How to grow mushrooms at home. Mushroom farm - an idea for a business from scratch Growing mushrooms at home

Mushrooms are a natural source of protein and valuable vitamins. Growing mushrooms at home for beginners is a complex but exciting process that brings good fruits. The finished product can be consumed independently or sold.

Technology for growing mushrooms at home

Mycelium for growing mushrooms

Organizing a proper mycelium takes almost half the time it takes to grow mushrooms. Growing experts prefer mycelium own production. Otherwise, the abundance and speed of harvest will depend on suppliers, who do not always work perfectly. High-quality mycelium can be grown on wooden sticks or grain substrate. Each variety of mushroom requires a different approach.

Mushroom growing kit

Today there are kits on sale that allow you to grow mushrooms with absolutely no effort. Most often these are boxes with oyster mushrooms. Russian instructions are included, so you won’t get confused in the process and will definitely get a harvest. The used substrate will be used as fertilizer. According to the manufacturer's recommendation, a temperature of 14 to 22 degrees is needed. The box gives 3 harvests, and there is only a week pause between them, during which time the substrate is restored. Home care consists of regular watering. On cardboard container There are dotted lines to create slits, a linen towel, a watering device, a thermometer with a magnet, and the mushroom block itself.

Blocks for growing mushrooms

Mushroom blocks are convenient polyethylene bags. Package dimensions may vary. Today, packages of 900 by 350 mm are in demand. The manufacturer fills the bags with substrate. This is a highly nutritious medium for fungal growth. The package also contains mushroom seed material. If you place the block in appropriate conditions, a rich harvest of high-quality mushrooms will soon appear. Most often it is oyster mushroom. One block costs from 100 rubles.

Growing mushrooms in a greenhouse

To grow mushrooms in greenhouses, you need to choose and prepare the greenhouse design correctly. Most often, dim light and humidity up to 90% are recommended. Greenhouses consisting of 4 flanges, where there is heating - gas, stove or electric, are best suited for growing champignons. Oyster mushrooms grow well in greenhouses. For mushroom greenhouses, fog sprayers are often purchased and installed ventilation systems, manual or mechanical straw chopper.

Growing champignon mushrooms

Conditions for growing mushrooms in the basement of a house

Champignons do not need light, so they can grow in a dark basement. Mushrooms require good ventilation with insect mesh, but without drafts. It is permissible to install forced fans above the drawers and cleaning filters. During the winter months the heating is turned on. The humidity is monitored with a hygrometer and thermometer, the room is ventilated to reduce humidity, and the floors and shelving are irrigated to increase it. Mycelium growth occurs at a temperature of 23 degrees, fruits grow at 16-17 degrees. Thus, it is better to have 2 zones with a stable temperature - in one, incubation occurs and the mycelium grows into the substrate, and in the other, a crop is created.

How to grow mushrooms in the basement?

Champignon harvest

The optimal temperature for mycelium growth is the range of 20-27 degrees. Young mushroom threads can be seen after 10-12 days. Next, you need to pour 4 cm of soil onto the substrate (soil mixed with peat, limestone), wait another 5 days. Spray the planting with water from time to time. When the incubation phase ends, the temperature is reduced to 12-17 degrees and the growth of mushrooms begins. After 3-4 months the harvest occurs. The mushrooms are removed by twisting, without cutting, and the place of the mushroom is covered with soil. The harvest is harvested at the moment when a white film has not yet appeared on the cap, there are no brown plates. Active growth lasts 1-2 weeks, you can get 5-8 harvests. The varieties best suited for growing at home are two-ringed, two-spored, Hauser A15, meadow champignon, Somycel 512.

Equipment for mushroom cultivation

Large champignon producers use expensive equipment. For example, hot water boilers, steam generators. The work is performed by machines and mechanisms, such as conveyors, soil rippers, irrigation devices, and lifts with winches. And manufacturers are forced to buy a lot ventilation equipment, For example, centrifugal fans and heaters, heat exchangers and air purification systems.

Growing oyster mushrooms

Conditions for the growth of oyster mushrooms

If you grow oyster mushrooms in a natural environment, the harvest will only come once a year, so the intensive method of growing on a special substrate is popular. The basement for mushrooms should be clean, free of pests and mold, with good ventilation, temperature 10-20 degrees, humidity 85-95%. Typically the space must be sealed and heated. First you need to purchase mycelium and substrate - it includes hay, buckwheat husk, stems, wood shavings. The product is sold in bags. For looseness and air saturation, the substrate is treated by dry or wet blowing with steam, boiling for 1.5 hours in hot water. You can boil the substrate in a bag with holes. Drying thoroughly for 2 days will protect against mold. Then grind the substrate and mix. Mycelium is stored for 6-9 months at a temperature of 3-4 degrees (not higher than 20 degrees).

Growing mushrooms in bags

Keep the mycelium for 1 day at room temperature. Mash directly in the package. The mycelium is planted and mushrooms are grown in different rooms or behind a partition. Open the package under sterile conditions. Mix the mycelium and substrate, there should be 1.5-3% mycelium. Pack the mixture into plastic bags, each weighing 10-15 kg. For the basement better bags 5 kg. You need to make holes in each bag. The cuts are made with a clean knife, at an angle of 45 degrees, 50 mm long. Place the bags in an incubation area with a temperature of 25 degrees, not higher than 30 degrees. Do not ventilate the room. The free area between the bags is at least 5 cm. The bags are not stacked on top of each other. Incubation lasts 18-25 days, then for cultivation we place the bags vertically.

