Literary and national languages

Literary language has a number of features that fundamentally distinguish it from other forms of existence of the language: processing, normalization, the breadth of social functioning, universal obligation for all members of the team, and the development of the functional-stylistic system.

There is a difference between the literary language and the common (national) language. The national language appears in the form of a literary language, but not every literary language immediately becomes a national language.

One can speak about the Russian literary language already from the beginning of the 17th century, while it becomes the national language in the first half of the 19th century, in the era of A.S. Pushkin. [After Peter the Great began to introduce the achievements of Western culture in Russia, a linguistic element was added to the stratification between the nobility and the rest of the people. The nobility spoke French. Thus, the Russian language became the language of the lower strata, and therefore there was an opinion that it did not have the merits of European languages.]

The national language has a tendency to operate with non-literary layers of vocabulary: dialectisms, jargon, slang, vernacular.

Dialectisms and their stylistic function.

Dialectism- a word or figure of speech used by people of a particular locality. Dialectisms are part of the national language and are opposed to the literary language. In the literary language, they can be used by the author to give the speech of a certain character a certain degree of expressiveness and coloring.

Dialectisms stand out in the stream literary speech as deviations from the norm. Differ dialectisms phonetic: for example, clatter, i.e. the pronunciation of “dotska”, “nots”; yakan: “pyatukh”, “ryaka”, “syastra”; "x" instead of "g" at the end of the word: "sneh", "druh", "vrach"; grammatical ending "t" in 3rd person verbs: "go", "sit", "take"; the ending "e" in the genitive case such as: "to my wife", "from my sister"; special usage prepositions: “came from Moscow”, “left for bread”, “go to the hut”; derivational: for example, “on the side” - “on the side”, “blueberries” - “blueberries”, “especially” - “especially”. Lexicaldialectisms there can be several types: words that name objects, phenomena that are characteristic of everyday life, the economy of a given area and have no parallels in the literary language: “poneva” is a kind of skirt, “tuyos” is a vessel made of birch bark; synonymous words corresponding to the literary ones: “kochet” - “rooster”, “hefty” - “very”; words that have a different meaning than in the literary language: “thin” - “bad”, “weather” - “bad weather”. Dialectisms used in the language fiction as a styling tool speech characteristics characters, creating local color. Dialectisms can also be found in the speech of persons who have not fully mastered the norms of the literary language.

Professional vocabulary. Her stylistic role

Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions used in various fields of human activity, which, however, have not become common. Professionalisms serve to refer to various production processes, production tools, raw materials, products obtained, etc. Unlike terms, which are official scientific names for special concepts, professionalisms are perceived as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character. As part of the professional vocabulary, it is possible to distinguish groups of words that are different in the sphere of use and directly dependent on a certain type of activity.

The inclusion of professionalism in the text is often undesirable. Yes, in newspaper article the use of highly specialized professionalisms cannot be justified in view of the fact that the general audience of the media simply cannot be familiar with such words. Book styles should not be used. professional vocabulary because of its colloquial vernacular.

Jargon. Her style.

Jargon(from the French jargon - adverb) is a socially limited group of words, located outside the literary language, belonging to some kind of jargon. Jargon- this is a set of features of the colloquial speech of people, united by a commonality of interests, occupations, social status, etc. Jargon can arise in any team.

The reasons for the emergence of slang words are different. Most often, jargon arises as a result of the desire for a speech expression specific to a given collective, to express a special (ironic, dismissive, contemptuous) attitude to life. This is a kind of collective language game, which ends with the release of a person from this team. In other cases, jargon is a means of linguistic isolation, linguistic conspiracy. This type of jargon is called slang.

Slang vocabulary is expressive, is exclusively oral, often uses abbreviations and modified literary words.

Spacious vocabulary.

colloquial vocabulary- words with a stylistically reduced, rude and even vulgar connotation that are outside the boundaries of literary speech. They are not typical for book speech, but are widely known in various social groups society and act as a socio-cultural characteristic of speakers who usually do not fully master the literary language

Often vernacular is used in certain types of verbal communication: in familiar or joking speech, in verbal skirmishes, etc. Proper colloquial they call non-literary vocabulary used in everyday oral speech, while not rude, not having a special expression (enough, inward, theirs, for nothing, hardly, get tired, balk, hard worker, brainy). Rough-colloquial vocabulary is reduced, rude expressive coloring(dylda, riff-raff, mug, dumbass, pot-bellied, bast shoes, muzzle, bastard, sting, bitch, boorish, slam). There are words with special colloquial meanings (usually metaphorical): roll ("write"), whistle ("steal"), weave ("talk nonsense"), vinaigrette ("mess"), hat ("blunder"), and cuts ("speaks briskly").

