The article tells about the unique natural objects that are located in this territory. Contains information about the relief, flora and fauna of the region. Gives detailed physical and geographical characteristics of the most remote but richest region of Russia.
Russian Far East
The Far East is usually called the territory of Russia, which is located off the Pacific coast. Its area is 6215.9 thousand km. sq.
If the Far East is understood as the Far Eastern Federal District, then its capital is Khabarovsk, and the capital of the Primorsky Territory is Vladivostok. This question is often confusing.
This territory includes a natural region located directly in the Pacific Ocean, which belongs to the Kuril archipelago.
Rice. 1. Far East on the map.
The territory consists of the following parts:
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- mainland;
- peninsular;
- island.
In addition to the Kuril Islands, the territory includes the Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island, the Commander Islands and other single islands that are located at the eastern borders of Russia.
In Kamchatka there is one of the remarkable uniqueness of the Far East - the Valley of Geysers.
Rice. 2. Valley of Geysers.
This is the only region in Russia with periodically spouting geysers.
Maritime communications are developed here and therefore many ports are located on the territory of the Far East.
However, the presence of a large number of ports also creates problems that are associated with illegal fishing.
The length of the region from northeast to southwest is quite large and is equal to 4.5 thousand kilometers.
The northern regions of the territories are located beyond the Arctic Circle, and there is almost always snow here.
Almost all the seas washing the coast are not completely cleared of ice even in summer.
The lands of this region are under the control permafrost. Here, for the most part, tundra reigns.
Conditions are slightly milder in the southern part of the region.
The close proximity to the Pacific Ocean has a strong influence on the climate of the Far East.
The region is localized at the junction of two massive lithospheric plates. The southern Far East region is characterized by the predominance of low and medium-altitude mountain ranges.
Only 1/4 of the territory of the Far East is covered by plains.
Natural resources
To geographical features include, first of all, the unique economic and geographical position of the territory. They are characterized by alienation from the main and most populated areas of the country.
The next factor is natural potential. The Far East is ranked among the richest regions of Russia.
It is mined here:
- diamonds - 98%;
- tin - 80%;
- boron raw materials - 90%;
- gold - 50%.
Finding the Far East on the border of the majestic mainland and the largest ocean the globe had a significant impact on the features of the natural-territorial complexes of the region, as well as on their location.
Among the environmental problems of the region, in addition to the anthropogenic factor, is the problem of wastewater.
The inland waters of the Far East are extremely affected by this - the region is recognized as the fish treasury of Russia. And this is not surprising, since it is enough to imagine what seas the territory of the Far East is washed by. The list is quite impressive:
- Laptev sea;
- East-Siberian Sea;
- Chukchi Sea;
- Bering Sea;
- Sea of Okhotsk;
- Japanese Sea.
The landscape of the area began its formation in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic era. Then folded zones and intermontane depressions appeared.
The highest sections of the mountains in the old days were dominated by glaciers. This is evidenced by the preserved small relief-forming forms.
The highest height of the Kuril Mountains - 2339 m. - Alaid volcano.
Rice. 3. Volcano Alaid.
Powerful (up to 10 points) earthquakes often occur here. They are also the cause of the tsunami.
The Far Eastern nature reserves are one of the largest in Russia. Nature in these parts is quite harsh. This is explained by the fact that the mainland in the north and northeast is adjacent to the waters of the Arctic basin.
In the tundra, you can often meet arctic fox, polar bear or reindeer. Squirrels, lynxes, wolverines and brown bears are common in the taiga. During the warm period, the tundra is flooded with a large number of migratory birds. In the taiga, birds are represented by hazel grouse, wood grouse, woodpeckers, nuthatches and blackbirds. In the mountainous area, among animals, snow leopards and musk deer mainly live.
What have we learned?
We found out what features and specific features the territory has. Learned what ecological problems are the most relevant. We found out which seas wash the shores of the Far East region.
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The continental part of the southern half of the Far East is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan, and the southeastern coast of the Kuril Islands is washed by the Pacific Ocean.
Of the administrative territories and regions included in our description, only the Amur Region has no maritime borders. As for the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories and, in particular, the Sakhalin Region, the sea is one of the most important natural factors in their economic development.
Sea of Okhotsk. Most of its water area washes the coast Khabarovsk Territory and the Sakhalin region, and in the north, beyond the description, the coast of the Kamchatka and Magadan regions, in the south, for 450 km, the Japanese island of Hokkaido; the share of the Soviet shores washed by the Sea of Okhotsk accounts for 10,000 km. From the east, it is bordered by the Kuril Islands and the western coast of Kamchatka. From the Penzhina Bay in the north to the Sakhalin Bay in the south, its coasts are continental.
It is connected to the Sea of Japan by the Nevelskoy Strait. The western border of the Sea of Okhotsk runs along the coast of about. Sakhalin. The second connection between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan is carried out through the La Perouse Strait.
The area of the Sea of Okhotsk is 1496 thousand km2. The Sea of Okhotsk is divided by depth into three parts: in the northern part they do not exceed 500 m, in the middle they range from 500 to 2000 m. with depths from 2000 to 3657 m. On Sakhalin, the sea forms a number of bays - Aniva, Patience, Sakhalin. On the mainland there are deeply protruding lips: Ulbansky, Tugursky, Udskaya, Shelikhova, Gizhiginskaya, Penzhinskaya bays (the last three are beyond the description). There are few islands in the Sea of Okhotsk, except for Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, the largest are the Shantar Islands. The great powerful Amur River and a number of shorter ones flow into the Sea of Okhotsk: Uda, Okhota and others from the mainland and the Tym and Poronai rivers from Sakhalin. Bottom sediments near the mainland coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and in the East Sakhalin coastal part are sandy-pebble, similar in mineralogical composition to the rocks that make up the coast. The bottom areas adjacent to the Kuril Islands are enriched in volcanic material.