Growing mushrooms as a business

If the temperature is up to 20 degrees, mushrooms with dark caps will grow, and up to 10 - with light caps. For harvest you need lighting - 5 W per 1 sq. m. Water the mushrooms with warm irrigation 1-2 times a day. To prevent spores in the air from causing allergies, you need to keep mushrooms away from your home. The harvest will appear in 1.5 months. When you collect mushrooms, the next batch will ripen in 14-21 days. To speed up the growth of the crop, you need to sort out the substrate and cut off the entire stem. At the right approach Oyster mushrooms grow for 6 months. If mold appears, remove the bag and make fertilizer out of it. For successful business Oyster mushrooms require investment, but it all pays off. 100 sq. m of plantings will bring up to 4 tons of harvest per year. A kilogram of mushrooms costs about $1.50. To grow your business, purchase a set of tools and follow the instructions. For sale special blocks and others useful accessories, which facilitate the process and ensure a rich harvest.

Growing mushrooms on stumps

If you populate garden stumps with mycelium, you can harvest for 5 years. The stump will gradually degenerate into dust. Not only oyster mushrooms, but also honey mushrooms grow well on stumps. To saturate the stump with mycelium, you need to chop and soak the mushroom caps in warm rainwater. There is also another method - remove a section of a forest stump where mushrooms grew and nail it to a garden stump. Moisten the transplantation area. To create comfort for mushroom growth, shade is needed; for this, monardas, rudbeckias and ferns are planted around the perimeter of mushroom stumps. Stump dust is a good fertilizer.

Growing Shiitake Mushrooms

Planting mycelium in logs

The basis for growing mushrooms is felled logs from oak, chestnut, beech, and hornbeam trees. The bars are selected healthy, 20 cm in diameter, 1.5 m long, with a humidity of 35-70%. The bars are suitable for sowing mycelium for 1-3 months. To do this, holes are drilled in a checkerboard pattern using a sterile 8 mm drill. Lay the rows of holes 10 cm apart from each other, space the holes 20 cm apart from each other. The depth of the holes is 50 cm. The substrate mycelium is laid under wooden plugs, which are hammered in and covered with paraffin or wax. Place all the blanks in a woodpile and place it in the greenhouse. But forests, greenhouses, and hangars are also suitable for incubation.

Shiitake fruiting

Proper incubation takes place at 20-26 degrees, 6-18 months. To stimulate fruiting, moisture is necessary. Mushrooms will grow for 2-5 years, in bars different sizes active period may vary. In a warm environment, shiitake fruits produce fruits 2 times a year. After 2 months, the logs are soaked to rest. This technique ideal for humid regions. The best place to organize a plantation is a draft-free place protected from the sun.

Growing shiitake in bags

The bag technique is applicable not only to oyster mushrooms, but also to shiitake mushrooms. A normal substrate can be made from sawdust obtained from deciduous trees. An important fact is the size of the sawdust mass fractions. The fractions should not be very small, otherwise the mass will clump and there will be no full air movement. A moist and clean microclimate should be created to obtain a high-quality harvest.

Growing porcini mushrooms

What is needed to grow mushrooms in a mycelium plot?

Porcini mushrooms are successfully cultivated in natural soil. Therefore, a personal plot is the best plantation. The downside here is that you can only harvest once a year. Mycelium can be bought at the store. It is laid out in May-September under coniferous trees that are not old. You will also need properly prepared compost, leaves, moss and branches. One plot can take up to 1.5 m, the tree will be in the center.

Planting porcini mushrooms in the garden

Remove 20 cm of soil. Place a 2 cm layer of compost or soil rich in peat. The mycelium is laid out in a checkerboard pattern, at intervals of approximately 30 cm. Cover the planting with straw and water it. Optimal soil moisture is 40%. The established mycelium will produce a harvest in a year. Porcini mushrooms will grow in the country for 3-4 years. Subject to fertilization - up to 7 years.

Porcini mushrooms indoors

If porcini mushrooms are grown indoors, then it is necessary to adhere to the temperature range of 8-12 degrees. You also need enhanced ventilation, periodically turn on the lighting and keep the humidity at 90-92%.

Growing mushrooms from caps in the country

Cap technology is also available in the garden. Seed material is 10 mature mushrooms, which have 20 cm caps with greenish flesh. Soak the mushrooms for a day in a bucket of rainwater, then mash them by hand without removing them from the bucket. Using a sieve, separate the infusion with spores from the mushroom pulp. Pour the solution onto a bare piece of land, the proportions are 2 liters per square meter. m, then put the mushroom tissue, sprinkle with soil and water. In winter, cover the material. Watering once a week. When the mycelium takes root, after 1-2 years, 2-5 kg ​​of harvest will appear. Porcini mushrooms will grow for 3-4 years.

Growing Kombucha

How to make kombucha from tea leaves?

Kombucha is grown to create a tasty and healthy drink. You only need a few items - a clean 3-liter jar, black loose leaf tea without additives and a kettle, gauze, sugar and boiling water. First, brew 0.5 liters of boiling water and 5 tablespoons of tea, then filter the infusion using gauze. Pour strong tea leaves into a jar, cover with gauze, and keep in a warm environment for 1.5 months. After a week, the infusion will smell like vinegar; after a week it will become weaker. A thin film will gradually stretch on the surface of the tea leaves - this is the rudiment of kombucha. The mushroom will grow fat throughout its existence.

Growing rosehip mushroom

To prepare a vitamin infusion, take 4 large spoons of dry or fresh rose hips and pour 0.5 liters of boiling water. Keep the tea covered for 5 days. Pour rosehip infusion into a jar, mixing with tea leaves - 1 spoon of black tea large leaf for 1 glass hot water. Sweeten with sugar - 5 tablespoons, mix everything, leave for a day. Then filter the liquid through cheesecloth, wash the jar and pour the infusion into it again. Cover the container with gauze and wait 1.5-2 months, a mushroom should appear.

How to properly care for kombucha?

