Oceania- it is part of the world; geo-gra-fi-che-sky, often geo-li-ti-che-sky region of the world, consisting of hundreds of small islands and atolls in the central and western parts of the Ti-ho-go ocean-a-na. Ocean-a-nia represents the largest-neck in the world, a cluster of islands, races-lo-women in the western and central -th part of the Ti-ho-go ocean-a-na, between sub-tro-pi-che-ski-mi shi-ro-ta-mi North-no-go and moderate-ren-we-mi South-but-go-lu-sha-riy. When separating all the land in the part of the world, Oke-a-niya usually combines with Av-stra-li-she into a single part of the world "Australia and Oke-a-nia, ”although sometimes you-de-la-et-xia are in the sa-mo-st-I-tel-th part of the world.

Ocean-a-nia - the world's largest cluster of islands and archipelagos in the central and south-western parts of Ti- ho-o-ok-a-na. Ost-ro-va and ar-hi-pe-la-gi Oke-a-nii races-on-lo-the-same-na on a huge ak-va-to-rii Ti-ho-go-oke-a-na between 29 gr. With. sh. and 53 gr. Yu. sh. and 130 gr. in. d. and 109 gr. h. The whole Oceania, except for two relatively large land masses - New Guinea (829 thousand sq. Km) and New Zealand ( 265 thousand sq. km), with-it without a little of 7 thousand islands. The total area of ​​\u200b\u200bOke-a-niya is only about 1.3 million square meters. km.

Rice. 1. Fi-zi-che-sky map of Oka-a-nii (Is-toch-nick)

Geo-gra-fi-che-ski Oke-a-nia sub-raz-de-la-et-sya on:

1. Me-la-ne-ziyu.

2. Micro-ro-ne-ziu.

3. Po-li-not-ziyu.

Me-la-ne-zia, ras-lo-female in the western part of Oka-a-nia, includes New Guinea, ar-khi-pe-lag Bismar-ka, island D `An-tr-ka-hundred, ar-hi-pe-lag Lu-i-zi-a-da, So-lo-mo-but-you ost-ro-va, ost-ro-va San-ta- Cruz, New Hebrides, New Ka-le-do-ny, islands of Lu-ay-o-te, islands of Fiji and a number of others. The total area of ​​\u200b\u200bMe-la-ne-zia (black-but-ost-ro-vie) is 969 thousand square meters. km, of which almost 6/7 come to New Guinea - this mik-ro-ma-te-rik Me-la-ne-zii.

AT Po-whether-not-ziyu(many-east-ro-vie), ras-ki-nuv-shu-yu-sya from the edge of the south-west-pa-da to the east pre-de-catch of Oke-a -ni, includes the islands: New Zealand, Tonga, Samoa, Wol-lis, Horn, Tu-wa-lu, To-ke-lau, Kuka, Tu-bu-ai , Societies, Tua-mo-tu, Mar-kiz-sky, Gavai-sky islands, Easter Island and others. -landia - only 26 thousand square meters. km, moreover, 17 thousand of them come to the Gavai Islands.

Mik-ro-ne-zia(chalk-ko-ost-ro-vie) - for-ni-ma-yu-shay se-ve-ro-for-western part of the Oka-a-nii co-in-kup-ness shallow-tea-shih islands-ro-vov and ar-chi-pela-gov pre-im-s-stven-but cor-ral-lo-vo-go, but also vul-ka-no-thing-tho-pro-is- go-de-niya. The most important island groups of Mik-ro-ne-zii: Ka-ro-lin-sky, Mari-an-sky, Marshal-lo-you islands-ro-va and the island of Gil-ber-ta. The total area of ​​the islands of Mik-ro-ne-zii is only about 2.6 thousand square meters. km, but these islands are spread across a huge water space with an area of ​​\u200b\u200b14 million square meters. km.