In the open sea, sediments carried from land are in equal proportion with silts of organic origin. In the northeastern part of the open sea, an admixture of volcanic material is noticeable.
The surge fluctuations in the level of the Sea of Okhotsk are especially strong in small areas (for example, the Amur Estuary). Winds blowing from the north bring a lot of water into the Amur Estuary; sea levels rise so much that water floods low banks and sometimes creates catastrophic floods. Southerly winds can lower the water level in the estuary so much that ships cannot enter it. The general movement of waters in the Sea of Okhotsk is counterclockwise. Along the northern shores of the sea, the waters move from east to west, near Okhotsk they turn southwest and reach the Sakhalin Bay, where they are joined by a current desalinated by Amur waters; along the eastern coast of Sakhalin it turns south. In the La Perouse Strait, it is deflected to the northeast by the warm Tsushima Current coming from the Sea of Japan.
The waters of Okhotsk move further to the northeast along the northwestern coast of the Kuril Islands, feeding on the Pacific through the straits, and then, retreating somewhat from west coast Kamchatka, moving parallel to it. The Sea of Okhotsk exchanges water with the Pacific Ocean through the straits of the Kuril Islands, so its salinity is close to that of the ocean and is 33-35‰ at depth, and 29-32‰ on the surface. Only parts adjacent to the mouths of large rivers, as well as the Sakhalin Bay, where the entire runoff of the Amur enters, are heavily desalinated (Far East, 1961).
According to I. A. Belinsky and Yu. V. Istoshin (1956), the number fresh water, coming from all rivers per year, is 585 km 3 (sea level rise 37 cm), of which the Amur gives 370 km 3. In addition, 50 cm of atmospheric precipitation falls into the sea per year, evaporation is 35 cm.
The Sea of Okhotsk is very cold. In winter, the water temperature to a depth of 150 m is kept from -1° to -1.8°. Summer only surface layer water has positive temperatures; below 25 meters temperatures are negative. The exception is the region of the Kuril Islands, where warm Pacific waters penetrate and at depth the water is warm in summer.
In winter, everywhere in the Sea of Okhotsk are formed local ice, in summer the sea is completely cleared of them, the longest ice remains in the area of the Shantar Islands, but in August it disappears there too.
The Sea of Japan washes the shores of Soviet Primorye and Sakhalin. The length of the Soviet part coastline The Sea of Japan is 3700 km long with a total length of 7600 km. The water exchange of the Sea of Japan with the Sea of Okhotsk is carried out through the Laperouse Strait, the depth of which is 50 m. The Nevelskoy Strait is shallow (no more than 15 m), and therefore no water exchange occurs through it.
Depths above 2000 m predominate in the Sea of Japan. The maximum depth is 4036 m. Depths of 2000 m from the Primorsky coast are 1.5-2 nautical miles away.
There are many small bays on the shores of Soviet Primorye: De-Kastri, Sovetskaya Gavan, Olga, Vladimir, and others. There are few islands in the Soviet waters of the Sea of Japan (Moneron, Askold, Russian, and a number of others pressed against the shores).
Sediments of the bottom of the Sea of Japan also consist of sands, gravel and silt, which prevail in the shallow coastal part of the sea and along with organic, diatom and carbonate; silts are developed in the region of the continental slope and at great depths. The area of the sea close to the Japanese Islands is enriched with volcanic material.
In the Sea of Japan, diurnal, semidiurnal and mixed tides are observed. The amplitude of tidal movements in the sea is small - does not exceed
3 m. It reaches its maximum values in the north of Sakhalin in Aleksandrovsk, where it averages 2.3 m and at Cape Tyk 2.8. In these places, the tides are semi-diurnal. Near the coastal coasts, which are characterized by diurnal and only occasionally mixed tides, their height does not exceed 0.5 m.
In the Sea of Japan, due to drastic changes atmospheric pressure seiches are observed with periods measured in minutes, but their amplitudes are small.
Surge movements have an annual fluctuation period. In summer, southeast winds increase the level in the Tatar Strait near the northwestern coast by 25 cm, and in the southeast the level drops by the same amount. These winds do not allow the Amur waters to flow into the Tatar Strait, but direct them to the Sea of Okhotsk.
In autumn, the winds are mainly north-westerly, and the waters from the Sea of Okhotsk through the Tatar Strait pass into the Japan Strait, sometimes fresh Amur water also enters there in winter. Wind waves are large only in autumn with northwestern winds and with typhoons that occur in August-September.
The warm Tsushima Current, which penetrates the Sea of Japan from the south, follows to the northeast, presses against the Japanese Islands and is therefore of little importance for the Soviet coast, heating only the coast of southern Sakhalin. Off the coast of Primorye, the cold Primorsky current moves from the northeast to the southwest towards the Tsushima. In summer, it is pressed close to the coast and has a negative impact on the climate of the coastal strip, contributing to the formation of persistent fogs. In winter, the Primorsky Current brings ice and cold waters from the northern regions.
The salinity of the waters of the Sea of Japan is uniform, it is 34‰. This is the saltiest sea in the Soviet Union. In the Tatar Strait in spring, when the ice melts, the salinity drops to 32‰. At depth it is 34-34.3‰. ("Far East", 1961).
