Temperature regime of the heating system. How does the temperature of the coolant depend on the outside temperature? The need to perform constructions and calculations

There are certain patterns by which the temperature of the coolant in central heating changes. In order to adequately trace these fluctuations, there are special graphs.

Reasons for temperature changes

To begin with, it is important to understand a few points:

When weather conditions change, this automatically entails a change in heat loss. With the onset of cold weather, an order of magnitude more thermal energy is spent to maintain an optimal microclimate in the home than during the warm period. At the same time, the level of consumed heat is not calculated by the exact temperature of the outdoor air: for this, the so-called. "delta" of the difference between the street and the interior. For example, +25 degrees in an apartment and -20 outside its walls will entail exactly the same heat costs as at +18 and -27, respectively.
The constancy of the heat flow from the radiators is ensured by a stable temperature of the coolant. With a decrease in the temperature in the room, a certain rise in the temperature of the radiators will be observed: this is facilitated by an increase in the delta between the coolant and the air in the room. In any case, this will not be able to adequately compensate for the increase in heat loss through the walls. This is explained by the setting of restrictions for the lower temperature limit in the dwelling by the current SNiP at the level of + 18-22 degrees.

It is most logical to solve the problem of increasing losses by increasing the temperature of the coolant. It is important that its increase occurs in parallel with the decrease in air temperature outside the window: the colder it is, the greater the heat loss needs to be replenished. To facilitate orientation in this matter, at some stage it was decided to create special tables for reconciling both values. Based on this, we can say that the temperature graph of the heating system means the derivation of the dependence of the level of water heating in the supply and return pipelines in relation to the temperature regime on the street.

Features of the temperature graph

The above charts come in two varieties:

For heating networks.
For the heating system inside the house.

To understand how both of these concepts differ, it is advisable to first understand the features of the operation of centralized heating.

Link between CHP and heating networks

The purpose of this combination is to communicate the proper level of heating to the coolant, with its subsequent transportation to the place of consumption. Heating mains usually have a length of several tens of kilometers, with a total surface area of tens of thousands of square meters. Although the main networks are subjected to thorough thermal insulation, it is impossible to do without heat losses.

In the direction of travel between the CHP (or boiler house) and residential premises, there is some cooling of process water. The conclusion itself suggests itself: in order to convey to the consumer an acceptable level of heating of the coolant, it must be supplied inside the heating main from the CHP in the most heated state. The temperature swing is limited by the boiling point. It can be shifted in the direction of increasing temperature if the pressure in the pipes is increased.

The standard pressure indicator in the supply pipe of the heating main is in the range of 7-8 atm. This level, despite the loss of pressure during the transportation of the coolant, makes it possible to ensure the efficient operation of the heating system in buildings up to 16 floors high. In this case, additional pumps are usually not needed.

It is very important that such pressure does not pose a danger to the system as a whole: routes, risers, pipes, mixing hoses and other components remain operational for a long time. Given a certain margin for the upper limit of the supply temperature, its value is taken as +150 degrees. The passage of the most standard temperature curves for the supply of coolant to the heating system takes place between 150/70 - 105/70 (supply and return temperatures).

Features of the supply of coolant to the heating system

The house heating system is characterized by a number of additional restrictions:

The value of the highest heating of the coolant in the circuit is limited to +95 degrees for a two-pipe system and +105 for a single-pipe heating system. It should be noted that preschool educational institutions are characterized by the presence of more stringent restrictions: there the temperature of the batteries should not rise above +37 degrees. To compensate for such a decrease in the supply temperature, it is necessary to increase the number of radiator sections. The interiors of kindergartens located in regions with particularly harsh climatic conditions are literally crammed with batteries.
It is desirable to achieve a minimum temperature delta of the heating supply schedule between the supply and return pipelines: otherwise, the degree of heating of the radiator sections in the building will have a large difference. To do this, the coolant inside the system must move as quickly as possible. However, there is a danger here: due to the high speed of water circulation inside the heating circuit, its temperature at the outlet back to the route will be unnecessarily high. As a result, this can lead to serious violations in the operation of the CHP.

Influence of climatic zones on outdoor temperature

The main factor that directly affects the preparation of the temperature schedule for the heating season is the estimated winter temperature. In the course of compilation, they try to ensure that the highest values \u200b\u200b(95/70 and 105/70) at maximum frosts guarantee the desired temperature for SNiP. The outdoor temperature for heating calculation is taken from a special table of climatic zones.

Adjustment Features

The parameters of thermal routes are in the area of responsibility of the management of CHPPs and heating networks. At the same time, ZhEK employees are responsible for the network parameters inside the building. Basically, residents' complaints about the cold relate to downward deviations. Situations are much less common when measurements inside thermal units indicate an increased return temperature.

There are several ways to normalize system parameters that you can implement yourself:

Nozzle reaming. The problem of lowering the temperature of the liquid in the return can be solved by expanding the elevator nozzle. To do this, you need to close all the valves and valves on the elevator. After that, the module is removed, its nozzle is pulled out and reamed by 0.5-1 mm. After assembling the elevator, it is launched to bleed air in the reverse order. Paronite seals on the flanges are recommended to be replaced with rubber ones: they are made according to the size of the flange from the automobile chamber.
Suction suppression. In extreme cases (with the onset of ultra-low frosts), the nozzle can be dismantled altogether. In this case, there is a threat that the suction will begin to perform the function of a jumper: in order to prevent this, it is jammed. For this, a steel pancake with a thickness of 1 mm is used. This method is emergency, because. this can provoke a jump in battery temperature up to +130 degrees.
Delta control. A temporary way to solve the problem of temperature rise is to correct the differential with an elevator valve. To do this, it is necessary to redirect the DHW to the supply pipe: the return pipe is equipped with a pressure gauge. The inlet valve of the return pipeline is completely closed. Next, you need to gradually open the valve, constantly checking your actions with the readings of the pressure gauge.

Just a closed valve can cause a shutdown and defrosting of the circuit. The decrease in the difference is achieved due to an increase in the pressure on the return line (0.2 atm./day). The temperature in the system must be checked every day: it must correspond to the heating temperature curve.

What laws are subject to changes in the temperature of the coolant in central heating systems? What is it - the temperature graph of the heating system 95-70? How to bring the heating parameters in accordance with the schedule? Let's try to answer these questions.

What it is

Let's start with a couple of abstract theses.

With changing weather conditions, the heat loss of any building changes after them.. In frosts, in order to maintain a constant temperature in the apartment, much more thermal energy is required than in warm weather.

To clarify: heat costs are determined not by the absolute value of the air temperature in the street, but by the delta between the street and the interior.
So, at +25C in the apartment and -20 in the yard, the heat costs will be exactly the same as at +18 and -27, respectively.

The heat flow from the heater at a constant coolant temperature will also be constant.
A drop in room temperature will slightly increase it (again, due to an increase in the delta between the coolant and the air in the room); however, this increase will be categorically insufficient to compensate for the increased heat loss through the building envelope. Simply because the current SNiP limits the lower temperature threshold in an apartment to 18-22 degrees.

An obvious solution to the problem of increasing losses is to increase the temperature of the coolant.

Obviously, its growth should be proportional to the decrease in street temperature: the colder it is outside the window, the greater the heat loss will have to be compensated. Which, in fact, brings us to the idea of creating a specific table for matching both values.

So, the temperature chart of the heating system is a description of the dependence of the temperatures of the supply and return pipelines on the current weather outside.

How it all works

There are two different types of charts:

For heating networks.
For domestic heating system.

To clarify the difference between these concepts, it is probably worth starting with a brief digression into how central heating works.

CHP - heat networks

The function of this bundle is to heat the coolant and deliver it to the end user. The length of heating mains is usually measured in kilometers, the total surface area - in thousands and thousands of square meters. Despite the measures for thermal insulation of pipes, heat losses are inevitable: having passed the path from the CHP or boiler house to the border of the house, the process water will have time to partially cool down.

Hence the conclusion: in order for it to reach the consumer, while maintaining an acceptable temperature, the supply of the heating main at the outlet from the CHP should be as hot as possible. The limiting factor is the boiling point; however, with increasing pressure, it shifts in the direction of increasing temperature:

Pressure, atmospheres	Boiling point, degrees Celsius
1	100
1,5	110
2	119
2,5	127
3	132
4	142
5	151
6	158
7	164
8	169

Typical pressure in the supply pipeline of the heating main is 7-8 atmospheres. This value, even taking into account pressure losses during transportation, allows you to start the heating system in houses up to 16 floors high without additional pumps. At the same time, it is safe for routes, risers and inlets, mixer hoses and other elements of heating and hot water systems.

With some margin, the upper limit of the supply temperature is taken equal to 150 degrees. The most typical heating temperature curves for heating mains lie in the range of 150/70 - 105/70 (supply and return temperatures).

House

There are a number of additional limiting factors in the home heating system.

The maximum temperature of the coolant in it cannot exceed 95 C for a two-pipe and 105 C for.

By the way: in preschool educational institutions, the restriction is much more stringent - 37 C.
The price of lowering the supply temperature is an increase in the number of radiator sections: in the northern regions of the country, group rooms in kindergartens are literally surrounded by them.

The temperature delta between the supply and return pipelines, for obvious reasons, should be as small as possible - otherwise the temperature of the batteries in the building will vary greatly. This implies a fast circulation of the coolant.
However, too fast circulation through the house heating system will lead to the fact that the return water will return to the route with an exorbitantly high temperature, which, due to a number of technical limitations in the operation of the CHP, is unacceptable.

The problem is solved by installing one or more elevator units in each house, in which the return flow is mixed with the water stream from the supply pipeline. The resulting mixture, in fact, ensures the rapid circulation of a large volume of coolant without overheating the return pipeline of the route.

For intra-house networks, a separate temperature graph is set, taking into account the elevator operation scheme. For two-pipe circuits, a typical heating temperature graph is 95-70, for single-pipe circuits (which, however, is rare in apartment buildings) - 105-70.

Climate zones

The main factor determining the scheduling algorithm is the estimated winter temperature. The heat carrier temperature table should be drawn up in such a way that the maximum values \u200b\u200b(95/70 and 105/70) at the peak of frost provide the temperature in residential premises corresponding to SNiP.

Here is an example of an intra-house schedule for the following conditions:

Heating appliances - radiators with a coolant supply from the bottom up.
Heating - two-pipe, co.

Estimated outdoor air temperature - -15 C.

Outside air temperature, С	Submission, C	Return, C
+10	30	25
+5	44	37
0	57	46
-5	70	54
-10	83	62
-15	95	70

Nuance: when determining the parameters of the route and the in-house heating system, the average daily temperature is taken.
If it is -15 at night and -5 during the day, -10C appears as the outside temperature.

And here are some values \u200b\u200bof the calculated winter temperatures for Russian cities.

City	Design temperature, С
Arkhangelsk	-18
Belgorod	-13
Volgograd	-17
Verkhoyansk	-53
Irkutsk	-26
Krasnodar	-7
Moscow	-15
Novosibirsk	-24
Rostov-on-Don	-11
Sochi	+1
Tyumen	-22
Khabarovsk	-27
Yakutsk	-48

In the photo - winter in Verkhoyansk.

Adjustment

If the management of the CHPP and heating networks is responsible for the parameters of the route, then the responsibility for the parameters of the intra-house network rests with the residents. A very typical situation is when, when residents complain about the cold in apartments, measurements show downward deviations from the schedule. It happens a little less often that measurements in the wells of heat pumps show an overestimated return temperature from the house.

How to bring the heating parameters in line with the schedule with your own hands?

Nozzle reaming

With low mixture and return temperatures, the obvious solution is to increase the diameter of the elevator nozzle. How it's done?

The instruction is at the service of the reader.

All valves or gates in the elevator unit are closed (inlet, house and hot water).
The elevator is dismantled.
The nozzle is removed and reamed by 0.5-1 mm.
The elevator is assembled and started with air bleeding in the reverse order.

Tip: instead of paronite gaskets on the flanges, you can put rubber ones cut to the size of the flange from the car chamber.

An alternative is to install an elevator with an adjustable nozzle.

Suction suppression

In a critical situation (strong cold and freezing apartments), the nozzle can be completely removed. So that the suction does not become a jumper, it is suppressed with a pancake made of steel sheet with a thickness of at least a millimeter.

Attention: this is an emergency measure, used in extreme cases, since in this case the temperature of the radiators in the house can reach 120-130 degrees.

Differential adjustment

At elevated temperatures, as a temporary measure until the end of the heating season, it is practiced to adjust the differential on the elevator with a valve.

The DHW is switched to the supply pipe.
A manometer is installed on the return.
The inlet gate valve on the return pipeline closes completely and then gradually opens with pressure control on the pressure gauge. If you just close the valve, the subsidence of the cheeks on the stem can stop and unfreeze the circuit. The difference is reduced by increasing the return pressure by 0.2 atmospheres per day with daily temperature control.

Conclusion

After installing the heating system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature regime. This procedure must be carried out in accordance with existing standards.

Temperature norms

The requirements for the temperature of the coolant are set out in the regulatory documents that establish the design, installation and use of engineering systems of residential and public buildings. They are described in the State building codes and regulations:

DBN (B. 2.5-39 Heat networks);
SNiP 2.04.05 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning".

For the calculated temperature of the water in the supply, the figure is taken that is equal to the temperature of the water at the outlet of the boiler, according to its passport data.