Among vernacular there are commonly used words that differ only in their phonetics and accentology (instr. at cop instead of tool, n about briefcase instead of briefcase, with at serious instead of serious, etc.)

Marks in dictionaries indicating the stylistic reduction of words or their meanings and giving them a negative assessment are numerous, for example: simple. - "colloquial", disapproving - "disapproving", fam. - "familiar", scorns. - "contemptuous", vulg. - “vulgar”, swearing. - “swearing”. P. l. most often contains expressive-evaluative coloring.

Reasons for using vernaculars in different types speeches are different: expressive motives, including outrageous (colloquial speech), characterological motives ( artistic speech), direct authorial attitude to the depicted, pragmatic motives (publicistic speech). In scientific and official business speech P. l. perceived as a foreign style element.

Forms of language existence. Literary language. Stylistic resources of the Russian literary language Functional styles.

Literary language- the highest (exemplary and processed) form of the national language. According to its cultural and social status, the literary language is opposed to territorial dialects, vernacular, social and professional jargons, and slang. The literary language is formed in the process of language development, therefore it is a historical category. Literary language is the language of culture, it takes shape when high level its development. Literary works are created in the literary language, and cultured people also speak. Borrowed words, jargon, clichés, stationery, etc. clog the language. Therefore, there is a codification (creation of norms) that creates order and preserves the purity of the language, showing a pattern. Norms are enshrined in the dictionaries of the modern Russian language and grammar reference books. The modern Russian literary language is at a high stage of its development; as a developed language, it has an extensive system of styles.

The process of formation and development of the national literary language is characterized by a tendency to expand its social base, the convergence of book-written and folk colloquial styles. It is no coincidence that the Russian literary language in the broadest sense is defined in time from A.S. Pushkin to the present day: it was A.S. Pushkin who brought the colloquial and literary language closer together, placing the language of the people as the basis for various styles of literary speech. I. S. Turgenev, in a speech about Pushkin, pointed out that Pushkin "one had to perform two works, in other countries separated by a century or more, namely: to establish a language and create literature." Here it should be noted the enormous influence that, in general, outstanding writers have on the formation of the national literary language. A significant contribution to the formation of the English literary language was made by W. Shakespeare, Ukrainian by T. G. Shevchenko, etc. The work of N. M. Karamzin became important for the development of the Russian literary language, about which, in particular, A. S. Pushkin spoke. According to him, this glorious Russian historian and writer "turned it (language) to the living sources of the people's word." On the whole, all Russian classical writers (N. V. Gogol, N. A. Nekrasov, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov, and others) participated to one degree or another in the development of the modern Russian literary language.

The literary language is usually the national language. It is based on some pre-existing form of the language, usually a dialect. The formation of a literary language during the formation of a nation usually occurs on the basis of one of the dialects - the dialect of the main political, economic, cultural, administrative, religious center of the country. This dialect is a synthesis of various dialects (urban koine). For example, the Russian literary language developed on the basis of the Moscow dialect. Sometimes a supra-dialect formation becomes the basis of the literary language, for example, the language of the royal court, as in France. The Russian literary language had several sources, among them we note the Church Slavonic language, the Moscow command language (the business state language of Moscow Russia), dialects (especially the Moscow dialect), and the languages of great Russian writers. The significance of the Church Slavonic language in the formation of the Russian literary language was noted by many historians and linguists, in particular, L. V. Shcherba in the article “The Modern Russian Literary Language” said: “If the Russian literary language had not grown up in an atmosphere of Church Slavonic, then that wonderful poem would have been unthinkable Pushkin's "The Prophet", which we still admire to this day. Speaking about the sources of the modern Russian literary language, it is important to say about the activities of the first teachers of the Slavic Cyril and Methodius, the creation of Slavic writing by them, the translation of liturgical books on which many generations of Russian people were brought up. Initially, our Russian written culture was Christian, the first books in Slavic languages were translations of the Gospel, the Psalter, the Acts of the Apostles, Apocrypha, etc. The Russian literary tradition is based on Orthodox culture, which, undoubtedly, was reflected not only in the works of fiction, but also in the literary language.

