workplace, comply with established production standards; – comply with the requirements of labor safety, labor hygiene and industrial sanitation, fire safety and internal regulations.
What should be guided by the crane operator in his work?
The crane operator in his work must be guided by the instruction that defines his rights, obligations and the procedure for the safe performance of work, taking into account the type of crane and the requirements contained in the "Work Performance" section of the "Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Load-Lifting Cranes". The instruction must be approved by the administration of the enterprise or construction site and issued to the crane operator before he is allowed to work.
What are the duties of a crane operator before putting the crane into operation?
Before putting the crane into operation, the crane operator is obliged to: familiarize himself with the entries in the log of acceptance and delivery of the shift; inspect in accessible places the condition of the metal structures of the crane and ropes, paying particular attention to the connection of the boom with the rotary part of the crane and the connection of the boom sections, as well as to the fastening of the ropes on the winch drums and in other places.
Further, he is obliged to check: - the condition of the cargo and boom-lifting winches, the rotation mechanism of the rotary part of the crane and their brakes; - crane chassis, traction and buffer devices, condition of additional supports and counterweight fastening, for truck cranes, in addition, check the condition of the stabilizers; - the presence on the crane and serviceability of safety devices (limit switches, load capacity indicator depending on the boom reach, crane tilt indicator, load limiter, signaling device, etc.), as well as serviceability of crane lighting, buffer lights and headlights.
Inspect the hook and its fastening in the hook block traverse, the grapple or lifting magnet, as well as the chains and rings of its suspension.
When accepting an electric crane: check by external inspection (without removing casings and disassembly) the condition of circuit breakers, controllers, starting resistors, brake electromagnets;
inspect rings or manifolds electrical machines and their brushes, rings supplying voltage to the tap, as well as the current collector, if any; at the same time, the switch in the crane operator's cab must be turned off;
check the condition of the crane runways and their grounding and make sure that they are in good condition;
when the switch is turned off at the connection point, check the incoming switch by external inspection, as well as the condition of the flexible current-carrying cable;
check the presence and serviceability of mechanism guards, dielectric gloves and mats;
together with the slinger, check the serviceability of the cargo handling equipment and containers, as well as the presence of stamps or tags on them.
During the inspection, lubricate the mechanisms, if necessary. Inspection of the crane before the start of the shift, and, if necessary, during operation should be carried out only when the mechanisms are not working, inspection of the electric crane - with the switch disconnected in the crane operator's cab; in this case, a portable lamp with a voltage of no more than 12 V should be used.
What should the crane operator do after inspecting the crane?
After making sure that there are no visible defects that prevent the safe operation of the crane, the crane operator must check all mechanisms, safety devices and electrical equipment (if the crane is electrically driven) at idle. If, when checking the crane mechanisms, the crane operator did not find defects that could interfere with normal operation, he must make an entry in the shift acceptance and delivery log and, after receiving instructions and tasks for the production of work from the person responsible for the safe production of work on moving goods by cranes, start work .
If faults are found during inspection and testing of the crane that impede safe operation, and if it is impossible to eliminate them on their own, the crane operator, without starting work, reports this to the person responsible for the good condition of the crane, and informs the person responsible for safe production - work on the movement of goods by cranes, and makes an appropriate entry in the shift log.
When should a crane operator not start work?
The crane operator must not start work in the following cases: - if the brakes of the lifting or boom lifting winch are faulty;
if the brakes of the rotation mechanisms of the rotary part of the crane, or the trolley stroke, or the crane stroke are faulty; – if oil gets on pulleys of brakes; if devices and safety devices are faulty; - if the stabilizers of the truck crane or additional supports are faulty (when working on supports); - if cracks or deformations are found in the metal structure of the crane or boom; - if the boom or cargo rope has a broken strand, local damage or wear, or broken wires in excess of the established norm; - if the wear of the hook in the throat exceeds 10% of the initial section height, or the device that closes the hook mouth is faulty, or the fastening of the hook in the hook cage is faulty; - if the fencing of mechanisms or bare current-carrying parts of the crane is faulty; – if the crane runways or rail clamps are faulty; – if the crane runways or the casing of the inlet switch are not grounded or the flexible current-supply cable is faulty; - if the work area is not lit or poorly lit.
During the operation of the crane, the crane operator has no right to be distracted from his direct duties. He must carefully follow the signals of the slinger and follow them accurately; but if the slinger gives a signal contrary to the instructions, then the crane operator must not perform the required crane maneuver. The crane operator must remember that making the wrong slinger signal can lead to an accident, for which he will be severely punished.
Before making any movement with the crane (lifting or lowering a load, raising or turning the boom, moving the crane), the crane operator must give a signal and make sure that no one is near the crane, and the slinger is out of the way. danger zone. During the operation of the crane, the crane operator can use only two controllers at the same time, on which both his hands must be; an exception can only be allowed when it is necessary to prevent an accident or injury to a worker.
When moving a ladle with liquid metal, liquid slag, or bulky cargo, it is not allowed to switch on more than one mechanism.
Before transporting a ladle with molten metal or liquid slag (of any weight) or a weight limit load (beams, columns, crossbars, construction material), the crane operator must raise the load to a height of no more than 100 mm and check the operation of the brakes.
When two overhead cranes move in the opposite direction, the crane operator must warn the other crane operator with signals and in no case allow the cranes to collide with the buffers, since such a collision can lead to an accident. When entering the workshop of a self-propelled jib crane and when moving inside the workshop, the crane operator should not move the crane at a speed of more than 3 km / h, and in places with narrow passages, the crane operator must ensure that they do not touch objects encountered on the way. When moving the jib crane (whether with or without a load), the jib must be positioned along the path.
When moving in a horizontal position, the load must first be lifted less than 0.5 m above the objects encountered on the way.
Before turning or moving the crane, the crane operator must make sure that there are no people near the crane or its platform, and when lifting or lowering a load located near a stack, railway car, wall or column, he must also make sure that between the load being lifted and the stack (car, wall, column) there is no one and that the crane boom or load cannot hit the wall or stack.
