What indicators characterize agro-climatic resources. Lecture: Agro-climatic resources

The rational organization of agricultural production as the main condition for solving the aggravating food problem in the world is impossible without due consideration climate resources terrain. Climate elements such as heat, moisture, light and air, along with nutrients supplied from the soil, are required condition plant life and ultimately the creation of agricultural products. That's why agro-climatic resources are understood as climate resources in relation to requests Agriculture. Air light, heat, moisture and nutrients called life factors of living organisms. Their combination determines the possibility of vegetation of plant or animal organisms. The absence of at least one of the factors of life (even in the presence of best options all others) leads to their death.

Various climatic phenomena (thunderstorms, cloudiness, winds, fogs, snowfalls, etc.) also have a certain effect on plants and are called environmental factors. Depending on the strength of this effect, plant vegetation is weakened or enhanced (for example, when strong wind transpiration increases and the need of plants for water increases, etc.). Environmental factors become decisive if they reach a high intensity and pose a threat to plant life (for example, frost during flowering). In such cases, these factors are subject to special consideration. These representations are used to identify the so-called limiting factors in specific areas. Air, Air environment characterized by constancy gas composition. The specific gravity of the components - nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases - varies little spatially and, therefore, when zoning, they are not taken into account. Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) are especially important for the life of living organisms.

Light. The factor determining the energy basis of the entire variety of plant life (their germination, flowering, fruiting, etc.) is mainly the light part of the solar spectrum. Only in the presence of light in plant organisms arises and develops The most important physiological process is photosynthesis.

The part of the solar spectrum that is directly involved in photosynthesis is called photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The organic matter created due to the absorption of PAR during photosynthesis makes up 90-95% of the dry mass of the crop, and the remaining 5-10% is formed due to mineral soil nutrition, which is also carried out only simultaneously with photosynthesis.

When assessing light resources, the intensity and duration of illumination (photoperiodism) are also taken into account.

Warm. Each plant requires a certain minimum and maximum heat for its development. The amount of heat required by plants to complete the growing cycle is called the biological sum of temperatures. It is calculated arithmetic sum average daily temperatures for the period from the beginning to the end of the growing season of the plant. The temperature limit of the beginning and end of the growing season, or the critical level that limits the active development of crops, is called biological zero or minimum. For various environmental groups cultures biological zero is not the same. For example, for most grain crops of the temperate zone (barley, rye, wheat, etc.) it is + 5 ° С, for corn, buckwheat, legumes, sunflower, sugar beet, for fruit shrubs and tree crops of the temperate zone + 10 ° С, for subtropical crops (rice, cotton, citrus fruits) +15°С.

To account for the thermal resources of the territory, the sum of active temperatures is used. This indicator was proposed in the XIX century. by the French biologist Gasparin, but theoretically developed and refined by the Soviet scientist G. T. Selyaninov in 1930. It is the arithmetic sum of all average daily temperatures for the period when these temperatures exceed a certain thermal level: +5, +10 ° С. To draw a conclusion about the possibility of growing a crop in the area under study, it is necessary to compare two indicators with each other: the sum of biological temperatures, which expresses the plant's need for warmth, and the sum of active temperatures that accumulate in a given area. The first value must always be less than the second.

A feature of temperate zone plants (cryophylls) is their passage winter dormancy phases during which plants need a certain thermal regime of air and soil layer. Deviations from the required temperature interval are unfavorable for normal vegetation and often lead to plant death. The agro-climatic assessment of wintering conditions is understood as taking into account unfavorable meteorological and weather events in the cold season: sharp frosts, deep thaws, causing soaking of crops; a powerful snow cover, under which seedlings ripen; ice, ice crust on the stems and others. intensity and duration of observed phenomena.

Moisture. The most important factor The lifeblood of plants is moisture. In all periods of life, a plant requires a certain amount of moisture for its growth, without which it dies. Water is involved in any physiological process associated with the creation or destruction of organic matter. It is necessary for photosynthesis, provides thermoregulation of the plant organism, transports nutrients. With normal vegetative development cultivated plants absorb huge amounts of water. Often, from 200 to 1000 mass units of water are consumed to form one unit of dry matter (B. G. Rozanov, 1984).

Based on the analysis of factors, a comprehensive agro-climatic zoning of the area is carried out.

Agro-climatic zoning is the subdivision of a territory (at any level) into regions that differ in terms of growth, development, overwintering and production. whole cultivated plants.

When classifying agro-climatic resources of the world at the first level, differentiation of the territory is carried out according to the degree of heat supply, in other words, according to macro-differences in thermal resources. On this basis, thermal belts and subbelts are distinguished; the boundaries between them are carried out conditionally - along the isolines of certain values of the sums of active temperatures above +10°C.

cold belt. The sums of active temperatures do not exceed 1000°. These are very small heat reserves, the growing season lasts less than two months. Since temperatures often drop below freezing during this time, open field farming is not possible. The cold belt occupies vast areas in northern Eurasia, Canada and Alaska.

Cool belt. Heat supply increases from 1000° in the north to 2000° in the south. The cool belt extends in a fairly wide strip south of the cold belt in Eurasia and North America and forms a narrow zone in the south of the Andes in South America. Insignificant heat resources limit the set of crops that can grow in these areas: these are mainly early-ripening, heat-undemanding plants that can tolerate short-term frosts, but are photophilous (plants long day). These are gray bread, vegetables, some root crops, early potatoes, special polar types of wheat. Agriculture is focal in nature, concentrating in the warmest habitats. The general lack of heat and (most importantly) the danger of late spring and early autumn frosts reduces crop production. Arable lands in the cool zone occupy only 5-8% of the total land area.

Temperate zone. The heat supply is at least 2000° in the north of the belt and up to 4000° in the southern regions. The temperate zone occupies vast territories in Eurasia and North America: it includes the entire overseas Europe"(without the southern peninsulas), most of the Russian Plain, Kazakhstan, southern Siberia and Far East, Mongolia, Tibet, northeastern China, southern regions of Canada and northern regions USA. On the southern continents, the temperate zone is represented locally: it is Patagonia in Argentina and a narrow strip of the Chilean Pacific coast in South America, the islands of Tasmania and New Zealand.

