In the improvement of large and small settlements the condition of house adjoining paths and sidewalks, public transport stops and areas for drying clothes, etc. is of great importance.

Neither in private nor in industrial construction, work can be considered completed until the improvement of the adjacent territory has been completed. Paths and sidewalks play a major role in this. The construction of such "structures" is not particularly difficult, they do not require any special technologies, mechanisms and high qualification.

In most cases, when carrying out such work, classical types are used. building materials such as: paving slabs and paving stones, asphalt concrete (asphalt), concrete mixtures and sand concrete. Each of the options pavement has its pros and cons. Today we would like to introduce you to the technology of concreting paths. Making a concrete walkway is the fastest and most cheap way creating a high-quality and durable coating.

The device of concrete platforms, paths, sidewalks includes the following works:

• - removal of vegetable soil: since it significantly complicates the compaction of the base and accumulates moisture under the coating, which is highly undesirable; - the device of the basis from crushed stone. It is also possible to make a base from a layer of coarse sand 5-10 cm high, and the same height of a layer of crushed stone;
• - installation of a curbstone:(if provided in the project). It must be installed so that there is a drain for water. The curb in this case should be flush with the surface of the sidewalk or platform. The seams between the curb stones are sealed with a thick cement mortar. If the path is made without curbs, you need to install formwork from boards, and in places where the path bends smoothly - from plywood.
• - concreting: The thickness of the concrete layer should not be less than 7 cm. To prevent voids, laying must be done with a platform vibrator (for large areas) or with a manual rammer until laitance appears on the surface. After 30-40 minutes, the surface is finally finished with a trowel. It is best to use ready-made mortars for concreting, but in private construction, with small amounts of work, you can prepare it yourself. To do this, mix cement, sand, gravel in a ratio of 1: 2: 3 and dilute the mixture with water to a plastic state (water is taken about 1 - 1.5 times more than cement)
• - arrangement of expansion joints: in the concrete pavement of paths and sidewalks, every 3-6 meters of length, a deformation (temperature) seam is made from a wooden lath 15-20 mm thick., Laid through the entire thickness of the pavement. The device of such a seam avoids cracking when the air temperature changes.

A few tips for those who are going to make garden paths on their own.

If the soil at the base of the sidewalk or platform is loose, heterogeneous, or simply in doubt, it is necessary to reinforce the concrete pavement with a road mesh with a cell size of 100x100 or 150x150 mm. It is also necessary to reinforce the roadbed to the site.

It is very important to use quality materials- ready-mixed concrete, curbstone, tiles, buying them from manufacturers who constantly monitor the quality of products and value the reputation of the enterprise.

When ordering finished concrete mix you need to order it about 10% more than the calculated one. Firstly, if the solution is not enough, no company will bring you a solution that is less than the minimum possible rate. Secondly, when the solution is unloaded into the intermediate container, part of it will invariably stick to the walls.

If you prepare concrete with your own hands, it is advisable to do this closer to the place of work in order to unload the mixture directly onto the track or not to waste a lot of time on the way to the container with the solution and back. Upon completion of work, immediately thoroughly wash all tools.

To give the track an increased strength, you can iron it: for this you need to rub the sifted cement into the still wet mixture until a glossy sheen appears on the surface.

TR 158-04

The following people took part in the work on the document: Ph.D. L.V. Gorodetsky, Ph.D. R.I. Bega, V.F. Demin (GUP "NIIMosstroy"), S.M. Arakeliants, Ph.D. I.I. Davitnidze (ZAO SBM Zapchast-Service), V.N. Arakeliants (CJSC SDM Hydroprivod).

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. These recommendations apply to the construction of environmentally friendly sidewalks, pedestrian and garden paths, pedestrian streets, parking lots, entrances to residential and public buildings, coatings in the territories of social and cultural life (hospitals, clinics, schools, kindergartens, nurseries), at gas stations and sites for various purposes from prefabricated coatings.

For the device of prefabricated coatings, slabs and small-sized figured paving elements are used, made of heavy and sandy concrete, as well as concrete using products of processing of various industrial waste, reinforced with metal and basalt fibers.

Paving slabs are products with a ratio of their length l to thickness h more than 4, with smaller values l/h?4 - small-sized elements.

1.2. The winter period is considered the time of the year between the date of the onset of zero average daily stable temperature in the fall and the date of the onset of the same temperature in the spring.

1.3. To solve aesthetic, architectural and functional problems in modern urban construction, concrete slabs and small-sized paving elements can have various shapes and sizes, which are not always a multiple of the pedestrian lane width (0.75 cm) adopted in GOST 17608-91*.

1.4. To expand the range of products, NIIMosstroy has developed designs for lattice plates. Plate holes can be filled with small-sized elements that can be used independently (appendices 1, 2, 3). Holes in gratings can be filled stone materials(crushed stone, gravel, crushed stone, sand, etc.), as well as soil with lawn grass seeds.

1.5. Slabs and paving elements for prefabricated pavements (including those with decorative and colored surfaces) can be manufactured according to various technologies, providing obtaining physical and mechanical properties that meet the requirements of GOST 17608-91*.

1.6. The thickness of paving slabs and small-sized elements is selected in accordance with the project. Approximate thickness of prefabricated products for various designs can be taken as follows: in areas where only pedestrian traffic is expected - 4 - 6 cm; if movement is allowed cars- ? 6 - 8 cm; if check-in is possible trucks- ? 8 - 10 cm.

1.7. Structural elements sidewalks include: a sandy underlay, a base of sand, sand-cement mixture, crushed stone and low-cement concrete; concrete coating, incl. modified products. The technological sequence of work on the construction of prefabricated pavements includes the following stages: digging and compacting the earthen trough; the device of the underlying layer; installation of side stone; arrangement of the base and covering from slabs or small-sized paving elements, followed by filling the joints. Depending on the hydrological features of the territory and the requirements of the project in structural layers sidewalks, platforms, etc. it is possible to use film and geotextile materials.

1.8. The main options for prefabricated structures concrete products are presented in fig. one.

Rice. 1. Structures from paving slabs and small-sized elements

1 - plates; 2 - loose sand or sand-cement mixture; 3 - bases made of sand-cement mixture, B7.5 concrete, sand, crushed stone, bitumen-mineral mixture; 4 - sandy frost-protective layer; 5 - small-sized paving elements; 6, 7 - polyethylene film or geotextiles such as dornite; 8 - basalt mesh.

2. GROUND PREPARATION AND SHALLOW DRAINAGE DEVICE

2.1. The construction of the subgrade must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.06.03-85 " Car roads» and in accordance with technical project performance of work after completion of work on vertical planning, laying of new and relocation of old underground engineering networks, backfilling of trenches and openings with layer-by-layer compaction.