For individual heating, it is necessary to decide what the temperature of the coolant should be, taking into account such factors:

1Start and end of the heating season at an average daily temperature of +8 °C outside for 3 days;
2 The average temperature inside the heated premises of housing and communal and public importance should be 20 ° C, and for industrial buildings 16 ° C;
3 The average design temperature must comply with the requirements of DBN V.2.2-10, DBN V.2.2.-4, DSanPiN 5.5.2.008, SP No. 3231-85. such:
1
For a hospital - 85 ° C (excluding psychiatric and drug departments, as well as administrative or domestic premises);
2 For residential, public, as well as domestic buildings (excluding halls for sports, trade, spectators and passengers) - 90 ° С;
3For auditoriums, restaurants and premises for production of category A and B - 105 °C;
4For catering establishments (excluding restaurants) - this is 115 °С;
5 For production premises (categories C, D and D), where combustible dust and aerosols are released - 130 ° C;
6For stairwells, lobbies, pedestrian crossings, technical premises, residential buildings, industrial premises without the presence of flammable dust and aerosols - 150 ° C. Depending on external factors, the water temperature in the heating system can be from 30 to 90 ° C. When heated above 90 ° C, dust and paintwork begin to decompose. For these reasons, sanitary standards prohibit more heating.
To calculate the optimal indicators, special graphs and tables can be used, in which the norms are determined depending on the season:
- With an average value outside the window of 0 °С, the supply for radiators with different wiring is set at a level of 40 to 45 °С, and the return temperature is from 35 to 38 °С;
- At -20 °С, the supply is heated from 67 to 77 °С, while the return rate should be from 53 to 55 °С;
- At -40 ° C outside the window for all heating devices set the maximum allowable values. At the supply it is from 95 to 105 ° C, and at the return - 70 ° C.
Optimal values in an individual heating system

Autonomous heating helps to avoid many problems that arise with a centralized network, and the optimal temperature of the coolant can be adjusted according to the season. In the case of individual heating, the concept of norm includes the heat transfer of a heating device per unit area of the room where this device is located. The thermal regime in this situation is provided by the design features of the heating devices.

It is important to ensure that the heat carrier in the network does not cool below 70 °C. 80 °C is considered optimal. It is easier to control heating with a gas boiler, because manufacturers limit the possibility of heating the coolant to 90 ° C. Using sensors to adjust the gas supply, the heating of the coolant can be controlled.

It is a little more difficult with solid fuel devices, they do not regulate the heating of the liquid, and can easily turn it into steam. And it is impossible to reduce the heat from coal or wood by turning the knob in such a situation. At the same time, the control of heating of the coolant is rather conditional with high errors and is performed by rotary thermostats and mechanical dampers.

Electric boilers allow you to smoothly adjust the heating of the coolant from 30 to 90 ° C. They are equipped with an excellent overheating protection system.

One-pipe and two-pipe lines

The design features of a single-pipe and two-pipe heating network determine different standards for heating the coolant.

For example, for a single-pipe line, the maximum rate is 105 ° C, and for a two-pipe line - 95 ° C, while the difference between the return and supply should be, respectively: 105 - 70 ° C and 95 - 70 ° C.

Matching the temperature of the heat carrier and the boiler

Regulators help to coordinate the temperature of the coolant and the boiler. These are devices that create automatic control and correction of the return and supply temperatures.

The return temperature depends on the amount of liquid passing through it. The regulators cover the liquid supply and increase the difference between the return and supply to the level that is needed, and the necessary pointers are installed on the sensor.

If it is necessary to increase the flow, then a boost pump can be added to the network, which is controlled by a regulator. To reduce the heating of the supply, a “cold start” is used: that part of the liquid that has passed through the network is again transferred from the return to the inlet.

The regulator redistributes the supply and return flows according to the data taken by the sensor, and ensures strict temperature standards for the heating network.

Ways to reduce heat loss

The above information will help to be used for the correct calculation of the coolant temperature norm and will tell you how to determine the situations when you need to use the regulator.

But it is important to remember that the temperature in the room is affected not only by the temperature of the coolant, outdoor air and wind strength. The degree of insulation of the facade, doors and windows in the house should also be taken into account.

To reduce the heat loss of housing, you need to worry about its maximum thermal insulation. Insulated walls, sealed doors, metal-plastic windows will help reduce heat leakage. It will also reduce heating costs.

Norms and optimal values of the temperature of the coolant, Repair and construction of a house

After installing the heating system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature regime. This procedure must be carried out in accordance with existing standards. Norms

Coolant for heating systems, coolant temperature, norms and parameters

In Russia, such heating systems that work thanks to liquid-type heat carriers are more popular. This is most likely due to the fact that in many regions of the country the climate is quite severe. Liquid heating systems are a complex of equipment that includes components such as: pumping stations, boilers, pipelines, heat exchangers. The characteristics of the coolant largely determine how efficiently and properly the entire system will work. Now the question arises, which coolant for heating systems to use for work.

Heat carrier for heating systems

Heat transfer requirements

You need to immediately understand that there is no ideal coolant. Those types of coolants that exist today can only perform their functions in a certain temperature range. If you go beyond this range, then the quality characteristics of the coolant can change dramatically.

The coolant for heating must have such properties that will allow for a certain unit of time to transfer as much heat as possible. The viscosity of the coolant largely determines what effect it will have on the pumping of the coolant throughout the heating system for a specific time interval. The higher the viscosity of the coolant, the better its characteristics.

Physical properties of coolants

The coolant should not have a corrosive effect on the material from which the pipes or heating devices are made.

If this condition is not met, then the choice of materials will become more limited. In addition to the above properties, the coolant must also have lubricity. The choice of materials that are used for the construction of various mechanisms and circulation pumps depends on these characteristics.

In addition, the coolant must be safe based on its characteristics such as: ignition temperature, release of toxic substances, vapor flash. Also, the coolant should not be too expensive, studying the reviews, you can understand that even if the system works efficiently, it will not justify itself from a financial point of view.

Water as a heat carrier

Water can serve as a heat transfer fluid required for the operation of a heating system. Of those liquids that exist on our planet in its natural state, water has the highest heat capacity - about 1 kcal. In simpler words, if 1 liter of water is heated to such a norm of the temperature of the heating system coolant as +90 degrees, and the water is cooled to 70 degrees through a heating radiator, then the room that is heated by this radiator will receive about 20 kcal heat.

Water also has a fairly high density - 917kg / 1 sq. meter. The density of water can change when it is heated or cooled. Only water has properties such as expansion when heated or cooled.

Water is the most demanded and available heat carrier.

Also, water is superior to many synthetic heat transfer fluids in terms of toxicology and environmental friendliness. If suddenly such a coolant somehow leaks from the heating system, then this will not create any situations that will cause health problems for the residents of the house. You only need to be afraid of getting hot water directly on the human body. Even if a coolant leak occurs, the volume of coolant in the heating system can be very easily restored. All that needs to be done is to add the right amount of water through the expansion tank of the natural circulation heating system. Judging by the price category, it is simply impossible to find a coolant that will cost less than water.

Despite the fact that such a coolant as water has many advantages, it also has some disadvantages.

In its natural state, water contains various salts and oxygen in its composition, which can adversely affect the internal state of the components and parts of the heating system. Salt can have a corrosive effect on materials, as well as lead to scale build-up of the inner walls of pipes and elements of the heating system.

The chemical composition of water in different regions of Russia

Such a disadvantage can be eliminated. The easiest way to soften water is to boil it. When boiling water, care must be taken to ensure that such a thermal process takes place in a metal container, and that the container is not covered with a lid. After such heat treatment, a significant part of the salts will settle to the bottom of the tank, and carbon dioxide will be completely removed from the water.

A larger amount of salt can be removed if a container with a large bottom is used for boiling. Salt deposits can be easily seen at the bottom of the vessel, they will look like scale. This method of removing salts is not 100% effective, since only less stable calcium and magnesium bicarbonates are removed from the water, but more stable compounds of such elements remain in the water.

There is another way to remove salts from water - this is a reagent or chemical method. Through this method, it is possible to transfer salts that are contained in water even in an insoluble state.

To carry out such water treatment, the following components will be required: slaked lime, soda ash type or sodium orthophosphate. If the heating system is filled with coolant and the first two of the listed reagents are added to the water, this will cause the formation of a precipitate of calcium and magnesium orthophosphates. And if the third of the listed reagents is added to the water, then a carbonate precipitate is formed. Once the chemical reaction is complete, the sediment can be removed by a method such as water filtration. Sodium orthophosphate is such a reagent that will help soften water. An important point to consider when choosing this reagent is the correct flow rate of the coolant in the heating system for a certain volume of water.

Plant for chemical softening of water

It is best to use distilled water for heating systems, as it does not contain harmful impurities. True, distilled water is more expensive than regular water. One liter of distilled water will cost about 14 Russian rubles. Before filling the heating system with a distilled-type coolant, it is necessary to thoroughly rinse all heating devices, the boiler and pipes with plain water. Even if the heating system was installed not so long ago and has not yet been used before, then its components still need to be washed, since there will be pollution anyway.

In order to flush the system, melt water can also be used, since such water contains almost no salts in its composition. Even artesian or well water contains more salts than melt or rain water.

Frozen water in the heating system

Studying the parameters of the heating system coolant, it can be noted that another big disadvantage of water as a heating system coolant is that it will freeze if the water temperature drops below 0 degrees. When water freezes, it expands, and this will lead to breakage of heating devices or damage to pipes. Such a threat can only arise if there are interruptions in the heating system and the water stops heating. This type of coolant is also not recommended for use in those houses where the residence is not permanent, but periodic.

Antifreeze as a coolant

Antifreeze for heating systems

Higher characteristics for the efficient operation of the heating system have such a type of coolant as antifreeze. By pouring antifreeze into the heating system circuit, it is possible to reduce the risk of freezing of the heating system in the cold season to a minimum. Antifreeze is designed for lower temperatures than water, and they are not able to change its physical state. Antifreeze has many advantages, since it does not cause scale deposits and does not contribute to corrosive wear of the interior of the heating system elements.

Even if the antifreeze solidifies at very low temperatures, it will not expand like water, and this will not cause any damage to the heating system components. In the event of freezing, the antifreeze will turn into a gel-like composition, and the volume will remain the same. If, after freezing, the temperature of the coolant in the heating system rises, it will turn from a gel-like state into a liquid state, and this will not cause any negative consequences for the heating circuit.

Many manufacturers add various additives to antifreeze that can increase the life of the heating system.

Such additives help to remove various deposits and scale from the elements of the heating system, as well as eliminate pockets of corrosion. When choosing antifreeze, you need to remember that such a coolant is not universal. The additives that it contains are only suitable for certain materials.

Existing coolants for heating systems-antifreeze can be divided into two categories based on their freezing point. Some are designed for temperatures up to -6 degrees, while others are up to -35 degrees.

Properties of various types of antifreeze

The composition of such a coolant as antifreeze is designed for a full five years of operation, or for 10 heating seasons. The calculation of the coolant in the heating system must be accurate.

Antifreeze also has its drawbacks:

The heat capacity of antifreeze is 15% lower than that of water, which means that they will give off heat more slowly;
They have a rather high viscosity, which means that a sufficiently powerful circulation pump will need to be installed in the system.
When heated, antifreeze increases in volume more than water, which means that the heating system must include a closed-type expansion tank, and radiators must have a larger capacity than those used to organize a heating system in which water is the coolant.
The speed of the coolant in the heating system - that is, the fluidity of antifreeze, is 50% higher than that of water, which means that all connectors of the heating system must be very carefully sealed.
Antifreeze, which includes ethylene glycol, is toxic to humans, so it can only be used for single-circuit boilers.

In the case of using this type of coolant as antifreeze in the heating system, certain conditions must be taken into account:

The system must be supplemented with a circulation pump with powerful parameters. If the circulation of the coolant in the heating system and the heating circuit is long, then the circulation pump must be outdoor installation.
The volume of the expansion tank must be at least twice as large as the tank used for a coolant such as water.
It is necessary to install volumetric radiators and pipes with a large diameter in the heating system.
Do not use automatic air vents. For a heating system in which antifreeze is the coolant, only manual type taps can be used. A more popular manual type crane is the Mayevsky crane.
If antifreeze is diluted, then only with distilled water. Melt, rain or well water will not work in any way.
Before filling the heating system with coolant - antifreeze, it must be thoroughly rinsed with water, not forgetting about the boiler. Manufacturers of antifreezes recommend changing them in the heating system at least once every three years.
If the boiler is cold, then it is not recommended to immediately set high standards for the temperature of the coolant to the heating system. It should rise gradually, the coolant needs some time to heat up.

If in winter a double-circuit boiler operating on antifreeze is turned off for a long period, then it is necessary to drain water from the hot water supply circuit. If it freezes, the water can expand and damage pipes or other parts of the heating system.

Coolant for heating systems, coolant temperature, norms and parameters

Standard temperature of the coolant in the heating system

Providing comfortable living conditions in the cold season is the task of heat supply. It is interesting to trace how a person tried to warm his home. Initially, the huts were heated in black, the smoke went into the hole on the roof.

Later they switched to stove heating, then, with the advent of boilers, to water heating. Boiler plants increased their capacity: from a boiler house in one taken house to a district boiler house. And, finally, with the increase in the number of consumers with the growth of cities, people came to centralized heating from thermal power plants.

Depending on the source of heat energy, there are centralized And decentralized heating systems. The first type includes heat production based on combined production of electricity and heat at thermal power plants and heat supply from district heating boiler houses.

Decentralized heat supply systems include boiler plants of small capacity and individual boilers.

According to the type of coolant, heating systems are divided into steam And water.

Advantages of water heating networks:

the possibility of transporting the coolant over long distances;
the possibility of centralized regulation of heat supply in the heating network by changing the hydraulic or temperature regime;
no loss of steam and condensate, which always occur in steam systems.

Formula for calculating heat supply

The temperature of the heat carrier, depending on the outside temperature, is maintained by the heat supply organization on the basis of the temperature graph.

The temperature schedule for supplying heat to the heating system is based on monitoring air temperatures during the heating period. At the same time, eight of the coldest winters in fifty years are selected. The strength and speed of the wind in different geographical areas is taken into account. The necessary heat loads are calculated to heat the room up to 20-22 degrees. For industrial premises, their own parameters of the coolant are set to maintain technological processes.