There are no areas of strong freshening in the Sea of Japan. The water of the sea is blue, the transparency is 30 m. In the western part the water is cold, in the eastern part it is warm. At a depth of 50-100 m near the Japanese coast, the water temperature is 15-16 °, near the coastal coast it reaches only 5 °. From a depth of 500-600 m, the temperature contrasts near the western and eastern coasts become imperceptible. At a depth of 1500 m, the water temperature is about 0°.
In winter, ice forms only in the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan. Along the mainland coast from Cape Povorotny to Cape Belkin, ice occurs in winter in the form of lard and sludge. In the middle part of the Tatar Strait there are large and small fields broken ice, which are constantly moving by the wind; in moments of short calms, the ice freezes into large fields, which break again at the first wind. Under the influence of northwestern winds, the ice retreats from the mainland coast to Sakhalin, and forms hummocks. Ice rarely appears in the La Perouse Strait; in December, ice penetrates into Aniva Bay from the Sea of Okhotsk, but almost never approaches Cape Crillon.
The southeastern coast of the Kuril Island Arc is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean.
At the bottom in this part of the Pacific Ocean, the region of the Kuril-Kamchatka deep-sea basin is traced, with depths up to 10382 m (Udintsev, 1955), elongated parallel to the Kuril island ridge and the southern part of the eastern coast of Kamchatka. The continental shelf near the Kuril Islands is narrow, it is somewhat wider only in the region of the Lesser Kuril Islands. The drop in depths up to 5000 m is very sharp. Sedimentation sources at the bottom of the Kuril-Kamchatka depression are sediments carried by rivers, abrasion and volcanogenic materials.
There are few rivers on the Kuril Islands, so their discharges play a small role. The drift from Hokkaido only affects the southern part of the depression. The second source of sedimentation - marine abrasion - primarily destroys soft tuffaceous rocks. Ice abrasion here is weak, since fast ice is also poorly developed. Clastic material is transported to the Kuril-Kamchatka depression only by ice penetrating from the Bering and Okhotsk seas. The role of modern volcanic material is very significant: ash and lavas of the Kuril, Kamchatka, and, to some extent, Aleutian volcanoes.
There are no organisms with carbonate skeletons among the organogenic sediments, since this is prevented by temperature and chemical conditions (Bezrukov, 1959), but there are conditions for the development of diatoms, which require free silicic acid. The seismicity of the area creates conditions for the movement of sediments deposited on the shelf to deep-sea basins. Through the strait between Kamchatka and the Commander Islands, the waters of the Pacific Ocean are exchanged with the Bering Sea, and through the Sangar Strait - with the Sea of Japan. In this part of the Pacific Ocean there is a complex system of tidal and constant currents. The Kuril cold current runs along Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. The warm Kuro-Sio current passes further from the Kuriles and, before reaching Kamchatka, turns to the east.
Underwater earthquakes cause catastrophic waves - tsunamis.
The salinity of the part of the Pacific Ocean adjacent to the Kuril Islands is very constant. Surface desalination almost does not occur here (salinity at the surface is 33.3‰), and salinity at a depth of 1000 m is 34.4‰ and at a depth of 9000 m it changes only by 3 tenths per thousand, amounting to 34.7‰.
Temperatures change with depth as follows: at the beginning of summer in the surface horizon (from 0 to 60 m) the temperature is 2-3 °, from 60 to 200 m -0.3 ° from 200 to 850 m - 3.5 °. Temperatures at a depth of 1,000 m are 2.4°, at a depth of 4,000 m they decrease to 1.5°, deeper they gradually increase and at a depth of 8500 m are 2.0-2.2° ("Far East", 1961 ).
Riches of the seas. The seas washing the southern half of the Far East are distinguished by an exceptional diversity of animal and flora. So, in the Sea of Okhotsk there are 270, and in the Sea of Japan - 603 species of fish, many of which are of commercial importance.
One of the main and old commercial objects is the Pacific herring. It forms local herds in the Far East. The South Sakhalin herring (caught in the north of the Sea of Japan, in the northeastern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, off the northern Kuril Islands and the southern coast of Kamchatka) and Okhotsk herring (caught in the western part of the Sea of Okhotsk) are currently of the greatest commercial importance. An equally important commercial object of the Far Eastern seas are anadromous fish, which enter the rivers only for breeding. These include Pacific salmon: pink salmon, chum, sim.
Two species of smelt are of lesser commercial importance; they are also migratory fish. Their industry is underdeveloped.
Of the other anadromous fish that are still insufficiently hunted, the Pacific lamprey should be pointed out.
Since 1947, a fishery for very nutritious and tasty mackerel fish has been opened in the Sea of Japan, which is caught in the open sea by high-speed vessels - seiners only in the summer, when it enters the sea for fattening from more southern latitudes (Primorsky Territory, 1958).
In the summer, tuna, a fish related to mackerel, appears in the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean. Fishing for tuna in the Pacific Ocean from high-speed clipper vessels is still being mastered. In coastal waters, tuna fishing has been mastered.
Saury fish is fished both in the Sea of Japan and in the Pacific Ocean. Unlike mackerel and tuna, which mainly breed in the southern latitudes, outside our seas, it can breed in the waters of the USSR. For catching saury, light is used as an attractant.
Of the cod fish, navaga, which lives in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan, is of commercial importance. It is fished in winter under the ice and has prospects for expansion. There are also prospects for expanding the fishery of another cod fish - walleye pollock, which is found everywhere in the Sea of Japan. In large numbers in the northern part of the Sea of Japan. cod is caught. Large specific gravity in the marine fishery of the Sea of Okhotsk there are many types of flounders. Anchovies, capelin, greenlings and sea ruffs have high taste qualities, their fishing is still underdeveloped, but it has prospects for expansion.