2.2. For production earthworks excavators with a bucket with a capacity of 0.25 m 3 to 1.0 m 3, bulldozers with a power of 80 - 250 hp, small and medium weight motor graders should be used. For compaction, rollers on pneumatic tires of the type DU-30, DU-31, vibratory rollers of the type DU-10, DU-10A, DU-14, static rollers with smooth rollers of the type DU-1, DU-11A, etc. are used. The type of roller is selected depending on the subgrade soil group and the width of the sidewalk, pedestrian street, path, etc.

2.3. The width of the subgrade trough, taking into account the installation of side stones, should be 0.5 m greater than the width of the coatings.

2.4. The construction of the subgrade should be carried out in layers. Backfilling, leveling and compaction of each layer is carried out in compliance with longitudinal and transverse slopes.

The thickness of the backfill layer should be assigned taking into account the safety factor for soil compaction, depending on its type at a moisture content close to optimal (Table 1).

2.5. Compaction of subgrade soils, including backfilling of trenches and pits, must be carried out at optimal moisture content to the required density, which corresponds to a compaction coefficient of at least 0.98 when measured every 25 m at points along the cross section. The compaction technique is selected depending on the type of soil and the thickness of the backfilled layer (Table 2).

Table 1

The dependence of the safety factor for compaction on the type of soil at optimal humidity

table 2

Soil compaction machines

Note: Cohesive soil - soil containing clay particles ±12%.

Non-cohesive soil - soil containing clay particles ± 3%.

Approximately required number passes of compacting equipment along one track for cohesive soils should be at least 12, for non-cohesive - 8.

2.6. The surface of the subgrade is planned so that the clearance under the three-meter rail, which characterizes the evenness of the surface, does not exceed 1 cm.

2.7. To drain the upper part of the subgrade and pavement, shallow drainage is arranged. Drainage works are carried out immediately before the distribution of the sandy bedding.

2.8. Expanded clay concrete pipe filters, perforated asbestos-cement, ceramic and polymer filters can be used as shallow drainage. drainage pipes, joints and water inlets of drains are protected from silting by couplings and filters; stone, non-woven synthetic materials can be used as the latter.

2.9. Technological process shallow drainage devices include: digging a ditch, placing a pillow under it for pipes, laying pipes with filters, connecting tubular drains to water inlets, filling the ditch with sand and compacting it. Pipes with sockets or pipe filters are facing against the slope.

2.10. The release of water from the drain is carried out into the water intake wells, and the end of the pipe should protrude 5 cm relative to the wall of the well.

2.11. The gaps between the tubular drains and the walls of the wells must be carefully sealed with a 1: 3 cement-sand mortar or sealant.

2.12. Under adverse hydrological conditions, to increase the bearing capacity of the subgrade, various geotextile materials can be laid on it in accordance with TR 128-01 "Technical recommendations on the technology of building roads using dornite and other geotextile materials and geogrids" (SUE "NIIMosstroy").

3. DEVICE OF THE SANDY LAYERING LAYER

3.1. The arrangement of the sandy underlying layer must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.06.03-85 * "Motorways" and the project for the production of works.

3.2. The thickness of the sandy underlying layer should correspond to the project or be assigned depending on the type of subgrade soil and hydrogeological conditions according to the album SK 6101-91, developed by the institutes of the State Unitary Enterprise Mosinzhproekt and the State Unitary Enterprise NIIMosstroy, and be 10 - 30 cm (± 1 cm).

3.3. For the installation of the underlying layer, sands with a filtration coefficient of at least 3 m / day should be used.

3.4. In winter, the installation of the underlying layer is started after preliminary cleaning of the subgrade from snow and ice.

3.5. To prevent sand from freezing in winter, it must be transported in heavy dump trucks.

3.6. Sand leveling is carried out by bulldozers and motor graders, and on narrow sidewalks and footpaths - by forklifts with attachments.

3.7. AT summer time the sandy underlying layer in a wet state is compacted with rollers used to compact the subgrade (Table 2).

3.8. To prevent sand from freezing in winter, it is recommended to impregnate it with a 2% solution of calcium chloride (CaCl 2). Required amount calcium chloride per 1 m 2 of the surface of the underlying layer with a volumetric mass of sand of 1700 kg / m 3 is given in table. 3.

Table 3

Dependence of the required amount of calcium chloride on the depth of impregnation of the underlying layer

3.9. The installation of the underlying layer should be carried out taking into account the completion of sand compaction before it freezes. Permissible time intervals from the moment the sand began to be distributed along the subgrade to the degree of compaction required by the standards are given in Table. 4.

Table 4

Permissible time for the construction of a sand layer depending on the air temperature

Note: In windy weather, the specified time should be reduced by 1.5 - 2.0 times

3.10. The compaction coefficient of the sandy underlying layer should be at least 0.98. The surface marks of the underlying layer must correspond to the design ones with an accuracy of ± 5 mm.

3.11. Traffic on the finished sand bed is prohibited.

3.12. In winter, after the installation of the underlying layer, subsequent work on the construction of the base and coating should be carried out without a significant gap in time.

4. INSTALLING THE EDGE STONE

4.1. When arranging sidewalks, paths, various platforms and squares, etc. side stones can be used rocks(GOST 6666-81 *), concrete (GOST 6665-91), as well as from plastic concrete and concrete modified by products of processing of concrete and reinforced concrete products, worn tires and reinforced with metal and basalt fibers, the designs and manufacturing technology of which are developed by NIIMosstroy.

To improve the aesthetic appearance of coatings from prefabricated elements and increase their durability under operating conditions, in addition to GOST 6665-91 "Concrete side stones", NIIMosstroy developed straight and curvilinear side stones various sizes and designs.

4.2. The nomenclature of curvilinear side stones and a general view of curvilinear side stones are given in Appendix 3 and in fig. 2.

4.3. The curbstone must be installed prior to commencement of the prefabricated pavement.

4.4. Concrete side stones, incl. curvilinear, are installed, as a rule, manually using tongs or U-shaped devices (Fig. 3). Side stones of all sizes are installed on a concrete base 10 cm thick, laid on a leveled and compacted underlying layer. After its installation, a concrete clip is arranged in the formwork to a height of 10 cm. In winter, the concrete clip must be protected from freezing. Ensuring the design position of the stones in plan and profile is achieved by installing them along a cord and upsetting with a wooden rammer.

Rice. 2. General view of curvilinear side stones

Note. Curvilinear side stones for sidewalks, pedestrian streets can also be made with bevels only on the inside or without them.

Rice. 3. Manual equipment for setting side stones.