The heat balance equation is drawn up. The heat loads of consumers are calculated taking into account heat losses to the environment, and the corresponding heat supply is calculated to cover the total heat loads. The colder it is outside, the higher the losses to the environment, the more heat is released from the boiler house.

Heat release is calculated according to the formula:

Q \u003d Gsv * C * (tpr-tob), where

Q - heat load in kW, the amount of heat released per unit of time;
Gsv - coolant flow rate in kg / s;
tpr and tb - temperatures in the forward and return pipelines depending on the outdoor air temperature;
C - heat capacity of water in kJ / (kg * deg).

Parameter control methods

There are three methods of heat load control:

With the quantitative method, the regulation of the heat load is carried out by changing the amount of the supplied coolant. With the help of heating network pumps, the pressure in the pipelines increases, the heat supply increases with an increase in the coolant flow rate.

A qualitative method is to increase the parameters of the coolant at the outlet of the boilers while maintaining the flow rate. This method is most often used in practice.

With a quantitative-qualitative method, the parameters and flow rate of the coolant are changed.

Factors affecting the heating of the room during the heating period:

Heating systems are divided depending on the design into single-pipe and two-pipe. For each design, its own heat schedule in the supply pipeline is approved. For a single-pipe heating system, the maximum temperature in the supply line is 105 degrees, in a two-pipe system - 95 degrees. The difference between the supply and return temperatures in the first case is regulated in the range of 105-70, for a two-pipe - in the range of 95-70 degrees.

Choosing a heating system for a private house

The principle of operation of a single-pipe heating system is to supply the coolant to the upper floors, all radiators are connected to the descending pipeline. It is clear that it will be warmer on the upper floors than on the lower ones. Since a private house at best has two or three floors, the contrast in space heating does not threaten. And in a one-story building, there will generally be uniform heating.

What are the advantages of such a heating system:

The disadvantages of the design are high hydraulic resistance, the need to turn off the heating of the entire house during repairs, the limitation in connecting heaters, the inability to control the temperature in a single room, and high heat losses.

For improvement, it was proposed to use a bypass system.

bypass- a pipe section between the supply and return pipelines, a bypass in addition to the radiator. They are equipped with valves or taps and allow you to adjust the temperature in the room or completely turn off a single battery.

A single-pipe heating system can be vertical and horizontal. In both cases, air pockets appear in the system. A high temperature is maintained at the inlet to the system in order to warm all the rooms, so the piping system must withstand high water pressure.

Two-pipe heating system

The principle of operation is to connect each heating device to the supply and return pipelines. The cooled coolant is sent to the boiler through the return pipeline.

During installation, additional investments will be required, but there will be no air jams in the system.

Temperature standards for rooms

In a residential building, the temperature in the corner rooms should not be below 20 degrees, for interior spaces the standard is 18 degrees, for showers - 25 degrees. When the outdoor temperature drops to -30 degrees, the standard rises to 20-22 degrees, respectively.

Their standards are set for the premises where there are children. The main range is from 18 to 23 degrees. Moreover, for premises for different purposes, the indicator varies.

At school, the temperature should not fall below 21 degrees, for bedrooms in boarding schools it is allowed at least 16 degrees, in the pool - 30 degrees, on the verandas of kindergartens intended for walking - at least 12 degrees, for libraries - 18 degrees, in cultural mass institutions temperature - 16−21 degrees.

When developing standards for different rooms, how much time a person spends in movement is taken into account, therefore, for sports halls, the temperature will be lower than in classrooms.

Approved building codes and rules of the Russian Federation SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning", regulating the air temperature depending on the purpose, number of storeys, height of the premises. For an apartment building, the maximum temperature of the coolant in the battery for a single-pipe system is 105 degrees, for a two-pipe system 95 degrees.

In the heating system of a private house

The optimum temperature in an individual heating system is 80 degrees. It is necessary to ensure that the coolant level does not fall below 70 degrees. With gas boilers, it is easier to regulate the thermal regime. Solid fuel boilers work quite differently. In this case, water can very easily turn into steam.

Electric boilers make it easy to adjust the temperature in the range from 30-90 degrees.

Possible interruptions in the heat supply

If the air temperature in the room is 12 degrees, it is allowed to turn off the heat for 24 hours.
In the temperature range from 10 to 12 degrees, heat is turned off for a maximum of 8 hours.
When heating the room below 8 degrees, it is not allowed to turn off the heating for longer than 4 hours.

Regulation of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system: methods, dependency factors, norms of indicators

Classification and advantages of coolants. What determines the temperature in the heating system. Which heating system to choose for an individual building. Standards for water temperature in the heating system.

The supply of heat to the room is associated with the simplest temperature graph. The temperature values of the water supplied from the boiler room do not change indoors. They have standard values and range from +70ºС to +95ºС. This temperature chart of the heating system is the most popular.

Adjusting the air temperature in the house

Not everywhere in the country there is centralized heating, so many residents install independent systems. Their temperature graph differs from the first option. In this case, the temperature indicators are significantly reduced. They depend on the efficiency of modern heating boilers.

If the temperature reaches +35ºС, the boiler will operate at maximum power. It depends on the heating element, where the thermal energy can be taken up by the flue gases. If the temperature values are greater than + 70 ºС, then the boiler performance drops. In this case, its technical characteristics indicate an efficiency of 100%.

Temperature chart and calculation

How the graph will look depends on the outside temperature. The greater the negative value of the outside temperature, the greater the heat loss. Many do not know where to take this indicator. This temperature is specified in the regulatory documents. The temperature of the coldest five-day period is taken as the calculated value, and the lowest value over the past 50 years is taken.

Graph of outside and inside temperature

The graph shows the relationship between outside and inside temperatures. Let's say the outside temperature is -17ºС. Drawing a line up to the intersection with t2, we get a point characterizing the temperature of the water in the heating system.

Thanks to the temperature schedule, it is possible to prepare the heating system even under the most severe conditions. It also reduces the material costs of installing a heating system. If we consider this factor from the point of view of mass construction, the savings are significant.

Outside air temperature. The smaller it is, the more negatively it affects heating;
Wind. When a strong wind occurs, heat loss increases;
The indoor temperature depends on the thermal insulation of the structural elements of the building.

Over the past 5 years, the principles of construction have changed. Builders increase the value of a home by insulating elements. As a rule, this applies to basements, roofs, foundations. These costly measures subsequently allow residents to save on the heating system.

Heating temperature chart

The graph shows the dependence of the temperature of the outdoor and indoor air. The lower the outdoor temperature, the higher the temperature of the heating medium in the system.

The temperature schedule is developed for each city during the heating season. In small settlements, a temperature chart of the boiler house is drawn up, which provides the required amount of coolant to the consumer.

quantitative - characterized by a change in the flow rate of the coolant supplied to the heating system;
high-quality - consists in regulating the temperature of the coolant before being supplied to the premises;
temporary - a discrete method of supplying water to the system.

The temperature schedule is a heating pipeline schedule that distributes the heating load and is regulated by centralized systems. There is also an increased schedule, it is created for a closed heating system, that is, to ensure the supply of hot coolant to the connected objects. When using an open system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature graph, since the coolant is consumed not only for heating, but also for domestic water consumption.

The calculation of the temperature graph is made by a simple method. Hto build it necessary initial temperature air data:

outdoor;
in room;
in the supply and return pipelines;
at the exit of the building.

In addition, you should know the nominal thermal load. All other coefficients are normalized by reference documentation. The calculation of the system is made for any temperature graph, depending on the purpose of the room. For example, for large industrial and civil facilities, a schedule of 150/70, 130/70, 115/70 is drawn up. For residential buildings, this figure is 105/70 and 95/70. The first indicator shows the temperature on the supply, and the second - on the return. The results of the calculations are entered in a special table, which shows the temperature at certain points of the heating system, depending on the outside air temperature.

The main factor in calculating the temperature graph is the outside air temperature. The calculation table must be drawn up so that the maximum values of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system (schedule 95/70) provide heating of the room. The temperatures in the room are provided for by regulatory documents.

Temperature heating appliances

The main indicator is the temperature of the heating devices. The ideal temperature curve for heating is 90/70ºС. It is impossible to achieve such an indicator, since the temperature inside the room should not be the same. It is determined depending on the purpose of the room.

In accordance with the standards, the temperature in the corner living room is +20ºС, in the rest - +18ºС; in the bathroom - + 25ºС. If the outside air temperature is -30ºС, then the indicators increase by 2ºС.

in rooms where children are located - + 18ºС to + 23ºС;
children's educational institutions - + 21ºС;
in cultural institutions with mass attendance - +16ºС to +21ºС.

This area of temperature values is compiled for all types of premises. It depends on the movements performed inside the room: the more of them, the lower the air temperature. For example, in sports facilities people move a lot, so the temperature is only +18ºС.

Air temperature in the room

Outside air temperature;
Type of heating system and temperature difference: for a single-pipe system - + 105ºС, and for a single-pipe system - + 95ºС. Accordingly, the differences in for the first region are 105/70ºС, and for the second - 95/70ºС;
The direction of the coolant supply to the heating devices. At the top supply, the difference should be 2 ºС, at the bottom - 3ºС;
Type of heating devices: heat transfers are different, so the temperature graph will be different.

First of all, the temperature of the coolant depends on the outside air. For example, the outside temperature is 0°C. At the same time, the temperature regime in the radiators should be equal to 40-45ºС on the supply, and 38ºС on the return. When the air temperature is below zero, for example, -20ºС, these indicators change. In this case, the flow temperature becomes 77/55ºC. If the temperature indicator reaches -40ºС, then the indicators become standard, that is, at the supply + 95/105ºС, and at the return - + 70ºС.

Additional options

In order for a certain temperature of the coolant to reach the consumer, it is necessary to monitor the state of the outside air. For example, if it is -40ºС, the boiler room should supply hot water with an indicator of + 130ºС. Along the way, the coolant loses heat, but still the temperature remains high when it enters the apartments. The optimal value is + 95ºС. To do this, an elevator assembly is installed in the basements, which serves to mix hot water from the boiler room and the coolant from the return pipeline.

Several institutions are responsible for the heating main. The boiler house monitors the supply of hot coolant to the heating system, and the state of the pipelines is monitored by the city heating networks. The ZHEK is responsible for the elevator element. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of supplying coolant to a new house, it is necessary to contact different offices.

Installation of heating devices is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents. If the owner himself replaces the battery, then he is responsible for the functioning of the heating system and changing the temperature regime.

Adjustment methods

If the boiler room is responsible for the parameters of the coolant leaving the warm point, then the employees of the housing office should be responsible for the temperature inside the room. Many tenants complain about the cold in the apartments. This is due to the deviation of the temperature graph. In rare cases, it happens that the temperature rises by a certain value.

Heating parameters can be adjusted in three ways:

Nozzle reaming.

If the temperature of the coolant at the supply and return is significantly underestimated, then it is necessary to increase the diameter of the elevator nozzle. Thus, more liquid will pass through it.

How to do it? To begin with, shut-off valves are closed (house valves and cranes at the elevator unit). Next, the elevator and nozzle are removed. Then it is drilled out by 0.5-2 mm, depending on how much it is necessary to increase the temperature of the coolant. After these procedures, the elevator is mounted in its original place and put into operation.

To ensure sufficient tightness of the flange connection, it is necessary to replace the paronite gaskets with rubber ones.

Suction dampening.

In severe cold, when there is a problem of freezing of the heating system in the apartment, the nozzle can be completely removed. In this case, the suction can become a jumper. To do this, it is necessary to muffle it with a steel pancake, 1 mm thick. Such a process is carried out only in critical situations, since the temperature in pipelines and heaters will reach 130ºС.

In the middle of the heating period, a significant increase in temperature can occur. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate it using a special valve on the elevator. To do this, the supply of hot coolant is switched to the supply pipeline. A manometer is mounted on the return. Adjustment occurs by closing the valve on the supply pipeline. Next, the valve opens slightly, and the pressure should be monitored using a pressure gauge. If you just open it, then there will be a drawdown of the cheeks. That is, an increase in the pressure drop occurs in the return pipeline. Every day, the indicator increases by 0.2 atmosphere, and the temperature in the heating system must be constantly monitored.

When drawing up a temperature schedule for heating, various factors must be taken into account. This list includes not only the structural elements of the building, but the outdoor temperature, as well as the type of heating system.

Heating temperature chart

Heating temperature chart The supply of heat to the room is connected with the simplest temperature chart. The temperature values of the water supplied from the boiler room do not change indoors. They

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is normal

Batteries in apartments: accepted temperature standards

Heating batteries today are the main existing elements of the heating system in city apartments. They are effective household devices responsible for the transfer of heat, since comfort and coziness in residential premises for citizens directly depend on them and their temperature.

If we refer to the Government Decree of the Russian Federation No. 354 dated May 6, 2011, the heating supply to residential apartments begins at an average daily outdoor air temperature of less than eight degrees, if this mark is consistently kept for five days. In this case, the start of heat begins on the sixth day after a decrease in the air index was recorded. For all other cases, according to the law, postponing the supply of the heat resource is allowed. In general, in almost all regions of the country, the actual heating season directly and officially begins in mid-October and ends in April.

In practice, it also happens that due to the negligent attitude of heat supply companies, the measured temperature of the installed batteries in the apartment does not comply with the regulated standards. However, in order to complain and demand a correction of the situation, you need to know what standards are in force in Russia and how exactly to measure the existing temperature of working radiators.