In the temperate zone, differences in the seasons of the year are expressed: there is one warm season, when the vegetation of plants occurs, and one period of winter dormancy. The vegetation period is 60 days in the north and about 200 days in the south. The average temperature of the warmest month is not lower than +15°С, winters can be both very severe and mild, depending on the degree of continentality of the climate. The thickness of the snow cover and the type of overwintering of cultivated plants vary in a similar way. The temperate zone is a zone of mass farming; arable lands occupy almost all the spaces suitable for the conditions of the relief. The range of cultivated crops is much wider, all of them are adapted to the thermal regime of the temperate zone: annual crops quite quickly complete their growing cycle (in two or three summer months), and perennial or winter species necessarily go through the vernalization or vernalization phase, i.e. winter dormancy period. These plants are classified as a special group of cryophilic crops. These include the main grain cereals - wheat, barley, rye, oats, flax, vegetables, root crops. There are large differences between the northern and southern regions of the temperate zone in the total heat reserves and in the duration of the growing season, which makes it possible to distinguish two subbelts within the zone:

Typically moderate with thermal resources from 2000 to 3000°. Here grow mainly plants of a long day, early ripening, little demanding on heat (rye, barley, oats, wheat, vegetables, potatoes, grass mixtures, etc.). It is in this subbelt that the share of winter crops in crops is high.

temperate belt, with the sums of active temperatures from 3000 to 4000 °, a long vegetation period, during which a lot of heat accumulates, allows growing late-ripening varieties of grain and vegetable crops corn, rice, sunflower, vine, many fruit and fruit tree crops successfully vegetate here. It becomes possible to use intermediate crops in crop rotations.

Warm (or subtropical) zone. The sums of active temperatures range from 4000° on the northern border to 8000° on the southern. Territories with such heat supply are widely represented on all continents: the Eurasian Mediterranean, South China, the predominant part of the United States and Mexico, Argentina and Chile, the south of the African continent, the southern half of Australia.

Heat resources are very significant, but in winter the average temperatures (although positive) do not rise above +10°C, which means the suspension of vegetation for many overwintering crops. The snow cover is extremely unstable, vegetation winters are observed in the southern half of the belt, snow may not fall at all.

Due to the abundance of heat, the range of cultivated crops is greatly expanded due to the introduction of subtropical heat-loving species, and it is possible to cultivate two crops per year: annual crops of the temperate zone in the cold season and perennial, but cryophilic species of the subtropics (mulberry, tea bush, citrus, olive, Walnut, grapes, etc.). Annuals of tropical origin appear in the south, requiring large sums of temperatures and intolerant of frosts (cotton, etc.).

Differences (mostly) in mode winter season(presence or absence of vegetative winters) makes it possible to subdivide the territories of the warm belt into two sub-belts with their own specific sets of crops: moderately warm with the sums of active temperatures from 4000 to 6000 ° and with cool winters and typically warm sub-belt with heat supply of about 6000 - 8000 °, with predominantly vegetative winters (average January temperatures are above + 10 ° С).

Hot belt. Heat reserves are practically unlimited; they everywhere exceed 8,000°, sometimes over 10,000°. The territorially hot zone occupies the most extensive expanses of land on the globe. It includes the predominant part of Africa, most of South America, Central America, all of South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, the Malay Archipelago and the northern half of Australia. In the hot zone, heat ceases to play the role of a limiting factor in the placement of crops. Vegetation lasts all year round, the average temperatures of the coldest month do not fall below +15°C. The set of cultivated plants possible for growing is replenished with species of tropical and equatorial origin (coffee and chocolate trees, date palm, bananas, cassava, sweet potato, cassava, cinchona, etc.). High intensity direct solar radiation is detrimental to many cultivated plants, so they are grown in special multi-tiered agrocenoses, under the shade of specially left single specimens of tall trees. The absence of a cold season prevents the successful vegetation of cryogenic crops; therefore, plants of the temperate zone can grow only in high mountain regions, i.e. practically outside the boundaries of the hot zone.

At the second level of agro-climatic zoning of the world, thermal belts and sub-belts are subdivided on the basis of differences in annual moisture regimes.

A total of 16 regions were identified with different meanings moisture coefficient of the growing season:

1. Excessive moisture during the growing season;

2. Sufficient moisture during the growing season;

3. Dry growing season;

4. Dry growing season (more than 70% chance of droughts);

5. Dry throughout the year (the amount of annual precipitation is less than 150 mm. HTC for the growing season is less than 0.3);

6. Sufficient moisture throughout the year;

7. Sufficient or excessive moisture in summer, dry winter and spring (monsoon type of climate);

8 „ Sufficient or excessive moisture in winter, dry summer (Mediterranean type of climate);

9. Sufficient or excessive moisture in winter, dry summer (Mediterranean type of climate);

10. Insufficient moisture in winter, dry and dry summer;

11. Excessive moisture most of the year with 2-5 dry or dry months;

12. Dry most of the year with sufficient moisture for 2-4 months;

13. Dry most of the year with excessive moisture for 2-5 months;

14. Two periods of excessive moisture with two dry or dry periods;,

15. Excessive moisture throughout the year;

16. The temperature of the warmest month is below 10 C (no assessment of moisture conditions is given).

In addition to the main indicators, the classifications also take into account the most important agro-climatic phenomena of a regional nature (wintering conditions for cryophilic crops, the frequency of occurrence of adverse events - droughts, hailstorms, floods, etc.).