4.5. Width of joints between side stones, incl. and on roundings, should not exceed 5 mm. The joints are filled with a cement-sand mortar of a composition of 3: 1, after which they are embroidered with a solution of a composition of 1: 2.

4.6. The side stone must be installed no later than three days before the start of the precast pavement construction work so that the concrete clip and mortar in the seams between the side stones gain sufficient strength.

5. BASE DEVICE

5.1. Bases for coatings from prefabricated products are made of sand, sand-cement mixture, crushed stone and low-cement concrete with a thickness depending on design solutions or approximately in accordance with the table. 5.

Table 5

Note. Sand for arranging the base under the slabs is recommended to be used with M cr ± 1.8.

5.2. When laying slabs directly on a sandy sub-base or sand base upper layer 3 cm thick should be made of loose sand or dry sand-cement mixture for the final landing of the slabs to a given mark.

5.3. In the case of a base made of a sand-cement mixture, its lower part is made of a sand-cement mortar, and the upper part, 3 cm thick, is made of a dry mixture.

Sand-cement mortar is used for grades of at least "50" and is prepared in the factory. Approximate composition per 1 m 3 of mortar brand "50": Portland cement brand "400" Up to - 155 kg, water - 170 l, sand - 1650 kg. A dry sand-cement mixture is also prepared, but without adding water, with a natural sand moisture content of 5-6%.

5.4. In winter, the sand-cement mixture, prepared at the factory on heated materials, is recommended to be laid at an outside air temperature of at least -15 ° C.

A gap in time is not allowed when laying sand-cement mortar and dry mix.

5.5. The compaction of the sand-cement mortar is carried out by vibrating screeds and vibrating platforms.

5.6. Bases from compacted crushed stone mixtures are made from factory-prepared by mixing the required amount of different fractions of limestone crushed stone or gravel until a homogeneous material is obtained with the addition of the optimal amount of water.

The brand of crushed stone in terms of crushability in the cylinder should not be lower than 400, in terms of frost resistance not lower than 25.

5.7. For bases for prefabricated pavements of sidewalks, playgrounds, etc., a medium-grained type of crushed stone mixtures should be used (Table 6).

For paving slabs, I and II types of mixtures can be used, for small-sized elements, type II.

Table 6

Grain composition of crushed stone mixtures for sidewalk foundations

5.8. Crushed stone mixtures of optimal moisture (4 - 6% by weight) are delivered by dump trucks and unloaded onto the prepared sandy underlying layer, a special platform or into the receiving hopper of a crushed stone paver used for significant amounts of work.

With a base area of ​​\u200b\u200bless than 1000 m 2, crushed stone can be leveled with a motor grader or bulldozer using the “away from you” method.

5.9. The mixture after preparation is laid on the road no later than 3 hours.

Foundations should be arranged in dry weather at an air temperature not lower than 0 °C. At negative temperatures, it is allowed to lay mixtures special composition with antifreeze additives.

5.10. The compaction of the crushed stone base is carried out by self-propelled rollers with metal rollers weighing 5–10 tons or vibrating ones weighing 1.5–3 tons.

5.11. Bases made of crushed stone mixtures are compacted with self-propelled rollers in at least 10 passes. In all cases, the quality of the compaction of the base is checked with a heavy roller, after the passage of which there should not be a trace.

5.12. Deviations in the crushed stone base are not allowed more than: in height - 50 mm; by the thickness of the rolled layer - ±10%; on transverse slopes - ± 10%. The clearance under the rail 3 m long, which characterizes the evenness of the base surface, should not exceed 5 mm.

5.13. The coating device on a crushed stone base, made in the winter, is usually carried out in the spring after it has thawed and additional compaction.

5.14. When constructing a base made of rolled low-cement concrete, the concrete class B7.5 (M100) with a frost resistance grade of at least F100 is used.

5.15. It is advisable to prepare low-cement rolled concrete for the base on crushed limestone with a compressive strength of at least 400 MPa. As a coarse aggregate for rolled concrete, it is allowed to use crushed stone from gravel or gravel, as well as small and large aggregates with partial replacement of natural materials by products of processing of concrete, reinforced concrete and asphalt concrete materials, worn tires in accordance with the requirements of TR 138-03 "Technical recommendations for use rolled concrete".

5.16. The low-cement mixture prepared in the factory must be delivered to the construction site in dump trucks with rear unloading bodies and equipped with special protective equipment from the influence of weather conditions.

5.17. The transportation time of a low-cement mixture should not exceed 30 minutes at air temperatures from +20 °C to +30 °C and 60 minutes at air temperatures below +20 °C. The time after the preparation of the mixture and until its final compaction, depending on weather conditions, should also not exceed 120 - 180 minutes.

5.18. At negative air temperatures, antifreeze additives should be introduced into the low-cement concrete mixture: chloride salts of sodium and potassium (HN, HK), sodium nitrite (NN), calcium nitrite-nitrate-chloride (NNHK) and sodium formate (FN) (Table 7) .

5.19. The layout of a low-cement mixture can be carried out by various concrete pavers, a crushed stone paver, loaders with attachments.

5.20. The thickness of the distributed layer should be approximately 10 - 15% more than the required thickness of the compacted layer and be refined during the work process.

5.21. The mixture is compacted with 5-ton motor rollers, approximately 8-10 passes along one track.

The compaction is considered sufficient if the passage of a heavy roller does not leave a mark on the surface of the low-cement concrete base. The surface of the base of the rolled mixture must be even, without bumps, waves, depressions. When checking the surface of the base with a three-meter rail, the clearance should not exceed 5 mm.

5.22. In the bases of low-cement rollable mixtures, only compression joints and workers at the end of the shift are satisfied. Compression joints are arranged in freshly laid or hardened concrete every 30 - 40 m, depending on the air temperature during concreting from +5 ° C to +20 ° C, respectively.

5.23. At the end of the work shift and when concreting for more than 2 hours in concrete bases, working seams are arranged with coating them with bitumen.

5.24. After cutting joints in hardened concrete, they are cleaned with compressed air and filled with sealant. Filling of seams is carried out in dry weather at an air temperature not lower than +5 °C. To fill the joints can be used: rubber-bitumen mastics (RBV-25, 35, 50); polymer-bitumen mastics (PBM-1, PBM-2); polymer sealant; hydro.

5.25. A film-forming material is applied to the freshly laid concrete base - bituminous emulsion at the rate of 0.7 kg / m 2 or it is covered with film materials. In winter, it is recommended to cover with geosynthetic material such as dornite.

5.26. The device of a concrete base in winter is allowed at an outdoor temperature of up to -15 ° C.

6. DEVICE OF COATINGS FROM PLATES AND SMALL-SIZED ELEMENTS

6.1. The choice of a prefabricated structure is determined by the type and intensity of the expected load, the aesthetic concepts of the project, the laying technology and is adopted in accordance with the technical documentation and the requirements of paragraphs 1.7 - 1.9 and fig. 1 of these recommendations.