Of the fish that are important not only for the food industry, we should mention the Far Eastern gobies used as fertilizer, three types of sharks, from the liver of which vitaminized fat is extracted, and the skin is used in industry for polishing.
The seas washing the southern half of the Far East, in addition to fish, are also rich in cetaceans, which come here in the spring and stay in them until autumn. Currently, the fishery is carried out by two whaling fleets - "Aleut" and "Second Far East".
From pinnipeds, mainly in the Sea of Okhotsk, seals (larga and akiba) are hunted. Fishing for bearded seals, sea lions and fur seals is limited.
Fur seals are an important object of thought
Of the crustaceans, two types of crabs live in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan: Kamchatka and blue. The fishery for shrimp, common in the Sea of Japan, is not yet developed. Scallops are harvested from edible shellfish.
The edible mussel lives in both seas, but its fishery, like the oyster living in the Sea of Japan, is not developed.
Squids and octopuses living in the Sea of Japan are suitable as a food product. Fishing for echinoderms - trepangs and sea cucumbers - is carried out by divers. These animals are dried and harvested for export.
Of the plants that are rich in the seas washing the southern half of the Far East, algae is of commercial importance - anfeltia, which is mined mainly along the shores of Peter the Great Bay, where it is thrown by a storm wave, or by a trawl from. this bay and some other places. Anfeltia produces a gelatinous substance used in food, textile, paper and other industries.
Laminaria - seaweed - is common both in the Sea of Okhotsk and in the Sea of Japan, it is mined and used as food product and, mainly, in medicine, as well as in fur farms for fattening valuable fur-bearing animals. It is also valuable as a fertilizer. Sea grasses are used in the furniture, textile and paper industries. Some areas of the coasts of the Sea of Japan are of sanatorium importance as mud baths and beaches for vacationers. The sea water of the Amur Bay and other places in Primorye contains very little sodium and chlorine ions, there are magnesium, iodine, calcium and bromine sulfate ions. Swimming in such places is very useful.
The Far East is one of the largest economic and geographical regions of Russia. Includes Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan and Sakhalin regions, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Area - 3.1 million sq. km 2. Population 4.3 million man (1959). The territory of the Far East stretches from north to south for more than 4.5 thousand km. km. It is washed by the Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk, and Japanese seas. The Far East is predominantly a mountainous country; the plains occupy relatively small spaces, mainly along the valleys of large rivers (Amur and its tributaries, Anadyr, etc.). There are active volcanoes in Kamchatka.
Huge stretch (from the Arctic to the subtropics), diversity climatic conditions, poor development of the territory and, along with this, the presence of natural resources leave an imprint on the economy of the region. The role of the Far East in the development of foreign trade Russia. The closest trade ties are with China, Vietnam, and Japan. In foreign trade operations, the seaports of Vladivostok and Nakhodka are of particular importance.
Primorsky Krai is located in the southern part of the Far East and occupies an area of 165.9 thousand km 2 . borders with China People's Republic and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, in the north - with the Khabarovsk Territory, from the east it is washed by the waters of the Sea of Japan. The composition of the region includes the islands: Russian, Slavic, Reineke, Putyatina, Askold, etc.
Most of the territory is occupied by mountains belonging to the Sikhote-Alin system (maximum height 1855 m. Cloudy). The most extensive lowlands are Ussuriyskaya and Prikhankayskaya. The climate is characterized by a pronounced monsoon character. Most of the rivers belong to the Amur basin;
Minerals: tin, polymetals, tungsten, gold, fluorites, coal, Construction Materials. The most famous deposits: tin - Kavalerovsky ore district; tungsten - Vostok-2; polymetals - Nikolaev; fluorites - Voznesenskoye, coal - Lipovedskoye, Rettikhovskoye, Pavlovskoye, Bikinskoye.
On the territory of Primorsky Krai there are 25 administrative districts, 11 cities, 45 urban-type settlements, 221 village councils. On 01.01.1992 The population in the region was 2309.2 thousand people. Human. Population density 13.9 people. for 1 km 2. 32% of workers and employees are employed in the industry of the region, 8% in agriculture, 12% in transport, and 11% in construction.
The economic activity of the Primorsky Territory is focused on the development of oceanic industries: maritime transport, the fishing industry, ship repair, offshore construction, etc. They account for more than a third of the gross social product.
In the total marketable output of industry and agriculture of Primorsky Krai, industry accounts for 88%. The industries that determine the participation of Primorye in interregional exchange include: fish (31% of production), engineering and metalworking (25%), forestry and woodworking (4%) and mining and chemical industry (2%). Primorye provides the country with 15% of the catch of fish and seafood, the main part of boron products and fluorspar, a significant part of lead, tin, tungsten, but the development of the economy is hindered due to the deterioration of the fund (in industry - 42.8%, in construction - 43.0%) .
Primorsky Krai has a developed diversified agriculture. In agricultural production, the share of animal husbandry is 60%. In the total consumption of the region's population, local production of vegetables, milk and meat takes up to 60-65%; The population is fully provided with its own potatoes.
Primorye is the most developed region of the Far East in terms of transport. The territory of the region is crossed from north to south by the end section of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which has several exits to the sea coast, where large transport hubs(Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vostochny Port, Posyet).
Economic ties regions: fish and fish products, non-ferrous metals and their concentrates, commercial timber, furs, soybeans, rice, honey, antlers are exported; ferrous metals, machinery and equipment, oil products, food products and light industry, building materials.