In order to avoid loss of stability of the jib crane during operation, do not make sudden shocks when lifting and lowering the load, as well as when turning and stopping. All movements of the crane should be made smoothly, without jerks, with due care. Crane mechanism controllers should be switched on gradually, step by step, with small pauses. Switching off the controller to the zero position should be done quickly. When passing the controller handwheel through the zero position, no counter current can be given. The counter current can be given only in exceptional cases, when without it an accident or an accident can occur, but even so, only up to a certain position of the controller.
If during the operation of the crane with an electric drive, for any reason, there was a power outage to the main shield of the crane, the crane operator must immediately set all controllers to the zero position and report the incident to the slinger; the latter must inform the person responsible for the movement of goods by cranes about the stop of the crane. It is allowed to turn on the controllers of the crane mechanisms only when the crane operator is convinced by the signal light that the main switchboard (protective panel) is energized.
If during operation breakage of individual parts of the crane occurs or defects are found (for example, cracks in the welds, breakage of a rope strand, unacceptable heating of the bearing), the crane operator is obliged to lower the load, if possible, stop the crane, and set the controllers of the electric crane to zero position and inform the person responsible for the movement of goods about the stop of the crane.
If, due to a malfunction of the mechanism or equipment, the load cannot be lowered, the crane operator must protect the place of a possible fall of the load. Moreover, each forced stop of the crane must be recorded in the operational log of the crane operator. Work on the crane can only be resumed after the troubleshooting.
While the crane is operating, the crane operator must not use the limit switches for normal stops of the lifting mechanism, boom, trolley or crane travel. Limit switches are used* not for normal crane stops, but for cases where an accident or accident may occur due to a malfunction of the controllers or other starting equipment or due to the oversight of the crane operator. During the operation of the crane, the load must not be moved over people. If people are in the way of the movement of the load and do not pay attention to the signals, the crane operator must immediately stop the crane.
During the operation of the crane, the crane operator does not have the right to allow unauthorized persons into his cab, as well as to transfer control of the crane to someone without the written permission of the person responsible for the good condition of the crane. If a trainee works on the crane, he has the right to operate the crane only in the presence and under the supervision of the crane operator. When the crane operator leaves the cab, it is strictly forbidden for the trainee to operate the crane. Moreover, neither the crane operator nor the trainee have the right to leave the crane even for a short time without warning each other.
If the crane operator works without a trainee, then when leaving the crane, he must set all controllers to zero, turn off the switch in the crane operator's cab, lock the cab door, tower or
put the gantry crane on the grips and turn off the introductory switch.
If the crane operator has been given an order, the execution of which, in the opinion of the crane operator, may lead to an accident or an accident, he must refuse to comply with the order and inform his supervisor about this.
During the operation of the crane, the crane operator must ensure: - that there are no people between the lifted or lowered load and the crane, as well as between the lifted and lowered or transported load and the wall, stack, column, motor vehicle or railway car; - so that there are no people in the area of \u200b\u200bthe possible fall of the boom or lowering the load; - so that slingers do not hang untested, unmarked and faulty slings and containers on hooks; - so that slingers do not hook on an incorrectly slinged load; - so that slingers do not hook containers filled with cargo above the sides; - so that on two-horned hooks the load is suspended evenly on both horns; – so that when the hook is lowered to the lowest position, at least 1.5 turns of the rope always remain on the rope drum; – that there is no excessive tension or twisting of the supply cable of the tower or gantry crane; - so that there are no runs over the supply cable.
During the operation of the crane, the crane operator is prohibited from: - transferring control of the crane to persons who are not related to the operation of the crane; - allow students or trainees to self-manage without supervision; - leave the crane even for a short time, if the crane engine that drives its mechanisms is running; – to clean and lubricate the crane mechanisms; use limit switches to stop the crane, except when the crane
approaches the landing site arranged at the end of the building; – disable safety devices and brakes, as well as work with faulty brakes and without safety devices; - lower the boom until the departure, at which the lifting capacity of the crane is less than the weight of the load being lifted; - lay the load on electric cables or pipelines, as well as on the edge of a slope or ditch, if the laid load can slide or tip over; lift people in a container or on a load; lift a load that is incorrectly tied, suspended by one horn of a two-horned hook, as well as in a container filled above the sides; – use a crane to release hoist ropes or chains pinched by the load;
unhook loads covered with earth, laid by another load, filled with concrete, bolted to another load, frozen to the ground or under water; - to produce a sharp braking when turning the boom with a load;
jam the contactors of electric taps as due to a malfunction electrical circuits, and in other cases; - drag the load along the ground; install a crane under the power line; lift a load that exceeds the capacity of the crane;
allow untrained and non-certified slingers to hitch or sling; - simultaneously move the crane and turn the boom (an exception is allowed for railway grab cranes operating on a straight section of the track).
The crane operator is obliged to stop working with the crane, lower the load and inform the person responsible for the movement of goods by cranes in all cases when any malfunctions are found in the crane and its equipment: if there is no guarding of mechanisms or bare current-carrying parts; if the container or slings are faulty; if slingers are not trained and certified; if the work area is not lit.
The operation of the crane is also prohibited if the wind is above six points, during heavy rain, thunderstorms, fog and snowfall.
After the crane stops working, the crane operator is obliged to: - put the crane in the place intended for parking; - raise the hook to the upper position, and lower the lifting electromagnet, grab and other similar device to the floor in the area designated for this; - set the boom of the jib crane and the hook in the position provided for in the crane operating instructions; – turn the handwheels and handles of all controllers and command controllers to the zero position; turn off the switch in the crane operator's cab; turn off the inlet switch and switch at the connection point (before the flexible cable) and lock it, and if the valve is powered by an internal combustion engine, stop the engine; - in the cold season, drain water from the radiator and the entire cooling system; - inspect the crane, clean all its equipment; crane running on outdoors, securely fastened with safety devices from wind theft; - the crane operator must write about all malfunctions in the operation of the crane in the log of the acceptance and delivery of shifts and, at the end of work, report them to his shift; – close the cab windows and lock the door.
When does a crane operator have the right to leave the crane after his working day?
When the crane is operated in several shifts, the crane operator has the right to leave the crane after his working day only after the transfer of the crane to the crane operator replacing him, and if the latter has not left, only with the permission of his boss.
What should a trained and certified slinger know?