6.2. In urban pedestrian areas or large areas where the alternation of laying slabs of various sizes and small-sized elements is visually attractive, the thickness of the structural layers is assigned based on that adopted for products with a smaller thickness.

6.3. When arranging prefabricated pavements, on which transport is possible, attention should be paid to the nature of the laying of the slabs, taking into account that their installation at an angle of 45 ° to the direction of movement or in a checkerboard pattern will minimize the movement of the slabs. Small-sized elements in such cases should have a thickness of at least 10 cm.

6.4. Plates and small-sized elements are delivered to the object by trucks in special containers.

For mechanized laying, slabs can be delivered on pallets or in bags with spacers between the products.

6.5. The layout of slabs and small-sized paving elements can be carried out according to various schemes (appendices 4 - 6).

6.6. Laying of slabs and small-sized products should be carried out from any conditional line: the edge of the side stone, parallel to which the seams are located, or a verst row laid perpendicular to the side stone, on both sides or one from it, but always towards the slope.

6.7. Laying of products is carried out from the laid coating. Alignment of the edges of the plates is carried out along a stretched wire or cord located along the stacked row.

6.8. Laying of products can be carried out mechanically or manually.

6.9. The width of the seam between adjacent plates with a side size of 100 cm should be 8 - 12 mm, with a side size of up to 50 cm - 5 - 8 mm. The width of the seam between small-sized elements should be 3 - 5 mm.

The seams are filled with a sand-cement mixture in a ratio of 3: 1.

6.10. On device decorative coatings the width of the joints should be increased to 50 mm. The seams in this case are filled with turf or vegetable soil and sown lawn grass(Appendix 7).

6.11. If the product has a tongue and groove connection, then after 7 - 10 m, expansion joints should be arranged in the coating.

6.12. The expansion joints are arranged with a width of 10 mm every 50 m. The location of the expansion joints in the covering of figured elements is presented in Appendix 8.

Expansion seams are sealed with mastics.

6.13. Small-sized paving elements are laid into the pavement with slab-laying machines (Appendix 9) or manually, and paving slabs with the help of automobile and pneumatic wheel cranes, forklifts with attachments.

When laying slabs with a side size of 100 cm, they are leveled using rigging gaffs after the lower plane of the slab is lowered by a crane 2–3 cm below the upper plane of the laid adjacent slabs. Distortion of the slab and breaking of the edges of the slabs are unacceptable.

6.14. Alignment of the laid plates is carried out by light tapping with wooden rammers. Ledges in the seams of adjacent plates should not exceed 2 mm. A roller of sand or sand-cement mixture formed at the edges of the slabs is cut off with a manual template.

6.15. Prefabricated coatings, especially for large areas, after preliminary upsetting of the products and leveling them with wooden hammers, it is recommended to compact using vibrating plates developed by SDM Zapchast-Service and CJSC SDM Gidroprivod. On fig. 3 shows 2 types of vibratory plates for compacting prefabricated pavements, one of which is equipped with a frame with three rollers, the surface of which is wrapped with a special rubber material. The width of the sealing surface of such a plate is 700 mm. The characteristics of the basic vibrating plate are given in table. eight.

6.16. When installing prefabricated coatings in winter, it is advisable to prepare before the onset of a stable negative temperature subgrade, the underlying layer and the base under the coating. The leveling layer is laid on the prepared base immediately before installation.

6.17. When laying slabs on a base of low-cement rolled concrete in winter, its surface must be thoroughly cleaned of dirt, snow and ice and then warmed up. To facilitate the removal of the ice cover, it is recommended to thaw it with a CaCl 2 solution applied to the surface in an amount of 1 l / m 2. It can be thawed using hot sand heated to 180 - 200 ° C 5 - 7 cm thick, followed by its removal.

6.18. A cement-sand mortar up to 20 mm thick heated to a temperature of not more than 35 ° C is laid on a cleaned and heated concrete base.

6.20. Sidewalk works are stopped during heavy snowfall. The preparatory sections of the leveling layer are covered with movable awnings, material of the Dornit type with a film cover or special mats. Laying slabs at temperatures below -15 °C is not recommended.

Table 8

Characteristics of the vibrating plate VP-070 manufactured by SDM Zapchast-Service and CJSC SDM Gidroprivod

7. QUALITY CONTROL

7.1. Work on the construction of structures from slabs and paving elements must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the project, SNiPs, current regulatory and technical documents or these technical recommendations.

7.2. Work on the arrangement of sidewalks, platforms, paths, etc. should be carried out with their step-by-step control with the help of technical personnel of construction companies and periodic control by specialized laboratories.

7.3. The laboratory should regularly monitor the quality of materials, products, assess their compliance current GOSTs and technical guidelines.

7.4. When accepting the structural layers of sidewalks, platforms, pedestrian streets, paths, the conformity with the approved project of the installation of the underlying layer, base, drainage devices and drainage should be checked. Verification is carried out according to acts on hidden work, work logs and laboratory data.

7.5. Upon acceptance of the finished coating, check:

Compliance of the longitudinal and transverse profile of the coating with the project (performed by control leveling);

The width of the seams and the quality of their sealing;

Exceeding adjacent slabs;

If there are damaged slabs or paving elements, they must be replaced.

7.6. Deviations from the design dimensions during the installation of prefabricated coatings:

Coating width ±5 cm;

Clearance under a three-meter rail ± 3 mm;

Exceeding the edges of adjacent slabs of prefabricated coatings ± 3 mm.

8. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

8.1. Safety precautions at construction sites must be observed in accordance with the requirements of the norms and rules of SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction".

8.2. Sanitary facilities at the facilities must be equipped in accordance with the hygienic requirements of the Russian Ministry of Health.

8.3. Persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone a medical examination, have been trained according to an approved program in safe working methods and instructed directly at the workplace are allowed to work. Knowledge is checked annually by the commission, after which certificates are issued to workers.

8.4. The chief engineer of the construction company is responsible for compliance with safety regulations during construction.

8.5. Checking the safety knowledge of engineering and technical workers should be carried out annually. With unsatisfactory knowledge, the chief engineer of the company is obliged not to allow engineering and technical personnel to supervise the work.

8.6. Workers must be provided with special clothing and serviceable hand tools in accordance with the requirements of GOST 28010-88.

8.7. When performing work in winter, periodic breaks lasting 10 minutes at temperatures from -20 ° C to -30 ° C and a complete cessation of work at temperatures below -30 ° C are established to warm workers.