The Khabarovsk Territory borders on the Primorsky Territory, the Amur and Magadan regions. It is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan.
The territory of the region is 824.6 thousand km 2 . Mountain relief prevails here (over 70% of the territory), the main mountain ranges are: Sikhote-Alin, Turan ranges, M. Khingan, Bureinsky, Badzhalsky, Yam-Alin, Stanovoy, Coastal, Dzhugdzhur; the most extensive lowlands: Lower and Middle Amur, Evoron-Tugan (in the south), Okhotsk (in the north). The climate is monsoonal, with severe and little snowy winters and warm, humid summers.
The rivers of the territory of the region belong to the basins of the Pacific and Northern arctic oceans. The largest river of the region is Amur, other large rivers are Tumnin, Uda, Tugur, Amgun, Bureya, Bidzhan, Bira.
Minerals: tin, mercury, iron ore, hard and brown coal, graphite, brucite, manganese, feldspar, phosphorites, alunites, building materials, peat.
The Khabarovsk Territory includes 22 administrative districts, 9 cities, 44 urban-type settlements, 2528 rural councils. The region includes the Jewish Autonomous Region. On 01.01.1992 the population of the region amounted to 1855.4 thousand people. (in the Jewish Autonomous Region - 216 thousand people), including the urban population - 78.4%. Population density - 2.3 people. for 1 km 2. The regional center is the city of Khabarovsk (601 thousand people). The largest cities of the region: Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Birobidzhan, Amursk. Agriculture is poorly developed.
The Khabarovsk Territory occupies key positions in the unified transport system Far East. The configuration of the region's transport network in the future will be determined by the transit railway lines - the Trans-Siberian and BAM. They are adjoined by railway lines: Izvestkovaya - Chegdomyn, Volochaevka - Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Sovetskaya Gavan. Developed maritime transport - Vanino. Air transport is widely used. The Okha-Komsomolsk-on-Amur oil pipeline is in operation.
Economic relations of the Khabarovsk Territory: products of mechanical engineering and metalworking (energy and foundry equipment, agricultural machinery), non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, chemistry, fish and fish products are exported; oil and oil products, ferrous metallurgy products, machinery and equipment, light industry products, fertilizers, food are imported.
Climate
The main features of the nature of the Soviet Far East are determined by its position on the eastern outskirts of Asia, which is subject to the direct influence of the Pacific Ocean and the seas related to it. The Far East is washed by the Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas, and in places and directly by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Since their impact inland is rapidly weakening, the Far East occupies a relatively narrow strip of land, stretching from southwest to northeast for almost 4,500 km. In addition to the mainland, it includes Sakhalin Island, the Shantar Islands (in the Sea of Okhotsk), the Kuril Island Arc, and the Karaginsky and Commander Islands located next to the Kamchatka Peninsula.
The climate of the Far East is distinguished by a special contrast - from sharply continental (the whole of Yakutia, the Kolyma regions of the Magadan region) to monsoonal (southeast), which is due to the vast extent of the territory from north to south (almost 3900 km.) And from west to east (to 2500-3000 km.). This is determined by the interaction of continental and sea air masses of temperate latitudes. In the northern part, the climate is exceptionally harsh. Winter with little snow, lasts up to 9 months. The southern part has a monsoonal climate with cold winters and wet summers.
The most significant differences between the Far East and Siberia are associated with the predominance of a monsoon climate in the south and a monsoon-like and maritime climate in the north, which is the result of the interaction between the Pacific Ocean and the land of North Asia. The influence of the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean, especially the cold Sea of Okhotsk, is also noticeable. The complex, predominantly mountainous terrain has a great influence on the climate.
In winter, currents of cold air rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian High. In the northeast, along the outskirts of the Aleutian Low, the cold continental air of Eastern Siberia interacts with warm sea air. As a result, cyclones often occur, which are associated with a large amount of precipitation. There is a lot of snow in Kamchatka, blizzards are not uncommon. On the eastern coast of the peninsula, the height of the snow cover can sometimes reach 6 m. Snowfalls are also significant on Sakhalin.
In summer, air currents rush from the Pacific Ocean. Maritime air masses interact with continental air masses, as a result of which monsoon rains occur throughout the Far East in summer. The monsoon climate of the Far East covers the Amur Region and Primorsky Territory. As a result, the largest Far Eastern river, the Amur, and its tributaries flood not in the spring, but in the summer, which usually leads to catastrophic floods. Devastating typhoons often sweep over coastal areas, coming from the southern seas.
Under the influence of the coastal position, the maritime and monsoon climate, the boundaries of geographical zones on the plains of the Far East are strongly shifted to the south. Tundra landscapes are found here at 58-59°N. sh., i.e., much to the south than anywhere else on the mainland of Eurasia; forests reaching the extreme southern regions of the Far East and extending further are a characteristic feature of the entire outskirts of the mainland in the middle latitudes, while the steppe and semi-desert landscapes, which are widespread at these latitudes in more western internal parts mainland, are absent here. A similar picture is typical for the eastern part of North America.
The complex relief, which is characterized by a combination of mountain ranges and intermountain plains, determines the landscape differentiation of the territory, the wide distribution of not only plain, forest and tundra, but especially mountain-forest, as well as bald landscapes.
In connection with the history of development and the position in the vicinity of floristically and zoogeographically diverse areas, the territory of the Far East is distinguished by a complex interweaving of landscape elements of various origins.