“The foundations for the normalization of the Russian literary language were laid by the great Russian scientist and poet M. V. Lomonosov. Lomonosov combines in the concept of "Russian language" all varieties of Russian speech - command language, lively oral speech with its regional variations, styles of folk poetry - and recognizes the forms of the Russian language as the constructive basis of the literary language, at least two (out of three) of its main styles " (Vinogradov V.V. “The main stages in the history of the Russian language”).

The literary language in any state is spread through schools where children are taught in accordance with literary norms. The Church has also played an important role here for many centuries.

The concepts of the literary language and the language of fiction are not identical, because the literary language covers not only the language of fiction, but also other implementations of the language: journalism, science, public administration, oratory, and some forms of colloquial speech. The language of fiction in linguistics is considered as a broader concept for the reason that in works of art both literary language forms and elements of territorial and social dialects, jargon, slang, and vernacular can be included.

The main features of the literary language:

The presence of certain norms (rules) of word usage, stress, pronunciation, etc. (moreover, the norms are stricter than in dialects), the observance of these norms is obligatory in nature, regardless of the social, professional and territorial affiliation of native speakers of a given language;

Striving for sustainability, for the preservation of the common cultural heritage and literary and book traditions;

The adaptability of the literary language to denote the entire amount of knowledge accumulated by mankind and to the implementation of abstract, logical thinking;

Stylistic wealth, which consists in the abundance of synonymous means that allow you to achieve the most effective expression of thought in various speech situations.

The means of the literary language appeared as a result of a long and skillful selection of the most accurate and weighty words and phrases, the most expedient grammatical forms and constructions.

The main difference between the literary language and other varieties of the national language is its rigid normativity.

Let us turn to such varieties of the national language as dialect, vernacular, jargon, slang and slang, and try to identify their features.

Dialect(from the Greek dialektos - conversation, dialect, dialect) - a kind of a certain language used as communication by persons connected by a close territorial, social or professional community. There are territorial and social dialects.

Territorial dialect- part of a single language, its actually existing variety; opposed to other dialects. The territorial dialect has differences in sound structure, grammar, word formation, and vocabulary. These differences can be small (as in Slavic languages), then people speaking different dialects understand each other. The dialects of languages such as German, Chinese, Ukrainian are very different from each other, so communication between people who speak such dialects is difficult or impossible. Examples: pan (Eastern Ukraine) - patent (Western Ukraine); stork names in different parts of Ukraine: Chornoguz , leleka ,boqiong , boqiang and etc.

Territorial dialect is defined as a means of communication for the population of a historically established region with specific ethnographic features.

Modern dialects are the result of centuries of development. Throughout history, in connection with the change in territorial associations, fragmentation, unification, and regrouping of dialects take place. The most active formation of dialects took place in the era of feudalism. With the overcoming of territorial fragmentation, the old territorial boundaries within the state break down, and dialects converge.

change in different eras relationship between dialects and literary language. Monuments of the feudal period, written on the basis of the folk language, reflect the local dialect features.

Social dialects- languages of certain social groups. For example, professional languages of hunters, fishermen, potters, traders, group jargons or slangs of students, students, athletes, soldiers, etc., which differ from the common language only in vocabulary, mainly youth groups, secret languages, argo declassed elements.

Social dialects also include variants of the language of certain economic, caste, religious, etc., that are different from the national language. population groups.

Professionalisms- words and phrases that are characteristic of people of one profession and, unlike terms, are semi-official names of the concepts of this profession. Professionalisms are distinguished by great differentiation in the designation of special concepts, objects, actions associated with a given profession, type of activity. These are, for example, the names of some properties of dogs used by hunters: appellation, politeness, superior flair, viscosity, deep climbing, hospitable, non-auditory, tearing, perek, walking, calliness, toughness etc.

vernacular- folk-spoken language, one of the forms of the national language, which is an oral non-codified (non-normative) sphere of national speech communication. The vernacular has a supra-dialectal character. Unlike dialects and jargons, speech that is generally understandable for native speakers of the national language exists in every language and is communicatively significant for all native speakers of the national language.

Vernacular is opposed to literary language. In vernacular, units of all language levels are represented.

The opposition of the literary language and vernacular can be traced in the area of stress:

percent(space) - percent(lit.),

agreement(space) - contracts(lit.),

Deepen(space) - deepen(lit.),

calls(space) - ringing(lit.),

endpaper(space) - endpaper(lit.), etc.