8.8. Working area needs to be protected. At nightfall, red signal lamps should be installed in the work area. Lighting lamps with a power of up to 200 W are suspended at a height of 2.5 - 3 m, and more than 200 W - at a height of 3.5 - 10 m.

8.9. Persons involved in the preparation and application of film-forming materials should work in overalls, canvas gloves and goggles.

It is forbidden to smoke and use open flame when working with film-forming materials containing flammable substances.

8.10. When carrying products and other materials manually during the construction, repair and reconstruction of sidewalks, platforms, paths, etc., the maximum norm for each worker should not exceed 50 kg.

8.11. Responsibility for the serviceability of machines and mechanisms used in construction lies with the head of the site.

9. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

9.1. When carrying out work on the construction of structures with coatings from prefabricated elements, as well as when performing their current and major repairs, measures and work should be carried out to protect the environment. natural environment in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 22-01-95 and SNiP 22-02-2003.

9.2. In the preparatory period before performing work on the construction of sidewalks, platforms, pedestrian streets, etc. from concrete products follows:

Protect the work site;

Replant trees from a facility under construction;

Fencing remaining trees next to sidewalks, playgrounds, etc. under construction. to avoid damage;

To equip on the construction site places for refueling with fuel and water for road-building machines.

9.3. In the process of construction and reconstruction of sidewalks, it is necessary to ensure the safety of the population in the territory adjacent to the facility, to prevent air pollution.

9.4. All engineers and workers must be instructed on environmental protection within the facility under construction.

9.5. Territory construction site after completion of works on the arrangement of the road must be cleared of construction debris and planned according to the design marks.

10. OPERATION OF PAIDEWAYS

10.1. To maintain sidewalks in good condition, the following should be carried out:

Maintenance;

Capital repairs.

10.3. Current repairs are carried out every 3 years and include work to eliminate minor defects, oil stains, cracks and destruction of individual slabs and small-sized paving elements.

10.4. Oil stains are removed using various adsorption powders, including household ones. detergents. Aerosol paints applied to concrete products with a spray gun are removed with acetone.

bitumen with concrete slabs removed mechanically or manually. A mixture of gasoline and oil is applied to the remaining stain, and the repaired area is covered with plastic wrap to reduce gasoline evaporation.

10.5. Cracks, chips, potholes, cavities, shells or peeling of the surface of concrete products, incl. colored, depending on the type of defects and the amount of reconstruction work, can be eliminated using various compositions and technological methods in accordance with the requirements of TR 101-99 "Technical recommendations for the use of concrete with the material" Aquatron-6 "for road construction" (GUP " NIIMosstroy).

10.6. At current repair, if necessary, level the base. Destroyed slabs are removed and replaced with new ones, which are laid on a sand-cement mortar or a dry cement-sand mixture.

In this case, the seams between the laid slabs are cleaned with compressed air and filled with sand-cement mortar 3: 1 to the height of the seam.

10.7. Overhaul provides for a complete or partial change of structural elements of prefabricated coatings of slabs or small-sized elements, base, underlying layer. In this case, the subgrade must be additionally compacted (K seal ? 0.98).

10.8. Structural elements for prefabricated coatings during major repairs are carried out in the same way as during construction (see sections 3 - 5).

Appendix 1

Characteristics of small-sized elements

Annex 2

Characteristics of lattice slabs made of small-sized concrete

Annex 3

Nomenclature of curvilinear side stones for sidewalks, pedestrian streets, paths

Own house is a complete composition if it is not just a house and adjoining territory with him, and the totality original ideas designer and modern technology. Such an alliance will help turn a garden plot with a house into a well-groomed and cozy natural corner. Garden paths are the main design element, which, in addition to the aesthetic component, also carries a functional load.

The comfort of the owners of the site will depend on the correctness of the initial layout of the tracks.

Garden paths should be sufficient durable and should be a decoration of the site. For experienced designer It is no secret that short paths divide the entire area into small fragments, thereby visually reducing the size of the garden. At the same time, long paths create a feeling of a spacious area.

On the initial stage planning, the homeowner needs to decide on the functional purpose of the tracks and their sizes. For example, the path leading to the facade of the house must be at least 2 meters wide so that two people can freely disperse on it. For technological tracks, 90 cm will be quite enough. The tracks along which the car will move must be no less than the width of the car itself, made of durable materials and have a rough surface to prevent slipping in winter.

The modern building materials market is ready to offer customers a fairly large list of materials for paving paths on the site. It can be tiles, natural or decorative stone, crushed stone, etc. One of these materials, which has the optimal ratio of the price of the material and the quality of the paths made on the territory of the garden plot, is concrete.

Advantages and disadvantages of concrete paths

Sand-concrete mix is ​​one of the most popular materials for creating paths. To benefits of this material and garden paths from it include the following:

• good strength qualities of the material, its durability;
• ease of creation concrete structures, including garden paths;
• low material cost;
• resistance to adverse weather factors (moisture and frost resistance);
• resistance to the influence of mechanical loads;
• the ability to make a track of any configuration (the main thing is to make a suitable formwork);
• possibility of installation on one's own, without the involvement of specialists;
• ample opportunities for decorating paths (during the preparation of the solution, you can add pigments of any color, or use tiled mosaics, natural or fake diamond etc.; the main thing here is to plant design elements and decorations in the solution a few hours after pouring).

To shortcomings Concrete garden paths include the following factors:

• when the ground moves during the off-season, the concrete path may crack;
• a concrete path is a capital structure, subsequently it will be hardly possible to change its direction. Therefore, when planning the location of the tracks, it is necessary to simultaneously plan the area around them;
• would require a significant investment of time and effort preparatory work and installation.

Technology for creating concrete paths

Actually, the entire technical process of independent installation garden paths made of concrete is quite simple and consists of the following steps:

• marking the soil surface for garden paths;
• preliminary soil preparation;
• formwork installation;
• pillow formation;
• installation of reinforcing elements and pouring concrete.

In order for the concrete garden path made their owners happy long years, we need to carefully consider each stage separately.

1. markup soil surface for garden paths is the quickest and easiest step. The owners need to decide on the location of the tracks on their site and their size (as previously mentioned, they will depend on the expected functional loads). Marking is carried out using ordinary pegs, which are driven into the ground at regular intervals from each other, and a rope is pulled between them. On this, the first stage can be considered completed and proceed to the next.
2. preliminary preparation soil. The essence of this stage is to select the top layer of turf to a depth of ≈ 5 - 7 cm. This is necessary in order to remove the roots of all plants along the path of paving the path. If this is not done, then the plants under the path will gradually rot, and water will get into the voids formed and freeze there in winter. Freezing water will increase in volume and put pressure on the lying path. Ultimately, this process can lead to cracking of the concrete pavement.