A trained, certified and admitted to independent work slinger must: - have an idea about the structure of the crane he serves and know its load capacity, and for jib cranes - a change in load capacity depending on the length of the boom, the position of additional supports, etc .;
be able to select the slings necessary for work in accordance with the weight and dimensions of the load being transported, the number of branches of the pulling device and their angle of inclination to the vertical; - be able to determine the suitability of slinging ropes, chains and other auxiliary devices used for tying loads; - be able to properly tie and hang the load on the hook;
know the procedure for exchanging signals with the crane operator and instructions for the safe movement of goods established at the enterprise, construction site.
What should be guided by the slinger in his work?
The slinger in his work must be guided by the instructions that define his rights, obligations and the procedure for the safe production of work, taking into account the type of crane and the requirements contained in the section "Production of Works" of the "Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Load-Lifting Cranes".
The instruction must be approved by the administration of the enterprise or construction site and issued to the slinger before he is allowed to work.
Responsibilities of the slinger before starting work
Before starting work, the slinger must check the condition of the working platform, slings and other lifting equipment necessary for the production of work, as well as the condition of the container.
The working platform must be level, cleared of construction debris, and in winter from snow and ice.
Slings and other lifting devices (traverses, pincers, etc.) must be in good condition, tested and marked, the container must also be in good order and marked.
After inspecting the working platform, slings and containers, the slinger must check the hooks, the crane hook frame and make sure that they are in good condition and the hook rotates freely in the traverse socket. Next, he should receive a list of the most frequently encountered cargoes with an indication of the weight and scheme. correct strapping or holds, if they are not posted on the job site.
Responsibilities of a slinger when servicing a crane
When servicing the crane, the slinger must be guided by the production instruction, which the administration of the enterprise or construction site is obliged to give him in his hands before starting work; at the same time, the slinger must remember that he is fully responsible for accidents or damage that occurred as a result of giving the wrong signal to the crane operator or incorrect slinging of the transported goods, so he must use only serviceable slings, traverses, tongs and containers that have stamps or tags with the designation numbers, dates of survey and carrying capacity.
During the maintenance of the crane, the slinger must ensure that there are no people who are not directly related to the operation of the crane at the place of work on lifting and moving the load. He must also ensure that the crane hoisting ropes are in a vertical position before lifting the load, and prevent the load from being pulled by the hook when the ropes are pulled obliquely.
When tying the load with hoist ropes or chains (Fig. 1), the slinger must impose them on the main array, while the load must be tied in such a way that the possibility of the load or part of it falling out is excluded and the stable position of the load is ensured when it is moved. Hoist ropes and chains must be laid without knots and loops, and under the sharp corners of the load, linings must be placed to protect the rope from damage.
Rice. 1. The scheme of slinging steel sheets
Rice. 2. Slinging scheme for loops:
a - fundamental element; b - block of a heating well
Slinging of reinforced concrete and concrete products, as well as other products with loops or eyes, should be carried out for all existing loops or eyes (Fig. 2).
The container should be filled in such a way that the possibility of the cargo falling out of the container is excluded; it cannot be filled to the brim, but only 10 cm lower.
When hanging a load on two-horn hooks, hoist ropes and chains must be superimposed so that the load is distributed evenly on both hook horns.
Before lifting a load installed near a wall, column, stack, railway car, machine and other equipment, the slinger must make sure that there are no people between the load being lifted and the wall, column, stack, railway car or machine; after that, he himself must also leave this zone. This requirement must also be met when lowering the load. Before lifting machines, machine tools, metal structures and other loads installed on foundations, the slinger must make sure that all nuts securing the load to the foundation are unscrewed and the load being lifted is not held by anything; lifting should be done with short movements, avoiding fractures, grazing and horizontal movement of the load until it is completely removed from the foundation bolts.
Before lifting the load with jib mobile cranes, the slinger must check using the boom reach and load capacity indicator that the boom reach set by the crane operator corresponds to the weight of the load being lifted.
Each time a load needs to be lifted, lowered or moved, the slinger must personally give the appropriate signal to the crane operator; before giving a signal to lift the load, the slinger must make sure that the load is securely gripped by the slings, is not held by anything and cannot be caught on anything during lifting.
He must also make sure that there are no people near the load, and when moving loads with jib cranes, make sure that there are no people near the crane, on the fixed part of the crane or in the zone of a possible fall of the boom.
In addition, the slinger must make sure that there are no loose parts or tools on the load that could fall when lifting and moving the load, and if pipes are lifted, he must check if there is earth or ice in the pipes; after making sure that there are no objects on the load that could fall out during its movement, that the load is securely strapped and cannot be caught on anything, that there are no people between the crane and the load and between the load and the wall, column, stack or wagon, the slinger must give the command about lifting the load; before moving the load, he must first raise it by 200-300 mm and check the uniform tension of the slings, as well as the reliability of the slinging. If the slinger notices that the slinging needs to be corrected, he should signal the lowering of the load and proceed to correct the slinging only after the load has been lowered and the slings have been loosened. If the slinger, when checking the slinging, did not find any defects, the load can be moved to the right place (Fig. 3).
Before moving the load horizontally, the slinger must make sure that the load is raised at least 0.5 m above the objects encountered on the way,
and above the scaffolding - above 1 m. When moving the load, the slinger must accompany the load and make sure that there are no people under the load, while the slinger should not hold on to the load with his hands, but walk away from it in a safe area. The slinger may not escort the cargo if the cargo and the path along which it moves are visible from one place or when it is impossible to escort the cargo. In this case, the load must be monitored by a crane operator or a signalman.
The slinger does not have the right to unfold the load, as well as prevent spontaneous reversal of a long load with his hands during lifting or moving; when performing these operations, it is necessary to use special rope braces or gaffs.
Before lowering the load, the slinger must first inspect the place where the load is to be lowered and make sure that the dimensions between the load and the wall, stack, column or road will be observed, and the load cannot slide or tip over; at the same time, strong linings must be preliminarily laid at the place of unloading so that the pull ropes or chains can be easily and without damage removed from under the load. It is not allowed to install the load in places not intended for this, as well as to lean the load against fences and elements of temporary and permanent structures.