From the point of view of geo-logy, Ocean-a-nia is not con-ti-nen-that: only New Ka-le-do-nia, New Zealand, New Gwi -nea and Tasma-niya have con-ti-nen-tal-noe pro-is-hoj-de-nie, sfor-mi-ro-vav-shis in place of gi-po-te-ti-che-so-go ma-te-ri-ka Gondwana-na. In the past, these islands appeared to be a single land, but as a result of raising the level of the World-ro-vo- th ocean-and-on the significant part of the upper-but-sti-eye-was under the water.

Most of the islands of the Oka-a-nii have a vul-ka-ni-che-pro-is-hoj-de-nie: some of them represent the top-shi- we are large underwater volcanoes, some are still showing you-so-vul-ka-no-che-activeness ( for example, Gavai Islands).

Other islands have coral-lo-voe pro-is-hoj-de-nie, being atoll-la-mi, some sfor-mi-ro-va -lissed in re-zul-ta-te about-ra-zo-va-niya cor-ral-lo-vy in-buildings in a circle in-gru-ziv-shih-sya under water vul-ka-nov (for example, the islands of Gil-ber-ta, Tua-mo-tu).

Rice. 4. Po-li-ti-che-sky map of Oka-a-nii (Is-toch-nick)

Many countries of Oceania (for example, New Zealand, Nauru, Ki-ri-ba-ti) are part of the Commonwealth, that, including, from-ra-same-but on their flag. Many other countries are re-gi-o-na yav-la-ut-sya for-vi-si-we-mi ter-ri-to-ri-i-mi.

Rice. 5. Flags of some countries of the Ocean-a-nii (Is-toch-nick)

3. Oceania: population

Ko-ren-ny-mi live-te-la-mi Oke-a-nii yav-la-yut-sya like-not-ziy-tsy, mik-ro-not-ziy-tsy, me-la- non-ziy-tsy and pa-pois-sy.

Po-li-non-ziy-tsy, living in the countries Po-li-non-zii, have a mixed ra-so-type type: in their external-no- sti pro-smat-ri-va-yut-sya features of the euro-peo-id-noy and mon-go-lo-id-noy races, and in a lesser step-pe-ni - av-stra-lo -id-noah. The most-bo-leas-large-nye-ro-dy Po-li-ne-zii - ha-wai-tsy, sa-mo-an-tsy, ta-i-tyan.

Mik-ro-not-ziy-tsy live-va-yut in the countries of Mik-ro-not-ziy. The most large-nye-ro-dy-ka-ro-lin-tsy, ki-ri-ba-ti, marshall-tsy.

Me-la-ne-ziy-tsy live-va-yut in the countries of Me-la-ne-ziy. Ra-so-vy type - Au-stra-lo-id-ny, with a small mon-go-lo-id-ny element, they are close to pa-pua-sams of New Guinea . Me-la-not-ziy-tsy go-vo-ryat in me-la-not-ziy-sky languages.

Pa-pua-sy on the se-la-yut island of New Guinea and some paradises of In-do-ne-zii.

Many languages ​​\u200b\u200bof Oke-a-nii are on the verge of extinction. In the all-day life of them, more and more you-te-nya-yut English and French languages.

In New Zealand and on the Hawaiian Islands, most of the shin-stvo on-se-le-niya are European-ro-pei-tsy, the share of some of them is also you -ka in New Ka-le-do-nia (34%) and in French Po-ly-ne-zi (12%). On the islands of Fiji, 38.2% on-se-le-niya representing-be-le-but in-do-fi-jiy-tsa-mi, in-that-ka-mi of Indian cons -trakt-nyh workers-bot-nik-kov, brought-ve-zen-nyh on the island of bri-tan-tsa-mi in the 19th century.

In the last time, in the countries of the Ocean-a-nii, the share of immigrants from Asia (predominantly Chinese and fi-lip -pin-tsev). For example, on the Northern Mari-an-islands, the share of the Filip-pins is 26.2%, and the Chinese - 22.1%.