Agro-climatic resources are the properties of the climate that provide opportunities for agricultural production. They are characterized by: the duration of the period with an average daily temperature above +10°C; the sum of temperatures for this period; the ratio of heat and moisture; moisture reserves created during a given period by snow cover.
Different regions of our country have different agro-climatic resources, but in general on the territory of Kazakhstan solar heat sufficient for the maturation of many agricultural crops. At an average daily temperature above +10°С, its total amount fluctuates significantly: in the north it is 2000-2100°, and in the south -4800-4600°.
In the northern part of the republic, where the average daily temperature exceeds +10°C, the growing season lasts 130-135 days. Here, agro-climatic resources are suitable for growing spring wheat, flax, vegetables, fruits and melons.
In the central part of Kazakhstan, the climate is relatively dry. Heat resources - 2400°-2800°. The number of days when the average temperature rises above +10°C is 150-160. Here you can grow cereals, sunflower, buckwheat and potatoes.
In the south of the republic, the growing season lasts a little over 180 days. The abundance of solar heat makes it possible to grow here such irrigated crops as rice, cotton, tobacco, grapes, sugar beets, etc.
A person can use climatic resources as the most important healing factors. Scientists involved in the problems of medical and resort climatology study the influence of climatic factors on living organisms. These factors include: solar radiation, temperature, humidity, wind, etc. There is the concept of "comfort zone", i.e. a zone in which climatic elements have a positive effect on people's health and mood. The climate of Kazakhstan is healing in many places. According to medical observations, in the inhabitants of deserts and mountains, extreme blood pressure indicators are lower than usual, hypertension is rare. In pine forests on the banks of rivers and lakes, in mountain valleys there are many climatic sanatoriums.
The duration of sunshine and the intensity of radiation in the summer favor the use of solar energy for technical purposes. The construction of solar stations is planned in the deserts.
The small thickness of the snow cover in a significant part of the south of the republic makes it possible to warm winters keep livestock on pasture. However, climatic conditions are not favorable everywhere. The alternation of thaws with frosts, unexpected snowfalls, strong winds make it necessary to make insurance stocks of fodder in places of winter grazing.
1. In which part of Kazakhstan is it warmest and what heat-loving crops do you know?
2. What areas of Kazakhstan are favorable for the development of grain crops?
3. What crops are grown in the republic? Where and why?
4. How does climate affect economic activity?
5. What are the agro-climatic resources of your area?
Questions and tasks for repeating the topic "Climate"
1. Name the factors that shape the climate of Kazakhstan.
2. In what climate zone is Kazakhstan located?
3. What types of air masses form the climate of Kazakhstan?
4. Where are the highest (maximum) and lowest (minimum) temperatures observed in Kazakhstan?
5. How are they distributed? precipitation depending on the season? Why?
6. Where in Kazakhstan there is more precipitation, where is it less? Why?
7. What are the climatic features of the highlands?
8. How does climate affect human life and economic activity?
9. What are the unfavorable atmospheric phenomena climate related?
10. What are agro-climatic resources? How are they used?
11. What crops are grown in the republic?

studying geographical features different regions, it is easy to see that different climatic conditions largely determine the difference in the agronomic capabilities of a particular area.

The accumulation and development of this knowledge made it possible to fairly objectively assess the agro-climatic resources of each region.

The concept of agro-climatic resources

Speaking about the agro-climatic resources of a particular region, we mean a set of factors that affect the possibility of growing certain crops, their productivity, the labor intensity of agricultural technologies, etc.

It is clear that to a large extent they are determined by geographic latitude, terrain, remoteness from the sea, and the presence of water bodies. Agricultural production opportunities are a key development factor for any region.

The ability of agriculture to feed a certain number of people is only the first stage in the economic chain. The modern agricultural complex is characterized by the presence of an extensive infrastructure of processing and servicing industries. The level of its development largely depends on how independent a region can be at the basic level of providing people with food.

Main indicators of agro-climatic resources

The determining factors for the development of agriculture are the light, moisture and heat necessary for the growth of plants. They are directly dependent on geographical location region, climate zone and natural area.

Today, agro-climatic resources of any territory are characterized by the following indicators:

- the sum of active average daily air temperatures (i.e. exceeding 10 degrees Celsius), at which the active growth agricultural crops;

- the duration of the growing season, when the temperature regime favors the growth of green mass, the ripening of fruits and cereals (short, long and medium-long growing seasons);

- provision of soil with moisture, the coefficient of soil moisture, which is determined by the ratio of the annual precipitation to the evaporation rate (it is clear that the evaporation will be the higher, the higher the average annual air temperature).

The sum of average daily temperatures is calculated by summing up daily average daily temperatures exceeding 10 degrees Celsius during the year. The average daily temperature is calculated as the arithmetic mean of four measurements taken at noon, midnight, 6 and 18 hours.

The amount of heat and precipitation depends on the geographical location of the territory - its altitudinal zonality and location in a particular latitudinal zone. Agro distribution climatic zones and humidification zones in the flat areas has a latitudinal distribution, and in the mountains it depends on the height above sea level.

Agro-climatic resources of Russia

vast territories Russian Federation are characterized by a wide variety of agro-climatic resources, changing with changes in climatic zones and humidification zones.

To assess thermal resources, an indicator of the total average daily air temperature exceeding 10 degrees Celsius is used. Here you can highlight:

- the Arctic zone, in which the total average daily temperature does not exceed 400 degrees, and the cultivation of agricultural crops is impossible;

- the subarctic zone, where the indicator of the total air temperature ranges from 400 to 1000 degrees Celsius, and it is allowed to grow individual cold-resistant crops - green onions, radishes, early potatoes - in a short period of summer heat;

- a temperate zone with fluctuations in the average daily sum of air temperatures ranging from 1000 to 3600 degrees Celsius, favorable for growing most crops.

In addition to heat, the level of soil moisture has a significant impact on the success of agriculture. On the territory of the Russian Federation there are both zones provided with moisture to a sufficient extent, and arid regions. The border between them is the northern tip of the forest-steppe belt.

Regional distribution of agro-climatic resources in the Russian Federation

The most favorable regions for growing a wide range of crops are areas North Caucasus(the total average daily temperature is about 3000 degrees). Various crops grow here in abundance, including irrigated rice, sunflowers, sugar beets, vegetables and a variety of fruits. Good conditions for agriculture are available in the southern regions of the Far East, where the monsoon climate provides abundant soil moisture in the summer.

The regions of the middle zone, in which the sum of average daily temperatures ranges between 1600 and 2200 degrees, are used for growing potatoes, cereals, fodder crops and grasses. The soil moisture index here is close to sufficient.

As for the taiga zone, its total average daily temperature fluctuates between 100-1600 degrees with excessive moisture, which makes it possible to grow grain crops, potatoes, and forage grasses in forest-free areas.

1. Agro-climatic resources are the properties of the climate that provide opportunities for agricultural production. They are characterized by: the duration of the period with an average daily temperature above +10 °C; the sum of temperatures for this period; the ratio of heat and moisture (moisture coefficient); moisture reserves created in winter by snow cover.