A healthy mushroom is always on the surface. The average volume of liquid in a jar is 0.5 liters. When the mushroom grows, the volume increases to 3 liters. To add liquid, pour the brewed tea leaves - it is brewed with boiling water, cooled, sweetened with sugar and poured into a jar. The amount of sugar is 2 tablespoons per 1 liter. Tea leaves do not harm the mushroom, but the sugar must be thoroughly dissolved and the crystals should not come into contact with the homemade mushroom. Mushroom washing - once every 14-21 days. To do this, place the mushroom on a plate, filter the liquid, and pour into a fresh jar. Wash the living round substance warm water. Brown color and separation are a sign of disease. A healthy mushroom produces a tasty clear infusion.

As you can see, mushrooms are very different and cultivation technologies are different. You can produce this wonderful product for yourself or develop a good home business on this basis.

Lovers of quiet hunting are accustomed to picking mushrooms among fir trees and birches, in forest clearings and sunny edges. But weather conditions are not always favorable for mushroom pickers, and sometimes they return home with half-empty baskets and a spoiled mood.

And connoisseurs and experts in growing mushrooms under artificial conditions suggest not wasting time and effort on fruitless searches, but rather start growing your favorite porcini mushrooms in your backyard or in a secluded corner of your apartment.

At home, it’s good to practice not only boletus mushrooms. Work on growing champignons, oyster mushrooms, honey mushrooms, Japanese shiitake mushrooms, and chanterelles will be successful. First, you need to calculate the costs and decide what types of mushrooms you have the desire and ability to deal with.

If you grow mycelium (fungal spores) yourself, there is a risk of not being able to cope with this stage of the work. In order to obtain high-quality mycelium, absolutely sterile conditions must be created, and this is not always possible at home.

The solution is to use various ready-made combinations of dry grain or dung mycelium, which, after reading the instructions, is quite easy to work with.

In addition, it is necessary to prepare the soil substrate, decide which boxes or bags it will be in, how and in what rooms to place these containers.

Measures should be taken to create artificial optimal climatic conditions. When growing mushrooms in garden beds, concerns about light, temperature, humidity and air ventilation practically disappear, but the soil and wood structures, such as stumps for honey mushrooms, are still prepared in advance.

When growing mushrooms in rooms with windows, the glass must be whitened to prevent exposure to bright light. sunlight.

If there is absolutely no access to natural light to the room, then needs to be installed fluorescent lamps ,which emit a red-blue spectrum, suitable for low street lighting. They are used in the daytime during the period when the fruiting bodies emerge from the substrate fungal block.

Mushroom growing technology for beginners

The technological process begins with the preparation of premises, soil substrate or compost.

Then they buy or grow their own mycelium, which is planted in the substrate.

The last stage is the process of cultivation itself, that is, growing mushrooms.

Growing champignons at home

Growing any mushrooms in an apartment can provoke asthma and other pulmonary diseases, because the spores are strong allergens and, when ripe, are spread throughout the room. In extreme cases, you can work with mushrooms on a loggia or balcony, but it is best in a separate building or basement.

The size of the harvest of champignons grown at home will depend from air humidity indoors (up to 70%) and on the quality of the soil substrate.

It takes several weeks to prepare. Enclosed spaces are not used in this case, because poisoning may occur from the gases released during fermentation of the substrate components. The substrate is produced by composting straw and manure with the addition of fertilizers and soil deoxidizers.

Preparing compost for growing champignons (video)

Room for growing mushrooms

Ideal for growing mushrooms should be about cleaned from dirt, ventilated room with the ability to adjust humidity and temperature.

Professionals usually use not one, but two rooms - camera for incubation period mycelium, and the premises where mushroom blocks are moved with the beginning of germination of fruiting bodies.

This is due to the fact that the initial stage should take place in the dark and at a temperature of +25°C.

And for the final stage, periodic illumination and a decrease in temperature to +16°C are required. Humidity should always be kept high and should not fall below 65%.

Improperly organized ventilation will lead to the accumulation of moisture and carbon dioxide. As a result fruiting bodies may die or, at best, become deformed.

Compost

In order to create a mycelium measuring 2.5-3 m², you need about 300 kg of a mixture consisting of 100 kg of dry straw, 2 kg of carbamide (urea), 2 kg of superphosphate, chalk and gypsum for a total of no more than 15 kg, and the rest must be manure, horse or cow.

The straw, pre-soaked for 24 hours, is laid out in layers, which are sprinkled with fertilizers, manure, chalk and gypsum. Each layer is additionally moistened, using at least 300 liters of water, and mixed. The mixture is turned over several more times and placed in a pile with a height of about 1.5 m and a width of 1.2 m. Fermentation of the components will begin inside it, releasing heat. The compost will be ready for use no earlier than three weeks later. During this period, it needs to be stirred once a week.

Planting mycelium

Mycelium for growing champignons is planted in compost heated to +26 °C. At a temperature lower than just two degrees, the survival rate of the mycelium sharply decreases; if it is higher, it will die.

The mycelium grown in manure is taken out of the jars and crushed into pieces weighing 15-20 g. They are planted in pre-made recesses or grooves 5 cm deep, staggered at a distance of 20 cm from each other. Gradually the mycelium will grow and fill the entire space.

The laid pieces of mycelium are covered with moistened compost on top and lightly compacted. Some mushroom growers, when planting mycelium, lift the compost with pegs and place planting material in the gap. The grain mycelium is mixed with the compost substrate, and compost without mycelium up to 5 cm thick is sprinkled on top.

The soil for growing mushrooms can be laid out on the floor of the room in the form of ridges, or on racks located one above the other. The gap between the floors of the racks is up to 30 cm, the width of the racks is up to 1.5 m.

Caring for a mushroom plantation

In the first 12 days after planting, the temperature of the mycelium should be the same as at the time of planting - from +24 to +26°C. At further stages of mushroom cultivation, the temperature should be maintained in the range of +18 to +20°C.

After checking the mycelium for survival, that is, for the appearance of long white threads or spots, loose turf soil mixed with peat or sandstone is poured onto its surface in a layer of 3-4 cm.