On-se-le-nie Oke-a-nii in the basis of new-is-po-ve-du-et christ-sti-an-stvo (something-li-che-stvo, pro-te-stan -tism).

The most numerous countries are: Papua New Guinea, New Zealand.

Rice. 6. Pa-pua-sy of New Guinea (Is-toch-nick)

4. Oceania: general characteristics of the economy

Most of the countries of the Ocean-a-nii have a very weak eco-no-mi-ku. Os-no-woo eco-no-mi-ki of most of the countries of re-gi-o-na compose-la-et agriculture (production of copra water, palm oil, fruit, fishery).

Mountain-but-to-by-va-u-pro-mouse-len-ness in-lu-chi-la development in Papua - New Guinea, New Ka-le-do-nii, New Ze-lan-di.

In recent times, many countries, having a unique and very beautiful nature, pay attention to the development of tu- rice ma.

Rice. 7. Hotels on the island of Bo-ra-Bo-ra (Is-toch-nick)

SOURCE

http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/geografy/10-klass/tema-4/obschiy-obzor-okeanii

http://vimeo.com/99350244

http://nsportal.ru/sites/default/files/2014/01/16/okeaniya_urok_z2.ppt

http://country.in.ua/australia/oceaniya.html

The area is 7.7 million km2. Population - 20.3 million people

State in the composition. Commonwealth - six states and two territories. Capital -. Canberra

EGP

. Australia (Australia) It is the only country in the world that occupies an entire continent. Australia is located southeast of. Eurasia. She is bathed in water. Quiet and. Indian Oceans. Main feature economic and geographical position. Australia - isolation, remoteness from other continents. Technological progress in transport and communications has brought it closer to other continents. positive value becomes relatively close. Australia to countries. Southeast and. Eastern. Asia and. Oceania. In terms of area, the country ranks sixth in the world after. Russia,. Canada,. China,. USA and. Brazil. From the west to the east is the territory. Australia stretches for 4.4 thousand km, and from north to south - for 3.1 thousand k1 yew. km.

Australia is an economically highly developed country. in absolute terms. GNP it is included in the group of the first 15 countries of the world while in the global division of labor it is agrarian and raw material specialization

Australia is a member. UN,. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and other world and regional organizations

Population

. modern population. Australia was shaped by immigrants. By the beginning of European colonization, about 300 thousand natives lived on the mainland, and now their number is more than 150 thousand people. They belong to the Australoid race and ethnically do not form a single whole. Aborigines are divided into many tribes speaking different languages.

After. Second World War. Australia received many so-called "displaced persons", as well as people from the European south and east - Italians, Yugoslavs, Greeks, etc. Among them were more than 20 thousand Ukrainian rainsiv. Per recent times the share of immigrants in population growth is 40%. In recent decades, the country has been suffering from a growing rate of illegal immigration from countries. Southeast and. Eastern. AsiaAsia.

The population is distributed very unevenly throughout the country. The main areas of greatest density are concentrated in the east and southeast, southwest and south. Here the population density is 25 - -50 people per 1 km2, and the rest of the territory is very poorly populated (the density does not even reach one person per 1 km2). In some inland desert areas. The Australian population is missing. In recent decades, there have been shifts in the distribution of the country's population, thanks to the discovery of new mineral deposits in the north and south. The Australian government encourages the movement of the population to the center of the mainland, to the underdeveloped regions.

By level of urbanization. Australia occupies one of the first places in the world - 90%. Among urban areas. There are three groups of cities in Australia: firstly, these are small mountainous cities that are scattered throughout the continent and are its integral feature, and secondly, these are state capitals that perform not only administrative and political functions, but also economic, commercial, scientific, cultural, thirdly, these are medium-sized centers that have arisen near the capitals, assuming the functions of centers of various industries.

employment structure. Australia is typical of post-industrial countries. Thus, 3.6% is employed in agriculture, 26.4% in industry, and 70% in the service sector. In 2005, unemployment was about 55%.