Different parts of the country have different agro-climatic resources. In the Far North, where there is excessive moisture and little heat, only focal agriculture and greenhouse-hothouse farming are possible. Within the taiga north of the Russian Plain and most of the Siberian and Far Eastern taiga, it is warmer - the sum of active temperatures is 1000-1600 °, rye, barley, flax, and vegetables can be grown here. In the zone of steppes and forest-steppes of Central Russia, in the south Western Siberia and the Far East, moisture is sufficient, and the sum of temperatures is from 1600 to 2200 °, here you can grow rye, wheat, oats, buckwheat, different vegetables, sugar beet, fodder crops for livestock needs.

The most favorable agro-climatic resources are the steppe regions of the south-east of the Russian Plain, the south of Western Siberia and Ciscaucasia. Here the sum of active temperatures is 2200-3400°C, and it is possible to grow winter wheat, corn, rice, sugar beets, sunflowers, heat-loving vegetables and fruits.

2. The European part of Russia is located in the west of the country, stretching from its western borders to the Urals. The Asian part of Russia is located in the east of the country, stretching from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean and includes the vast expanses of Siberia and the Far East.

The area of the Eastern zone is approximately 3 times larger than the Western one, but the EGP is less profitable for it, since it is remote from the main economic centers of the country, European countries, and has a weak land connection with other parts of the country. The eastern zone has access to the seas of the Pacific and North arctic oceans, is connected by waterways with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, and the Western one goes to the seas of the Atlantic Ocean.

The Eastern zone is better provided with natural resources: it contains 80% of fuel, 75% of forest, 70% of water and 75% of hydropower resources. Only iron ore is better provided in the Western zone. But natural conditions in the east are less favorable (swamps, permafrost, harsh climate, mountainous terrain). Construction here costs 3-5 times more than in the west of the country. The average population density of the Eastern zone is 12 times less than that of the Western zone. It is located much more unevenly, concentrating in the south of the zone, along rivers and railways vast areas are not inhabited at all.

The living conditions of people in the East are also more difficult; the harsh natural conditions are supplemented by a lack of housing and poor living conditions. There are fewer cities here, there are only two millionaire cities, but the proportion of the urban population is higher due to the poor development of agriculture and the small number of people employed in it.

The basis of the economy of the Eastern zone is the mining industry. It produces the bulk of oil, gas and coal. Agriculture is less developed, mainly in the south; it does not satisfy the needs of the population of the zone for products.

The role of the region in the country's economy is constantly growing. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Eastern macroregion became the main fuel and energy base of the country, the main producer of aluminum, a supplier of non-ferrous ores, rare metals, fish and forest products.

Manufacturing dominates in the west, and agriculture is much better developed than in the east. 4/5 of the products of industry and agriculture, 9/10 of scientific products are produced here, the main part of banking capital is located.

Such significant differences in the economy of the two zones are explained not only by differences in the EGP and natural resources, but also by the peculiarities of the development of the country's territory - the western part of the country has historically been much better developed and populated.

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The rational organization of agricultural production as the main condition for solving the aggravating food problem in the world is not possible without due consideration of the climatic resources of the area.

The influence of climatic factors on the economy of Russia

Climate elements such as heat, moisture, light and air, along with nutrients supplied from the soil, are a prerequisite for plant life and, ultimately, for the creation of agricultural products.

Therefore, agro-climatic resources are understood as climate resources in relation to the needs of agriculture.

Various climatic phenomena (thunderstorms, cloudiness, fogs, snowfalls, etc.) also have a certain effect on plants and are called environmental factors. Depending on the strength of this effect, the vegetation of plants is weakened or intensified (for example, with a strong wind, transpiration increases and the need for plants in water increases, etc.).

Environmental factors become decisive if they reach a high intensity and pose a danger to plant life (for example, frost during flowering).

In such cases, these factors are subject to special consideration. Another regularity has been established: the existence of an organism is determined by the factor that is at a minimum (Yu. Liebig's rule). These representations are used to identify the so-called limiting factors in specific territories.

Air. The air environment is characterized by the constancy of the gas composition. The specific gravity of the components of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases varies little spatially, and therefore they are not taken into account when zoning.

Light. The factor that determines the energy basis of the entire variety of plant life activities (their germination, flowering, fruiting, etc.) is mainly the light part of the solar spectrum. Only in the presence of light in plant organisms arises and develops the most important physiological process is photosynthesis.

Warm.

Each plant requires a certain minimum and maximum heat for its development. The amount of heat required to complete the growing cycle is called biological sum of temperatures . It is calculated as the arithmetic sum of the average daily temperatures for the period from the beginning to the end of the plant's growing season.

The temperature limit of the beginning and end of the growing season, or the critical level that limits the active development of the culture, is called biological zero or minimum. For different ecological groups of crops, the biological zero is not the same. For example, for most grain crops of the temperate zone (barley, rye, wheat, etc.) it is + 5 ° С, for corn, buckwheat, legumes, sunflower, sugar beet, for fruit shrubs and tree crops of the temperate zone + 10 ° С, for subtropical crops (rice, cotton, citrus fruits) + 15°С.

To account for the thermal resources of the territory, we use sum of active temperatures . This indicator was proposed in the nineteenth century.

French biologist Gasparin, but theoretically developed and refined by the Soviet scientist G. G. Selyaninov in 1930. It is the arithmetic sum of all average daily temperatures for the period when these temperatures exceed a certain thermal level: +5, +10C.

To conclude about opportunities for crop growth in the study area, it is necessary to compare two indicators with each other: the sum of biological temperatures, which expresses the plant's need for warmth, and the sum of active temperatures that accumulate in a given area. The first value must always be less than the second.

A feature of plants in the temperate zone (cryophiles) is their passage winter dormancy phases, during which plants need a certain thermal regime of air and soil layer.

Deviations from the required temperature interval are unfavorable for normal vegetation and often lead to plant death.

Under the agro-climatic assessment of wintering conditions is meant taking into account adverse meteorological and weather phenomena in the cold season: sharp frosts, deep thaws, causing soaking of crops; a powerful snow cover, under which seedlings ripen; ice, ice crust on stems, etc.

As an indicator of the severity of wintering conditions for plants, especially trees and shrubs, most often used the average of the absolute annual air temperature minimums.

Moisture.