The room where mushrooms grow must be ventilated daily to remove accumulated carbon dioxide. Enter closed greenhouses before they are ventilated wearing masks or respirators.

Without the support of high air humidity and moderate compost, the mycelium will dry out and stop growing. Mushroom beds should also not be flooded to avoid the formation of mold, which can lead to the death of the mycelium.

How to grow oyster mushrooms at home

Oyster mushrooms are naturally found on the trunks or rotten stumps of dried deciduous trees. Under artificial cultivation conditions, it is bred on a substrate of straw, reeds, sunflower husks, and sawdust. The substrate and mycelium of oyster mushrooms are alternately laid out in bags or bags in layers until the full capacity of the container.

Bags and packages with contents are pierced in several places with an awl at a distance of at least 20 cm from each other. Several punctures are made in the corners of the bottom of the bag to remove liquid.

Bags with mycelium are placed in a dark room with an air temperature of 18 to 25°C. After two weeks, the mycelium should grow, in which case the substrate should turn white.

The mycelium will ripen at this temperature for another week. Then the air needs to be cooled to 5°C. By this time, the first fruiting bodies of the mushrooms will begin to appear through the slits in the bags.

At this stage of cultivation in the daytime, turn on for 12 hours
dim lighting.

Growing oyster mushrooms (video)

How to grow honey mushrooms at home

Honey mushroom is very popular among summer residents. They practice its cultivation on logs and stumps, in greenhouse conditions, and in basements.

At home, they are grown in jars. Banks are placed on balconies or window sills.

Before starting to work with honey mushroom mycelium, the jars must be sterilized. The substrate consists of sawdust from larch trees (three parts) and bran (one part). The mixture is poured with boiling water for one day, then allowed to cool and sterile gloves squeezed and compacted.

The substrate is placed at the bottom of the jar, keeping it clean and sterile, a depression is made and the mycelium is placed in it. Sprinkle the substrate on top, in a 3 cm layer. The jar, closed with a lid with holes, is taken out to dark place. The air temperature should not fall below 22-25 °C. To maintain humidity inside the jar, cover it with damp gauze or cotton wool. Make sure that the cotton wool or gauze does not dry out.

The first honey mushrooms should appear in a month and a half. Mushrooms should no longer grow in the dark, but in a shaded place. To avoid interference with mushroom growth, remove the lid. Make sure that the mycelium does not dry out and periodically spray it with water.

How to grow honey mushrooms on stumps (video)

Growing shiitake mushrooms at home

For shiitake mushrooms, fresh stumps 1.5 m long of oak, chestnut, and beech are used. On stumps, the bark should be intact, the wood under the bark should be moist. To maintain humidity, the shiitake growing area should be in the shade. Seeding with mycelium can continue until the wood dries out, 1 to 3 months.

The mycelium mixed with the substrate is pushed into holes drilled with a drill pre-treated with alcohol. Then the holes are closed with wooden pegs, like plugs, and sealed with paraffin. The stumps with embedded mycelium are tightly connected to each other in the form of a standing woodpile. Cover the woodpile with film. Store at 20-26 °C, if conditions allow, outdoors in the shade, or indoors. The development of the mycelium lasts from half a year to 18 months.

After the mycelium grows, the stumps are shed abundantly and for a long time with water. Fruiting on the same stumps can occur several times.

Growing shiitake mushrooms on stumps (video)

Growing shiitake in the basement (photo)

How to grow porcini mushroom near your home

Mushroom pickers often pick overripe porcini mushrooms in the forest. Some people independently make liquid seed spore material from these mushrooms, and then in secluded places of their garden plot With suitable soil water the ground with it.

Mushrooms are chopped either using a knife or passing through a meat grinder. To the bottom of a trimmed 5 liter plastic bottle Place minced mushrooms and fill with 4 liters of spring water at room temperature. Add 50 g of live baker's yeast, cover loosely with several layers of gauze and leave for 2 weeks in a warm, unlit place. 100 grams of the resulting mixture is diluted with 2 liters of settled water and poured over the area. If the soil is not suitable, then it is prepared, bringing the composition as close as possible to the soil where the mushrooms were picked.

The first signs of mycelium growth will appear in a few months, and the first mushrooms will appear in a year and a half.

How to grow porcini mushrooms in your garden (video)

How to grow chanterelles

The difference between growing chanterelles and porcini mushrooms near the house is that the spores are not shed on any areas with prepared soil, but only on areas near the same tree near which the mushroom was found.

If you use purchased mycelium, you can try to plant it under conifers, fruit trees and shrubs, even raspberries.

The main thing is that the trees are at least 5 years old. The myceliums of chanterelles do not freeze out, but they still need to be covered with fallen leaves or straw. Mushrooms are planted from early spring until late autumn.

Growing mushrooms in plastic bags

When growing mushrooms using bag-bag technology, the problem of the spread of diseases and molds is eliminated, because there is a barrier made of propylene or polyethylene between the mushrooms. The mushrooms additionally receive carbon dioxide, which is well retained by the film, and the soil substrate is easier to maintain moist.

Polymer containers are much cheaper than containers, easy to use and easy to recycle. The transparency of the film allows you to observe the development of the mycelium. The shape of the bags can be cylindrical or cubic, which allows them to be placed in a way that is convenient for the manufacturer and saves space in the room reserved for mushroom propagation.

Growing mushrooms in the basement

In the absence of special above-ground premises, mushroom lovers grow them in basements, where they create optimal conditions so as not to lose the harvest.

The main advantage of such places for growing mushrooms is that when using them, the material costs of maintaining low temperatures are reduced, and the humidity in them is usually high. But most likely it will be necessary to carry out work related to ventilation of the basement. The cultivation technology is not much different from the processes in ground-based premises.