In the field of pronunciation:

[right now] (space) - [ now] (lit.),

[pshol] (space) - [ pashol] (lit.)

In the field of morphology:

want(space) - want(lit.),

choice(space) - elections(lit.),

travel(space) - drive(lit.),

theirs(space) - them(lit.),

here(space) - here(lit.)

Common speech is characterized by expressively “reduced” evaluative words with a range of shades from familiarity to rudeness, for which there are neutral synonyms in the literary language:

« shy away» – « hit»

« blurt out» – « to tell»

« sleep» – « sleep»

« drape» – « run away»

Vernacular is a historically developed speech system. In Russian, colloquial speech arose on the basis of the Moscow colloquial koine. The formation and development of vernacular is associated with the formation of the Russian national language. The word itself was formed from the one used in the 16th-17th centuries. phrases "simple speech" (the speech of a commoner).

colloquial vocabulary, from one point of view, is an area of illiterate speech, which is entirely outside the literary language and does not represent a single system. Examples: mother, nurse, clothing, cologne, business(With negative value), slimy, ailing, turn around, be angry, from afar, the other day.

From another point of view, colloquial vocabulary is words that have a bright, reduced stylistic coloring. These words make up two groups: 1) everyday vernacular, words that are part of the literary language and have a reduced (compared to colloquial words) expressive-stylistic coloring. Examples: dunce, carrion, slap in the face, shabby, fat-bellied, sleep, yell, foolishly; 2) rough, vulgar vocabulary (vulgarisms) that is outside the literary language: bastard, bitch, hamlo, mug, foul, slam and etc.

There is also literary vernacular, which serves as the boundary of the literary language with the colloquial language - a special stylistic layer of words, phraseological units, forms, turns of speech, endowed with a bright expressive coloring of "decrease". The norm of their use is that they are allowed into the literary language with limited stylistic tasks: as a means of social and speech characterization of characters, for the “reduced” characterization of persons, objects, events in the expressive plan. Literary vernacular includes only those speech elements that have become entrenched in the literary language due to their long-term use in literary texts, after a long selection, semantic and stylistic processing. The composition of literary vernacular is mobile and constantly updated, many words and expressions have acquired the status of "colloquial" and even "book", for example: " everything is formed», « whiner», « nerd».

colloquial vocabulary- words that have a slightly reduced (compared to neutral vocabulary) stylistic coloring and are characteristic of the spoken language, i.e. oral form of the literary language, acting in conditions of unconstrained unprepared communication. To colloquial vocabulary carry some nouns with suffixes - Ah, – tai, – Ulya), – un, – w(a), – osh, – yag(a), – yak and etc. ( bearded, lazy, dirty, screamer, conductor, kid, poor fellow, fat man); some adjectives with suffixes - ast–, – at–,

–ovate – ( toothy, hairy, reddish); a number of verbs in - nothing(to be sarcastic, to be fashionable); some verbs with prefixes per –, on the- and postfix - Xia(to poke around, to look at, to pounce on, to visit); nouns and verbs formed from phrases: stowaway< without a ticket, student's record book < record book, newsletter < be on the ballot, as well as many others. In dictionaries, these words are marked "colloquial". All of them are uncommon in official business and scientific styles.

Jargon- a type of speech used in communication (more often oral) by a separate relatively stable social group that unites people on the basis of their profession (jargon of drivers, programmers), position in society (jargon of the Russian nobility in the 19th century), interests (jargon of philatelists) or age (youth jargon). Jargon differs from the national language in its specific vocabulary and phraseology and the special use of word-formation means. Part of the slang vocabulary belongs not to one, but to many (including disappeared) social groups. Passing from one jargon to another, the words "general fund" can change form and meaning. Examples: " darken» in slang - « hide prey", later -" cunning"(under interrogation), in modern youth jargon -" speak obscure but", " dodge».

The vocabulary of jargon is replenished in different ways:

at the expense borrowings from other languages:

dude- boy (gypsy)

head- bash in Tatar head

shoes- shoes from shoes (English)

ban(computer jargon) - a software ban on the use of a certain Internet resource, imposed by the administrator from English. to ban: banish, exile

din - play computer games from English. game

banging - play computer games from it. spiel

by abbreviations:

basket– basketball

liters– literature

PE- physical Culture

zaruba- foreign literature

disser– dissertation

by rethinking commonly used words:

« rush"- go

« unfasten» - give part of the money

« wheelbarrow"- car

Jargon can be open or closed. According to O. Jespersen, in open groups (youth), jargon is a collective game. In closed groups, jargon is also a signal that distinguishes one from another, and sometimes a means of conspiracy (secret language).