Moisture is the most important factor in plant life. In all periods of life, a plant requires a certain amount of moisture for its growth, without which it dies. Water is involved in any physiological process associated with the creation or destruction of organic matter. It is necessary for photosynthesis, provides thermoregulation of the plant organism, transports nutrients.

During normal vegetative development, cultivated plants absorb huge volumes of water. Often, from 200 to 1000 mass units of water are consumed to form one unit of dry matter.

The theoretical and practical complexity of the problem of water availability of plants has led to the emergence of many methods and techniques for calculating its parameters.

In Soviet agroclimatology, several moisture indicators have been developed and used (N.N. Ivanova, G.T. Selyaninova, D.I. Shashko, M.I. Budyko, S.A. Sapozhnikova, etc.) and formulas for the optimal water consumption (I.A. Sharova, A. M. Alpatyeva). Very widely used hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) - the ratio of the amount of precipitation for a certain period (month, growing season, year) to the amount of active temperatures for the same time, proposed in 1939

G.T. Selyaninov. Its application is based on a well-known assumption, empirically well confirmed: the sum of active temperatures, reduced by 10 times, is approximately equal to the evaporation rate. Therefore, HTC reflects the relationship between inflowing and evaporating moisture.

Assessment of the moisture content of the territory for the growth of agricultural crops is based on the following interpretation of the HTC values: less than 0.3 - very dry, from 0.3 to 0.5 - dry, from 0.5 to 0.7 - dry, from 0.7 to 1.0 - insufficient moisture, 1.0 - equality of moisture input and output, from 1.0 to 1.5 - sufficient moisture, more than 1.5 - excessive moisture (Agroclimatic Atlas of the World, 1972, p.

In foreign agro-climatic literature, many indicators of territory moisture are also used - the indices of K. Thornthveit, E. De-Martonne, G. Walter, L. Emberge, V. Lauer, A. Penk, J. Mormann and J. Kessler, X. Gossen , F. Banyulya and others. All of them, as a rule, are calculated empirically, therefore they are valid only for areas limited in area.

Education

Agro-climatic resources of the Earth

Possession of rich soil and agro-climatic resources in modern world becomes one of the key factors for sustainable development in the long term. With ever-increasing overpopulation in some countries, as well as pressures on soils, water bodies and the atmosphere, access to sources quality water and fertile soil becomes a strategically important advantage.

Regions of the world.
Agro-climatic resources

It is obvious that soil fertility, the number of sunny days per year, as well as water are unevenly distributed on the surface of the planet. While some regions of the world suffer from a lack of sunlight, others feel the excess of solar radiation and constant droughts.

In some areas, devastating floods regularly occur, destroying crops and even entire villages.

It should also be taken into account that soil fertility is far from a constant factor, which can vary depending on the intensity and quality of exploitation.

Soils in many parts of the world tend to degrade, their fertility declines, and over time, erosion makes productive agriculture impossible.

Heat as the main factor

Speaking about the characteristics of agro-climatic resources, it is worth starting with temperature regime, without which the growth of crops is impossible.

In biology, there is such a thing as "biological zero" - this is the temperature at which the plant stops growing and dies.

For all crops, this temperature is not the same. For most crops that are grown in central Russia, this temperature is approximately +5 degrees.

It should also be noted that the agro-climatic resources of the European part of Russia are rich and diverse, because a significant part of the Central European region of the country is occupied by black soil, and there is an abundance of water and sun from spring to early autumn.

In addition, thermophilic crops are cultivated in the south and along the Black Sea coast.

Water resources and ecology

Considering the level of industrial development, the increasing environmental pollution, it is worth talking not only about the quantity of agro-climatic resources, but also about their quality. Therefore, the territories are subdivided according to the level of heat supply or the presence of large rivers, as well as the ecological cleanliness of these resources.

For example, in China, despite significant water reserves and large areas farmland, it is not necessary to talk about the complete provision of this densely populated country with the necessary resources, because the aggressive development of the manufacturing and mining industries has led to the fact that many rivers have become polluted and unsuitable for the production of quality products.

At the same time, countries such as the Netherlands and Israel, with their small territories and difficult climatic conditions, are becoming leaders in food production.

And Russia, as experts note, is far from using the advantages of the temperate zone, in which a significant part of the European territory of the country is located, far from being at full capacity.

Technology at the service of agriculture

How more people inhabit the Earth, the more pressing becomes the problem of feeding the inhabitants of the planet.

The load on the soils is growing, and they are degrading, the sown areas are shrinking.

However, science does not stand still, and after the Green Revolution, which made it possible to feed a billion people in the middle of the last century, a new one is coming. Considering that the main agro-climatic resources are concentrated on the territory of such large states as Russia, the USA, Ukraine, China, Canada and Australia, more and more small states use modern technologies and become leaders in agricultural production.

Thus, technologies make it possible to compensate for the lack of heat, moisture or sunlight.

Resource allocation

Soil and agro-climatic resources are unevenly distributed over the Earth. In order to indicate the level of resource endowment in a particular region, to the most important criteria assessments of the quality of agro-climatic resources relate heat.

On this basis, the following climatic zones are determined:

cold - heat supply less than 1000 degrees;
cool - from 1000 to 2000 degrees during the growing season;
moderate - in the southern regions, heat supply reaches 4000 degrees;
subtropical;
hot.

Taking into account the fact that natural agro-climatic resources are not equally distributed on the planet, in the conditions of the modern market, all states have access to agricultural products, in whatever region they are produced.

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The land market is… The land market in Russia

The land market is a very, very interesting business area, because among all the real and potential benefits of modern people, land is given a central place, regardless of the social structure.

The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is of key importance in the global economy. It is one of the most important national economic complexes that determine the basic conditions for ensuring the life of society. Its significance is not only in meeting the needs of people in food products, but also in the fact that it significantly affects the employment of the population and the efficiency of all national production.

The agro-industrial complex is the largest of the main (basic) complexes in the country's global economy. It includes all types of industries and production services, the creation and development of which are subordinated to the production of final consumer products from agricultural raw materials.
One of the key factors in the development of the agro-industrial complex is the climatic resources of a particular region, which affect the suitability natural conditions for the cultivation of any agricultural crops.

Agro-climatic resources are the properties of the climate that provide opportunities for agricultural production.
The key indicator of agro-climatic resources are: the duration of the period with an average daily temperature above 10 degrees; sum of temperatures for this period;
moisture coefficient;
thickness and duration of snow cover.