In addition, it will be convenient for people and for using lawn mowers in the summer if the garden path is on one level with soil.

Formwork installation

formwork mounted from boards and it is needed for pouring concrete. In order to create any smooth bends of the track, it is quite possible to use plywood or any other bending materials for the manufacture of formwork. It is possible to make the formwork immediately along the entire length of the track, but since the solution must be poured in parts (it is necessary, because it is necessary to provide seams to compensate for the expansion and contraction of concrete under the influence of temperature), then the formwork can also be made in parts, which will reduce the consumption of material for its manufacture .

Pillow Shaping

Pillow under concrete path pursues two goals.

1. Uniform distribution of the weight load of the concrete track.
2. Drainage.

A pillow or base for a path is made from a layer of compacted rubble and a layer of sand. The sand does not retain water, and in winter the soil under the path will not freeze and expand. However, sand is a fine-grained material, which tends to go into crushed stone or soil over time. If a sand will be laid directly on the rubble, then after a few years it will go into the ground along with water. To prevent this process, any materials are laid directly on the ground for waterproofing. It can be roofing material, geotextile or agrofibre. The last two materials are most preferred, as they are not subject to decay and perfectly pass water. After the rubble is laid and the sand is covered, it must be tamp well. If the sand is dry, it is necessary to wet it, then it will compact more densely and there will be no voids in it. Besides, sand cushion must be leveled so that subsequently the thickness of the concrete layer is uniform.

To make a pillow, instead of sand, you can make thin concrete coupler or use flat stones, but you need to deepen the trench under the path to the thickness of the stone or screed.

Reinforcement and pouring

The next step is laying reinforcing elements and pouring concrete. Before laying a reinforcing mesh or reinforcement, a polyethylene or any other film must be placed on a sand pillow. This must be done for the following reason: the concrete must not dry, but harden. Hardening is a chemical reaction with the direct participation of the so-called cement laitance, which gives concrete excellent strength characteristics. So that this component does not go into the sand, a film is needed. Further, reinforcing elements can be laid: standard reinforcement, reinforcing mesh, screed mesh or any other materials.

Now you can start mixing. solution. It can be made from sand and cement (1: 3), you can buy ready-made dry mixes that are diluted with water. If the path will only be walked on, then the thickness of the pillow and the concrete layer should not be less than 5 cm. If the coating will experience heavier loads, then the additional and concrete layers should not be less than 7.5 cm.

As the solution is poured, it must level. After the entire prepared portion of the mortar is poured, it must be further leveled with the rule and compacted as much as possible until cement milk appears. When the mortar sets slightly, you can trim it with a spatula. At the same time, decorating elements can be planted in the solution (if this was previously supposed to be done). In order for the concrete to harden and not dry out, the path can either be covered with a film, or the surface of the path can be periodically moistened with water. After a couple of days, you can clean formwork, and after a few more days, “pedestrians” can use the path.

Having decided on the manufacture of tracks on garden plot from concrete, you can independently and with minimal financial costs to give your land ownership a finished image and an elegant appearance.

In cities, asphalt concrete is most often used as pavement coatings and landscape gardening paths. Asphalt concrete pavements on sidewalks and footpaths are arranged on various bases: from brick and limestone rubble; metallurgical slag; soil treated with cement; from ordinary cement concrete and lean concrete.
In table. 80 are given Various types bases for sidewalks with coatings of sand (3-5 cm thick) and cast (2.5-3 cm thick) asphalt concrete and their thickness.

The thickness of the sandy underlying layer for sidewalks with asphalt concrete coating is taken depending on the group of underlying soils in accordance with Table. 81.

The technological process of sidewalks and footpaths installation includes the following operations: leveling and rolling of the subgrade; delivery of sand for the installation of the underlying layer; distribution and compaction of sand; delivery of materials for the construction of the foundation; distribution of base materials; base compaction; delivery and laying of asphalt concrete mixture in the top layer of the pavement.
The layout of the subgrade on the sidewalks is usually done by motor graders with shuttle passes. The subgrade is rolled by motor rollers with smooth rollers weighing 6 tons.
In the process of planning and rolling, the evenness of the subgrade is checked with the help of wooden slats, and the necessary slopes are checked with the help of geodetic tools.
Sand and other materials are brought to the finished earthen bed by dump trucks. Sand and other bulk materials are usually also distributed by motor graders, and in cramped conditions sometimes by hand. Consolidate the sandy underlying layer and bases made of crushed stone, slag and other bulk materials light motor rollers with smooth rollers.
Cement-concrete bases on sidewalks and paths are arranged using small equipment. The concrete mixture is leveled with special equipment mounted on the boom of the Belarus tractor. The concrete base is compacted with special vibrating screeds or platform vibrators. Concrete is cared for general rules conducting concrete work.
Asphalt concrete pavement is laid on wide sidewalks using a DS-1 (D-150B) asphalt paver or a lightweight D-464 type paver, and compaction is performed by rollers weighing 1.5-6 tons. On narrow sidewalks and paths, as well as in cramped conditions asphalt concrete pavement(mainly from cast mixtures) are arranged with manually laying out the mixture and rolling it with hand rollers.
For pavement and footpath pavements, colored plastic concrete is also used, which is prepared in mixing plants in asphalt plants. It consists of crushed stone, sand, mineral powder, pigment and binder. The requirements for the quality of sand, crushed stone and mineral powder are the same as for asphalt mixes. Pigments are used iron oxide, with sufficient light, weather and heat resistance. As a binder, coumarone-indene resins with a softening point of 80-90 ° C are used. In table. 82 shows the approximate composition of colored plastic concrete.