Jargon expressions are quickly replaced by new ones:

50-60s of the twentieth century: money - Tugriks

70s of the twentieth century money - coins, money(s)

80s of the XX century and in this moment – money, green, cabbage and etc.

The vocabulary of jargon penetrates into the literary language through the vernacular and the language of fiction, where it is used as a means of speech characteristics.

Jargon is a means of opposing oneself to the rest of society.

Argo- a special language of a limited social or professional group, consisting of arbitrarily chosen modified elements of one or more natural languages. Argo is used more often as a means of hiding the objects of communication, as well as a means of isolating the group from the rest of society. Argo is considered a means of communication for declassed elements, common among the underworld (thieves' slang, etc.).

The basis of slang is a specific dictionary, widely including foreign language elements (in Russian - gypsy, German, English). Examples:

Fenya- language

feather - knife

tail - shadowing

stand on the lookout, stand on the nix - stand guard at the commission of a crime, warning of impending danger

bucks– dollars, foreign currency

actually- right

sump- a place where pre-sale preparation of a stolen car is carried out

move with your girl- steal a car

box- garage

registration– illegal connection to the car security system

great grandfather - Land Cruiser Prada

work with a horse to transport the loot from the apartment of the owner of the things.

Slang- 1) the same as jargon, slang is more often used in relation to the jargon of English-speaking countries; 2) a set of jargons that make up a layer of colloquial speech, reflecting a familiar, sometimes humorous attitude to the subject of speech. It is used in conditions of easy communication: mura, dregs, blat, buzz.

Elements of slang quickly disappear, being replaced by others, sometimes passing into the literary language, leading to the emergence of semantic and stylistic differences.

The main problems of the modern Russian language in the communicative sphere: obscene vocabulary (foul language), unjustified borrowings, jargon, argotism, vulgarism.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of the Russian national language and the Russian literary language.

The national language is all spheres of speech activity of people, regardless of education, upbringing, place of residence, profession. It includes dialects, jargons, i.e. the national language is heterogeneous: it contains special varieties language.

Unlike the national language, literary language is a narrower concept. The literary language is a processed form of the national language, which has, to a greater or lesser extent, written norms.

The literary language is the highest form of the national language, accepted by its speakers as an exemplary one, it is a historically established system of commonly used language elements, speech means that have undergone long-term cultural processing in the texts of authoritative masters of the word, in the oral communication of educated native speakers of the national language. literary language serves various areas human activity: politics, legislation, culture, verbal art, paperwork, interethnic communication, everyday communication.

Literary language is opposed to colloquial speech: territorial and social dialects used by limited groups of people living in a certain area or united in relatively small social groups, vernacular - supra-dialectal non-codified oral speech of limited topics. There is a relationship between the literary language and these forms of existence of the national language. The literary language is constantly replenished and updated at the expense of colloquial speech. Such interaction with folk colloquial speech is also characteristic of the Russian literary language.

The development of the literary language is directly related to the development of the culture of the people, primarily its fiction, the language of which embodies best achievements national speech culture and the national language as a whole.

The literary language, including the Russian literary language, has a number of features that distinguish it from other forms of existence of the national language. Among them are the following:

1. Tradition and written fixation (almost all developed literary languages are written).

2. Obligatory nature of norms and their codification.

3. Functioning within the literary language of colloquial speech along with book speech.

4. An extensive polyfunctional system of styles and an in-depth stylistic differentiation of means of expression in the field of vocabulary, phraseology, word formation.

6. With all the evolutionary changes experienced by the literary language as any living socio-cultural formation, it is characterized by flexible stability, without which the exchange of cultural values between generations of speakers of a given literary language is impossible.

There is a difference between the literary language and the national language. The national language appears in the form of a literary language, but not every literary language immediately becomes a national language. Each of the languages, if it is sufficiently developed, has two main functional varieties: literary language and live colloquial speech. Each person masters live colloquial speech with early childhood- dialects, urban vernacular, youth and professional jargon, slang. The assimilation of a literary language occurs throughout the development of a person, right up to old age. The literary language should be generally understandable, that is, accessible to perception by all members of society. The literary language must be developed to such an extent that it can serve the main areas of human activity. In speech, it is important to observe grammatical, lexical, orthoepic and accentological norms language. The national language is a system of several forms of language existence: the literary language (oral and written forms), the colloquial language (varieties of language and dialects). In the process of the formation of the national language, the relationship between the literary language and dialects changes significantly. The national literary language is a developing form that occupies a leading position, gradually replacing the dialects that dominated the early stages of language development, especially in the field of oral communication.

language norm. Norm functions. Kinds.