The rational organization of agricultural production as the main condition for solving the aggravating food problem in the world is impossible without due consideration of the climatic resources of the area. Climate elements such as heat, moisture, light and air, along with nutrients supplied from the soil, are a prerequisite for plant life and, ultimately, the creation of agricultural products.

Therefore, agro-climatic resources are understood as climate resources in relation to the needs of agriculture. Air, light, heat, moisture and nutrients are called life factors of living organisms. Their combination determines the possibility of vegetation of plant or animal organisms.

The absence of at least one of the factors of life (even in the presence of optimal options for all others) leads to their death.

Environmental factors become decisive if they reach a high intensity and pose a threat to plant life (for example, frost during flowering). In such cases, these factors are subject to special consideration. These representations are used to identify the so-called limiting factors in specific areas. Air, the air environment is characterized by the constancy of the gas composition. The specific gravity of the components - nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases - varies little spatially and, therefore, when zoning, they are not taken into account.

Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) are especially important for the life of living organisms.

Light. The factor determining the energy basis of the entire variety of plant life (their germination, flowering, fruiting, etc.) is mainly the light part of the solar spectrum. Only in the presence of light in plant organisms arises and develops the most important physiological process - photosynthesis.

The part of the solar spectrum directly involved in photosynthesis is called photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The organic matter created due to the absorption of PAR during photosynthesis makes up 90-95% of the dry mass of the crop, and the remaining 5-10% is formed due to mineral soil nutrition, which is also carried out only simultaneously with photosynthesis.

When assessing light resources, the intensity and duration of illumination (photoperiodism) are also taken into account.

The temperature limit of the beginning and end of the growing season, or the critical level that limits the active development of crops, is called the biological zero or minimum.

For different ecological groups of crops, the biological zero is not the same. For example, for most grain crops of the temperate zone (barley, rye, wheat, etc.) it is + 5 ° С, for corn, buckwheat, legumes, sunflower, sugar beet, for fruit shrubs and tree crops of the temperate zone + 10 ° С, for subtropical crops (rice, cotton, citrus fruits) +15°С.

To account for the thermal resources of the territory, the sum of active temperatures is used.

This indicator was proposed in the XIX century. French biologist Gasparin, but theoretically developed and refined by the Soviet scientist G. T. Selyaninov in 1930. It is the arithmetic sum of all average daily temperatures for the period when these temperatures exceed a certain thermal level: + 5, + 10 ° С.

To draw a conclusion about the possibility of growing a crop in the area under study, it is necessary to compare two indicators with each other: the sum of biological temperatures, which expresses the plant's need for warmth, and the sum of active temperatures that accumulate in a given area. The first value must always be less than the second.

A feature of plants of the temperate zone (cryophiles) is the passage of a phase of winter dormancy, during which the plants need a certain thermal regime of air and soil layer. Deviations from the required temperature interval are unfavorable for normal vegetation and often lead to plant death. Under the agro-climatic assessment of wintering conditions is meant taking into account adverse meteorological and weather phenomena in the cold season: sharp frosts, deep thaws, causing soaking of crops; a powerful snow cover, under which seedlings ripen; ice, ice crust on stems, etc.

Both the intensity and the duration of the observed phenomena are taken into account.

During normal vegetative development, cultivated plants absorb huge volumes of water. Often, from 200 to 1000 mass units of water are consumed to form one unit of dry matter (B. G. Rozanov, 1984).

Based on the analysis of factors, a comprehensive agro-climatic zoning of the area is carried out.

Agro-climatic zoning is the subdivision of a territory (at any level) into regions that differ in terms of growth, development, overwintering and production.

whole cultivated plants.

On this basis, thermal belts and subbelts are distinguished; the boundaries between them are drawn conditionally - along the isolines of certain values of the sums of active temperatures above +10°C.

Cold belt. The sums of active temperatures do not exceed 1000°. These are very small heat reserves, the growing season lasts less than two months. Since temperatures often drop below freezing during this time, open field farming is not possible. The cold belt occupies vast areas in northern Eurasia, Canada and Alaska.

Cool belt. Heat supply increases from 1000° in the north to 2000° in the south. The cool belt extends as a fairly wide strip south of the cold belt in Eurasia and North America and forms a narrow zone in the south of the Andes in South America.

Insufficient heat resources limit the range of crops that can grow in these areas: these are mainly early maturing, heat-undemanding plants that can tolerate short-term frosts, but are photophilous (long-day plants).

These are gray bread, vegetables, some root crops, early potatoes, special polar types of wheat. Agriculture is focal in nature, concentrating in the warmest habitats. The general lack of heat and (most importantly) the danger of late spring and early autumn frosts reduces the possibilities of crop production. Arable lands in the cool zone occupy only 5-8% of the total land area.

On the southern continents, the temperate zone is represented locally: it is Patagonia in Argentina and a narrow strip of the Chilean Pacific coast in South America, the islands of Tasmania and New Zealand.

In the temperate zone, differences in the seasons of the year are expressed: there is one warm season, when the vegetation of plants occurs, and one period of winter dormancy.

The vegetation period is 60 days in the north and about 200 days in the south. The average temperature of the warmest month is not lower than +15°С, winters can be both very severe and mild, depending on the degree of continentality of the climate. The thickness of the snow cover and the type of overwintering of cultivated plants vary in a similar way. The temperate zone is a zone of mass farming; arable lands occupy almost all the spaces suitable for the conditions of the relief.

The range of cultivated crops is much wider, all of them are adapted to the thermal regime of the temperate zone: annual crops quite quickly complete their growing cycle (in two or three summer months), and perennial or winter species necessarily go through the vernalization or vernalization phase, i.e.

winter dormancy period. These plants are classified as a special group of cryophilic crops. These include the main cereals - wheat, barley, rye, oats, flax, vegetables, root crops. There are large differences between the northern and southern regions of the temperate zone in the total heat reserves and in the duration of the growing season, which makes it possible to distinguish two subbelts within the zone:

Typically temperate, with thermal resources between 2000 and 3000°.

Here grow mainly plants of a long day, early ripening, little demanding on heat (rye, barley, oats, wheat, vegetables, potatoes, grass mixtures, etc.).