Rice. 3. The scheme of slinging the channel in the girth
The slinger must carry out the stacking and dismantling of cargoes only in accordance with the norms and rules for warehousing cargoes, observing the dimensions between stacks, buildings and structures.
The slinger has the right to remove the slings from the load or hook only when the load is securely in place.
If during operation the slinger notices a malfunction of the crane or the crane runway, he must immediately report this to the crane operator and the person responsible for the production of work on the movement of goods, and the slings or other load-handling devices that have become unusable during operation must be handed over to the person in charge of the load-handling facilities; it is forbidden to leave faulty slings or other load-handling devices, as well as faulty containers at the workplace.
During the operation of the crane, the slinger is prohibited from: - starting work without receiving instructions from the person responsible for the safe movement of goods by cranes before starting work; - use worn, faulty, unbranded or tagged slings and other lifting devices and containers; – to carry out work on slinging and hitching cargo during rain, thunderstorms, heavy snowfall, as well as during strong winds (over 6 points) and during icy conditions; - hook on the crane hook a load whose weight exceeds the crane's carrying capacity, a load of unknown weight, a load covered with earth, frozen to the ground, laid by another load, filled with concrete, bolted to another load, in the water, reinforced concrete products that are not marked with an indication of the weight, weighing more than 500 kg, as well as the cargo in an unstable position and in a container filled above the permitted level;
hold with hands or correct with blows of a hammer, crowbar, etc. pull ropes and chains with which the load being lifted is tied; - to be by oneself or someone under the lifted or moved load, as well as on the lifted or moved load, and during the operation of jib cranes - in the zone of a possible fall of the boom; - be on your own or allow people to be on a railway platform, in a gondola car, etc. when loading or unloading them with a grab or a magnetic crane; - load onto a vehicle if the driver is in the cab; - pull the load with your hands while it is being lifted, moved or lowered;
stack cargo on steam, gas, water pipes, on electric cables, on railway lines, on the edge of a slope, in the zone of a collapse prism, etc.; - Work in a poorly lit or cluttered area.
To Category: - Crane operators and slingers
EXAM TICKETS
To test the knowledge of gantry crane operators
TICKET #1
1. General arrangement of gantry cranes.
2. The device and principle of operation of the AC motor.
AC motor used in the mechanisms of load-lifting cranes. Comprises:
A) stator with windings (fixed part - housing)
B) rotor (rotates)
B) bearing caps (2pcs)
Principle of operation: turning on the controller handle in the working position, electric current enters the stator winding, as a result of which a stator magnetic field arises. The magnetic field of the stator, interacting with the rotor winding, which causes the occurrence of EMF (electromotive force), which in turn leads to the emergence of a magnetic field of the rotor. The magnetic field of the stator and rotor begins to interact: the magnetic field of the stator pulls the magnetic field of the rotor and the rotor itself. The motor shaft begins to rotate. The rotational speed of the rotor lags behind the rotational speed of the stator magnetic field, so the motor is called asynchronous.
3. The main malfunctions of crane equipment.
Possible malfunctions, causes and ways to eliminate them are given in the crane operation manual. All faults can be divided into mechanical and electrical faults. The task of the crane operator is to timely identify possible faults, the reasons for their occurrence and take measures to eliminate them in a timely manner, independently within the qualification or with the help of a repair service subordinate to the engineer responsible for the good condition of the crane, and make an appropriate entry in the logbook.
Mechanical: reducer, brakes, couplings, rail track, ropes, etc.
electrical equipment: controllers, electric motors, safety devices, current-carrying devices.
4. Procedure for lifting loads.
The crane operator performs any maneuver only at the command of the slinger with whom he works, or from the senior, if there are several slingers, provided that this command complies with the requirements of the rules.
The crane operator must execute the “Stop” command from anyone who first notices some kind of danger or malfunction.
The lifting of the load is carried out in two stages: preliminary lifting of the load by 200-300 mm to check the correctness of the slinging, the uniformity of the tension of the slings, and the operation of the brakes.
The slinger gives the command to lift after he checks the reliability of the fastening of the load and the absence of its pinching, removes loose parts and other objects from the load.
If during the preliminary lifting it became necessary to change something, to correct the position of the branches of the slings, hooks or other elements of the lifting devices, the slinger gives a command to lower the load, and only on the lowered load does all the necessary manipulations, after which the lifting procedure is repeated: the load rises by 200 -300 mm for verification, if there are no comments, then the load is lifted to the required height so that when the load is moved horizontally, the clearance between the load and any obstacle on the path of movement is at least 0.5 m.
5. Appointment of alarm during crane operation.
The crane operator performs all operations with the crane mechanisms only at the command of the slinger with whom he works, or from the elder, if there are several slingers, or from the signalman, and the crane operator must execute the “Stop” command from anyone who first noticed some danger or malfunction. To transmit commands to the crane operator, there are the following methods: - by voice, if the situation allows (as a duplication of sign signaling); - by signs; - radio-telephone communication.
TICKET #2
1. General device of the portal,
2. The stability of the portal crane.
Gantry cranes are free-standing cranes which are only secured against tipping over by their own weight. In addition to the weight of the crane, the weight of the lifted load and the weight of the lifting devices, various external loads act on the crane.
The effect of this or that external load depends not only on its magnitude, but also on the point of application. The farther the force is from the tipping edge, the greater the effect of its action. Therefore, the impact of loads on the crane is characterized by the value of the moment of the acting force, equal to the value of the product of this force and the distance from the overturning edge (shoulder of action).
Fig. . Schemes for calculating the load (a) and own (b) stability of the crane
The values of the moments of the acting forces depend on the angle of inclination of the platform on which the crane stands, the position of the boom and the load. The crane will tip over when a number of factors that adversely affect its stability act together. Therefore, cranes are designed in such a way that under any conditions, both in working and in non-working condition, their stability is ensured. When determining the stability, the wind load and the slope of the track in the calculations are considered as factors that are unfavorable for the stability of the crane.
When determining the stability of a crane, cargo stability is distinguished, i.e., the stability of a crane in working condition against the action of all loads with a possible tipping forward, towards the boom, and its own stability, i.e., the stability of a crane in an idle state in the absence of payloads and possible tipping back, in the direction opposite to the location of the arrow.