The language norm is a generally recognized exemplary, fixed in dictionaries, use of elements of the Russian language.

Norm functions.

1. Language protection function (helps the literary language maintain its integrity and intelligibility, protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech).

2. The function of reflecting the history of the language (the norms reflect what has developed in the language historically).

Types of norms

1. Orthoepic norms - it is a set of rules that establish uniform pronunciation.

2. Lexical norms are the rules for the use of words in accordance with their meanings and compatibility possibilities.

3. Morphological norms are the rules for the formation of words and word forms.

4. Syntactic norms These are the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.

5. Stylistic norms- these are the rules for choosing language means in accordance with the situation of communication.

6. Spelling norms- spelling rules.

7. Punctuation norms- punctuation rules.

8. Dynamism of norms. The concept of norm variance.

The constant development of the language leads to change literary norms. What was the norm in the last century and even 15-20 years ago today may become a deviation from it. In the Russian language, grammatical norms, spelling and lexical norms are changing. An example of a change in stylistic norms is the entry into the literary language of dialect and vernacular words. Each new generation relies on existing texts, stable turns of speech, ways of thinking. From the language of these texts, it chooses the most suitable words and turns of speech, takes from what was developed by previous generations what is relevant for itself, bringing its own to express new ideas, ideas, a new vision of the world. Naturally, new generations refuse what seems archaic, not consonant with the new manner of formulating thoughts, conveying their feelings, attitudes towards people and events. Sometimes they return to archaic forms, giving them new content, new perspectives of understanding.

Under the variance of the norm, we understand the existence of variant means in the synchronously considered literary norm.

orthoepic norms.

Orthoepic norms - it is a set of rules that establish uniform pronunciation. Orthoepy in the proper sense of the word indicates how certain sounds should be pronounced in certain phonetic positions, in certain combinations with other sounds, as well as in certain grammatical forms and groups of words, or even individual words, if these forms and words have their own pronunciation features.

Pronunciation of vowels.

In Russian speech, only vowels that are under stress are pronounced clearly: s[a]d, v[o]lk, d[o]m. Vowels that are in an unstressed position lose clarity and clarity.

· In an unstressed position (in all unstressed syllables, except for the first pre-stressed one) after hard consonants in place of the letter o pronounced briefly unclear sound, the pronunciation of which in different positions ranges from [s] to [a]. Conventionally, this sound is denoted by the letter [b].

After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of letters a, e, i pronounce sound, middle between [e] and [u]. Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e].

· Vowel [and] after a solid consonant, preposition, or when the word is fused with the previous one, it is pronounced as [s].

Pronunciation of consonants.

The basic laws of pronunciation of consonants in Russian - stun and likeness.

· voiced consonants, standing before the deaf and at the end of words, are stunned.

· [G] pronounced like [X] in combinations of gk and gch.

Voiceless consonants before voiced ones are pronounced as their corresponding voiced ones.

· In the pronunciation of words with a combination of ch, there is a fluctuation, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation. According to the norms of the modern Russian literary language, the combination ch that's how it's usually pronounced [h], this is especially true for words of bookish origin, as well as for relatively new words. Chn is pronounced like [sn] in female patronymics on -ichna.

Some words with a combination of ch in accordance with the norm have a double pronunciation.

In some words, instead of h be pronounced [w].

The letter g in the endings -whoa-, -his- reads like [in].

final -tsya and -tsya verbs are pronounced like [tsa].

· Pronunciation of borrowed words.

As a rule, borrowed words are subject to modern orthoepic norms and only in some cases differ in features in pronunciation. For example, the pronunciation of the sound [o] is sometimes preserved in unstressed syllables (m[o] del, [o] asis) and solid consonants before the vowel [e]: an [te] nna, ko [de] ks, ge [ne] tika ). In most borrowed words, the consonants are softened before [e].

· Variant pronunciation is allowed in the words: dean, therapy, claim, terror, track.

· Pay attention to for setting the accent. Stress in Russian is not fixed, it is mobile: in different grammatical forms of the same word, the stress can be different:

Morphological norms.