Norms in Russia

Considering the main indicators, the official temperatures of the heating batteries in the apartment are shown below. They are applicable to absolutely all existing systems in which, in direct accordance with the Decree of the Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services No. 170 of September 27, 2003, the coolant (water) is supplied from the bottom up.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the temperature of the water that circulates in the radiator right at the entrance to the functioning heating system must comply with the current schedules regulated by the utility networks for a particular room. These schedules are regulated by the Sanitary Norms and Rules in the sections of heating, air conditioning and ventilation (41-01-2003). Here, in particular, it is indicated that with a two-pipe heating system, the maximum temperature indicators are ninety-five degrees, and with a single-pipe - one hundred and five degrees. Measurements of those must be carried out sequentially in accordance with the established rules, otherwise, when applying to higher authorities, the testimony will not be taken into account.

Maintained temperature

The temperature of heating batteries in residential apartments in centralized heating is determined according to the relevant standards, displaying a sufficient value for the premises, depending on their purpose. In this area, the standards are simpler than in the case of working premises, since the activity of residents is, in principle, not so high and more or less stable. Based on this, the following rules are regulated:

Of course, the individual characteristics of each person should be taken into account, everyone has different activities and preferences, therefore there is a difference in the norms from and to, and not a single indicator is fixed.

Requirements for heating systems

Heating in apartment buildings is based on the result of many engineering calculations, which are not always very successful. The process is complicated by the fact that it does not consist in delivering hot water to a specific property, but in evenly distributing water to all available apartments, taking into account all the norms and necessary indicators, including optimal humidity. The effectiveness of such a system depends on how coordinated the actions of its elements, which also include batteries and pipes in each room. Therefore, it is impossible to replace radiator batteries without taking into account the characteristics of heating systems - this leads to negative consequences with a shortage of heat or, conversely, its excess.

As for the optimization of heating in apartments, the following provisions apply here:

In any case, if the owner is embarrassed by something, it is worth applying to the management company, housing and communal services, the organization responsible for the supply of heat - depending on what exactly differs from the accepted norms and does not satisfy the applicant.

What to do about inconsistencies?

If the functioning heating systems used in an apartment building are functionally adjusted with deviations in the measured temperature only in your premises, you need to check the internal apartment heating systems. First of all, you should make sure that they are not airborne. It is necessary to touch the individual batteries available on the living space in the rooms from top to bottom and in the opposite direction - if the temperature is uneven, then the cause of the imbalance is airing and you need to bleed the air by turning a separate tap on the radiator batteries. It is important to remember that you cannot open the tap without first substituting any container under it, where water will drain. At first, the water will come out with a hiss, that is, with air, you need to close the tap when it flows without hiss and evenly. Some time later you should check the places on the battery that were cold - they should now be warm.

If the reason is not in the air, you need to submit an application to the management company. In turn, she must send a responsible technician to the applicant within 24 hours, who must draw up a written opinion on the discrepancy between the temperature regime and send a team to eliminate the existing problems.

If the management company did not respond to the complaint in any way, you need to take measurements yourself in the presence of neighbors.

How to measure temperature?

Consideration should be given to how to correctly measure the temperature of the radiators. It is necessary to prepare a special thermometer, open the tap and substitute some container with this thermometer under it. It should be noted right away that only a deviation upward of four degrees is permissible. If this is problematic, you need to contact the Housing Office, if the batteries are airy, apply to the DEZ. Everything should be fixed within one week.

There are additional ways to measure the temperature of heating batteries, namely:

Measure the temperature of the pipes or surfaces of the battery with a thermometer, adding one or two degrees Celsius to the indicators thus obtained;
For accuracy, it is desirable to use infrared thermometers-pyrometers, their error is less than 0.5 degrees;
Alcohol thermometers are also taken, which are applied to the place chosen on the radiator, fixed on it with adhesive tape, wrapped with heat-insulating materials and used as permanent measuring instruments;
In the presence of an electrical special measuring device, wires with a thermocouple are wound to the batteries.

In case of an unsatisfactory temperature indicator, an appropriate complaint must be filed.

Minimum and maximum indicators

Like other indicators that are important to ensure the required conditions for people's lives (humidity indicators in apartments, warm water supply temperatures, air, etc.), the temperature of the heating batteries actually has certain allowable minimums depending on the time of year. However, neither the law nor the established norms prescribe any minimum standards for apartment batteries. Based on this, it can be noted that the indicators must be maintained in such a way that the above-mentioned permissible temperatures in the rooms are normally maintained. Of course, if the temperature of the water in the batteries is not high enough, it will actually be impossible to provide the optimal required temperature in the apartment.

If there is no established minimum, then the Sanitary Norms and Rules, in particular 41-01-2003, establish the maximum indicator. This document defines the standards that are required for an in-house heating system. As mentioned earlier, for two-pipe this is a mark of ninety-five degrees, and for one-pipe it is one hundred and fifteen degrees Celsius. However, the recommended temperatures are from eighty-five degrees to ninety, since water boils at one hundred degrees.

Our articles talk about typical ways to resolve legal issues, but each case is unique. If you want to know how to solve your particular problem, please contact the online consultant form.

What should be the temperature of the coolant in the heating system

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is maintained in such a way that in apartments it remains within 20-22 degrees, as the most comfortable for a person. Since its fluctuations depend on the air temperature outside, experts develop schedules with which it is possible to maintain heat in the room in winter.

What determines the temperature in residential premises

The lower the temperature, the more the coolant loses heat. The calculation takes into account the indicators of the 5 coldest days of the year. The calculation takes into account the 8 coldest winters over the past 50 years. One of the reasons for the use of such a schedule for many years: the constant readiness of the heating system for extremely low temperatures.

Another reason lies in the field of finance, such a preliminary calculation allows you to save on the installation of heating systems. If we consider this aspect on the scale of a city or district, then the savings will be impressive.

We list all the factors that affect the temperature inside the apartment:

Outdoor temperature, direct correlation.
Wind speed. Heat loss, for example, through the front door, increases with increasing wind speed.
The condition of the house, its tightness. This factor is significantly influenced by the use of thermal insulation materials in the construction, insulation of the roof, basements, windows.
The number of people inside the premises, the intensity of their movement.

All of these factors vary greatly depending on where you live. Both the average temperature over recent years in winter and the wind speed depend on where your house is located. For example, in central Russia there is always a consistently frosty winter. Therefore, people are often concerned not so much with the temperature of the coolant as with the quality of construction.

By increasing the cost of building residential real estate, construction companies are taking action and insulating houses. But still, the temperature of the radiators is no less important. It depends on the temperature of the coolant, which fluctuates at different times, in different climatic conditions.

All requirements for the temperature of the coolant are set out in building codes and regulations. When designing and commissioning engineering systems, these standards must be observed. For calculations, the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the boiler is taken as a basis.

The indoor temperatures are different. Eg:

in the apartment the average is 20-22 degrees;
in the bathroom it should be 25o;
in the living room - 18o

In public non-residential premises, temperature standards are also different: at school - 21 ° C, in libraries and sports halls - 18 ° C, in a swimming pool 30 ° C, in industrial premises the temperature is set at about 16 ° C.

The more people gather indoors, the lower the temperature is initially set. In individual residential buildings, the owners themselves decide what temperature they should set.

In order to set the desired temperature, it is important to consider the following factors:

Availability of one-pipe or two-pipe system. For the first, the norm is 105 ° C, for 2 pipes - 95 ° C.
In supply and discharge systems, it should not exceed: 70-105 ° C for a one-pipe system and 70-95 ° C.
The flow of water in a certain direction: when distributing from above, the difference will be 20 ° C, from below - 30 ° C.
Types of heating device used. They are divided according to the method of heat transfer (radiation devices, convective and convective-radiation devices), according to the material used in their manufacture (metal, non-metallic devices, combined), and also according to the value of thermal inertia (small and large).

By combining different properties of the system, the type of heater, the direction of water supply and other things, optimal results can be achieved.

Heating regulators

The device by which the temperature graph is monitored and the necessary parameters are adjusted is called the heating regulator. The regulator controls the temperature of the coolant automatically.

The advantages of using these devices:

maintaining a given temperature schedule;
with the help of control over water overheating, additional savings in heat consumption are created;
setting the most efficient parameters;
all subscribers are created the same conditions.

Sometimes the heating controller is mounted so that it is connected to the same computing node with the hot water supply controller.

Such modern methods make the system work more efficiently. Even at the stage of the occurrence of the problem, an adjustment should be made. Of course, it is cheaper and easier to monitor the heating of a private house, but the automation currently used can prevent many problems.

Coolant temperature in different heating systems

In order to comfortably survive the cold season, you need to worry in advance about the creation of a high-quality heating system. If you live in a private house, you have an autonomous network, and if you live in an apartment complex, you have a centralized network. Whatever it is, it is still necessary that the temperature of the batteries during the heating season be within the limits established by SNiP. We will analyze in this article the temperature of the coolant for different heating systems.

The heating season begins when the average daily temperature outside drops below +8°C and stops, respectively, when it rises above this mark, but it also stays that way for up to 5 days.

Regulations. What temperature should be in the rooms (minimum):

In a residential area +18°C;
In the corner room +20°C;
In the kitchen +18°C;
In the bathroom +25°C;
In corridors and flights of stairs +16°C;
In the elevator +5°C;
In the basement +4°C;
In the attic +4°C.

It should be noted that these temperature standards refer to the period of the heating season and do not apply to the rest of the time. Also, information will be useful that hot water should be from + 50 ° C to + 70 ° C, according to SNiP-u 2.08.01.89 "Residential buildings".

There are several types of heating systems:

With natural circulation

The coolant circulates without interruption. This is due to the fact that the change in temperature and density of the coolant occurs continuously. Because of this, heat is distributed evenly over all elements of the heating system with natural circulation.

The circular pressure of water directly depends on the temperature difference between hot and cold water. Typically, in the first heating system, the temperature of the coolant is 95°C, and in the second 70°C.

With forced circulation

Such a system is divided into two types:

The difference between them is quite large. The pipe layout scheme, their number, sets of shut-off, control and monitoring valves are different.

According to SNiP 41-01-2003 (“Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”), the maximum coolant temperature in these heating systems is:

two-pipe heating system - up to 95°С;
single-pipe - up to 115°С;

The optimum temperature is from 85°C to 90°C (due to the fact that at 100°C, water already boils. When this value is reached, special measures must be taken to stop boiling).

The dimensions of the heat given off by the radiator depend on the installation location and the way the pipes are connected. Heat output can be reduced by 32% due to poor pipe placement.

The best option is a diagonal connection, when hot water comes from above, and the return line comes from the bottom of the opposite side. Thus, radiators are tested in tests.

The most unfortunate thing is when hot water comes from below, and cold water from above along the same side.

Calculation of the optimal temperature of the heater

The most important thing is the most comfortable temperature for human existence +37°C.

where S is the area of the room;
h is the height of the room;
41 - minimum power per 1 cubic meter S;
42 - nominal thermal conductivity of one section according to the passport.

Please note that a radiator placed under a window in a deep niche will give almost 10% less heat. Decorative box will take 15-20%.

When you use a radiator to maintain the required air temperature in the room, you have two options: you can use small radiators and increase the temperature of the water in them (high temperature heating) or install a large radiator, but the surface temperature will not be so high (low temperature heating) .

In high-temperature heating, the radiators are very hot and you can get burned if you touch them. In addition, at a high temperature of the radiator, the decomposition of dust that has settled on it can begin, which will then be inhaled by people.

When using low-temperature heating, the appliances are slightly warm, but the room is still warm. In addition, this method is more economical and safer.

Cast iron radiators

The average heat transfer from a separate section of the radiator made of this material is from 130 to 170 W, due to the thick walls and the large mass of the device. Therefore, it takes a lot of time to warm up the room. Although there is a reverse plus in this - a large inertia ensures a long preservation of heat in the radiator after the boiler is turned off.

The temperature of the coolant in it is 85-90 ° C

Aluminum radiators

This material is light, heats up easily and has good heat dissipation from 170 to 210 watts/section. However, it is adversely affected by other metals and may not be installed in every system.

The operating temperature of the heat carrier in the heating system with this radiator is 70°C

Steel radiators

The material has even lower thermal conductivity. But due to the increase in surface area with partitions and ribs, it still heats well. Heat output from 270 W - 6.7 kW. However, this is the power of the entire radiator, and not its individual segment. The final temperature depends on the dimensions of the heater and the number of fins and plates in its design.

The operating temperature of the coolant in the heating system with this radiator is also 70 ° C

So which one is better?

It is likely that it will be more profitable to install equipment with a combination of the properties of an aluminum and steel battery - a bimetallic radiator. It will cost you more, but it will also last longer.

The advantage of such devices is obvious: if aluminum can withstand the temperature of the coolant in the heating system only up to 110 ° C, then bimetal up to 130 ° C.

Heat dissipation, on the contrary, is worse than that of aluminum, but better than other radiators: from 150 to 190 watts.

Warm floor

Another way to create a comfortable temperature environment in the room. What are its advantages and disadvantages over conventional radiators?

From the school physics course, we know about the phenomenon of convection. Cold air tends to go down, and when it gets hot it goes up. That's why my feet get cold. The warm floor changes everything - the air heated below is forced to rise up.

Such a coating has a large heat transfer (depending on the area of the heating element).

The floor temperature is also spelled out in SNiP-e (“Building Norms and Rules”).

In a house for permanent residence, it should not be more than + 26 ° С.

In rooms for temporary stay of people up to +31°C.

In institutions where there are classes with children, the temperature should not exceed + 24 ° C.

The operating temperature of the heat carrier in the underfloor heating system is 45-50 °C. Surface temperature average 26-28°С

How to regulate heating batteries and what should be the temperature in the apartment according to SNiP and SanPiN

In order to feel comfortable in an apartment or in your own house during the winter period, you need a reliable heating system that meets the standards. In a multi-storey building, this is, as a rule, a centralized network, in a private household - autonomous heating. For the end user, the main element of any heating system is the battery. Cosiness and comfort in the house depends on the heat coming from it. The temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment, its norm is regulated by legislative documents.