Natural conditions and resources

At 0.3% of the world population. Australia 5.8% earth's surface. Therefore, its provision with natural resource potential is 20 times higher than the average in the world, primarily mineral resources.

resources. The discovery of new deposits brought the country to a leading position in the world in terms of reserves and production of iron and lead-zinc ores, bauxites

The largest deposits of coal, oil and gas are located in the eastern part. Australia. In the western and northern parts of the country there are deposits of ore raw materials: iron, nickel, polymetals, gold, silver and copper, manganese. Bauxite deposits are concentrated on the peninsula. Cape York and the northeast. northern territory. With the exception of oil, the country fully provides its needs with the main types of raw materials for industry.

60% of the territory. Australia is occupied by drainless regions. The river network is the densest on about. Tasmania is a full-flowing river country -. Murray with tributaries. Darling and. Murrumbidgee. Rivers flowing down the eastern slopes. Big. Dividing Range, short and fairly full-flowing rivers of the central. Australia does not have a permanent flow. Most of the country's lakes, like rivers, are almost exclusively rain fed. In they have neither a constant level nor a drain. In summer, the lakes dry up and are shallow saline depressions.

Forest resources. Australia are minor. Forested areas, including scrapers, make up about 18% of the country's total area. Under the influence economic activity vegetation has changed dramatically

The country in relief is a vast plateau, concave in the central part and elevated at the edges. Mountains occupy 5% of the territory. There is a large depression in the center. The central lowland is an arid region. And Australia.

The northern and northeastern parts of the country are located in tropical climate zone. The largest part. Australia occupies the belt subtropical climate. Only the extreme south is included in the temperate climate zone. Australia is known as arid mainland, however, areas with sufficient rainfall account for 1/3 of the total area. In arid regions, there are significant reserves of groundwater.

Unique natural landscapes. Australia and the magnificent beaches of its east coast is the basis for the rapid development of ecological, tourist and sports (diving, yachting, windsurfing) tourism

The area is 7.7 million km2. Population - 20.3 million people

State in the composition. Commonwealth - six states and two territories. Capital -. Canberra

EGP

. Australia (Australia) It is the only country in the world that occupies an entire continent. Australia is located southeast of. Eurasia. She is bathed in water. Quiet and. Indian Oceans. The main feature of the economic and geographical position of nia. Australia - isolation, remoteness from other continents. Technological progress in transport and communications has brought it closer to other continents. Relative proximity acquires a positive value. Australia to countries. Southeast and. Eastern. Asia and. Oceania. In terms of area, the country ranks sixth in the world after. Russia,. Canada,. China,. USA and. Brazil. From the west to the east is the territory. Australia stretches for 4.4 thousand km, and from north to south - for 3.1 thousand k1 yew. km.

Australia is an economically highly developed country. in absolute terms. GNP it is included in the group of the first 15 countries of the world while in the global division of labor it is agrarian and raw material specialization

Australia is a member. UN,. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and other world and regional organizations

Population

. modern population. Australia was shaped by immigrants. By the beginning of European colonization, about 300 thousand natives lived on the mainland, and now their number is more than 150 thousand people. They belong to the Australoid race and ethnically do not form a single whole. Aborigines are divided into many tribes speaking different languages.

After. Second World War. Australia received many so-called "displaced persons", as well as people from the European south and east - Italians, Yugoslavs, Greeks, etc. Among them were more than 20 thousand Ukrainian rainsiv. Recently, the part of immigrants in the population growth is 40%. In recent decades, the country has been suffering from a growing rate of illegal immigration from countries. Southeast and. Eastern. AsiaAsia.

The population is distributed very unevenly throughout the country. The main areas of greatest density are concentrated in the east and southeast, southwest and south. Here the population density is 25 - -50 people per 1 km2, and the rest of the territory is very poorly populated (the density does not even reach one person per 1 km2). In some inland desert areas. The Australian population is missing. In recent decades, there have been shifts in the distribution of the country's population, thanks to the discovery of new mineral deposits in the north and south. The Australian government encourages the movement of the population to the center of the mainland, to the underdeveloped regions.