Amateurs and professionals who grow mushrooms, despite great efforts, still receive material benefits from their work. The main thing is to comply with everything necessary conditions and cleanliness, so that you don’t get dried mycelium instead of mushrooms.

Mushrooms are always popular, regardless of the time of year. Some people like to collect them in the forest on their own, others prefer to buy them in stores and markets. Growing mushrooms at home or in the country can be a very profitable business. Its profitability reaches 40%, and entering the business does not require special knowledge or large investments.

What mushrooms to grow?

First of all, you need to decide what kind of mushrooms you plan to grow. There are several cost-effective options:

• White mushroom– one of the most valuable on the mushroom market. Soups, sauces, and salads are prepared from it. In high demand. But at the same time, growing porcini mushrooms is a somewhat troublesome task, since they grow best in gardens near the roots of trees. When grown in greenhouses, they need to create conditions similar to natural ones.
• Oyster mushrooms– the easiest type of mushroom to grow. Requires a small area for planting, and the monthly harvest from one square meter can reach 14 kg. The first mushrooms can be obtained within a month. Oyster mushroom is in great demand because it contains a lot nutrients, vitamins B, PP, C and H and amino acids.
• Champignons– this type of mushroom is considered one of the most expensive. Requires compost, which is quite difficult to make at home, therefore, you will have to spend money on purchasing it.

Business registration

It is necessary to obtain a number of documents that will allow you to legally sell mushrooms:

• Certificate of registration as an individual entrepreneur. OKVED code – A.01.12.31. (growing mushrooms and mycelium). The tax regime should be the Unified Agricultural Tax.
• Certificate of registration with the pension fund and tax service.
• Permission and certificates from SES.
• Conclusion of Rospotrebnadzor.
• Radiology protocol.
• Certificate of quality obtained from Rosstandart.
• Compiled and approved rules for the storage and transportation of mushrooms and products derived from them.

Please note that laboratory certificates are only valid as long as you grow mushrooms on the same substrate. When changing the substrate, it is necessary to undergo laboratory tests again.

Selecting a room

You can grow mushrooms either personal plot, and indoors. The second is relevant if you plan to open a mushroom farm and receive crops constantly, and not just in the warm season. A basement, a warehouse, a greenhouse, and even an ordinary living room are suitable.

To grow mushrooms you need dry and clean room with good ventilation. In the cold season, it is also necessary to install additional stoves or radiators to maintain thermal regime.

It is worth paying attention to humidity, which should reach 80-90% depending on the type of mushroom being grown. To maintain it, it is necessary to install containers filled with cold water in the room.

Despite the fact that mushrooms do not like bright light, it is still necessary to provide short-term artificial lighting. It will be needed during the ripening of the crop.

It is advisable to divide the room into several zones, based on the main stages:

1. For preparing and storing the substrate.
2. For planting mushrooms.
3. For germinating mycelium.
4. For direct cultivation and collection of mushrooms.
5. For processing and storing finished products.

The selected room must be pre-treated with a disinfectant solution and then the walls must be whitewashed.

Purchase of mycelium

Mycelium is a mycelium that looks like thin light threads 10 microns thick or less. After planting, mushroom growth begins. When choosing mycelium, you should pay attention to the variety, type and timing of ripening of mushrooms, their resistance to diseases of various kinds.

Be sure to check the expiration date of the mycelium, their color and smell. The seller must have a license for the product.

To get started, buy a small trial batch.

Equipment

For proper organization business on a mushroom farm, it is important to have such equipment and consumables, How:

• plastic bags for planting mushrooms;
• refrigerator and refrigeration chambers;
• heaters;
• humidifiers;
• racks;
• packaging containers;
• boxes for harvesting.

Staff

If you have established serious production in industrial scale, then you should get helpers. To operate a mushroom farm you need:

• technologist;
• harvester and packer;
• handyman;
• sales manager

The number of workers depends on the size of the farm and the volume of harvest.

How to grow porcini mushroom

The technology depends on where you grow mushrooms:

In an open area

First you need to prepare special solution according to this recipe: break the cap of an adult mushroom and soak it for a day in cold water. Then you need to remove the top layer of turf from the area directly near the trees, and water the cleaned area with an infused solution with fungal spores.

It is worth planting mushrooms in late May - early June, if you are in the southern regions, in middle lane The landing dates fall at the end of August - beginning of September.

To speed up growth, you can buy porcini mushroom mycelium. It is planted in a small pit, about 20-30 cm deep. It is first filled with substrate. The substrate can be:

• dry tree leaves;
• bark;
• various types of nutritional mixtures.

The thickness of the layer reaches 7-10 cm. Then a second layer is laid, consisting of humus or ordinary soil, the mycelium is placed on it, then another layer of the nutrient mixture 3 cm thick. Then everything is sprinkled with a layer of earth 3-5 cm thick.

In the greenhouse

Seeds must be planted in boxes and placed on racks. For planting, special compost is used, consisting of:

• dry chopped straw;
• sawdust;
• sunflower husks;
• chalk or plaster in small quantities.

Chicken, cow or horse droppings can be used as fertilizer. The resulting mixture is poured hot water and infuses for 2-3 weeks. During this period, the compost is shaken and watered. Then mycelium is added to the compost and placed in boxes.

It is necessary to arrange dim lighting in the room, high level humidity and provide ventilation.

Growing oyster mushrooms

There are two options for growing these mushrooms:

First option

Involves the preparation of a substrate, which includes:

• chopped and soaked straw;
• sawdust;
• fresh sunflower husk.

The mixture is crushed and poured with hot water. After cooling, it is placed in polypropylene bags. You should alternate between a substrate layer and a mycelium layer. In this case, the mycelium makes up 3-5% of the total mass of the bag. The polyethylene should have holes for ventilation, about 2 cm in diameter. It is advisable to make holes every 15 cm.