The coating of colored plastic concrete is arranged with a thickness of 3 cm on various bases using a DC-1 asphalt paver. The length of the laying strip when laying a cold plast concrete pavement is not limited. The mixture is compacted by two motor rollers weighing up to 6 tons each. In the presence of longitudinal junction strips, rolling begins along the junction line in such a way that the freshly laid strip is also rolled to a width of 15-20 cm. To compact the layer of plast concrete, the number of passes of the roller along one track should be 20-25. The evenness of the coating is checked with a three-way rail, the clearance under which should not exceed 3 mm. Sidewalks made of colored plastic concrete in Moscow of blue color built near the choreographic school on 2nd Frunzenskaya Street, red - near the monument to Karl Marx, in public gardens on Sverdlov Square, etc.
Monolithic cement concrete can be used to cover sidewalks and footpaths, which is indispensable for the construction of curved platforms and free-form paths, which are widely used abroad in garden and park architecture. recent years. Such coatings are made of concrete not lower than M300. Concrete mixture is prepared at cement-concrete plants. Hydrophobic Portland cement not lower than M400 with the addition of granulated blast-furnace slag up to 7% is used as a binder. When using non-hydrophobic cement, to improve the basic properties of concrete, surface-active additives are introduced into the mixture: plasticizing additives - concentrates of sulfite-yeast mash and its derivatives, hydrophobic - various technical soaps: abietates (vinsol soaps), mylonaft, etc.
Sand is used natural (mountain, river) in its pure form or with additives. As additives, artificial sands, stone fines and screenings are used. The sand particle size module must not be lower than 2. Crushed stone for concrete coatings is used only pure, obtained by crushing durable frost-resistant rocks. The ultimate compressive strength in the water-saturated state of igneous rocks must be at least 1000 kgf / cm2 (100 MPa), sedimentary rocks - 800 kgf / cm2 (80 MPa). Loss in mass during abrasion in the shelf drum of igneous rocks is 25%, sedimentary - 30%. Crushed stone is used in two fractions: 3-10 and 10-20 mm. The approximate composition of the concrete mix: cement M400 - 430 kg, crushed stone - 1380; sand - 500 kg; water - 160 l. The mixture is delivered to the facility by ZIL-555, MAE-503 dump trucks or concrete mixer trucks.
For the construction of pavement pavements and footpaths, colored concrete is becoming more and more common. It is obtained as a result of the use of special colored cement as a binder or the introduction coloring pigments into the dry concrete mix during the preparation of the concrete mix. White and colored cements must be hydrophobic and comply with GOST 10178-62. The brand of cements must be at least 400 in terms of compression when tested in rammed solutions, tensile strength - at least 55 kgf / cm2 (5.5 MPa). The beginning of setting is not earlier than 2 hours.
Pigments produced by the domestic industry are of two types: mineral, including synthetic and. natural, obtained by fine grinding of paint ores, and organic. Pigments are finely dispersed powders, insoluble in water, oil and other solvents, capable of imparting color to materials when mixed with them. The coloring ability of pigments is the higher, the higher their dispersion.
For the manufacture of colored concrete suitable pigments that have a specific gravity close to the specific gravity of cement to ensure high homogeneity of the mixture; great coloring ability; alkali resistance; sunlight and atmospheric influences; lack of water soluble harmful impurities, which, when mixing cement with water, adversely affect the setting time, hardening process and strength cement stone; the absence of easily soluble salts that can form efflorescences; clean, bright color and low cost.
When pavements of sidewalks and footpaths are being laid, colored concrete can be laid in full thickness or in the top layer of the pavement with a thickness of 4-6 cm. Two-layer pavement with colored concrete in the top layer is made in two ways: conventional concrete) and the upper (decorative) layers of the coating are carried out without a break in time, which allows the sealing of two layers at the same time; 2) the device of the lower and upper layers is carried out separately and divided into two stages - laying concrete in the lower layer, compaction and care for it; laying of colored concrete in the upper layer no earlier than 7 days after the installation of the lower layer.
To ensure good adhesion of the layers, the surface of the concrete of the lower layer is treated with a 30% hydrochloric acid solution with immediate washing with water, and then a layer of 3-5 mm thick of an activated cement-sand mortar with a composition of 1: 1 is applied, after which the top layer of concrete is laid. Care for colored concrete, as well as for ordinary concrete, is carried out by covering with plastic wrap, glassine, kraft paper, etc., followed by backfilling with sand, which is periodically moistened.
Expansion joints are arranged according to the same type and method as for ordinary cement-concrete coatings. When laying concrete in two layers, the seams arranged in the lower layer must also be in the upper one.
When putting it into operation, a number of requirements are imposed on the finished concrete pavement. The coating must be performed in accordance with the project and the current regulatory and technical documents. Upon acceptance, it is necessary to check the thickness of the base according to acts for hidden work, the brand of laid concrete according to laboratory tests, the evenness of the surface of the coating with a two-rail at least every 20 m. Allowable deviations from the project in thickness - no more than ± 5 mm, in evenness - clearance under two lath should be no more than 3 mm, the coating should be free of shells, cracks; on the width of the coating - no more than 5 cm; on the transverse slope - no more than 5%; by the difference in the level of seams - no more than 3 mm; on the strength of concrete at 28 days of age when tested for bending - no more than 5%, for compression - no more than 10%.
Sidewalks and footpaths are also covered with small stone blocks (mosaic), clinker bricks, asphalt concrete, silicate, ceramic, cement-concrete and stone slabs. Coatings of a wide variety of patterns are arranged from stone checkers - transverse and diagonal rows, along the arcs of a circle, etc. Clinker bricks are laid in transverse and diagonal rows, as well as in a longitudinal and transverse Christmas tree. stone slabs they are mainly made in a square shape with a side size of up to 75 cm or rectangular shape with the size of the larger side up to 1 m with an aspect ratio of 1:1.5. Such plates are laid without bandaging or with bandaging of seams. Asphalt concrete slabs are made in size 20X20X3; 25X25X4; 30X30X4 cm.
One of the promising types of prefabricated pavements for sidewalks and footpaths are pavements made of concrete small-sized slabs. The production of plates by the industrial method makes it possible to make this type of coating cheaper and more massive. In turn, mass production will contribute to further reduction in cost and progress in the development of prefabricated coatings. With this manufacturing method, concrete slabs are more durable and hygienic and can replace natural stone. The front surface of the plates, in addition to its color, can be treated with various special matrices. Concrete slabs are extremely diverse in shape: square, rectangular, hexagonal, round, and trapezoidal, triangular and all kinds of irregular shape. Slabs of prefabricated pavement pavements and footpaths are laid on various grounds, whose thickness (in cm) is given below.

Sand is used as the underlying layer, the layer thickness of which is taken up to 25 cm. Slabs, depending on the accepted width of the sidewalk, garden or park path stacked with or without dressing the seams, as well as diagonally.
Laying of plates should be carried out in a “pull-on” manner. To maintain the slope and evenness of the pavement when laying the slabs, it is recommended to start work with a verst row laid along the side stone or the edge of the lawn or across the sidewalk, laying to one or both sides of the verst row and lead towards the slope.
For the device of coatings from plates with a size of 50X50 cm, a round-shaped vacuum gripper d = 400 mm, weighing 7 kg, is used, which can lift a load of up to 100 kg. To ensure full adhesion of the slabs to the base, the final landing of the slabs to the design mark is carried out with a special vibrator weighing 44 kg.
The width of the seam between the plates must be at least 5 mm. Control over the width of the seams is carried out using templates. The excess of the edges of adjacent plates should not be more than 2 mm. The seams between the plates are filled with various materials according to the project. The evenness of the coating is checked with a three-way rail at least every 20 m; clearance under the rail should not exceed 3 mm.
For the mechanization of work on laying small-sized paving slabs, a replaceable vacuum-gripping device mounted on a forklift or an E-153 excavator can be recommended. The traverse is a frame on which vacuum grippers are mounted in the amount of 1-4. The distance between the centers of the vacuum grippers on the traverse must vary depending on the size of the plates used. With the help of such a device, up to 400 plates can be laid per shift.
The laying of paving slabs with a side dimension of more than 75 cm is carried out by truck cranes according to the technology used in the construction of roadway pavements from precast concrete slabs.