The load and own stability of the crane is checked by calculation. The degree (measure) of the stability of the crane in working condition is determined by the coefficient of cargo stability, and in the non-working condition - by the coefficient of its own stability.
The load stability coefficient Ki is the ratio of the moment relative to the tipping edge, created by the weight of all parts of the crane, taking into account all additional loads and the influence of the largest slope allowed during crane operation, to the moment created by the working load relative to the same
ribs.
Additional loads include wind load for the operating state of the crane (accepted in accordance with GOST 1451-65 "Cranes. Wind load") and inertial forces arising during the start-up or braking of crane mechanisms (cargo and jib winches; mechanisms for turning the crane, extending the boom, crane travel).
The numerical value of the load stability coefficient is determined for two design positions of the crane boom relative to the tipping edge: perpendicular to the tipping edge; at an angle of 45° to the tipping edge. When the boom is positioned at an angle of 45°, additional tangential inertial forces arising from the braking of the turning mechanism are also taken into account.
The load stability of the crane is considered satisfactory if the load stability coefficient is equal to or greater than 1.15 (Fig. a):
The numerical values of the coefficients of load and own stability are determined, taking the angle of inclination of the crane equal to 0.
The jib crane operator must be aware that loss of stability leads to severe accidents. Therefore, to reduce additional tipping loads, it is necessary to perform movements during crane operation smoothly.
3. Lubrication of taps.
The valves are lubricated in accordance with the lubrication chart given in technical description and instructions for use, which indicate the places and frequency of lubrication, lubricants, the number of points and the method of lubrication.
Before putting the crane into operation, the driver makes sure that all crane mechanisms are lubricated.
The presence of lubrication in the gearboxes is checked by the oil dipstick.
When lubricating taps, observe following rules: before lubrication, remove dirt from the injection points of the lubricant - grease fittings, plugs, covers, hatches and probes. The lubricant is injected into the hinges, axles and plain bearings until the lubricant leaving the mating points becomes clean. If necessary, the rubbing pairs of hinges are disassembled, cleaned, lubrication holes and grooves are cleaned and fresh grease is applied.
Rolling bearings fill no more than 2/3 of the volume (otherwise, friction increases, the lubricant overheats and is squeezed out through the seals, and when it cools, part of the lubricant squeezed out during operation is sucked into the bearing cavity along with dirt and renders the remaining clean inside unusable). When changing the grease in the motor bearings, it should not get on the winding and collector or slip rings, as this leads to contact failure, burning and breakdown of the winding insulation.
On a new crane, the first oil change in the gearboxes is carried out after the running-in of parts (100-200 hours - 0.5-1 month with two-shift operation).
Seasonal change of lubricant is carried out with the onset of summer and winter, regardless of the period of its operation. The recommended lubricant substitutes may only be used if the base material is not available.
When changing grease, especially in gearboxes, it is necessary to use tools, funnels, hoses with funnels, watering cans or mechanical oilers.
Accidentally spilled oil is covered with sand, collected with sand, taken to a landfill or burned.
4. When the operation of the crane is prohibited.
The crane operator must not start work if:
1) there are cracks or deformations in the metal structure of the crane, bolted or riveted connections are loosened;
2) rope clamps are damaged or missing or their bolts are loose;
3) the load rope has a number of wire breaks or wear that exceeds the norm established by the crane operation manual, as well as a broken strand or local damage;
4) the mechanisms for lifting the load, moving the crane or trolley are defective;
5) parts of brakes or crane mechanisms are damaged;
6) the wear of the hook in the throat exceeds 10% of the initial height of the section, the device that closes the hook mouth is faulty, the fastening of the hook in the holder is broken;
7) faulty or missing blocking, sound signal device, limit switches for lifting mechanisms, moving a crane or trolley;
8) rope blocks or tackles are damaged;
9) the load hook or blocks do not rotate;
10) there are no guards for mechanisms or non-insulated live parts of electrical equipment, and there is also no or damaged grounding;
11) crane ways are faulty;
12) anti-theft devices are damaged or missing;
13) the terms of technical examination, repair, maintenance and routine inspection have expired;
14) if the load-handling means and containers are out of order or not marked;
15) if there are no certified slingers;
16) if visibility is poor, the working platform is not lit or poorly lit when working at night;
17) if the wind speed is higher than indicated in the passport.
5. Stop signal (stop lifting or moving)
TICKET #3
1. Purpose and types of portal cranes.
2. Parts of crane mechanisms (axles, shafts, couplings).
3. Appointment and types of maintenance of cranes.
The preventive maintenance system includes the following types service:
Every shift (EO);
Periodic (TO-1, TO-2);
Seasonal (CO);
Shift maintenance is for general control technical condition crane: inspection of components, refueling lubrication systems, checking the condition of the cargo rope and its fastening, checking the operation of electrical equipment and safety devices, cleaning and washing the crane.
TO-1 is performed in order to reduce the wear rate of parts. TO-1 includes all the work of the EO, as well as checking the condition of metal structures, the reliability of fastening the load-bearing assembly units to constituent parts, condition of gears, serviceability of electrical equipment, ropes and safety devices, operability of control systems.
TO-2 includes all the work of EO, TO-1, as well as checking the condition and adjusting assembly units, safety devices and devices, lubricating the crane.
CO is carried out 2 times a year and is intended to prepare the crane for operation in cold and warm time of the year. Carrying out SO is usually combined with TO-2, which is the closest in terms of completion to the onset of the corresponding operating season.
4. Rules for warehousing goods.
The warehousing of goods is carried out according to the warehousing schemes or at the direction of the person responsible for the safe performance of works by cranes.
Brick should be placed in cages with a height of no more than 1.7 m, in bags on pallets - no more than 2 tiers, and in containers - in one row.
Foundation blocks and basement wall blocks, floor slabs should be stacked in a stack with a height of no more than 2.5 m on linings and gaskets;
Wall panels - in cassettes or pyramids;
partition panels- in cassettes vertically;
Wall blocks- a stack in two tiers on linings and linings;
Crossbars and columns- in a stack up to 2 m high on linings and gaskets;
lumber stacked in stacks, the height of which when stacked in rows is not more than half the width, and when stacked in cages - not more than the width of the stack.