Radiator heating standards

If the house or apartment has autonomous heating, it is up to the owner to adjust the temperature of the radiators and take care of maintaining the thermal regime. In a multi-storey building with central heating, an authorized organization is responsible for compliance with the standards. Heating norms are developed on the basis of sanitary standards applicable to residential and non-residential premises. The basis of the calculations is the need of an ordinary organism. The optimal values are established by law and are displayed in SNiP.

It will be warm and cozy in the apartment only when the heat supply norms stipulated by the legislation are observed.

When is the heat connected and what are the regulations

The beginning of the heating period in Russia falls on the time when the thermometer readings fall below + 8 ° C. Turn off the heating when the mercury column rises to + 8 ° C and above, and keeps at this level for 5 days.

To determine if the temperature of the batteries meets the standards, it is necessary to take measurements

Minimum temperature standards

In accordance with the norms of heat supply, the minimum temperature should be as follows:

living rooms: +18°C;
corner rooms: +20°C;
bathrooms: +25°C;
kitchens: +18°C;
landings and lobbies: +16°C;
basements: +4°C;
attics: +4°C;
lifts: +5°C.

This value is measured indoors at a distance of one meter from the outer wall and 1.5 m from the floor. In case of hourly deviations from the established standards, the heating fee is reduced by 0.15%. The water must be heated up to +50°C – +70°C. Its temperature is measured with a thermometer, lowering it to a special mark in a container of tap water.

Norms according to SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00

Norms according to SNiP 2.08.01-89

Cold in the apartment: what to do and where to go

If the radiators do not heat well, the temperature of the water in the tap will be lower than normal. In this case, tenants have the right to write an application with a request for verification. Representatives of the municipal service inspect the plumbing and heating systems, draw up an act. The second copy is given to the tenants.

If the batteries are not warm enough, you must contact the organization responsible for heating the house

If the complaint is confirmed, the authorized organization is obliged to correct everything within a week. The rent is recalculated if the room temperature deviates from the permissible norm, and also when the water in the radiators is 3°C lower than the norm during the day, and 5°C at night.

Requirements for the quality of public services, prescribed in the Decree of May 6, 2011 N 354 on the rules for the provision of public services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings

Air expansion parameters

The air exchange rate is a parameter that must be observed in heated rooms. In a living room with an area of 18 m² or 20 m², the multiplicity should be 3 m³ / h per sq. m. The same parameters must be observed in regions with temperatures up to -31 ° C and below.

In apartments equipped with two-burner gas and electric stoves and hostel kitchens up to 18 m² in size, aeration is 60 m³ / h. In rooms with three burners, this value is 75 m³ / h, with a gas stove with four burners - 90 m³ / h.

In a bathroom with an area of 25 m², this parameter is 25 m³ / h, in a toilet with an area of 18 m² - 25 m³ / h. If the bathroom is combined and its area is 25 m², the air exchange rate will be 50 m³ / h.

Methods for measuring the heating of radiators

Hot water, heated to +50°С - +70°С, is supplied to the taps year-round. During the heating season, heaters are filled with this water. To measure its temperature, open the tap and place a container under the stream of water into which the thermometer is lowered. Deviations are allowed by four degrees upwards. If there is a problem, file a complaint with the housing office. If the radiators are airy, the application must be written to the DEZ. The specialist should come within a week and fix everything.

The presence of a measuring device will allow you to constantly monitor the temperature regime

Methods for measuring the heating of heating batteries:

The heating of the pipe and radiator surfaces is measured with a thermometer. 1-2°C are added to the result obtained.
For the most accurate measurements, an infrared thermometer-pyrometer is used, which determines the readings with an accuracy of 0.5 ° C.
An alcohol thermometer can serve as a permanent measuring device, which is applied to the radiator, glued with adhesive tape, and wrapped with foam rubber or other heat-insulating material on top.
Heating of the coolant is also measured by electrical measuring instruments with the “measure temperature” function. For measurement, a wire with a thermocouple is screwed to the radiator.

Regularly recording the data of the device, fixing the readings on the photo, you will be able to make a claim against the heat supplier

Important! If the radiators do not heat up enough, after submitting an application to an authorized organization, a commission should come to you to measure the temperature of the liquid circulating in the heating system. The actions of the commission must comply with paragraph 4 of the "Methods of control" in accordance with GOST 30494−96. The device used for measurements must be registered, certified and pass state verification. Its temperature range should be in the range from +5 to +40°С, the permissible error is 0.1°С.

Adjustment of heating radiators

Adjusting the temperature of the radiators is necessary in order to save on space heating. In apartments of high-rise buildings, the bill for heat supply will decrease only after the installation of the meter. If a boiler is installed in a private house that automatically maintains a stable temperature, regulators may not be needed. If the equipment is not automated, the savings will be substantial.

Why is adjustment needed?

Adjusting the batteries will help achieve not only maximum comfort, but also:

Remove airing, ensure the movement of the coolant through the pipeline and heat transfer to the room.
Reduce energy costs by 25%.
Do not constantly open windows due to overheating of the room.

Heating adjustment must be carried out before the start of the heating season. Before that, you need to insulate all the windows. In addition, take into account the location of the apartment:

angular;
in the middle of the house;
on the lower or upper floors.

insulation of walls, corners, floors;
hydro- and thermal insulation of joints between panels.

Without these measures, the adjustment will not be useful, since more than half of the heat will heat the street.

Warming a corner apartment will help to minimize heat loss

The principle of adjusting radiators

How to properly regulate heating batteries? To rationally use heat and ensure uniform heating, valves are installed on the batteries. With their help, you can reduce the flow of water or disconnect the radiator from the system.

In district heating systems of high-rise buildings with a pipeline through which the coolant is supplied from top to bottom, regulation of radiators is not possible. On the upper floors of such houses it is hot, on the lower floors it is cold.
In a single-pipe network, the coolant is supplied to each battery with a return to the central riser. Heat is distributed evenly here. Control valves are mounted on the supply pipes of the radiators.
In two-pipe systems with two risers, the coolant is supplied to the battery and vice versa. Each of them is equipped with a separate valve with a manual or automatic thermostat.

Types of control valves

Modern technologies allow the use of special control valves, which are valve heat exchangers connected to the battery. There are several types of faucets that allow you to regulate heat.

The principle of operation of control valves

According to the principle of action, they are:

Ball bearings providing 100% protection against accidents. They can rotate 90 degrees, let water through or shut off the coolant.
Standard budget valves without temperature scale. Partially change the temperature, blocking the access of the heat carrier to the radiator.
With a thermal head that regulates and controls the parameters of the system. There are mechanical and automatic.

The operation of a ball valve is reduced to turning the regulator to one side.

Note! The ball valve must not be left half open, as this may cause damage to the sealing ring, resulting in a leak.

Conventional direct acting thermostat

A direct acting thermostat is a simple device installed near a radiator that allows you to control the temperature in it. Structurally, it is a sealed cylinder with a bellows inserted into it, filled with a special liquid or gas that can respond to temperature changes. Its increase causes expansion of the filler, resulting in increased pressure on the stem in the regulator valve. It moves and blocks the flow of coolant. Cooling the radiator causes the reverse process.

A direct-acting thermostat is installed in the pipeline of the heating system

Temperature controller with electronic sensor

The principle of operation of the device is similar to the previous version, the only difference is in the settings. In a conventional thermostat, they are performed manually, in an electronic sensor, the temperature is set in advance and maintained within the specified limits (from 6 to 26 degrees) automatically.

A programmable thermostat for heating radiators with an internal sensor is installed when it is possible to place its axis horizontally

Heat regulation instructions

How to regulate batteries, what actions need to be taken to ensure comfortable conditions in the house:

Air is released from each battery until water flows from the tap.
The pressure is adjustable. To do this, in the first battery from the boiler, the valve opens for two turns, in the second - for three turns, etc., adding one turn for each subsequent radiator. Such a scheme provides optimal passage of the coolant and heating.
In forced systems, the pumping of the coolant and the control of heat consumption are carried out using control valves.
To regulate the heat in the flow system, built-in thermostats are used.
In two-pipe systems, in addition to the main parameter, the amount of coolant is controlled in manual and automatic modes.

Why is a thermal head for radiators needed and how does it work:

Comparison of temperature control methods:

Comfortable living in apartments of high-rise buildings, in country houses and cottages is provided by maintaining a certain thermal regime in the premises. Modern heating systems allow you to install regulators that maintain the required temperature. If the installation of regulators is not possible, the responsibility for the heat in your apartment rests with the heat supply organization, which you can contact if the air in the room does not warm up to the values provided for by the regulations.

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is normal

Batteries in apartments: accepted temperature standards Heating batteries today are the main existing elements of the heating system in city apartments. They represent e…

Ph.D. Petrushchenkov V.A., Research Laboratory “Industrial Heat Power Engineering”, Peter the Great St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg

1. The problem of reducing the design temperature schedule for regulating heat supply systems nationwide

Over the past decades, in almost all cities of the Russian Federation, there has been a very significant gap between the actual and projected temperature curves for regulating heat supply systems. As is known, closed and open district heating systems in the cities of the USSR were designed using high-quality regulation with a temperature schedule for seasonal load regulation of 150-70 °C. Such a temperature schedule was widely used both for thermal power plants and for district boiler houses. But, starting from the end of the 70s, significant deviations of network water temperatures appeared in the actual control schedules from their design values at low outdoor air temperatures. Under the design conditions for the outside air temperature, the water temperature in the supply heat pipelines decreased from 150 °С to 85…115 °С. The lowering of the temperature schedule by the owners of heat sources was usually formalized as work on the project schedule of 150-70°С with a “cutoff” at a low temperature of 110…130°С. At lower coolant temperatures, the heat supply system was supposed to operate according to the dispatch schedule. Calculation justifications for such a transition are not known to the author of the article.

The transition to a lower temperature schedule, for example, 110-70 °С from the design schedule of 150-70 °С, should entail a number of serious consequences, which are dictated by the balance energy ratios. Due to the decrease in the calculated temperature difference of network water by 2 times, while maintaining the heat load of heating, ventilation, it is necessary to ensure an increase in the consumption of network water for these consumers also by 2 times. The corresponding pressure losses in the network water in the heating network and in the heat exchange equipment of the heat source and heat points with a quadratic law of resistance will increase by 4 times. The required increase in the power of network pumps should occur 8 times. It is obvious that neither the throughput of heat networks designed for a schedule of 150-70 ° C, nor the installed network pumps will allow the delivery of the coolant to consumers with a double flow rate compared to the design value.

In this regard, it is quite clear that in order to ensure a temperature schedule of 110-70 ° C, not on paper, but in reality, a radical reconstruction of both heat sources and the heat network with heat points will be required, the costs of which are unbearable for the owners of heat supply systems.

The ban on the use for heat networks of heat supply control schedules with “cutoff” by temperature, given in clause 7.11 of SNiP 41-02-2003 “Heat networks”, could not affect the widespread practice of its application. In the updated version of this document, SP 124.13330.2012, the mode with “cutoff” in temperature is not mentioned at all, that is, there is no direct ban on this method of regulation. This means that such methods of seasonal load regulation should be chosen, in which the main task will be solved - ensuring normalized temperatures in the premises and normalized water temperature for the needs of hot water supply.

In the approved List of national standards and codes of practice (parts of such standards and codes of practice), as a result of which, on a mandatory basis, compliance with the requirements of the Federal Law of December 30, 2009 No. dated December 26, 2014 No. 1521) included the revisions of SNiP after updating. This means that the use of “cutting off” temperatures today is a completely legal measure, both from the point of view of the List of National Standards and Codes of Practice, and from the point of view of the updated edition of the profile SNiP “Heat Networks”.

Federal Law No. 190-FZ dated July 27, 2010 “On heat supply”, “Rules and norms for the technical operation of the housing stock” (approved by Decree of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation dated September 27, 2003 No. 170), SO 153-34.20.501-2003 “Rules for the technical Operation of Electric Power Plants and Grids of the Russian Federation" also do not prohibit the regulation of seasonal heat load with a "cutoff" in temperature.

In the 90s, good reasons that explained the radical decrease in the design temperature schedule were considered to be the deterioration of heating networks, fittings, compensators, as well as the inability to provide the necessary parameters at heat sources due to the state of heat exchange equipment. Despite the large amount of repair work carried out constantly in heating networks and heat sources in recent decades, this reason remains relevant today for a significant part of almost any heat supply system.

It should be noted that in the technical specifications for connection to heat networks of most heat sources, a design temperature schedule of 150-70 ° C, or close to it, is still given. When coordinating the projects of central and individual heating points, an indispensable requirement of the owner of the heating network is to limit the flow of network water from the supply heat pipeline of the heating network during the entire heating period in strict accordance with the design, and not the actual temperature control schedule.

At present, the country is massively developing heat supply schemes for cities and settlements, in which also design schedules for regulating 150-70 ° С, 130-70 ° С are considered not only relevant, but also valid for 15 years ahead. At the same time, there are no explanations on how to ensure such schedules in practice, there is no clear justification for the possibility of providing the connected heat load at low outdoor temperatures under conditions of real regulation of seasonal heat load.

Such a gap between the declared and actual temperatures of the heat carrier of the heating network is abnormal and has nothing to do with the theory of operation of heat supply systems, given, for example, in.

Under these conditions, it is extremely important to analyze the actual situation with the hydraulic mode of operation of heating networks and with the microclimate of heated rooms at the calculated outdoor air temperature. The actual situation is such that, despite a significant decrease in the temperature schedule, while ensuring the design flow of network water in the heating systems of cities, as a rule, there is no significant decrease in the design temperatures in the premises, which would lead to resonant accusations of the owners of heat sources in failure to fulfill their main task: ensuring standard temperatures in the premises. In this regard, the following natural questions arise:

1. What explains such a set of facts?

2. Is it possible not only to explain the current state of affairs, but also to justify, based on the provision of the requirements of modern regulatory documentation, either a “cut” of the temperature graph at 115 ° С, or a new temperature graph of 115-70 (60) ° С with a qualitative regulation of the seasonal load?