Relief
The relief of the Far East, like its nature, is distinguished by its diversity and unusual combinations. But its main feature is the menacing breath of the bowels. Mountains and depressions predominate, different in appearance, shape and origin. The extreme south is occupied by the asymmetric Sikhote-Alin (2077 m): in the east, its steep slopes come close to the sea bays, and in the west, the ridges and hills gradually decrease to 300-400 m, passing into the Amur valley.
Behind the narrow (at the very bottleneck no more than 12 km) and Sakhalin is visible from the shore in clear weather by the shallow Tatar Strait. Two mountain ranges - West and East Sakhalin - frame the central part of the island, occupied by the Tym-Poronai depression (lowering), named after the Tym and Poronai rivers. Sometimes catastrophic earthquakes occur here.
The garland of the Kuril Islands is formed by mountain peaks, the base of which is hidden at a depth of several kilometers (up to 8 or more). Most of these mountains are volcanoes, extinct and active. The highest ones (Alaid - 2339 m; Stokan - 1634 m; Tyatya - 1819 m) are located at the northern and southern ends of the giant arc. Over the past 10 million years, volcanic lava outpourings and major earthquakes have occurred from time to time. These phenomena are accompanied by the current mountain building.
The Kamchatka Peninsula (area - 370 thousand km2) is a vast territory with mountain ranges, coastal plains, and volcanic massifs. The highest of the volcanoes is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750 m), located in the Klyuchevskaya group of volcanoes. The relatively flat line of the flat western coast differs sharply from the eastern coast, indented with bays and bays, with its high cliffs. The median ridge (3621 m) stretches across the entire peninsula from the northeast to the southwest. Ancient crystalline rocks were completely covered by volcanic ones. As a result, plateaus, gently sloping hills and mountain ranges appeared. In places there are rounded depressions (calderas) of volcanoes. The Eastern Range (2300-2485 m) has a more dissected relief and reaches the shores of the Pacific Ocean with its spurs. The ridge is surrounded by volcanoes on all sides. In total, there are more than 160 volcanoes in Kamchatka; it is not without reason that it is called the "country of fire-breathing mountains".
To the east of the peninsula are the Commander Islands (Bering Island, Medny, etc.). The central parts of the islands are stepped plateaus facing the ocean with steep ledges.
Bibliography:
1. http://refoteka.ru/r-101023.html
2. http://www.referat.ru/referat/dalniy-vostok-5289
3. http://www.protown.ru/information/hide/4323.html
4. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
5. http://answer.mail.ru/question/90052414
http://refoteka.ru/r-101023.html
http://www.referat.ru/referat/dalniy-vostok-5289
http://www.protown.ru/information/hide/4323.html
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
http://answer.mail.ru/question/90052414
Territory of the Far East of Russia - geographical area, which includes areas in the river basins that flow into the Pacific Ocean. This also includes the Kuril, Shantar and Commander Islands, Sakhalin and Wrangel Islands. Further, this part of the Russian Federation will be described in detail, as well as some cities of the Russian Far East (a list of the largest will be given in the text).
Population
The territory of the Russian Far East is considered the most depopulating in the country. About 6.3 million people live here. This is approximately 5% of the total population of the Russian Federation. During 1991-2010, the population decreased by 1.8 million people. As for the population growth rate in the Far East, it is -3.9 in the Primorsky Territory, 1.8 in the Republic of Sakha, 0.7 in the JAO, 1.3 in the Khabarovsk Territory, 7.8 in Sakhalin, 17.3 in the Magadan Region, and 17.3 in the Amur Region. - 6, Kamchatka Territory - 6.2, Chukotka - 14.9. If the current trends continue, Chukotka will be left without a population in 66 years, and Magadan in 57.
Subjects
The Far East of Russia covers an area of 6169.3 thousand kilometers. This is about 36% of the entire country. Transbaikalia is often referred to as the Far East. This is due to its geographical location, as well as the activity of migration. The following regions of the Far East are administratively distinguished: Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin, Jewish Autonomous Regions, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk Territories. The Far Eastern Federal District also includes Primorsky Krai,
History of the Russian Far East
In the 1-2 millennium BC, the Amur region was inhabited by various tribes. The peoples of the Russian Far East today are not as diverse as they were in those days. The population then consisted of Daurs, Udeges, Nivkhs, Evenks, Nanais, Orochs, etc. The main occupations of the population were fishing and hunting. The most ancient settlements of Primorye, which date back to the Paleolithic era, were discovered near the Nakhodka region. In the Stone Age, Itelmens, Ainu and Koryaks settled on the territory of Kamchatka. By the middle of the 19th century, Evenks began to appear here. In the 17th century, the Russian government began to expand Siberia and the Far East. 1632 became the year of foundation of Yakutsk. Under the leadership of the Cossack Semyon Shelkovnikov, a winter hut was organized on the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk in 1647. Today, this place is the Russian port - Okhotsk.
The development of the Russian Far East continued. So, by the middle of the 17th century, the explorers Khabarov and Poyarkov went south from the Yakut prison. Na and Zeya they clashed with tribes that paid tribute Chinese empire Qing. As a result of the first conflict between the countries, the Nerchinsk Treaty was signed. In accordance with it, the Cossacks had to transfer to the Qing Empire the regions formed on the lands of the Albazinsky Voivodeship. In accordance with the agreement, diplomatic and trade relations were determined. The border under the agreement passed in the north along the river. Gorbitsa and mountain ranges of the Amur basin. Uncertainty remained in the area of the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. The territories between the Taikansky and Kivun ranges were undelimited. By the end of the 17th century, the Russian Cossacks Kozyrevsky and Atlasov began exploring the Kamchatka peninsula. In the first half of the 18th century, it was included in Russia.