By level of urbanization. Australia occupies one of the first places in the world - 90%. Among urban areas. There are three groups of cities in Australia: firstly, these are small mountainous cities that are scattered throughout the continent and are its integral feature, and secondly, these are state capitals that perform not only administrative and political functions, but also economic, commercial, scientific, cultural, and thirdly, these are medium-sized centers that arose near the capitals, assuming the functions of centers of various industries.

employment structure. Australia is typical of post-industrial countries. Thus, 3.6% is employed in agriculture, 26.4% in industry, and 70% in the service sector. In 2005, unemployment was about 55%.

Natural conditions and resources

At 0.3% of the world population. Australia 5.8% of the earth's surface. Therefore, its provision with natural resource potential is 20 times higher than the average in the world, primarily mineral resources.

resources. The discovery of new deposits brought the country to a leading position in the world in terms of reserves and production of iron and lead-zinc ores, bauxites

The largest deposits of coal, oil and gas are located in the eastern part. Australia. In the western and northern parts of the country there are deposits of ore raw materials: iron, nickel, polymetals, gold, silver and copper, manganese. Bauxite deposits are concentrated on the peninsula. Cape York and the northeast. Northern Territory. With the exception of oil, the country fully provides its needs with the main types of raw materials for industry.

60% of the territory. Australia is occupied by drainless regions. The river network is the densest on about. Tasmania is a full-flowing river country -. Murray with tributaries. Darling and. Murrumbidgee. Rivers flowing down the eastern slopes. Big. Dividing Range, short and fairly full-flowing rivers of the central. Australia does not have a permanent flow. Most of the country's lakes, like rivers, are almost exclusively rain fed. In they have neither a constant level nor a drain. In summer, the lakes dry up and are shallow saline depressions.

Forest resources. Australia are minor. Forested areas, including scrapers, make up about 18% of the country's total area. Under the influence of economic activity, the vegetation has changed tremendously.

The country in relief is a vast plateau, concave in the central part and elevated at the edges. Mountains occupy 5% of the territory. There is a large depression in the center. The central lowland is an arid region. And Australia.

The northern and northeastern parts of the country are located in the tropical climate zone. The largest part. Australia occupies the subtropical climate zone. Only the extreme south is included in the temperate climate zone. Australia is known as an arid continent, but areas with sufficient rainfall make up 1/3 of the total area. In arid regions, there are significant reserves of groundwater.

Unique natural landscapes. Australia and the magnificent beaches of its east coast is the basis for the rapid development of ecological, tourist and sports (diving, yachting, windsurfing) tourism

1. On the map of the atlas, tell us about the features of the economic and geographical position of Oceania.

Oceania - the largest cluster of islands in the central and southwestern part Pacific Ocean on both sides of the equator in a water area of ​​10 million km2. They are usually divided into three groups: Melanesia - islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean (New Guinea, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Fiji, Bismarck Archipelago, etc.); Polynesia - islands in the central part of the Pacific Ocean (Marquesas, Tuamotu, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, Hawaii, New Zealand, etc.); Micronesia - islands in the western part of the Pacific Ocean (Marshall, Caroline, Mariana, Gilbert, Nauru, etc.). In general, Oceania includes 26 territories, some of which are independent states, and some are the possessions of developed countries. The independent state of Papua New Guinea, located in the eastern part of the island, belongs to Oceania, and the western part of the island is the territory of Indonesia and, therefore, is part of the region Southeast Asia. Special place in Oceania occupy the Hawaiian Islands. Geographically, they belong to the Oceania region, but are a territory (50th state) of the United States. Oceanic countries are characterized by territorial disunity, poverty of the natural resource base, the predominance of the consumer agricultural sector, and specialization in the development of recreational and tourist industries.