This problem, of course, constantly attracts everyone's attention. Therefore, publications appear in the periodical press, which provide answers to the questions posed and provide recommendations for eliminating the gap between the design and actual parameters of the heat load control system. In some cities, measures have already been taken to reduce the temperature schedule and an attempt is being made to generalize the results of such a transition.

From our point of view, this problem is discussed most prominently and clearly in the article by Gershkovich V.F. .

It notes several extremely important provisions, which are, among other things, a generalization of practical actions to normalize the operation of heat supply systems under conditions of low-temperature “cutoff”. It is noted that practical attempts to increase the consumption in the network in order to bring it into line with the reduced temperature schedule have not been successful. Rather, they contributed to the hydraulic misalignment of the heating network, as a result of which the costs of network water between consumers were redistributed disproportionately to their heat loads.

At the same time, while maintaining the design flow in the network and reducing the temperature of the water in the supply line, even at low outdoor temperatures, in some cases, it was possible to ensure the air temperature in the premises at an acceptable level. The author explains this fact by the fact that in the heating load a very significant part of the power falls on the heating of fresh air, which ensures the normative air exchange of the premises. Real air exchange on cold days is far from the normative value, since it cannot be provided only by opening the vents and sashes of window blocks or double-glazed windows. The article emphasizes that Russian air exchange standards are several times higher than those of Germany, Finland, Sweden, and the USA. It is noted that in Kyiv, the decrease in the temperature schedule due to the “cutting off” from 150 ° C to 115 ° C was implemented and had no negative consequences. Similar work was done in the heating networks of Kazan and Minsk.

This article discusses the current state of the Russian requirements for regulatory documentation for indoor air exchange. On the example of model tasks with averaged parameters of the heat supply system, the influence of various factors on its behavior at a water temperature in the supply line of 115 °C under design conditions for the outdoor temperature, including:

Reducing the air temperature in the premises while maintaining the design water flow in the network;

Increasing the flow of water in the network in order to maintain the temperature of the air in the premises;

Reducing the power of the heating system by reducing the air exchange for the design water flow in the network while ensuring the calculated air temperature in the premises;

Estimation of the capacity of the heating system by reducing the air exchange for the actually achievable increased water consumption in the network while ensuring the calculated air temperature in the premises.

2. Initial data for analysis

As initial data, it is assumed that there is a source of heat supply with a dominant load of heating and ventilation, a two-pipe heating network, central heating and ITP, heating devices, heaters, taps. The type of heating system is not of fundamental importance. It is assumed that the design parameters of all links of the heat supply system ensure the normal operation of the heat supply system, that is, in the premises of all consumers, the design temperature is set to t w.r = 18 ° C, subject to the temperature schedule of the heating network of 150-70 ° C, the design value of the flow of network water , standard air exchange and quality regulation of seasonal load. The calculated outdoor air temperature is equal to the average temperature of the cold five-day period with a security factor of 0.92 at the time of the creation of the heat supply system. The mixing ratio of elevator units is determined by the generally accepted temperature curve for regulating heating systems 95-70 ° C and is equal to 2.2.

It should be noted that in the updated version of SNiP “Construction Climatology” SP 131.13330.2012 for many cities there was an increase in the design temperature of the cold five-day period by several degrees compared to the version of the document SNiP 23-01-99.

3. Calculations of operating modes of the heat supply system at a temperature of direct network water of 115 °C

The work in the new conditions of the heat supply system, created over decades according to modern standards for the construction period, is considered. The design temperature schedule for the qualitative regulation of the seasonal load is 150-70 °С. It is believed that at the time of commissioning, the heat supply system performed its functions exactly.

As a result of the analysis of the system of equations describing the processes in all parts of the heat supply system, its behavior is determined at a maximum water temperature in the supply line of 115 ° C at a design outdoor temperature, mixing ratios of elevator units of 2.2.

One of the defining parameters of the analytical study is the consumption of network water for heating and ventilation. Its value is taken in the following options:

The design value of the flow rate in accordance with the schedule 150-70 ° C and the declared load of heating, ventilation;

The value of the flow rate, providing the design air temperature in the premises under the design conditions for the outside air temperature;

The actual maximum possible value of the network water flow, taking into account the installed network pumps.

3.1. Reducing the air temperature in the rooms while maintaining the connected heat loads

Let us determine how the average temperature in the premises will change at the temperature of the network water in the supply line t o 1 \u003d 115 ° С, the design consumption of network water for heating (we will assume that the entire load is heating, since the ventilation load is of the same type), based on the project schedule 150-70 °С, at outdoor air temperature t n.o = -25 °С. We consider that at all elevator nodes the mixing coefficients u are calculated and are equal to

For the design design conditions of operation of the heat supply system ( , , , ), the following system of equations is valid:

where - the average value of the heat transfer coefficient of all heating devices with a total heat exchange area F, - the average temperature difference between the coolant of the heating devices and the air temperature in the premises, G o - the estimated flow rate of network water entering the elevator units, G p - the estimated flow rate of water entering into heating devices, G p \u003d (1 + u) G o , s is the specific mass isobaric heat capacity of water, is the average design value of the heat transfer coefficient of the building, taking into account the transport of thermal energy through external fences with a total area A and the cost of thermal energy for heating the standard flow rate of the outdoor air.

At a low temperature of the network water in the supply line t o 1 =115 ° C, while maintaining the design air exchange, the average air temperature in the premises decreases to the value t in. The corresponding system of equations for design conditions for outdoor air will have the form

, (3)

where n is the exponent in the criterion dependence of the heat transfer coefficient of heating devices on the average temperature difference, see, table. 9.2, p.44. For the most common heating devices in the form of cast-iron sectional radiators and steel panel convectors of the RSV and RSG types, when the coolant moves from top to bottom, n=0.3.

Let us introduce the notation , , .

From (1)-(3) follows the system of equations

whose solutions look like:

, (4)

(5)

. (6)

For the given design values of the parameters of the heat supply system

Equation (5), taking into account (3) for a given temperature of direct water in the design conditions, allows us to obtain a ratio for determining the air temperature in the premises:

The solution to this equation is t in =8.7°C.

The relative thermal power of the heating system is equal to

Therefore, when the temperature of direct network water changes from 150 °C to 115 °C, the average air temperature in the premises decreases from 18 °C to 8.7 °C, the heating system's heat output drops by 21.6%.

The calculated values of water temperatures in the heating system for the accepted deviation from the temperature schedule are °С, °С.

The performed calculation corresponds to the case when the outdoor air flow during the operation of the ventilation and infiltration system corresponds to the design standard values up to the outdoor air temperature t n.o = -25°C. Since in residential buildings, as a rule, natural ventilation is used, organized by residents when ventilating with the help of vents, window sashes and micro-ventilation systems for double-glazed windows, it can be argued that at low outdoor temperatures, the flow of cold air entering the premises, especially after almost complete replacement of window blocks with double-glazed windows is far from the normative value. Therefore, the air temperature in residential premises is in fact much higher than a certain value of t in = 8.7 ° C.

3.2 Determining the power of the heating system by reducing the ventilation of indoor air at the estimated flow of network water

Let us determine how much it is necessary to reduce the cost of thermal energy for ventilation in the considered non-project mode of low temperature of the network water of the heating network in order for the average air temperature in the premises to remain at the standard level, that is, t in = t w.r = 18 ° C.

The system of equations describing the process of operation of the heat supply system under these conditions will take the form

The joint solution (2') with systems (1) and (3) similarly to the previous case gives the following relations for the temperatures of different water flows:

The equation for the given temperature of direct water under the design conditions for the outdoor temperature allows you to find the reduced relative load of the heating system (only the power of the ventilation system has been reduced, the heat transfer through the external fences is exactly preserved):

The solution to this equation is =0.706.

Therefore, when the temperature of the direct network water changes from 150°C to 115°C, maintaining the air temperature in the premises at the level of 18°C is possible by reducing the total heat output of the heating system to 0.706 of the design value by reducing the cost of heating the outside air. The heat output of the heating system drops by 29.4%.

The calculated values of water temperatures for the accepted deviation from the temperature graph are equal to °С, °С.

3.4 Increasing the consumption of network water in order to ensure the standard air temperature in the premises

Let us determine how the consumption of network water in the heating network for heating needs should increase when the temperature of the network water in the supply line drops to t o 1 \u003d 115 ° C under the design conditions for the outdoor temperature t n.o \u003d -25 ° C, so that the average temperature in the air in the premises remained at the normative level, that is, t in \u003d t w.r \u003d 18 ° C. The ventilation of the premises corresponds to the design value.

The system of equations describing the process of operation of the heat supply system, in this case, will take the form, taking into account the increase in the value of the flow rate of network water up to G o y and the flow rate of water through the heating system G pu \u003d G ou (1 + u) with a constant value of the mixing coefficient of elevator nodes u= 2.2. For clarity, we reproduce in this system the equations (1)

From (1), (2”), (3’) follows a system of equations of an intermediate form

The solution of the given system has the form:

° С, t o 2 \u003d 76.5 ° С,

So, when the temperature of the direct network water changes from 150 °C to 115 °C, maintaining the average air temperature in the premises at the level of 18 °C is possible by increasing the consumption of network water in the supply (return) line of the heating network for the needs of heating and ventilation systems in 2 .08 times.

Obviously, there is no such reserve in terms of network water consumption both at heat sources and at pumping stations, if any. In addition, such a high increase in network water consumption will lead to an increase in pressure losses due to friction in the pipelines of the heating network and in the equipment of heating points and heat sources by more than 4 times, which cannot be realized due to the lack of supply of network pumps in terms of pressure and engine power. . Consequently, an increase in network water consumption by 2.08 times due to an increase in only the number of installed network pumps, while maintaining their pressure, will inevitably lead to unsatisfactory operation of elevator units and heat exchangers in most of the heating points of the heat supply system.

3.5 Reducing the power of the heating system by reducing the ventilation of indoor air in conditions of increased consumption of network water

For some heat sources, the consumption of network water in the mains can be provided higher than the design value by tens of percent. This is due both to the decrease in thermal loads that has taken place in recent decades, and to the presence of a certain performance reserve of installed network pumps. Let's take the maximum relative value of network water consumption equal to =1.35 of the design value. We also take into account the possible increase in the calculated outdoor air temperature according to SP 131.13330.2012.

Let us determine how much it is necessary to reduce the average outdoor air consumption for ventilation of premises in the mode of reduced temperature of the network water of the heating network so that the average air temperature in the premises remains at the standard level, that is, tw = 18 °C.

For a reduced temperature of network water in the supply line t o 1 = 115 ° C, the air flow in the premises is reduced in order to maintain the calculated value of t at = 18 ° C in conditions of an increase in the flow of network water by 1.35 times and an increase in the calculated temperature of the cold five-day period. The corresponding system of equations for the new conditions will have the form

The relative decrease in the heat output of the heating system is equal to

. (3’’)

From (1), (2'''), (3'') follows the solution

For the given values of the parameters of the heat supply system and = 1.35:

; =115 °С; =66 °С; \u003d 81.3 ° С.

We also take into account the increase in the temperature of the cold five-day period to the value t n.o_ = -22 °C. The relative thermal power of the heating system is equal to

The relative change in the total heat transfer coefficients is equal to and due to a decrease in the air flow rate of the ventilation system.

For houses built before 2000, the share of heat energy consumption for ventilation of premises in the central regions of the Russian Federation is 40 ... .

For houses built after 2000, the share of ventilation costs increases to 50 ... 55%, a drop in the air consumption of the ventilation system by approximately 1.3 times will maintain the calculated air temperature in the premises.

Above in 3.2 it is shown that with the design values of network water consumption, indoor air temperature and design outdoor air temperature, a decrease in the network water temperature to 115 ° C corresponds to a relative power of the heating system of 0.709. If this decrease in power is attributed to a decrease in ventilation air heating, then for houses built before 2000, the air flow rate of the ventilation system of the premises should drop by approximately 3.2 times, for houses built after 2000 - by 2.3 times.

An analysis of measurement data from heat energy metering units of individual residential buildings shows that a decrease in heat energy consumption on cold days corresponds to a decrease in standard air exchange by a factor of 2.5 or more.

4. The need to clarify the calculated heating load of heat supply systems

Let the declared load of the heating system created in recent decades be . This load corresponds to the design temperature of the outside air, relevant during the construction period, taken for definiteness t n.o = -25 °C.

The following is an estimate of the actual reduction in the declared design heating load due to the influence of various factors.

Increasing the calculated outdoor temperature to -22 °C reduces the calculated heating load to (18+22)/(18+25)x100%=93%.

In addition, the following factors lead to a reduction in the calculated heating load.

1. Replacement of window blocks with double-glazed windows, which took place almost everywhere. The share of transmission losses of thermal energy through windows is about 20% of the total heating load. Replacing window blocks with double-glazed windows led to an increase in thermal resistance from 0.3 to 0.4 m 2 ∙K / W, respectively, the thermal power of heat loss decreased to the value: x100% \u003d 93.3%.

2. For residential buildings, the share of ventilation load in the heating load in projects completed before the early 2000s is about 40...45%, later - about 50...55%. Let's take the average share of the ventilation component in the heating load in the amount of 45% of the declared heating load. It corresponds to an air exchange rate of 1.0. According to modern STO standards, the maximum air exchange rate is at the level of 0.5, the average daily air exchange rate for a residential building is at the level of 0.35. Therefore, a decrease in the air exchange rate from 1.0 to 0.35 leads to a drop in the heating load of a residential building to the value:

x100%=70.75%.