Pipes: up to 100 mm in diameter are stored on racks, up to 500 mm in diameter - in stacks up to 2 m high on linings and gaskets with end stops; with a diameter of more than 500 mm - in stacks up to 3 m high in a saddle without gaskets, except for the bottom row, which is laid on linings with an end stop.
Cast iron pipes are stored on wooden linings in stacks no more than 1.5 m high. At the same time, rows of pipes are laid alternately along and across. In each row, pipes are laid with sockets in opposite directions.
Ferrous rolling metals(sheet steel, channels, I-beams, section steel) - in stacks up to 1.5 m high with linings and gaskets.
Slinging of lumber, pipes and rolled steel is carried out according to the slinging schemes, at least in two places.
Requirements for linings and gaskets: the height of the gaskets must be at least 20 mm higher than the height of the mounting loops or other protruding parts. Liners and gaskets in stacks are placed in the same plane to avoid local overloads. Their length must be at least 100 mm more than the dimension of the support of the structure. It is forbidden to use gaskets and linings of round section.
Passages must be left between the stacks on the site, the width of which is determined depending on the size of the vehicles, their trailers, as well as the cranes that will work on the site. It is necessary to take into account the presence of passages between vehicles and storage structures, which must be at least 1m.
Between adjacent stacks, in order to avoid damage to the elements, a clearance of at least 20 cm must be left.
5. Signal "Caution".
TICKET #4
1. Basic technical specifications portal cranes.
2. Installation of crane tracks and requirements for their operation.
The device of the rail crane track of gantry cranes must be carried out according to the project developed by specialized organization, where the following basic information is indicated: type of rails; type, section and length of sleepers (half sleepers); distance between sleepers; method of attaching the rails to each other and to the sleepers; the presence of linings between rails and sleepers, their design and installation method; gap between rails; maximum permissible deviations; design of dead ends; track grounding device.
The rails can be special crane rails, or ordinary railway ones.
To limit the way of movement of the crane at the ends of the crane way on both sides, stops are installed, which are supplied with elastic buffers (spring or rubber). In front of the stops on the crane rails, the disconnecting lines of the limit switches are strengthened.
Grounding of the rail track is carried out to prevent possible injury to people electric shock in case of contact with the metal parts of the crane, accidentally energized as a result of damage to the insulation. Grounding is a special system of electrical connection of crane parts to the ground through various grounding devices. The metal structures of portal cranes are grounded through the crane track, the rail joints of which are securely connected to each other. The state of grounding is monitored simultaneously with the repair of crane electrical equipment, but at least 1 time per year during periods of the lowest conductivity: 1 time in summer with the greatest drying of the soil, 1 time in winter with the greatest freezing of the soil.
LIMIT VALUES OF DEVIATIONS OF THE CRANE ROUTE FROM THE DESIGN POSITION IN PLAN AND PROFILE
| Deviation, mm | Graphical representation of deviation | Cranes | |||||||
| bridge | tower | goat | portal | bridge loaders | |||||
| Difference of marks of rail heads in one cross section, mm - gauge (span) |
 | 45-60 | |||||||
| Difference of marks of rails on adjacent columns, mm |  | - | - | - | - | ||||
| Narrowing or widening of the track gauge (deviation of the span size - in plan) |  | ||||||||
| Mutual displacement of the butt ends of joined rails in plan and in height |  | ||||||||
| Gaps in rail joints at a temperature of 0 °C and a rail length of 12.5 m |  | ||||||||
| Difference in height marks of rail heads on a length of 10 m of the crane track (total) |  | - | |||||||
Notes. 1. Measurements and are performed on the entire area of the possible movement of the crane at intervals of no more than 5 m.
2. When the temperature changes for every 10 ° C, the gap set at the device is changed by 1.5 mm, for example, at a temperature of plus 20 ° C, the set gap between the rails should be 3 mm, and at a temperature of minus 10 ° C - 7.5 mm.
3. Appointment and types of repair of cranes.
The current system of preventive maintenance (PPR) combines all types of care, maintenance and repair.
The timing of their implementation depends on the specific type, brand of crane, operating mode and operating conditions and are usually indicated in the passport and operating instructions.
In accordance with the passport of the crane, the operating instructions, the following types of repairs can be provided: current, medium and capital.
At current repair eliminate malfunctions in units and assemblies that occur during the operation of the machine and impede its normal operation. The current repair of the machine is carried out by replacing or repairing parts (except for the basic ones) with or without removing the units and assemblies from the machine. During current repairs, it is allowed to replace units and assemblies that require major repairs with new or pre-repaired ones.
TICKET #5
1. Instruments and safety devices installed on portal cranes.
2. The device and principle of operation of gearboxes mounted on cranes.
A gearbox is a gear or worm gear mounted inside a housing, usually cast iron. Reducers are designed to increase or decrease the number of revolutions. On cranes, gearboxes are usually used to reduce the number of revolutions of lifting and moving mechanisms.
By design, gearboxes are gear, worm or combined.
Gears are used to transmit rotation from one shaft to another. By design, gears are divided into cylindrical and bevel. Cylindrical gears come with straight, helical and chevron teeth, while bevel gears also come with curved ones.
A spur gear is used when the drive and driven shafts are parallel, and a bevel gear when the shafts are at an angle in the plane.
Worm gears are a combination of a gear wheel with a worm screw, the axes of which are located at an angle of 90 degrees. The worm screw is the driving screw, and the worm wheel is the driven screw. With the help of a worm gear, you can get a large gear ratio. The worm gear has the property of self-braking.
Gear reducers are multi-stage, and worm gears are only single-stage. The stepping of the gearbox is determined by the number of pairs of gears.
3. Scope of work for the daily maintenance of the crane.
n littered with other goods;
n bolted to another load;
n filled with concrete or buried construction waste, earth;
n frozen to the ground;
n exceeding the lifting capacity of a crane or of unknown weight;
n reinforced concrete or concrete products weighing more than 500 kg that are not marked with the weight of the product;
n with oblique rope tension.
5. Signal "Lower load or hook"
TICKET #6
1. The device of the mechanism for lifting the load.
The load lifting mechanism is the main working mechanism of the crane, designed to move the load in the vertical direction (lifting and lowering).