It is in this subbelt that the share of winter crops in crops is high.

Warm-temperate zone, with sums of active temperatures from 3000 to 4000°. corn, rice, sunflower, vine, many fruit and fruit tree crops successfully vegetate here.

It becomes possible to use intermediate crops in crop rotations.

Annuals of tropical origin appear in the south, requiring large sums of temperatures and intolerant of frosts (cotton, etc.).

Differences (mainly) in the mode of the winter season (the presence or absence of vegetative winters) allows us to subdivide the warm belt territories into two subbelts with their own specific sets of crops: moderately warm with sums of active temperatures from 4000 to 6000 heat supply is about 6000 - 8000 °, with predominantly vegetative winters (average January temperatures are above + 10 ° С).

In the hot zone, heat ceases to play the role of a limiting factor in the placement of crops. Vegetation lasts all year round, the average temperature of the coldest month does not fall below +15°C. The set of cultivated plants that can be grown is replenished with species of tropical and equatorial origin (coffee and chocolate trees, date palm, bananas, cassava, sweet potato, cassava, cinchona, etc.). The high intensity of direct solar radiation is detrimental to many cultivated plants, so they are grown in special multi-tiered agrocenoses, under the shade of specially left single specimens of tall trees.

The absence of a cold season prevents the successful vegetation of cryogenic crops; therefore, plants of the temperate zone can grow only in high mountain regions, i.e.

practically outside the boundaries of the hot zone.

At the second level of agro-climatic zoning of the world, thermal belts and sub-belts are subdivided on the basis of differences in annual moisture regimes.

In total, 16 areas were identified with different values of the moisture coefficient of the growing season:

Excessive moisture during the growing season;

2. Sufficient moisture during the growing season;

3. Dry growing season;

4. Dry growing season (more than 70% chance of droughts);

5. Dry throughout the year (the amount of annual precipitation is less than 150 mm. HTC for the growing season is less than 0.3);

6. Sufficient moisture throughout the year;

7. Sufficient or excessive moisture in summer, dry winter and spring (monsoon type of climate);

8 „ Sufficient or excessive moisture in winter, dry summer (Mediterranean type of climate);

AGROCLIMATE RESOURCES - climate properties that provide

Sufficient or excessive moisture in winter, dry summer (Mediterranean type of climate);

10. Insufficient moisture in winter, dry and dry summer;

11. Excessive moisture most of the year with 2-5 dry or dry months;

12. Dry most of the year with sufficient moisture for 2-4 months;

Dry most of the year with excessive moisture for 2-5 months;

14. Two periods of excessive moisture with two dry or dry periods;,

15. Excessive moisture throughout the year;

16. The temperature of the warmest month is below 10 C (no assessment of moisture conditions is given).

continuation

Agro-climatic resources - climate properties that provide the possibility of agricultural production: light, heat and moisture.

climate properties

These properties largely determine the location of crop production. The development of plants is favored by sufficient illumination, warm weather, good hydration.

The distribution of light and heat is determined by the intensity of solar radiation.

In addition to the degree of illumination, the placement of plants and their development is affected by the length daylight hours. Long-day plants - barley, flax, oats - require more continuous light than short-day plants - corn, rice, etc.

The most important factor for plant life is air temperature.

The main life processes in plants occur in the range from 5 to 30 °C. The transition of the average daily air temperature through 0 °C with its increase indicates the beginning of spring, with a decrease - the onset of a cold period. The interval between these dates is the warm period of the year. The frost-free period is the period without frost. The growing season is the period of the year with a stable air temperature above 10 ° C. Its duration approximately corresponds to the frost-free period.

Of great importance is the sum of the temperatures of the growing season.

It characterizes the heat resources for agricultural crops. In the conditions of Russia, this indicator in the main agricultural regions is in the range of 1400-3000 °C.

An important condition for plant growth is a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil.

The accumulation of moisture depends mainly on the amount of precipitation and its distribution throughout the year. Precipitation from November to March in most parts of the country falls in the form of snow.

Their accumulation creates a snow cover on the soil surface. It provides a reserve of moisture for the development of plants, protects the soil from freezing.

The best combination of agro-climatic resources was formed in the Central Black Earth, North Caucasus and partly in the Volga region economic regions. Here, the sum of the temperatures of the growing season is 2200-3400 °C, which makes it possible to grow winter wheat, corn, rice, sugar beet, sunflower, heat-loving vegetables and fruits.

In the main territory of the country, the sum of temperatures from 1000 to 2000 ° C prevails, which by world standards is considered below the level of profitable agriculture.

This applies primarily to Siberia and the Far East: here the sum of temperatures over most of the territory ranges from 800 to 1500 ° C, which almost completely excludes the possibility of cultivating crops. If the isoline of the sums of temperatures of 2000 ° C in the European territory of the country passes along the line Smolensk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod - Ufa, then in Western Siberia it descends to the south - to Kurgan, Omsk and Barnaul, and then appears only in the south of the Far East, in a small area Amur Region, Jewish Autonomous Region and Primorsky Territory.

Agro-climatic resources of Russia wikipedia
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The Ryazan region is considered a zone of risky agriculture. Nevertheless, modern technologies, combined with people's love for work, are bearing fruit. This can be seen on the example of the collective farm. Lenin in the Kasimovsky district of the region.

Operating for more than 30 years, the farm is engaged in the cultivation of potatoes and grain and animal husbandry. total area agricultural land is over 7 thousand hectares.

hectares, of which arable land - about 6 thousand hectares.

The collective farm employs 330 people. The livestock of cattle is more than 3,000 heads, of which about 1,500 are cows. In the zone of activity of the economy there are 14 settlements.
The main criterion for the work of the economy is the environmental friendliness of products.

To achieve this, employees use a scientific approach and the most modern technology. For many years, the Lenin Collective Farm has been one of the best potato growing farms in our country. And in terms of animal husbandry in the region, they have no equal.

the farm has the status of a breeding plant with high quality herd genetic material. Last year, according to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Ryazan region, the collective farm named after. Lenin is recognized as the most efficient farm in the region. The farm won the ranking in terms of productivity, milk yield per forage head was 9505 kg per year, or 26 liters per day. High performance- the result of many years of work of breeders of the economy, ministry officials say.