3. The ventilation load of different consumers is demanded randomly, therefore, like the DHW load for a heat source, its value is summed not additively, but taking into account the coefficients of hourly unevenness. The share of the maximum ventilation load in the declared heating load is 0.45x0.5 / 1.0 = 0.225 (22.5%). The coefficient of hourly non-uniformity is estimated to be the same as for hot water supply, equal to K hour.vent = 2.4. Therefore, the total load of heating systems for the heat source, taking into account the reduction in the ventilation maximum load, the replacement of window blocks with double-glazed windows and the non-simultaneous demand for the ventilation load, will be 0.933x (0.55 + 0.225 / 2.4)x100% \u003d 60.1% of the declared load .

4. Taking into account the increase in the design outdoor temperature will lead to an even greater drop in the design heating load.

5. The performed estimates show that the clarification of the heat load of heating systems can lead to its reduction by 30 ... 40%. Such a decrease in the heating load allows us to expect that, while maintaining the design flow of network water, the calculated air temperature in the premises can be ensured by implementing the “cutoff” of the direct water temperature at 115 °C for low outdoor temperatures (see results 3.2). This can be argued with even greater reason if there is a reserve in the value of the network water consumption at the heat source of the heat supply system (see results 3.4).

The above estimates are illustrative, but it follows from them that, based on the current requirements of regulatory documentation, one can expect both a significant reduction in the total design heating load of existing consumers for a heat source, and a technically justified operating mode with a “cutoff” of the temperature schedule for regulating seasonal load at 115°C. The required degree of real reduction in the declared load of heating systems should be determined during field tests for consumers of a particular heat main. The calculated temperature of the return network water is also subject to clarification during field tests.

It should be borne in mind that the qualitative regulation of the seasonal load is not sustainable in terms of the distribution of thermal power among heating devices for vertical single-pipe heating systems. Therefore, in all the calculations given above, while ensuring the average design air temperature in the rooms, there will be some change in the air temperature in the rooms along the riser during the heating period at different outdoor air temperatures.

5. Difficulties in the implementation of the normative air exchange of premises

Consider the cost structure of the thermal power of the heating system of a residential building. The main components of heat losses compensated by the flow of heat from heating devices are transmission losses through external fences, as well as the cost of heating the outside air entering the premises. Fresh air consumption for residential buildings is determined by the requirements of sanitary and hygienic standards, which are given in section 6.

In residential buildings, the ventilation system is usually natural. The air flow rate is provided by the periodic opening of the vents and window sashes. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that since 2000 the requirements for the heat-shielding properties of external fences, primarily walls, have increased significantly (by 2–3 times).

From the practice of developing energy passports for residential buildings, it follows that for buildings built from the 50s to the 80s of the last century in the central and northwestern regions, the share of thermal energy for standard ventilation (infiltration) was 40 ... 45%, for buildings built later, 45…55%.

Before the advent of double-glazed windows, air exchange was regulated by vents and transoms, and on cold days the frequency of their opening decreased. With the widespread use of double-glazed windows, ensuring standard air exchange has become an even greater problem. This is due to a tenfold decrease in uncontrolled infiltration through cracks and the fact that frequent ventilation by opening window sashes, which alone can provide standard air exchange, does not actually occur.

There are publications on this topic, see, for example,. Even during periodic ventilation, there are no quantitative indicators indicating the air exchange of the premises and its comparison with the standard value. As a result, in fact, the air exchange is far from the norm and a number of problems arise: relative humidity increases, condensation forms on the glazing, mold appears, persistent odors appear, the carbon dioxide content in the air rises, which together led to the emergence of the term “sick building syndrome”. In some cases, due to a sharp decrease in air exchange, a rarefaction occurs in the premises, leading to an overturning of the air movement in the exhaust ducts and to the entry of cold air into the premises, the flow of dirty air from one apartment to another, and freezing of the walls of the channels. As a result, builders are faced with the problem of using more advanced ventilation systems that can save heating costs. In this regard, it is necessary to use ventilation systems with controlled air supply and removal, heating systems with automatic control of heat supply to heating devices (ideally, systems with apartment connection), sealed windows and entrance doors to apartments.

Confirmation of the fact that the ventilation system of residential buildings operates with a performance that is significantly less than the design one is the lower, in comparison with the calculated, heat energy consumption during the heating period, recorded by the heat energy metering units of buildings.

The calculation of the ventilation system of a residential building performed by the staff of the St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University showed the following. Natural ventilation in the mode of free air flow, on average for the year, is almost 50% less than the calculated one (the cross section of the exhaust duct is designed according to the current ventilation standards for multi-apartment residential buildings for the conditions of St. time, ventilation is more than 2 times less than the calculated one, and in 2% of the time there is no ventilation. For a significant part of the heating period, at an outside air temperature of less than +5 °C, ventilation exceeds the standard value. That is, without special adjustment at low outdoor temperatures, it is impossible to ensure standard air exchange; at outdoor temperatures of more than +5 ° C, air exchange will be lower than standard if the fan is not used.

6. Evolution of regulatory requirements for indoor air exchange

The costs of heating the outdoor air are determined by the requirements given in the regulatory documentation, which have undergone a number of changes over the long period of building construction.

Consider these changes on the example of residential apartment buildings.

In SNiP II-L.1-62, part II, section L, chapter 1, in force until April 1971, the air exchange rates for living rooms were 3 m 3 / h per 1 m 2 of room area, for a kitchen with electric stoves, the air exchange rate 3, but not less than 60 m 3 / h, for a kitchen with a gas stove - 60 m 3 / h for two-burner stoves, 75 m 3 / h - for three-burner stoves, 90 m 3 / h - for four-burner stoves. Estimated temperature of living rooms +18 °С, kitchens +15 °С.

In SNiP II-L.1-71, Part II, Section L, Chapter 1, in force until July 1986, similar standards are indicated, but for a kitchen with electric stoves, the air exchange rate of 3 is excluded.

In SNiP 2.08.01-85, which were in force until January 1990, the air exchange rates for living rooms were 3 m 3 / h per 1 m 2 of room area, for the kitchen without indicating the type of plates 60 m 3 / h. Despite the different standard temperature in the living quarters and in the kitchen, for thermal calculations it is proposed to take the temperature of the internal air +18°С.

In SNiP 2.08.01-89, which were in force until October 2003, the air exchange rates are the same as in SNiP II-L.1-71, Part II, Section L, Chapter 1. The indication of the internal air temperature +18 ° WITH.

In the SNiP 31-01-2003 that are still in force, new requirements appear, given in 9.2-9.4:

9.2 The design parameters of air in the premises of a residential building should be taken according to the optimal standards of GOST 30494. The air exchange rate in the premises should be taken in accordance with Table 9.1.

Table 9.1

room	Multiplicity or magnitude air exchange, m 3 per hour, not less
room	in non-working	in mode service
Bedroom, shared, children's room	0,2	1,0
Library, office	0,2	0,5
Pantry, linen, dressing room	0,2	0,2
Gym, billiard room	0,2	80 m 3
Laundry, ironing, drying	0,5	90 m 3
Kitchen with electric stove	0,5	60 m 3
Room with gas-using equipment	1,0	1.0 + 100 m 3
Room with heat generators and solid fuel stoves	0,5	1.0 + 100 m 3
Bathroom, shower room, toilet, shared bathroom	0,5	25 m 3
Sauna	0,5	10 m 3 for 1 person
Elevator engine room	-	By calculation
Parking	1,0	By calculation
Garbage chamber	1,0	1,0

The air exchange rate in all ventilated rooms not listed in the table in non-operating mode should be at least 0.2 room volume per hour.

9.3 In the course of thermotechnical calculation of enclosing structures of residential buildings, the temperature of the internal air of heated premises should be taken as at least 20 °С.

9.4 The heating and ventilation system of the building must be designed to ensure that the indoor air temperature in the premises during the heating period is within the optimal parameters established by GOST 30494, with the design parameters of the outdoor air for the respective construction areas.

From this it can be seen that, firstly, the concepts of the maintenance mode of the premises and the non-working mode appear, during which, as a rule, very different quantitative requirements are imposed on air exchange. For residential premises (bedrooms, common rooms, children's rooms), which make up a significant part of the area of the apartment, the air exchange rates under different modes differ by 5 times. The air temperature in the premises when calculating the heat losses of the designed building should be taken at least 20°C. In residential premises, the frequency of air exchange is normalized, regardless of the area and number of residents.

The updated version of SP 54.13330.2011 partially reproduces the information of SNiP 31-01-2003 in the original version. Air exchange rates for bedrooms, common rooms, children's rooms with a total area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment per person less than 20 m 2 - 3 m 3 / h per 1 m 2 of room area; the same when the total area of the apartment per person is more than 20 m 2 - 30 m 3 / h per person, but not less than 0.35 h -1; for a kitchen with electric stoves 60 m 3 / h, for a kitchen with a gas stove 100 m 3 / h.

Therefore, to determine the average daily hourly air exchange, it is necessary to assign the duration of each of the modes, determine the air flow in different rooms during each mode, and then calculate the average hourly need for fresh air in the apartment, and then the house as a whole. Multiple changes in air exchange in a particular apartment during the day, for example, in the absence of people in the apartment during working hours or on weekends, will lead to a significant unevenness of air exchange during the day. At the same time, it is obvious that the non-simultaneous operation of these modes in different apartments will lead to equalization of the house load for ventilation needs and to a non-additive addition of this load for different consumers.

It is possible to draw an analogy with the non-simultaneous use of the DHW load by consumers, which obliges to introduce the coefficient of hourly unevenness when determining the DHW load for the heat source. As you know, its value for a significant number of consumers in the regulatory documentation is taken equal to 2.4. A similar value for the ventilation component of the heating load allows us to assume that the corresponding total load will also in fact decrease by at least 2.4 times due to the non-simultaneous opening of vents and windows in different residential buildings. In public and industrial buildings, a similar picture is observed with the difference that during non-working hours ventilation is minimal and is determined only by infiltration through leaks in light barriers and external doors.

Accounting for the thermal inertia of buildings also makes it possible to focus on the average daily values of thermal energy consumption for air heating. Moreover, in most heating systems there are no thermostats that maintain the air temperature in the premises. It is also known that the central regulation of the temperature of network water in the supply line for heating systems is carried out according to the outdoor temperature, averaged over a period of about 6-12 hours, and sometimes for more time.

Therefore, it is necessary to perform calculations of the normative average air exchange for residential buildings of different series in order to clarify the calculated heating load of buildings. Similar work needs to be done for public and industrial buildings.

It should be noted that these current regulatory documents apply to newly designed buildings in terms of designing ventilation systems for premises, but indirectly they not only can, but should also be a guide to action when clarifying the thermal loads of all buildings, including those that were built according to other standards listed above.

The standards of organizations regulating the norms of air exchange in the premises of multi-apartment residential buildings have been developed and published. For example, STO NPO ABOK 2.1-2008, STO SRO NP SPAS-05-2013, Energy saving in buildings. Calculation and design of ventilation systems for residential multi-apartment buildings (Approved by the general meeting of SRO NP SPAS dated March 27, 2014).

Basically, in these documents, the standards cited correspond to SP 54.13330.2011, with some reductions in individual requirements (for example, for a kitchen with a gas stove, a single air exchange is not added to 90 (100) m 3 / h, during non-working hours in a kitchen of this type air exchange is allowed 0 .5 h -1, while in SP 54.13330.2011 - 1.0 h -1).

Reference Appendix B STO SRO NP SPAS-05-2013 provides an example of calculating the required air exchange for a three-room apartment.

Initial data:

The total area of the apartment F total \u003d 82.29 m 2;

The area of residential premises F lived \u003d 43.42 m 2;

Kitchen area - F kx \u003d 12.33 m 2;

Bathroom area - F ext \u003d 2.82 m 2;

The area of the restroom - F ub \u003d 1.11 m 2;

Room height h = 2.6 m;

The kitchen has an electric stove.

Geometric characteristics:

The volume of heated premises V \u003d 221.8 m 3;

The volume of residential premises V lived \u003d 112.9 m 3;

Kitchen volume V kx \u003d 32.1 m 3;

The volume of the restroom V ub \u003d 2.9 m 3;

The volume of the bathroom V ext \u003d 7.3 m 3.

From the above calculation of air exchange, it follows that the ventilation system of the apartment must provide the calculated air exchange in the maintenance mode (in the design operation mode) - L tr work = 110.0 m 3 / h; in idle mode - L tr slave \u003d 22.6 m 3 / h. The given air flow rates correspond to the air exchange rate of 110.0/221.8=0.5 h -1 for the service mode and 22.6/221.8=0.1 h -1 for the off mode.

The information given in this section shows that in existing regulatory documents with different occupancy of apartments, the maximum air exchange rate is in the range of 0.35 ... 0.5 h -1 according to the heated volume of the building, in non-operating mode - at the level of 0.1 h -1 This means that when determining the capacity of the heating system that compensates for the transmission losses of thermal energy and the costs of heating the outdoor air, as well as the consumption of network water for heating needs, one can focus, as a first approximation, on the daily average value of the air exchange rate of residential multi-apartment buildings 0.35 h - 1 .

An analysis of the energy passports of residential buildings developed in accordance with SNiP 23-02-2003 “Thermal protection of buildings” shows that when calculating the heating load of a house, the air exchange rate corresponds to the level of 0.7 h -1, which is 2 times higher than the recommended value above, not contradicting the requirements of modern service stations.

It is necessary to clarify the heating load of buildings built according to standard designs, based on the reduced average value of the air exchange rate, which will comply with existing Russian standards and will allow us to approach the standards of a number of EU countries and the USA.

7. Rationale for lowering the temperature graph

Section 1 shows that the temperature graph of 150-70 °C, due to the actual impossibility of its use in modern conditions, should be lowered or modified by justifying the “cutoff” in temperature.

The above calculations of various modes of operation of the heat supply system in off-design conditions allow us to propose the following strategy for making changes to the regulation of the heat load of consumers.