NIImosstroy has developed a machine for laying paving slabs. The stacker performs the formation of the base of a given profile, its compaction and, at the same time, the laying of the slabs. Thus, the combination of three operations is ensured, which significantly increases labor productivity. On fig. 114 shows a diagram of a machine for laying paving slabs. The equipment of the machine consists of an inclined guide 6 with calibrating ribs 15 and a base plate 5 and a vibrating plate 3 connected to the guide rods 4. In the upper part of the guide there is a receiving device 9, which serves to accommodate a container 10 with a package of plates 11. The supply of plates from the receiving device on the guide is carried out by a device consisting of pushers 12 with a hydraulic cylinder 13, which is automatically controlled using a lever with a roller 8 and a hydraulic distributor 7. Vibrators 1 of the stacker working body are installed on the vibrating plate 3. The vibrators are driven by a hydraulic motor through a V-belt transmission 2. The equipment is installed on the base machine using a hinged hitch 16, which ensures the adaptability of the base plate to the surface of the base being laid due to the longitudinal and transverse hinges of the hitch. The guide is set into the transport position by means of a hydraulic cylinder 14 and couplers connecting the guide to the screed.
The vibrating plate is transported in a trailer to the stacker using a trolley. At the same time, the working body of the stacker is suspended through the walls to the guide, which, in turn, rests on the vibrating plate. This reduces the cantilever load on the driving wheels of the tractor. The container is a welded structure consisting of a beam with ribs and side plates. Shoes are attached to the ribs, which ensure the inclined position of the plates in the container. In the center of the beam, lugs are welded for the hook of the lifting mechanism, which feeds the container with slabs into the receiving device.
The equipment works as follows. Moving, the stacker forms the base from the required material, for example, a cement-sand mixture, with its working body. At the same time, plates are fed to the base formed by the stacker with a guide in a continuous flow, which move under the action of gravity and the mass of the overlying plates. The vibrating plate makes a draft of plates. The plate guide is fed from the receiving device by pushers controlled by automatic device. This device is affected by the plates located on the guide.
The equipment ensures the laying of paving slabs 25X25-50X50 cm in size, for which the sizing ribs are able to move along the guide with their fixation in a given position. The drive of the working bodies of the equipment is carried out from the driver's cab of the base machine. The proposed machines and devices make it possible to reduce labor costs when arranging pavement pavements. However, in order to further increase labor productivity in the installation of prefabricated coatings, work should be carried out to create light high-speed machines.

THE GOVERNMENT OF MOSCOW

COMPLEX OF ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION,
DEVELOPMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CITY

State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy"

on the arrangement of sidewalks
from concrete slabs

TR 158-04

Moscow - 2005

Technical recommendations are developed on the basis of the results of research and development production work carried out by the laboratory of road construction of the State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy", experimental design and production work of CJSC "SBM Zapchast-Service", CJSC "SDM Gidroprivod", as well as based on the analysis of domestic and foreign experience construction.

The following people took part in the work on the document: Ph.D. L.V. Gorodetsky, Ph.D. R.I. Bega, V.F. Demin (GUP "NIIMosstroy"), S.M. Arakeliants, Ph.D. I.I. Davitnidze (ZAO SBM Zapchast-Service), V.N. Arakeliants (CJSC SDM Hydroprivod).

GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. These recommendations apply to the construction in summer and winter in Moscow of environmentally friendly sidewalks, pedestrian and garden paths, pedestrian streets, parking lots, entrances to residential and public buildings, coatings in social and cultural areas (hospitals, clinics, schools, kindergartens , nursery), at gas stations and sites for various purposes from prefabricated coatings.

For the device of prefabricated coatings, slabs and small-sized figured paving elements are used, made of heavy and sandy concrete, as well as concrete using various industrial waste products, reinforced with metal and basalt fibers.

Paving slabs are products with a ratio of their length l to thickness h more than 4, with smaller values l/h£ 4 - small-sized elements.

1.2. The winter period is considered the time of the year between the date of the onset of zero average daily stable temperature in the fall and the date of the onset of the same temperature in the spring.

1.3. To solve aesthetic, architectural and functional problems in modern urban construction, concrete slabs and small-sized paving elements can have various shapes and sizes, which are not always a multiple of the pedestrian lane width (0.75 cm) adopted in GOST 17608-91*.

1.4. To expand the range of products, NIIMosstroy has developed designs for lattice plates. Plate holes can be filled with small-sized elements that can be used independently (appendices 1, 2, 3). Holes in lattice slabs can be filled with stone materials (crushed stone, gravel, crushed stone screenings, sand, etc.), as well as soil with lawn grass seeds.

1.5. Slabs and paving elements for prefabricated coatings (including those with a decorative and colored surface) can be manufactured using various technologies that provide physical and mechanical properties that meet the requirements of GOST 17608-91*.

1.6. The thickness of paving slabs and small-sized elements is selected in accordance with the project. The approximate thickness of prefabricated products for various structures can be taken as follows: in areas where only pedestrian traffic is expected - 4 - 6 cm; if the movement of cars is allowed - ³ 6 - 8 cm; in case the arrival of trucks is possible - ³ 8 - 10 cm.

1.7. The structural elements of the sidewalks include: a sandy underlay, a base of sand, sand-cement mixture, crushed stone and low-cement concrete; concrete coating, incl. modified products. Process sequence work on the construction of prefabricated coatings includes the following stages: digging and compacting the earthen trough; the device of the underlying layer; installation of side stone; arrangement of the base and covering from slabs or small-sized paving elements, followed by filling the joints. Depending on the hydrological features of the territory and the requirements of the project, it is possible to use film and geotextile materials in the structural layers of sidewalks, platforms, etc.

1.8. The main options for structures made of prefabricated concrete products are shown in fig. one.

Rice. 1. Structures from paving slabs and small-sized elements

1 - plates; 2 - loose sand or sand-cement mixture; 3 - bases made of sand-cement mixture, B7.5 concrete, sand, crushed stone, bitumen-mineral mixture; 4 - sandy frost-protective layer; 5 - small-sized paving elements; 6, 7 - polyethylene film or dornite-type geotextile; 8 - basalt mesh.