XVIII century
In 1724, Peter I sent the first expedition to the Kamchatka Peninsula. He headed it Thanks to the work of researchers, Russian science received valuable information about the eastern part of Siberia. We are talking, in particular, about the modern Magadan and Kamchatka regions. New maps appeared, the coordinates of the Far Eastern coast and the strait, which was later called the Bering Strait, were accurately determined. In 1730 a second expedition was created. It was led by Chirikov and Bering. The task of the expedition was to reach the coast of America. Interest, in particular, was represented by Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Chichagov, Steller, Krasheninnikov began to explore Kamchatka in the 18th century.
19th century
During this period, the active development of the Russian Far East began. This was largely facilitated by the weakening of the Qing Empire. She was involved in the Opium War in 1840. Military operations against the combined army of France and England in the areas of Guangzhou and Macau required large material and human resources. In the north, China was left virtually without any cover, and Russia took advantage of this. She, along with other European powers, participated in the division of the weakening Qing Empire. In 1850 Lieutenant Nevelskoy landed at the mouth of the Amur. There he established a military post. Convinced that the Qing government had not recovered from the consequences of the opium war and was inflamed in its actions and, accordingly, could not give an adequate response to Russia's claims, Nevelskoy decided to declare the coast of the Tatar Prospect and the mouth of the Amur to be domestic possessions.
In 1854, on May 14, Count Muraviev, who had information received from Nevelsky about the absence of Chinese military units, organized rafting on the river. The expedition included the Argun steamer, 29 rafts, 48 boats and about 800 people. During the rafting, ammunition, troops and food were delivered. Part of the military went to Kamchatka by sea to strengthen the Peter and Paul garrison. The rest remained for the implementation of the plan for the study of the Amur region on the former Chinese territory. A year later, a second rafting was organized. It was attended by about 2.5 thousand people. By the end of 1855, several settlements were organized in the lower reaches of the Amur: Sergeevskoye, Novo-Mikhailovskoye, Bogorodskoye, Irkutsk. In 1858, the right bank was officially annexed to Russia in accordance with the Aigun Treaty. On the whole, it should be said that Russia's policy in the Far East was not of an aggressive nature. Agreements were signed with other states without the use of military force.
Physical location
The Far East of Russia in the extreme south borders on the DPRK, in the southeast on Japan. In the extreme northeast in the Bering Strait - from the USA. Another state with which the Far East (Russia) borders is China. In addition to the administrative, there is another division of the Far Eastern Federal District. So, the so-called regions of the Far East of Russia are distinguished. These are fairly large areas. Northeastern Siberia, the first of these, roughly corresponds to the eastern part of Yakutia (mountainous regions east of Aldan and Lena). The North Pacific country is the second zone. It includes the eastern parts of the Magadan Region, the Chukotka Autonomous Region, and the northern parts of the Khabarovsk Territory. It also includes the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka. The Amur-Sakhalin country includes the Jewish Autonomous Okrug, the Amur Region, the southern part of the Khabarovsk Territory. It also includes the island of Sakhalin and Primorsky Krai. Yakutia is included in Central and Southern Siberia, except for its eastern part.
Climate
Here it should be said that the Far East of Russia has a rather large extent. This explains the special contrast of the climate. Throughout Yakutia and in the Kolyma regions of the Magadan region, for example, sharply continental prevails. And in the southeast - monsoon type of climate. This difference is determined by the interaction of maritime and continental air masses in temperate latitudes. The south is characterized by a sharply monsoon climate, and maritime and monsoon-like for the north. This is the result of the interaction of land and the Pacific Ocean. The Sea of Okhotsk, as well as the Primorsky cold current along the coast of the Sea of Japan, has a special influence on the state of the climate. Mountainous relief is also of no small importance in this zone. In the continental part of the Far East Federal District winters are snowy and frosty.
weather features
Summer here is quite hot, but relatively short. As for the coastal regions, winters are snowy and mild, springs are cold and long, autumns are warm and long, and summers are relatively cool. On the coast, cyclones, fogs, typhoons and torrential rains are frequent. The height of the fallen snow in Kamchatka can reach six meters. The closer to the southern regions, the higher the humidity becomes. So, in the south of Primorye, it is quite often set at around 90%. Almost throughout the Far East in the summer there are prolonged rains. This, in turn, causes systematic river floods, flooding of agricultural land and residential buildings. In the Far East, there are long periods of sunny and clear weather. At the same time, continuous rains for several days are considered quite common. This kind of diversity of the Far East of Russia differs from the "gray" European part of the Russian Federation. There are also dust storms in the central part of the Far Eastern Federal District. They come from the deserts of Northern China and Mongolia. A significant part of the Far East is equated or is the Far North (except for the Jewish Autonomous Region, the south of the Amur Region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories).
Natural resources
In the Far East, the reserves of raw materials are quite large. This allows him to be in the leading positions in the Russian economy in a number of positions. Thus, the Far East in the total Russian production accounts for 98% of diamonds, 80% of tin, 90% of boron raw materials, 14% of tungsten, 50% of gold, more than 40% of seafood and fish, 80% of soybeans, cellulose 7%, wood 13%. Among the main industries of the Far Eastern Federal District, it is worth noting the mining and processing of non-ferrous metal, pulp and paper, fishing, timber industry, ship repair and shipbuilding.