A typical load lifting mechanism consists of:
- electric motor
- gear spur reducer
- brakes
- couplings
- rope drum
- chain hoist with hook suspension
2. Purpose and device of power controllers.
To turn on and off, regulate the speed and reverse the engines, special switching devices are used, called controllers. Controllers can be of three types: a) drum, b) cam and c) magnetic.
In direct control controllers (power) - drum and cam - closing and opening of contacts occurs mechanically under the action of a switching device driven by the hand of the crane operator. Drum controllers are discontinued.
In magnetic controllers, switching is carried out by electromagnetic starters (contactors). In this case, the crane operator, using a relatively small, and therefore not requiring significant physical effort, controller turns on certain coils of magnetic starters. When current passes through the contactor coil, magnetic forces appear that attract the armature of the magnetic starter and the contact system associated with it.
Thus, with magnetic controllers, the crane operator only sends commands to magnetic starters (contactors), and therefore such switching devices are called controllers.
3. Basic requirements of the production instruction for the crane operator.
4. Ways of slinging cargo.
Slinging, hooking of the load must be carried out by a certified slinger with serviceable and marked removable load-handling devices, in accordance with the developed slinging schemes, and in their absence, under the direct supervision of the person responsible for the safe performance of work. Strapping of cargoes should be carried out for all loops provided for this, trunnion eye bolts, holes without knots, twists and loops using linings for ribs in the places of slinging, with the requirement to exclude the loss of individual parts of the cargo package and ensure its stable position when moving, unused branches of the slings must be secured. The choice of removable lifting devices is made based on the mass of the load and its dimensions, so that the mass of the load is equal to or less than the specified load capacity of the device, and the angle between the branches of the slings does not exceed 90 degrees. When tying and hitching cargo, it is prohibited: to carry out slinging of cargo in other ways than indicated on the slinging diagrams; use devices (crowbars, pins, etc.) not provided for by the slinging schemes (crowbars, pins, etc.) for tying and hooking loads, connect the links of broken chains with bolts or wire, tie ropes; to hook pallets with bricks without fencing, with the exception of loading or unloading (on the ground) vehicles, and also on condition that people are removed from the cargo movement area; to carry out a hook on a load that does not have a marking, as well as a hook on it for damaged loops; hammer the hook of the sling into the mounting loops of reinforced concrete products and other goods.
5. Signal "Move crane".
TICKET #7
1. The device of a cargo winch with a clamshell body.
2. Ways to control the number of revolutions of crane motors
3. Types of removable load-handling devices and their rejection rates.
4. What kind of load cannot be lifted with a crane.
* littered with other cargoes;
* bolted to another cargo;
* filled with concrete or littered with construction debris, earth;
* frozen to the ground;
* exceeding the lifting capacity of a crane or of unknown weight;
* reinforced concrete or concrete products weighing more than 500 kg, not marked with the weight of the product;
* with oblique rope tension.
5. Signal "Turn the boom".
TICKET #8
1. The general arrangement of the rotary part of the portal crane.
2. Purpose and device of magnetic controllers.
3. Frequency of inspection of removable load-handling devices.
Crane operator and slinger every time before starting work. Responsible person 1 time in 10 days other load handling devices 1 time per month. The responsible person records the results of the inspection in a log.
4. Cases of the presence and management of the work of the crane by a person responsible for the safe performance of work.
The person responsible for the safe performance of work with cranes is obliged to directly supervise the work:
* when loading and unloading gondola cars;
* when moving cargo with several cranes;
* when moving cargo over floors, under which production or service premises are located, where people can be;
* when moving cargo for which slinging schemes have not been developed;
* in cases stipulated by the projects of work or technological regulations.
5. "Raise boom" signal.
TICKET #9
1. Purpose and device of the turning mechanism.
2. Purpose and device of the protective crane panel.
The protective panel installed in the crane operator's cab serves:
to implement null protection;
for immediate shutdown of the engine when short circuit or with an unacceptable overload;
for automatic shutdown all electric motors of the crane in case the voltage in the network drops below the permissible level:
TICKET #10
1. Lifting bodies mounted on portal cranes.
: Lifting devices include load hooks (hook suspension), grabs and electromagnets.
Rope grabs are designed for handling bulk cargo (sand, gravel, crushed stone, coal, etc.). By execution, the grabs are divided into one-rope, two-rope and drive. The grapple consists of two jaws pivoting around hinges on the grapple head. Jaws are serrated for better grip. The principle of operation of the grab: when the tension of the ropes is loosened, the jaws open, in this form the grab is lowered onto the load. Then the jaw control rope is pulled, the jaws close and grab the load, after which the grab is lifted. To unload and lower the grab to the ground, the jaws open and the load spills out.
To work with loads made of magnetically permeable materials (steel, cast iron, etc.), electromagnets (magnetic washers) are used. The advantage of an electromagnet is the absence of manual labor for slinging and unslinging loads, which increases work productivity. The carrying capacity of an electromagnet depends on the properties of the load being lifted ( magnetic properties material, uneven outlines, reducing the contact area, temperature).
2. Purpose and arrangement of limit switches.
Limit switches serve to limit the operation of crane mechanisms, turn on alarm circuits, and are also used as interlock switches.
According to the principle of operation, the limit switches are divided into lever ones, which are triggered by the action of disconnecting devices on them, and drive (spindle), which are rigidly connected to the mechanism shaft and are triggered after the switch shaft is rotated at a certain angle (after a certain number of revolutions made by the mechanism shaft).
fixed contacts,
contact bridges,
TICKET #11
1. Purpose, device, principle of operation and adjustment of the torque limit clutch.
2. Factors of a safety factor of braking of brakes of the crane.
3. Periodicity of technical examination of the crane.
4. Safety measures when repairing a crane.
For the production of repairs, a work permit must be issued in the manner established at this enterprise. The work permit should indicate the main measures to ensure safe conditions for organizing repair work, to prevent possible electric shock to repair personnel, falls from a height, etc. The date and time of the repair and the name of the person responsible for its implementation must be indicated in the work permit and in the crane log. Without an order - permission, it is allowed to carry out only preventive inspections of cranes and eliminate individual malfunctions on the call of a crane operator.