2. What is the administrative-territorial structure of Australia?

Australia occupies the whole mainland, the island of Tasmania and a number of small islands. Its official name is the Commonwealth of Australia, which indicates the federal structure of the country. It consists of six states, two separate territories, in addition, the capital Canberra forms a special administrative unit.

3. What are the natural features of Australia?

The natural appearance of Australia, which lies mainly in the tropics, is unique in many ways. This is the most flat continent in the world (the mountains account for less than 5% of the country's area). It is characterized by extremely dry climate (deserts occupy 2/5 of the territory), poverty of surface waters. To some extent, the deficit surface water compensate for artesian waters. Frequent droughts, dust storms, Forest fires, catastrophic rainstorms often wreak havoc on the Australian economy.

4. What Natural resources country supplies to the world market?

The country is rich mineral resources(bauxite, non-ferrous metal ores, coal) and supplies many of them to the world market.

5. How is the population of Australia distributed? Explain this placement.

In terms of average population density (2 people per 1 km2), the country is inferior to all industrialized countries. More than 60% of the population lives in the two most developed countries economic terms states - New South Wales and Victoria, and 2/5 of the country's inhabitants live in two agglomerations - Melbourne and Sydney. This is explained by the fact that it was from Sydney and Melbourne that the colonization of the mainland began, and during the years of the gold rush in Victoria, a sharp increase the population of the colony. In 1851, 437,655 people lived on the mainland, of which 77,345 people (or 18%) lived in Victoria. A decade later, the population of Australia increased to 1,151,947 people, and the colony of Victoria - up to 538,628 people (about 47%).

There are few indigenous people (natives) left (about 200 thousand). The bulk of them live in Queensland and Western Australia, where they lead a traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

6. What are the characteristics of the Australian economy?

The key role in the country's economy belongs to the mining industry and agriculture (Fig. 89), which distinguishes Australia from other developed countries and brings it closer to Canada. In the extraction of a number of metal ores (iron ore, zinc, lead), Australia occupies a leading position in the world. Its example shows that specialization in raw materials is not yet a sign of backwardness. It is important that Australia has highly developed manufacturing industries (automobiles, electronics and electrical engineering, agricultural machinery, etc.), whose products cost more than mining products. The specificity of Australia is a highly developed food (especially meat) industry, which is largely exported. Agriculture- high-commodity, diversified, having a pronounced export character. The most important branch of Australian animal husbandry is sheep breeding (in terms of the number of sheep, Australia ranks first in the world). By total cost Australia's agricultural exports are second only to the United States, and their value per capita is second to none. The country exports wheat, meat, sugar, sheep wool.

7. Choose the correct statement:

1) The main coal deposits in Australia are located in the east of the country.

2) Almost a third of the country is a desert and semi-desert.

3) The main natural wealth of Australia is forest resources.

4) Australia's agriculture is highly commercial, diversified.

All but 3.

8. Match:

1) Broken Hill; 2) Canberra; 3) Sydney; 4) Wellington.

a) the capital of Australia B) the center of the mining industry; B) the capital of New Zealand D) city-agglomeration.

1 - B, 2 - A, 3 - D, 4 - C

11. Compare geographical position Australia and Canada.

Canada is a state North America. It occupies the north of the mainland and adjacent islands. It borders the United States in the south and northwest, and also has maritime borders with Denmark (Greenland) in the northeast and France (St. Pierre and Miquelon) in the east. . It is washed by the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. It is located in the temperate and subarctic natural zones. Australia - occupies a whole continent, remote from the centers of civilization. It is washed by the Pacific, Indian and southern oceans. In the north, Australia has maritime borders with East Timor, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, in the northeast - with Vanuatu, New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands, in the southeast - with New Zealand. Australia is located in 3 natural zones: subequatorial, tropical and subtropical.