Morphological norms are the rules for using grammatical forms different parts speech. Morphological norms regulate morphology- a section of linguistics, which includes the doctrine of word forms and ways of expression grammatical meanings, as well as the doctrine of parts of speech and their features.

The morphological norm regulates word formation and inflection.

When morphological norms are violated, various speech errors occur. Examples of such violations are the use of words in a form that does not exist for them: shoes, theirs, victory, etc.

A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in an inappropriate context or in a non-existent form. For example: imported shampoo, railway rail, patent leather shoes, registered parcel, lobster - lobster, mongoose - mongoose, sprat - sprat. Many difficulties and fluctuations in terms of morphology arise in the formation and use of various grammatical forms and categories of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, verbs and verb forms.

1. Compound words (abbreviations) formed by combining the first letters of words full name, determine their gender by the gender of the leading word of the compound name. For example: CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States). The main word is commonwealth, which means an abbreviation of the middle gender. CIS arose…. ITAR (Information Telegraph Agency of Russia) is the main word agency, therefore they say: ITAR reported. However, sometimes in the minds of people, such words are associated with well-known ones by gender: if the ending is zero, then it is perceived as masculine. For example, Yulian Semenov titled his novel "TASS is authorized to announce." Or the housing office allowed ..., although the main word in the first example agency, in the second - office.

2. The gender of indeclinable nouns of foreign origin is defined as follows: if indeclinable nouns denote inanimate objects, they belong to the middle gender, except for the word coffee (coffee is masculine). For example: scarf, kimono, domino. If indeclinable words denote living beings, their gender depends on the gender of the latter: old frau, famous maestro, young croupier or young croupier. If they denote animals, birds, then they refer to the masculine gender, except when the female is meant: funny pony, huge chimpanzee. But chimpanzee feeding a baby.

The gender of nouns denoting geographical names is determined by the generic name: river, city, lake, island ( beautiful Capri, magnificent Sochi)

Indeclinable nouns that have a generic name in Russian correspond to the gender of the latter: salami- and. R. (sausage), kohlrabi- f.r. (cabbage).

The names of the letters refer to words of the middle gender: Russian BUT, capital D; the name of the sounds - middle or masculine: unstressed BUT - unstressed BUT; Note names are neuter: long mi.

The gender of nouns formed as a result of the addition of two words is determined depending on the animateness and inanimateness of the name. At animate nouns gender is determined by the word indicating the gender of the person: female astronaut- female, miracle hero- m.r. At inanimate nouns gender is determined by the gender of the first word: museum-apartment- m.r., dressing gown- cf.. If a compound noun has an indeclinable word in its composition, then the gender is determined by the inflected noun: cafe-dining room- f.r. taxi car- m.r.

3. Proper name and norms of its use.

Among proper names there is a large number of immutable, and determining the gender of such words can be difficult. Immutable proper names include:

1) foreign nouns with a vowel stem. For example: Rabelais, Sochi. Ontario and etc.;

2) Ukrainian surnames ending in -ko: Matvienko, Sergienko, Shevchenko etc.;

3) Russian surnames ending in - s, - them, - ago, - ya

go, - ovo: Black, White, Durnovo, Zhivago, etc.;

4) Women's surnames with a basis in a consonant: Voynich, Perelman, Chernyak etc.;

6) names - abbreviations formed by adding the first letters: BSPU, Moscow State University, power lines.

syntactic rules.

Syntactic norms- these are norms that regulate the rules for constructing phrases and sentences. Along with morphological norms form grammatical rules.

Syntactic norms regulate both the construction of individual phrases (attaching definitions, applications, additions to the main word), and the construction of entire sentences (word order in a sentence, subject and predicate agreement, the use of homogeneous members, participial and adverbial phrases, the connection between parts of a complex sentence) .

Order of words in a sentence

In Russian, word order in a sentence relatively free. The main one is the direct word order adopted in the neutral style: subject + predicate: students write lecture.

Changes in word order depend on the actual division of the sentence - the movement of thought from the known (topic) to the new (rheme). Compare: The editor read the manuscript. The editor has read the manuscript.

A change in word order is called an inversion. Inversion - stylistic device selection of individual members of the proposal by rearranging them. Usually inversion is used in works of art.

Difficult cases of agreement between subject and predicate

The relationship between subject and predicate is called coordination and is expressed in the fact that the subject and predicate are consistent in their general categories: gender, number. However, there are also difficult cases of coordination. Usually in such cases, the subject has a complex structure - it includes several words.