The operation of the crane during its repair is strictly prohibited until a permit for the operation of the crane is obtained, issued by the person responsible for the repair with an entry in the crane log or crane passport.
5. Signal "Caution".
TICKET #12
1. The device of the brake system of the turning mechanism.
2. Malfunctions of metal structures and ways to eliminate them.
3. Who conducts the technical examination of the crane.
The technical examination of cranes is carried out by their owner, namely the specialist responsible for the implementation of production control, with the participation of a specialist responsible for maintaining the crane in working order, except for cases when the normative term crane service, and this procedure must be carried out by a specialized organization licensed to conduct an industrial safety review.
4. Security measures when loading (unloading) the car.
5. "Raise load or hook" signal.
TICKET #13
1. The device of the slewing circle.
2. Types and types of bearings used on cranes.
By design, they are divided into plain bearings and rolling bearings.
Plain bearings there are various designs: detachable and one-piece 
(sleeve). A split bearing consists of a housing and two bushings. The body is cast iron, and the liners are made of cast iron or bronze and filled with babbitt. Such bearings, so that the shaft does not heat up, must be continuously lubricated. To do this, oilers are installed in the bearings (wick, drip or cap - for grease lubrication).
Plain bearings must be replaced in the following cases:
If there are cracks in the body of the bushing;
single-row and double-row, needle only single-row.
Bearings consist of outer and inner rings with raceways (grooves) made of special steel along which rolling bodies (balls or rollers) roll. The rollers can be cylindrical, conical or barrel-shaped. So that the rolling elements do not fall out of the running bearing and are evenly distributed around the circumference, a special supporting device is used - a separator, made of mild steel or copper.
Bearings are divided into radial bearings, angular contact bearings and thrust bearings according to the way they perceive the load.
Radial bearings are called bearings that perceive the load directed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the shaft.
Thrust bearings are called bearings that perceive the load acting along the axis of the shaft.
Angular contact bearings are called bearings that simultaneously perceive two loads - axial and radial.
Rolling bearings are currently most widely used, since they have a lower friction value, respectively, greater efficiency, lower lubricant consumption, and increased reliability.
Rolling bearings must be replaced in the following cases:
With the appearance of furrowed workings,
In case of peeling of metal or the presence of fatigue shells on rolling elements or treadmills of rings;
In case of damage to separators or sides of the rings;
When cracks appear on the working surfaces of the rings;
With an increase in radial clearance due to wear;
When the bearings are not equipped with rolling elements.
3. What is inspected and checked when technical certification crane.
a) the condition of the metal structures of the crane and its welded (riveted) joints (no cracks, deformations, wall thinning due to corrosion, weakening of riveted joints, etc.), as well as cabins, stairs, platforms and fences;
b) the state of the hook, blocks;
c) Actual distance between hook1
TICKET No. 1 (crane operators)
QUESTION 1
In which of the following cases, during the performance of loading and unloading operations by a crane (bridge, gantry), safety requirements were violated?
ANSWERS:
1. A load was lifted, for which a slinging scheme has not been developed, in the presence and under the guidance of a person responsible for the safe performance of work by cranes.
1. The cargo was moved in a horizontal direction, raised to a height of 0.7 m above the objects encountered on its way.
1. The lifting of a reinforced concrete product weighing more than 1 ton, which does not have a marking.
1. A brick was lifted on a pallet without a fence when unloading it from a car.
1. The load was lifted to a height of 200 mm to check the correctness of the slinging and the reliability of the brakes. QUESTION 2
What information is indicated on overhead and gantry cranes in operation?
ANSWERS:
1. Registration number, load capacity and date of inspection.
1. Registration number, load capacity and next test date
1. Serial number, load capacity and test date.
1. Registration number, load capacity next inspection
1. Serial number, load capacity and inspection date.
QUESTION 3
In which of the following cases is the signal indicating the operation “CAUTION” given correctly?
ANSWERS:
1. Intermittent upward movement of the arm in front of the chest, palm up; the arm is bent at the elbow.
1. Rise outstretched hand, previously lowered to a vertical position, the palm is open.
1. A sharp movement of the hand to the right and left at the level of the belt, the palm is facing down.
1. The hands are turned with palms facing each other at a short distance, while the hands are raised up.
1. Intermittent downward movement of the arm in front of the chest, palm down, arm bent at the elbow.
QUESTION 4
Which of the following officials should instruct crane operators and slingers on the safe conduct of the upcoming work at the place of its production?
ANSWERS:
1. The person responsible for maintaining the cranes in good condition.
1. Brigadier.
1. Person responsible for the safe operation of cranes.
1. Master shift.
1. Person responsible for the supervision of cranes in the enterprise.
QUESTION 5
Which of the following safety devices or devices is not required to equip overhead (gantry) cranes?
ANSWERS:
1. A device for automatic stress relief when working on its gallery.
1. Load limiter.
1. A device for disabling the drive of the lifting mechanism in the event of a break in any of the three phases of the power supply.
1. Load capacity indicator.
1. A limit switch for automatically stopping the lifting mechanism of the lifting device before approaching the stop.
QUESTION 6
In which of the following cases can a bridge (gantry) type crane hook not be equipped with a safety lock?
ANSWERS:
1. The crane hook must in any case without exception be equipped with a safety lock.
1. With a crane capacity of not more than 10 tons.
1. When using flexible load-handling devices, which exclude the possibility of their falling out of the hook mouth.
1. When using rigid lifting devices.
1. When using slings special purpose and containers.
QUESTION 7
Which of the following types of cranes are not subject to registration with the Gosgortekhnadzor?
ANSWERS:
1. All types of cranes, without exception, are subject to registration with the Gosgortekhnadzor.
1. Bridge-type cranes and a beam crane with a lifting capacity of up to 10 tons inclusive, controlled from the floor by means of push-button device suspended from a crane, or a permanently installed console.
1. Gantry cranes with a control cabin with a lifting capacity of up to 10 tons.
1. Overhead cranes with a control cabin with a lifting capacity of up to 3 tons.
1. All types of cranes with an electric drive with a lifting capacity of up to 2 tons.
QUESTION 8
What is the frequency of inspection of slings?
ANSWERS:
1. 1 time in 10 days
1. 1 time in 6 months
1. 1 time per week
1. 1...