Industries
In the Far East, the main income is brought by the forestry, fishing industry, mining, and non-ferrous metal mining. These industries account for more than half of all marketable products. Manufacturing industries are considered underdeveloped. When exporting raw materials, the region incurs losses in the form of value added. The remoteness of the Far Eastern Federal District causes significant transport margins. They are reflected in the cost indicators of many economic sectors.
Mineral resources
In terms of their reserves, the Far East occupies a leading position in the Russian Federation. In terms of volume, tin, boron, and antimony available here account for about 95% of the total amount of these resources in the country. Fluorspar and mercury account for about 60%, tungsten - 24%, iron ore, apatite, native sulfur and lead - 10%. In the Republic of Sakha, in its northwestern part, there is a diamond-bearing province, the largest in the world. The Aikhal, Mir, and Udachnoye deposits account for more than 80% of the total diamond reserves in Russia. The proven reserves of iron ore in the south of Yakutia amount to more than 4 billion tons. This is about 80% of the regional volume. These reserves are also significant in the Jewish Autonomous Region. There are large coal deposits in the South Yakutsk and Lena basins. Its deposits are also present in the Khabarovsk, Primorsky Territories, and the Amur Region. Placer and ore gold deposits have been discovered and are being developed in the Republic of Sakha and the Magadan Region. Similar deposits were found in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. In the same territories, deposits of tungsten and tin ores are being developed. Lead and zinc reserves are mostly concentrated in Primorsky Krai. A titanium ore province has been identified in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region. In addition to the above, there are also deposits of non-metallic raw materials. These are, in particular, reserves of limestones, refractory clays, graphite, sulfur, and quartz sands.
Geostrategic position
The Far Eastern Federal District has the most important geopolitical significance for the Russian Federation. There is access to two oceans: the Arctic and the Pacific. Taking into account the high rates of development of the Asia-Pacific Region, integration into the Far Eastern Federal District is very promising for the fatherland. With a reasonable conduct of activities, the Far East can become a "bridge" in the Asia-Pacific region.
Cities of the Far East of Russia: list
These cities of the Russian Far East are of great economic and geostrategic importance for the Russian Federation. Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nakhodka, Ussuriysk are considered very promising. Yakutsk is of particular importance for the entire region. At the same time, it should be noted that there are endangered settlements. Most of them are located in Chukotka. This is mainly due to the inaccessibility of areas and severe weather conditions.
Topic: "Far East"8th grade
Geographic dictation
The Far East is washed by the seas of the Pacific Ocean…………………………. ……………………….......................................... ...............................................
The relief of the Far East - …………………………….because. – this area ………………………………………………………………………………..
The ridges of the Far East are elongated - ……………………………………
not completed, this is evidenced by ………………………………………………………………
Climate of the Far East ………………………………………………..
Precipitation here falls more often in the form of …………………………………….
The largest river of the Far East is ……………………… It has large tributaries ……………………………………………………………
Rivers overflow during …………………………………………………..
In Primorye there is a special forest, it is called the “Ussuri taiga” - in fact it is ……………………………………………………………………….
colder because …………………………………………
Answers:
The Far East is washed by the seas of the Pacific Ocean - ... (Beringovo, Okhotsk, Japanese).
The relief of the Far East - .... (mountainous) because is the area……….. .... (Cenozoic folding).
The ridges of the Far East are elongated - ……… (from north to south or along the coast).
Mountain building in the Far East has not been completed, this is evidenced by .... (earthquakes, volcanism).
The climate of the Far East ...... (monsoon).
Precipitation here falls more often in the form of ... (rain) ... (summer, winter, spring).
The largest river in the Far East is ...... (Amur). It has major tributaries… (Zeya, Bureya, Ussuri).
Rivers overflow during... (monsoon rains).
There is a special forest in Primorye, it is called "Ussuri taiga" - in fact, it is ...... ( mixed forest).
The city of Vladivostok is located on the same latitude as Sochi, but the summer in Vladivostok is colder because …… (cools the Pacific Ocean, over which a sea air(the ocean did not have time to warm up in summer), brought by monsoons).
To the lesson "Natural resources of the Far East" 8th grade
Geographic digital dictation
Arrange the numbers for natural complexes if the feature corresponds to the complex.
Chukotka:
Kamchatka:
Sakhalin:
Commander Islands:
Ussuri taiga:
Signs:
Here grow: Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut, Amur grapes, etc.
This territory of the Far East was discovered by Vladimir Atlasov.
This is the coldest part of the Far East.
There are many active volcanoes in the Eastern Range.
The origin of the ridge is volcanic.
The population uses thermal waters as a recreational resource.
“It's not like here. All the same, but not the same. Squirrels are not red, but black. Magpies are blue.
A.P. visited the island here. Chekhov.
The highest peak of the Far East is Klyuchevskaya Sopka.
The researchers of this natural complex are the famous traveler N.M. Przhevalsky and writer V.K. Arseniev.
Here they say "12 months winter, and the rest of the time - summer"
The attraction of this PTK is a grandiose fir grove.
There are large rookeries of fur seals here.
Lake Khanka is the largest lake in the Far East.
In 1995, an earthquake destroyed the city of Neftegorsk.
The natural unique of the Far East - the Valley of Geysers is located in this PTK.
This territory occupies one of the first places in Russia in terms of the number of endemics.
Here, most of the territory is occupied by a subzone of coniferous-birch park forests with a predominance of stone and Japanese birches.
The population grows rice and soybeans.
Vitus Bering is buried on one of them.
Answers:
Chukotka: 3.11
Kamchatka: 2,4,6,9,12,16,18
Sakhalin: 8.15
Commander Islands: 5,13,20
Ussuri taiga: 1,7,10,14,17,19