For the first month, the workpieces are stored in a closed dark room with a humidity of 90% and a temperature of about 25 degrees. After the specified period, everything moves to a cooler place with a temperature of 12-18 degrees, where the mushrooms ripen.

The first mushrooms can be obtained within a few weeks, and they grow in waves. With each new wave, the amount of harvested crop is smaller.

Second option

Involves the use of wood and stumps to grow crops:

1. Take stumps of deciduous trees, preferably young ones that are not infected with other fungi. You can also use pre-treated tree trunk cuttings.
2. Stumps and cuttings are infected with mycelium and kept at high humidity until they become overgrown with mycelium.
3. They are then planted in the ground to ensure constant moisture.

This method is characterized by low productivity and is used extremely rarely.

You can learn about the real experience of growing such mushrooms from the video:

Growing champignons is considered a more complex process. Firstly, this is due to the fact that they require special compost or substrate, and secondly, the microclimate must be strictly observed.

You can prepare the substrate yourself. For him they take:

• fresh dry straw – 12 kg;
• fresh chicken manure or cow or horse manure - 8 kg;
• gypsum or chalk – 0.5-1 kg;
• Ammonium sulfate – 200-250 g.

All this is laid out in layers, then left for a month, watering daily, shaking it once every 6-7 days. The absence of a characteristic ammonia odor will help determine whether the mixture is ready for planting. As soon as it disappears, you can sprinkle the compost with soil and plant the mycelium.

The temperature regime for champignons is at least 15 degrees, preferably 20-25. The humidity level is within 70-80%.

The mycelium germinates within two weeks, and the first harvest can be obtained in 2-3 months.

Sales of mushrooms

Finished products must be sold as quickly as possible or specially processed for long-term storage. Fresh mushrooms can be implemented:

• selling them to restaurants and canteens;
• supply to markets and shops, supermarkets;
• sell to individual customers.

Leftover products can be canned or dried.

During Lent and holidays the cost and demand for mushrooms increases.

How much money will it take to start a business?

We present sample business plan by expenses:

1. Rent of premises of 40-60 sq. m. – 7,000 rubles.
2. Purchase of mycelium or mycelium – 10,000 rubles.
3. Purchase of substrate or compost – 20,000 rubles.
4. Packages of 500 pieces – 5,000 rubles.
5. Plastic boxes, 10 pieces – 1,000 rubles.
6. Equipment for organizing a microclimate – 15,000 rubles.
7. Refrigerators and cold rooms – 40,000-60,000 rubles.
8. Transport costs – 15,000.
9. Registration and execution of all papers – 20,000 rubles.
10. Utility bills – 30,000 rubles monthly.

To open a business, you will need on average 183,000 rubles. The exact cost item depends on the volume of production and the region.

Pros of business

The main advantages of the mushroom business include:

• mushrooms are easy to care for and do not require constant care;
• not required special training or skills;
• use of simple and accessible materials in production;
• high demand and stable income.

To begin with, it is best to try growing mushrooms on a small scale, for yourself. Once you understand the growing process, you can expand your mushroom farm and enter the market.

When working with mushrooms - planting, collecting - use gauze bandages, as mushroom spores can cause allergic reactions.

Video: Mushrooms - an idea for a private business

You can learn more about growing mushrooms and organizing a mushroom business from the video below:

Growing mushrooms is a fairly profitable and simple type of business. It does not require special knowledge. Its profitability reaches 40%, and it pays off within a year.

Growing champignons at home today has become not only an exotic hobby, but also a popular way to earn extra money. The interest of private manufacturers in such a business is explained by high demand and the lack of large investments. To obtain stable yields, you should study the features of home cultivation of champignons and provide them with appropriate conditions.

The best varieties to grow

Modern selection provides the market with ever new varieties of champignons. Today there are already about 50 varieties. Hybrid varieties differ from wild varieties by having higher yields and good adaptation to artificial conditions.

The nutritional value of all home-grown champignons is approximately the same. Slight differences between varieties are observed in the intensity of fruiting, features of care and appearance: color, size.

To grow homemade champignons for commercial purposes, choose productive and easy-to-care varieties:

1. Hauser A15. A high-yielding young hybrid, most in demand among farmers in America and Europe. It is distinguished by a large cap, dense pulp, and is not prone to the formation of scales. The strain is suitable for growing on various composts.
2. Somicel 608 and 512. Strains popular in Europe. They produce many waves of harvest and are characterized by stable fruiting. Champignons are medium in size and require strict adherence to growing conditions.
3. Silvan 130. A universal hybrid of American selection that can be grown in home nurseries on beds, in bags, on pallets or shelves. The variety is characterized by rapid germination and high fertility. Suitable for preservation.

To learn how to grow the crop at home, novice mushroom growers can use purchased mycelium of ordinary white champignon.

How to grow champignons at home

Mushrooms are grown in dachas, in greenhouses, and special champignon farms are built, but some home premises can also be adapted for such production. The main thing is to provide the plantings with the necessary humidity and temperature, and be sure to provide ventilation. Most often, a basement or cellar meets all the requirements.

There are several ways to place home plantings:

• on racks - when the soil is poured directly onto shelves with sides;
• in separate boxes that can be installed arbitrarily;
• beds piled on the floor in the basement;
• in bags of various capacities.

With any method, growing champignons is subject to the same rules, including the principles of preparation, laying the substrate and observing the parameters necessary for the culture.

Indoor lighting

An advantageous fact when growing homemade champignons is their ability to develop almost in the dark. Light is needed only for work and does not affect productivity in any way.

Direct sun rays undesirable for champignons. When grown indoors with large windows or on home balconies, the glass needs to be darkened or curtained.

Ventilation

Access fresh air– one of the main rules for growing champignon mushrooms at home. Without proper ventilation, fruits do not germinate well, become sick, and pests and mold may appear in home compost. During growth, champignons emit a lot of carbon dioxide, its stagnation leads to deformation of the body, the legs of the mushrooms are stretched.