At the same time, it is especially emphasized that imported cattle have never been brought here. In 2017, the daily milk yield on the collective farm named after. Lenin reached 40 tons of milk per day.

The farm has installed a robotic complex for 300 heads of cattle, it is planned to open a complex for another 400 heads and create its own low-capacity milk processing.

As local residents say, the success of the enterprise is largely due to the personality of the leader.

Honored Worker of Agriculture of the Russian Federation Tatyana Naumova has been the head of the enterprise since its inception.

It is thanks to her enthusiasm and perseverance that the most modern technologies and the highest production culture are being introduced in the economy. In addition to purely industrial activities, the economy also conducts a lot of social work. Over the past seven years, more than 60 houses have been built here, a feldsher-midwife station, playground, reconstructed kindergarten.

At the same time, the agricultural enterprise traditionally bears a significant part of the costs of preparing project documentation and construction organization. As a deputy of the Kasimovskaya District Duma, Tatyana Mikhailovna also solves many everyday issues of the residents of the district. In a word, the collective farm. Lenin proves in practice that patience and work will grind everything.

Even in the zone of risky agriculture.

391359; Ryazan region, Kasimovsky district, with. Torbaevo, tel.: (49131) 4‑72‑55, e-mail: [email protected] www.kolxoz-lenina.ru

Agro-climatic resources are understood as climate resources in relation to the needs of agriculture. Air, light, heat, moisture and nutrients are called life factors of living organisms. Their combination determines the possibility of vegetation of plant or animal organisms. The absence of at least one of the factors of life (even in the presence of optimal options for all others) leads to their death. Various climatic phenomena (thunderstorms, cloudiness, winds, fogs, snowfalls, etc.) also have a certain effect on plants and are called environmental factors. Depending on the strength of this effect, plant vegetation is weakened or intensified (for example, with a strong wind, transpiration increases and the need for plants in water increases, etc.).

Light. The factor determining the energy basis of the entire variety of plant life (their germination, flowering, fruiting, etc.) is mainly the light part of the solar spectrum. Only in the presence of light in plant organisms arises and develops the most important physiological process - photosynthesis. When assessing light resources, the intensity and duration of illumination (photoperiodism) are also taken into account.

Warm. Each plant requires a certain minimum and maximum heat for its development. The amount of heat required by plants to complete the growing cycle is called the biological sum of temperatures. It is calculated as the arithmetic sum of the average daily temperatures for the period from the beginning to the end of the plant's growing season. The temperature limit of the beginning and end of the growing season, or the critical level that limits the active development of crops, is called the biological zero or minimum. For different ecological groups of crops, the biological zero is not the same. For example, for most grain crops of the temperate zone (barley, rye, wheat, etc.) it is + 5 ° С, for corn, buckwheat, legumes, sunflower, sugar beet, for fruit shrubs and tree crops of the temperate zone + 10 ° С, for subtropical crops (rice, cotton, citrus fruits) +15°С.

Moisture. Moisture is the most important factor in plant life. In all periods of life, a plant requires a certain amount of moisture for its growth, without which it dies. Water is involved in any physiological process associated with the creation or destruction of organic matter. It is necessary for photosynthesis, provides thermoregulation of the plant organism, transports nutrients. During normal vegetative development, cultivated plants absorb huge volumes of water. Often, from 200 to 1000 mass units of water are consumed to form one unit of dry matter (B. G. Rozanov, 1984).

Agro-climatic zoning is the subdivision of a territory (at any level) into regions that differ in terms of growth, development, overwintering and production. whole cultivated plants.

1. Division according to the degree of heat supply.

Temperate zone. The heat supply is at least 2000° in the north of the belt and up to 4000° in the southern regions. The temperate zone occupies vast territories in Eurasia and North America: it includes all of foreign Europe (without the southern peninsulas), most of the Russian Plain, Kazakhstan, southern Siberia and the Far East, Mongolia, Tibet, northeastern China, southern regions of Canada and northern areas of the USA. On the southern continents, the temperate zone is represented locally: it is Patagonia in Argentina and a narrow strip of the Chilean Pacific coast in South America, the islands of Tasmania and New Zealand. The vegetation period is 60 days in the north and about 200 days in the south.

Warm (or subtropical) zone. The sums of active temperatures range from 4000° on the northern border to 8000° on the southern. Territories with such heat supply are widely represented on all continents: the Eurasian Mediterranean, the predominant part of the United States and Mexico, Argentina and Chile, the south of the African continent, the southern half of Australia, and southern China.

Hot belt. Heat reserves are practically unlimited; they everywhere exceed 8,000°, sometimes over 10,000°. The territorially hot zone occupies the most extensive expanses of land on the globe. It includes the predominant part of Africa, most of South America, Central America, all of South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, the Malay Archipelago and the northern half of Australia. In the hot zone, heat ceases to play the role of a limiting factor in the placement of crops. Vegetation lasts all year round, the average temperature of the coldest month does not fall below +15°С

2. Division based on differences in annual moisture regimes.

In total, 16 areas were identified with different values of the moisture coefficient of the growing season:

1. Excessive moisture during the growing season;
2. Sufficient moisture during the growing season;
3. Dry growing season;
4. Dry growing season (more than 70% chance of droughts);
5. Dry throughout the year (the amount of annual precipitation is less than 150 mm. HTC for the growing season is less than 0.3);
6. Sufficient moisture throughout the year;
7. Sufficient or excessive moisture in summer, dry winter and spring (monsoon type of climate);
8. Sufficient or excessive moisture in winter, dry summer (Mediterranean type of climate);
9. Sufficient or excessive moisture in winter, dry summer
(Mediterranean type of climate)
10. Insufficient moisture in winter, dry and dry summer;
11. Excessive moisture most of the year with 2-5 dry or dry months;
12. Dry most of the year with sufficient moisture for 2-4 months;
13. Dry most of the year with excessive moisture for 2-5 months;
14. Two periods of excessive moisture with two dry or dry periods;
15. Excessive moisture throughout the year;
16. The temperature of the warmest month is below 10 C (no assessment of moisture conditions is given).

Table 5

Composition of agricultural land

All agricultural land, million ha	Of these, as a percentage
	other agricultural land



Great Britain
Germany





Bangladesh

Indonesia

Kazakhstan

Pakistan

Turkmenistan








Tanzania


Argentina
Brazil



Australia