Features of the EGP of Australia and Oceania

Peculiarities of population placement

The role of the country in the MGRT

Opera House in Sydney, Australia.
Modern Australia is an economically developed industrial and agricultural country. Real income is $18,220 per person per year. (1998). After the Second World War, the manufacturing industry and the electric power industry developed significantly (Australia occupies one of the first places in the world in per capita electricity production). Metallurgy, oil refining, chemical, textile, and printing industries are also developed. Australian enterprises produce cars and electrodes, machine tools and industrial equipment, televisions and radios, refrigerators and washing machines.
The restructuring of the sectoral structure of the manufacturing industry is closely related to its territorial shifts. In the second half of the 20th century, on the one hand, there was an increase in the role of the largest cities in Australia (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth) and the areas adjacent to them, where the vast majority of the manufacturing industry is concentrated, on the other hand, the development of small cities in inland mining areas. As a result, the territorial concentration of the manufacturing industry in individual states decreased, and the balance of power between them changed. The leading role in the Australian economy belongs to the states located in the southeastern part of the country - New South Wales, Victoria. The capital of the country is poorly developed economically. It was specially built to perform administrative functions. The most developed and economically developed region of Australia is the South-East. It accounts for more than 70% of manufacturing products. To the north and south of Sydney, on the basis of significant coal reserves, a TPC was formed, consisting of coal mines, enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, oil refining and the chemical industry. All these enterprises are concentrated in cities located on the coast: in New Castle, Port Kemble, etc.
In the north-east of Australia, on the basis of large mineral deposits, industrial complexes were formed for the primary processing of raw materials, consisting of enterprises equipped with new technologies. The largest alumina plant in the capitalist world at Gladstone and other large enterprises have been built here.
The smelting of zinc and lead in Western Australia, aluminum in the north of the continent, ferrous metallurgy enterprises in the main industrial centers of the country are of world importance.
The island of Tasmania, rich in minerals, also has a developed manufacturing industry focused on their processing. There are enterprises for the processing of non-ferrous metals, chemical and pulp and paper. The largest of them are concentrated in the capital of the island.
Agriculture accounts for 67.2% of the land, of which 43.7% is occupied by arid pastures, 17.4% - by pastures of yearid territories. Intensively used agricultural land occupies 0.3%, extensively used - 5.8%, unsuitable for use - 26%.
The area of ​​irrigated land is 1.8 million hectares. During rainstorms, severe soil erosion occurs. Animals live mainly in a few places where water is stored in dry times, their accumulations lead to the fact that the vegetation cover there is completely destroyed, and soils that are not protected by vegetation are washed away by rains and carried by the wind.
The leading sectors of the country's agriculture are sheep breeding and grain farming. Already in the middle of the XIX century. Australia became the main supplier of wool to the UK, a light industry that increased the demand for wool. Australia ranks first in the world in terms of the number of sheep (200 million), and beef and dairy farming is also developing. Under crops of wheat, 3/4 of the sown areas are occupied, mainly in the south-east of the country. In the humid tropics, sugar cane, pineapples, mangoes, bananas, citrus fruits, and stone fruits are grown. Viticulture, cotton growing, tobacco and corn cultivation are developed on irrigated lands.
Transport plays a big role in a vast and sparsely populated country. Length railways is 41 thousand km, and automobile - about 900 thousand km. 75% of cargo and passenger transportation is carried out by road. The most dense network of roads in the south-east of the country.
Different types of transport have a single transport network, which is state-owned.
The country's maritime transport serves mainly foreign trade relations on the ships of foreign companies. Air transport is of great importance in external and internal communications. The government company Kuontas has its branches at the largest airports in the world. Pipeline transport is well developed in Australia, water conduits over long distances are of particular importance.
The role of Australia in the MGRT is determined by the main export items: agricultural products - 30% - cereals, fruits, cheeses, meat and meat products, raw hides, wool; mineral raw materials, energy carriers, aluminum ores, oil and oil products, iron ore, rare precious metals; manufacturing industry products.
For the development of the manufacturing industry, agriculture, the country receives investments from Japan and the United States. The main import item is machinery and equipment, finished products.

Oceania Features of the EGP region