At home growing all ventilation vents must be covered with fine mesh. This way it is possible to protect the plantings from insects and reduce the risk of drafts, which are harmful to champignons.

For large home cultivation volumes, the air supply is arranged more carefully: with fans above each box, cleaning and filtration systems.

Temperature and humidity

The technology for growing champignons involves several temperature regimes with consistently high humidity - not lower than 65%. Moreover, it is advisable not to water the substrate excessively, and air humidity can be increased to 90%.

The best home harvests come from being able to regulate the temperature according to the developmental phase of the mushrooms. So, when the mycelium ripens, it will require +25 °C, and to grow the mushroom body - about +14 °C.

If the ability to regulate the temperature is limited, you should place the champignons in a room where it is constantly between +16 and +20 °C.

Room division

Growing champignons at home requires compliance with two fundamental principles: different stages: incubation and expulsion period of the fungal body.

Large basements or special buildings can be conveniently divided into two zones. In one of them, the mycelium will mature in a special compost at a temperature of +20 to + 25 °C.

The second part will be occupied by containers with mushrooms. Homemade champignons quickly grow a fleshy body when low temperatures– from +14 to +18 °C, which depends on the characteristics of the variety.

Having two zones can guarantee a year-round supply of crops. You just need to move boxes or bags from one part to another in time.

Disinfection of the premises

Methods of preventive treatment:

1. Whitewashing with copper sulfate in the ratio: 2 kg of lime + 100 g copper sulfate, diluted in 10 liters of water.
2. Irrigation with bleach solution: 400 g of disinfectant per 10 liters of water.
3. Treat all surfaces with formaldehyde (4%) using a sprayer.
4. Fumigating a room with sulfur smoke using a smoke bomb.

Attention! All household disinfection work is carried out in protective mask, gloves and overalls.

After any type of treatment, the room needs to be ventilated until the smell of chemicals disappears and all surfaces are completely dry.

Substrate preparation

Creation of quality soil mixture for forcing champignons at home is half the success. Therefore, if there is a lack of time or materials to prepare compost, it should be purchased from a trusted supplier. Farmers who grow champignons often lay in a large supply of substrate and sell off the remainder.

The preparation of the fertile composition is accompanied by elevated temperatures and the rapid release of harmful gases with an unpleasant odor. All work is carried out outdoors.

The best homemade champignons are grown in horse manure mixtures. Other types of organic matter reduce yields by 25%. You will also need cereal straw (oatmeal, rye). The ratio of plant residues to manure is maintained at 1:3.

Additives are prepared for 100 kg of mixture:

• urea – 2 kg;
• superphosphate – 2 kg;
• chalk and gypsum in total about 10 kg.

The straw is pre-soaked and the compost is laid according to the scheme.

The layers of straw are watered abundantly, sprinkled with additives. After laying, you need to wait about a month for the mixture to “burn out” and form compost. Every week the stock is mixed with a pitchfork. The readiness of the compost is indicated by the absence of an ammonia odor, a decrease in the temperature of the compost, and the homogeneity of the humus. The substrate for growing mushrooms is pasteurized at temperatures above 70 °C, this will destroy infections and pests.

Comment! For home planting of champignons, the soil is laid in a layer of at least 25 cm. To prepare an area of ​​1 square meter for growing. m, you will need up to 40 kg of finished compost.

Introduction of mycelium

On sale, the mycelium (seed material) of champignons can be of two types:

1. Compost - stored for up to 12 months at 0 °C. Material consumption per 1 sq. m – 500 g.
2. Grain is more productive and easier to plant. For the same area for sowing, take up to 350 g. Shelf life in the refrigerator is 6 months.

Important! High-quality mycelium for growing homemade champignons is homogeneous, white, without colored inclusions, and springs when pressed.

Ripe compost is laid out in boxes, forms, or racks in a layer of about 30 cm. The best results are obtained by sowing in warm compost(about 25 °C). Germination of mycelium at home actively occurs at temperatures from 20 to 28 °C. An increase or decrease in these indicators provokes the death of planting material.

If grain mycelium is used for cultivation, it is simply sown on the surface and covered with another layer of substrate (up to 5 cm). When a compost type of mycelium is used, it should be broken into small areas and bury each one 4–5 cm deep into the soil mixture. The distance between planting sites is maintained at least 20 cm.

To maintain the required humidity, the substrate is sprayed or the containers are covered with a wet cloth or paper.

Forcing fruiting bodies

The incubation period for growing champignons lasts 12 days. The compost is covered with thin threads of mycelium, which now permeates the entire soil layer. With any method of growing champignons at home, after this period the temperature should be reduced. Now you will need to maintain from +12 to +16 °C.

For mushrooms to appear, you will need another layer of soil. The covering soil for forcing home champignons can consist of: turf land with the addition of peat, sand, limestone. The main requirement for soil is sterility and lightness of composition. The required layer is 3 cm.

The fruiting bodies of champignons are grown in top layer. The first domestic mushrooms will appear in 30–50 days, depending on the characteristics of the strain and the conditions created.

Throughout the growth of champignons, the room should be regularly ventilated and the substrate humidity should be maintained at 60–65%. The air should be more humid than the soil.

Harvest

One home planting can bring up to 8 waves of harvest and bear fruit for more than a year. The most abundant are the 3 initial growing periods.

The champignons are collected at the stage when the lower part of the cap is covered with film and completely covers the brown plates. Do not cut homemade mushrooms, but, turning them slightly, carefully remove them from the soil. The resulting pit is filled with substrate for further fruiting. On once contaminated soil, re-growing champignons is unacceptable.

Advice! It is unacceptable to leave champignon residues on the soil surface. Their rotting provokes diseases and attracts pests.