1. For the transitional period, introduce a temperature chart of 150-70 °С with a “cutoff” of 115 °С. With such a schedule, the consumption of network water in the heating network for the needs of heating, ventilation should be kept at the current level corresponding to the design value, or with a slight excess, based on the performance of the installed network pumps. In the range of outdoor air temperatures corresponding to the “cutoff”, consider the calculated heating load of consumers reduced in comparison with the design value. The decrease in the heating load is attributed to the reduction in the cost of thermal energy for ventilation, based on the provision of the necessary average daily air exchange of residential multi-apartment buildings according to modern standards at the level of 0.35 h -1 .

2. Organize work to clarify the loads of heating systems in buildings by developing energy passports for residential buildings, public organizations and enterprises, paying attention, first of all, to the ventilation load of buildings, which is included in the load of heating systems, taking into account modern regulatory requirements for indoor air exchange. To this end, it is necessary for houses of different heights, primarily for standard series, to calculate heat losses, both transmission and ventilation, in accordance with modern requirements of the regulatory documentation of the Russian Federation.

3. On the basis of full-scale tests, take into account the duration of the characteristic modes of operation of ventilation systems and the non-simultaneity of their operation for different consumers.

4. After clarifying the thermal loads of consumer heating systems, develop a schedule for regulating the seasonal load of 150-70 °С with a “cutoff” by 115°С. The possibility of switching to the classic schedule of 115-70 °С without “cutting off” with high-quality regulation should be determined after clarifying the reduced heating loads. Specify the temperature of the return network water when developing a reduced schedule.

5. Recommend to designers, developers of new residential buildings and repair organizations performing major repairs of old housing stock, the use of modern ventilation systems that allow the regulation of air exchange, including mechanical ones with systems for recovering the thermal energy of polluted air, as well as the introduction of thermostats to adjust the power of devices heating.

Literature

1. Sokolov E.Ya. Heat supply and heat networks, 7th ed., M.: MPEI Publishing House, 2001

2. Gershkovich V.F. “One hundred and fifty ... Norm or bust? Reflections on the parameters of the coolant…” // Energy saving in buildings. - 2004 - No. 3 (22), Kyiv.

3. Internal sanitary devices. At 3 p.m. Part 1 Heating / V.N. Bogoslovsky, B.A. Krupnov, A.N. Scanavi and others; Ed. I.G. Staroverov and Yu.I. Schiller, - 4th ed., Revised. and additional - M.: Stroyizdat, 1990. -344 p.: ill. – (Designer's Handbook).

4. Samarin O.D. Thermophysics. Energy saving. Energy efficiency / Monograph. M.: DIA Publishing House, 2011.

6. A.D. Krivoshein, Energy saving in buildings: translucent structures and ventilation of premises // Architecture and construction of the Omsk region, No. 10 (61), 2008

7. N.I. Vatin, T.V. Samoplyas “Ventilation systems for residential premises of apartment buildings”, St. Petersburg, 2004

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How does the temperature of the coolant depend on the temperature outside

The temperature of the heat carrier directly depends on the outside temperature. You should pay attention to this fact. Weather conditions are directly taken into account when determining the required heating parameters.

In Russia, heating systems that operate on a water basis are most often used. However, the temperature of the water that flows through the batteries is directly dependent on weather conditions. Therefore, when it is cold outside, heat supply companies are obliged to increase the temperature regime, and when it is warm, on the contrary, to weaken it.

The schedule according to which the temperature of the water supplied to the house is calculated is approved at the legislative level. It directly reflects the indicators at which the resource should be heated more intensively or weakly.

The schedule is developed on the basis of approved standards for normal room temperature. Therefore, if the house is cold and the batteries do not heat, this is the fault of the service provider. You can safely engage in measuring heat and drawing up an act.

Thermal power stations do not calculate anything on their own. They have no right to make their own rules. All indicators are approved by the government of the Russian Federation in agreement with SanPiN. Based on statistical data for the last ten years. When drawing up the schedule, the highest and lowest thermometer marks for this period were taken into account.

However, such rules allow heat supply companies to save on heating, since the highest temperature indicators are not so common.

ATTENTION! Look at the completed sample application to the Criminal Code for measuring the temperature in the apartment:

Heating temperature chart

The thermal level of water supplied for space heating must be at a government-approved mark. To calculate the indicators, you do not need to resort to technical services. At the legislative level, everything has been calculated for a long time.

It remains only to maintain the required temperature conditions at the inlet, outlet and in the heating system itself. However, in order to maintain a balance, it is required to have special knowledge that will help determine the intensity of water heating to increase, decrease its temperature.

Please note! In each region, heat supply companies are required to independently configure the equipment so that it produces water at the required temperature. This is due to the unique climatic conditions in different settlements.

For example, in the south of the country, external indicators never exceed -30 C, so they do not need to introduce enhanced equipment operation.

In the room, in accordance with the approved rules, the temperature should not be lower than +20C ... +22C. Such standards are considered optimal for living and spending time in an apartment.

The approved schedule contains information on the permitted water temperature:

at the exit from the heat supply station (boiler room);
while in the heating system;
when leaving the heating system, for example, when drawing from a tap directly in a heated apartment.

Each heat supply station must be equipped with special means that help maintain maximum and minimum performance.

However, depending on the installation volume:

large CHP plants are required to equip the station with devices that produce water with a maximum temperature of 105°C to 130°C. The minimum indicator is at the level of 70 ° C;
small stations, boiler rooms are equipped with devices that dispense water with a maximum temperature of 95 ° C to 105 ° C. The minimum score remains the same.

However, in some regions, the maximum indicators are increasing due to a decrease in the average daily air temperature outside.

Previously, before 1991, the responsibility for scheduling was assigned to the local administration. Every year in the autumn-winter period they were engaged in calculations. Based on their heating companies supplied heat to the house.

It cannot be said that such a method helped to find the optimal result. Some houses were cold in winter. However, this made it possible to optimize the temperature regime in many rooms. Most of the population received the most comfortable living conditions.

Unfortunately, these methods of calculation have been abolished. The rules were introduced to simplify the payment system. However, this resulted in the delivery of services in a degraded state. It seems that the heating company does not violate the law, but it is still cold in the house all winter.

The introduction of new rules led to a reduction in the costs of thermal stations, and not to providing the population with sufficient heat.

Numerous complaints about public utilities from ordinary people did not go unnoticed. In 2010, the schedule of thermal indicators was again introduced for execution. It is regulated by Federal Law N 190 of July 27, 2010 "On Heat Supply". Now the heat in the house has been restored again.

The new graph is based on average temperatures over the past ten years. Taken into account: the highest and lowest thermometer mark in winter.

Attention! Our qualified lawyers will assist you free of charge and around the clock on any issues.

Outdoor temperature, in °C	Water temperature at the inlet to the heating system, in °C	Water temperature in the heating system, in °C	Water temperature at the outlet of the heating system, in °C
+8	+51…+52	+42…+45	+34…+40
+7	+51…+55	+44…+47	+35…+41
+6	+53…+57	+45…+49	+36…+46
+5	+55…+59	+47…+50	+37…+44
+4	+57…+61	+48…+52	+38…+45
+3	+59…+64	+50…+54	+39…+47
+2	+61…+66	+51…+56	+40…+48
+1	+63…+69	+53…+57	+41…+50
0	+65…+71	+55…+59	+42…+51
-1	+67…+73	+56…+61	+43…+52
-2	+69…+76	+58…+62	+44…+54
-3	+71…+78	+59-…+64	+45…+55
-4	+73…+80	+61…+66	+46…+57
-5	+75…+82	+62…+67	+47…+59
-6	+77-…+85	+64…+-69	+48…+62
-7	+79…+87	+65…+71	+49…+61
-8	+80…+89	+66…+72	+49…+63
-9	+82…+92	+69…+-75	+50…+64
-10	+86…+94	+71…+77	+51…+65
-11	+86…+96	+72…+79	+52…+66
-12	+88…+98	+74…+-80	+53…+68
-13	+90…+101	+75…+82	+54…+69
-14	+92…+103	+76…+83	+54…+70
-15	+93…+105	+79…+86	+56…+72
-16	+95…+107	+79…+86	+56…+72
-17	+97…+109	+81…+88	+56…+74
-18	+99…+112	+82…+90	+57…+75
-19	+101…+114	+83…+91	+58…+76
-20	+102-…+116	+85…+-93	+59…+77
-21	+104…+118	+88…+94	+59…+78
-22	+106…+120	+87…+96	+60…+80
-23	+108…+123	+89…+97	+61…+81
-24	+109…+125	+90…+98	+62…+82
-25	+112…+128	+91…+99	+62…+83
-26	+114…+130	+92…+101	+63…+84
-27	+116…+134	+94…+103	+64…+86
-28	+118…+136	+96…+105	+64…+87
-29	+120…+138	+97…+106	+67…+88
-30	+122…+140	+98…+108	+66…+89
-31	+123…+142	+100…+109	+66…+90
-32	+125…+144	+101…+111	+67…+91
-33	+127…+146	+102…+112	+68…+92
-34	+129…+149	+104…+114	+69…+94

Reasons for using a temperature chart

A special schedule is developed for the boiler house of a thermal power plant, on the basis of which it operates. They serve residential apartment buildings, cottages, apartments, office buildings, municipalities and other premises.

The schedule makes it possible for thermal power plants to prepare for the heating season. With it, a drop in temperature is not scary for the population. In addition, it allows you to save thermal energy when you can heat the room in a reduced mode.

In order to receive a recalculation for the provided low-quality services for supplying premises with heat, it is necessary to equip centralized networks with a special heat transfer, heat exchange, and heat measurement sensor. Without it, it makes no sense to make claims to the supplier.

The user will not be able to prove his case, since violations are often hidden in the house itself, for example, poor insulation.

Some builders are deliberately jacking up the prices of properties under construction because they are equipping homes with new, costly, energy-saving heating systems that keep the heat in and save on utility bills.

To maintain heat in the house, walls, floors, and ceilings should be well insulated. Fortunately, now on the construction market there are many materials that allow you to insulate the room.

ATTENTION ! View the completed sample application for recalculation of heating payments:

Main settings

The main indicator is the water temperature in the heating system. It is he who determines the efficiency of heating the room. The hotter the water, the warmer the house.

In addition to the temperature when heating a house, other factors that directly affect the level of heat in the apartment should be taken into account.

These include the level of viscosity of the liquid, the rate of distribution of water, the volume of heat expansion. It should be noted that the second indicator is at least 20 cm per second. That is, in 1 second, water moves 20 cm.

When creating a heating system and choosing equipment, the following important factors must be considered:

how long does it take for warm water to reach its peak, and at what speed does it move along the main network;
water must be purified. It is tested for the absence of metal corrosion properties;
the viscosity of water is low. Only in this case, the liquid will be able to develop the speed established by the regulations;
water is completely safe, free of impurities and toxic, poisonous substances;
the liquid is not flammable. The flammability property in it is at zero.

Heating equipment is expensive, but mini-stations often acquire cheap analogues of expensive devices. But any acquisition without fail should not show incorrect results and bring heat to people with less quality.

More expensive devices last longer. They do not require replacement and are used as a priority in the construction of luxury real estate.

The air temperature in the house depends not only on the intensity of heating, but also on the degree of insulation of the room, its insulation.

Watch the video. How to operate the boiler, according to the coolant temperature or air temperature:

Additional data

Some important factors influence the temperature of water in a centralized heating system.

These include:

a decrease in air temperature outside, as a result of which it becomes colder in the house;
wind - the stronger it is, the colder it gets in the room;
insulation of the room, for example, if you change the double-glazed windows for new ones, you can increase the air temperature in the apartment by several degrees.

Remember! Building codes are constantly changing. According to the latest adopted changes, not only the residential sector of apartment buildings should be insulated, but also basements, attics, and roofs. After concrete insulation of the entire structure, positive results can be achieved as a whole.

Of course, the cost of warming the whole house is high. But all this will soon pay off. Many builders are paying attention to this. That is why it has recently become customary to equip the home with additional means of insulation.

Apartment owners will appreciate the advantages of the insulation system. The cost of utilities is growing every year, and people are not willing to pay for the constant cold in their apartment.

Temperature of heating devices

There is an ideal temperature indicator for heating appliances. It is set at 90/70°C. However, it is very difficult to achieve such coefficients. For their implementation, it is necessary to observe different temperature conditions in one apartment.

For example, in the bathroom - +25°C, in the bedroom - +20°C, in the kitchen and other rooms - +18°C. Often in a single dwelling, the same temperature regime is observed.

At the legislative level, the norms of heat in the premises are established:

for children, for example, in kindergartens - + 18 ... + 23 ° C;
in schools, universities, colleges and the like - + 21 ° C;
in cultural institutions, for example, in clubs, restaurants - + 16 ... + 21 ° C.

Temperature indicators are set for all types of premises. They directly depend on the actions performed in them. The more people appear in the room, the more movements are made in them, the lower the temperature indicator. In gyms, fitness clubs, it is customary to observe +18°C.

Air temperature in the room

Please note! At the legislative level, factors have been established on which the temperature indicators of home heating equipment depend.

These include:

indicator of the mercury column on the street;
allowed temperature fluctuations;
how water is supplied to the system (lower, upper supply);
type of heating equipment.

The temperature of the water to be supplied is directly affected by street weather. The colder it is, the hotter the water is. As it flows through the pipes, it cools down. On the reverse, its indicator decreases. However, this indicator is also approved by regulatory legal acts.

For example, if it is 8 degrees Celsius outside, then the employees of the heat supply station are required to run water at a temperature not lower than + 51C ... + 52 °C. She cools off along the way. In the heating system itself, its indicator is +42..+45°C. However, after the release, the allowable rate is + 34 ... + 40 ° C. Thus, for a full revolution, heat transfer is allowed to decrease by 8 degrees.