How to store champignons at home

Fresh champignons, even refrigerated, do not last long. Their tender flesh quickly deteriorates under the film, dries out in open form. You can extend the shelf life of home storage by packaging the mushrooms in paper bags and placing them on the bottom shelf of the refrigerator. This way they will remain fresh for up to 5 days.

After a week in the refrigerator, mushrooms become unfit for consumption, even if they look fresh. For long-term storage at home, it is better to freeze.

When growing mushrooms for sale, their fragility should be taken into account and supply arrangements should be made in advance.

Disease Control

Champignons are very sensitive to bacterial, viral, and fungal soil infections. Infection of plantings during home cultivation most often occurs from low-quality compost. The mycelium or an insufficiently prepared room may be infected.

A strong, uninfected mycelium, subject to the rules of ventilation, moisture, and temperature, can suppress growth pathogenic microorganisms. If affected fruits or mold spots are found on the soil, you can remove the diseased fruits from the surface and sprinkle the soil thickly with salt. But, most likely, the entire container will have to be taken out of the nursery and the substrate thrown away.

Champignons are grown at home to obtain a pure product that does not contain pesticides or poisons. Therefore, the main way to combat diseases and pests is to maintain cleanliness, disinfect all equipment, and timely sanitize the premises.

How to grow champignons in an apartment

Without a dacha, cellar or garage, you can grow champignons right in your apartment. Having calculated right time plantings, homemade mushrooms can be cultivated on the balcony. They will need to be protected from sunlight and maintained at the required humidity by covering the containers with wet paper.

The easiest way to grow champignons at home is to plant them according to all the listed rules in small but deep plastic trays. When choosing containers, they are guided by the availability of free space and the ability to maintain the necessary microclimate.

Growing champignons at home is possible in small plastic bags, which makes them easier to carry and dispose of when infected with diseases. Select bags of sufficient depth to comply with planting rules.

Some mushroom lovers take it to the apartment large areas for planting champignons. It should be remembered that growing such domestic crops requires isolation from residential premises. For mushrooms large quantities better fit basements or special buildings. Growing champignons requires specific conditions, and the spores, gases, and odors released by plantings do not contribute to comfortable living.

Conclusion

Growing champignons at home is not easy, but exciting activity, requiring patience as well as skill. Once having gone through everything necessary steps Having received the harvest, you can evaluate the cost and profitability of such an enterprise. Many beginners, starting with growing domestic mushrooms in small quantities, become owners of entire champignon farms, turning their hobby into a profitable business.

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Mushrooms have firmly entered the life of modern man. Tasty, nutritious, with valuable medicinal properties - they are present in the menu of gourmet restaurants, culinary delights ordinary housewife and dietary nutrition for certain diseases.
Unfavorable ecology does not allow you to fully enjoy mushrooms grown in natural conditions. The fear of poisoning has long since transformed the traditional gathering in the forest into a pleasant memory. Fortunately, there is a worthy alternative - growing mushrooms at home. Growing mushrooms in small quantities is possible in ordinary apartment or on the balcony. But conditions with high (90-95%) humidity and periodic drops in temperature to 10-15C can hardly be called comfortable for humans.
But owners of a private house with a basement, barn or garage can easily grow mushrooms not only for their table, but also for sale.
To get started you will need three components - suitable premises, mushroom mycelium and substrate (or soil).

Before you start growing mushrooms, you can familiarize yourself with the mushroom business on our website.
The room can be above ground or underground. The main thing is that it is possible to create optimal humidity, ventilation, lighting and temperature regime. All these conditions are feasible and require a minimum of investment. To create a humidity of 90-95%, a household spray bottle is suitable. And with the help of a fan it is easy to produce artificial ventilation. For above-ground rooms, lighting from windows is sufficient; for underground rooms, 100-watt light bulbs are used at the rate of 1 per 20 sq.m. Although champignons do not need light; they bear fruit well without it.

How to grow mushrooms at home all year round.

Room temperature should vary depending on the stage of cultivation. For the incubation period it is 20-24C, and during fruiting – 10-15C. Therefore, in cold weather it is advisable adjustable heating, for example, stove or floor water.
The straw of cereal crops (wheat, barley, rye) or sunflower husk is used as a substrate for oyster mushrooms. When choosing it, it is important to consider:
— The main quality criterion are cleanliness, dryness, absence of mold, foreign odors and impurities.
— According to the degree of productivity Wheat straw is in first place, followed by rye and barley straw, and oat straw in last place.
—Fresh husks are used, since it becomes infected during storage.

-For growing champignons It is better to use horse manure as soil. But cow milk can also be suitable if you add straw, leaves, and potato tops to it.
Mushroom mycelium is nothing more than a mycelium, which is planted in the substrate, due to which mushrooms are formed.
Experienced entrepreneurs and mushroom growers advise starting to grow mushrooms with oyster mushrooms.

They are considered the most unpretentious, early ripening and least expensive to grow artificially.
The first harvest can be harvested within thirty days (45 in winter). Oyster mushrooms grow well at low humidity (80-85%) and wide temperature ranges (from +10 to + 30C). They grow wildly not only on straw and husks, but also on sawdust from various trees, corn stalks and dry sugar cane fibers. The process of growing oyster mushrooms requires special mushroom blocks. In fact, this is a plastic bag into which the substrate, mushroom mycelium and bio-additives are poured. From one such block, 2.5-3 kg is removed at a time. mushrooms Serving 100 blocks on an area of ​​30 sq. m. can easily be handled by one person.
Mushrooms bear fruit for quite a long time, up to 5 years.
As for champignons, they are able to grow in the absence of light, in a cool (12-18C) and humid room (65-85%), by laying mycelium in the soil.
The first harvest can be harvested after 45-50 days, and subsequent ones - within 3 months.
Growing mushrooms at home is an affordable and economical activity that can bring pleasure and a stable income.

Oyster mushrooms on tree stumps video.