Coordination of definitions with the word being defined

1) Definition + counting turnover (= numeral + noun). What matters is the position the definition occupies!

Definition ahead of the countable turn: in the form of the Nominative case: recent two years, new five letters young three girls.

Definition within the counting turnover: in Genitive for masculine and neuter nouns, and for nouns female- in nominative case: two recent years, five new letters, three young girls.

2) Homogeneous definitions+ noun (denoting similar but separate objects):

noun in singular if objects and phenomena are closely related in meaning or have a terminological character: In the right and left half at home. Industrial and agricultural a crisis.

noun in plural, if you need to emphasize the difference between objects and phenomena: Biological and chemical faculties . Amateur and professional tournaments .

3) Definition + homogeneous nouns: the definition is in the singular or in the plural, depending on whether it refers in meaning to the nearest word or to the entire phrase: Russian literature and art. Capable student and student.

four). Definition + noun with attachment: the definition agrees with the main word (that is, with the noun): new laboratory car.

Coordination of applications with the word being defined

Applications have an additional meaning in relation to the noun (profession, status, occupation, age, nationality). For this reason, it is perceived as a single unit with the noun:

1) the application, which is written with a hyphen, is consistent with the word being defined: on the new sofa e-bed and .

2) appendices that are written separately from the defined word do not agree with the defined word: in the newspaper "Working Territory".

þ The norm related to the harmonization of geographical names is being changed. Today it is possible to coordinate with the word being defined Russian geographical names and names on -and I : In the city of Smolensk, in the village of Goryukhino, on the Volga River, in the Republic of India.

However, there is no such agreement in the case of foreign geographical names and astronomical names: In Texas, on Mount Elbrus, on the planet Venus.

Features of the use of homogeneous members

There are rules for constructing sentences with homogeneous members:

1) It is impossible to make words that are heterogeneous in meaning homogeneous members. Wrong: By that time he already had a young wife and big library .

2) It is impossible to make words with generic and species value(only: genus → species!). Wrong: Release of equipment(generic concept), devices and instruments(species concept).

3) It is impossible to make lexically and grammatically incompatible words homogeneous members. Wrong: Wishes and conclusions expressed(only: Wishes are expressed and conclusions are drawn). Supervise and manage work(only: To supervise and supervise the works).

4) It is impossible to make homogeneous members grammatically and syntactically different words(different parts of speech, word and part of a complex sentence). Wrong: Books help us in our studies and generally learn a lot of new things.(only: Books help us in our studies, give us the opportunity to learn a lot of new things). Wrong: The dean talked about academic performance and that exams are starting soon(only: The dean talked about academic performance and exams that will be coming soon).

5) If there is a preposition before homogeneous members, it should be repeated before each homogeneous member: Information received as from official and from unofficial sources.

7. The use of participial and participial phrases

It is necessary to follow the rules for constructing sentences with the participial and action participle turnover:

1) The participial turnover should not include the word being defined. Wrong: Fulfilled plan factory(only: factory-made plan or factory-made plan).

2) Participles agree with the word being defined in the form of gender, number and case, and with the predicate in the form of time. Wrong: He went down the path paved his father(only: padded). Wrong: speaker with a closing speech, the speaker answered questions (only: speaker).

3) Participles cannot have the form of the future tense and cannot be combined with the particle by. Wrong: A student who is about to graduate. Wrong: Plans that would find leadership support.

þ If it is difficult to correct a sentence with a participial turnover, the sentence can be rebuilt in NGN with an attributive clause (with an allied word which the).

1) The actions of the predicate and adverbial turnover are performed by one subject. Wrong: Passing the station, I flew off hat (only: when I drove up to the station, my hat fell off).

2) The adverbial turnover should not be attached to impersonal and passive constructions. Wrong: Opening the window, I It became cold(only: when I opened the window, I froze).

þ If it is difficult to correct a sentence with an adverbial turnover, the sentence can be restructured into NGN with an adverbial adverbial value (with conjunctions when, if, because).

NATIONAL LANGUAGE (NE) In philosophy and linguistics, there is a thesis about the unity of the NE. If we keep in mind that the GL functions in a variety of its forms, such as literary language, dialect languages (otherwise called dialects), colloquial language (otherwise called vernacular), social languages (or social and professional dialects [jargons]), it should be clarified that the mentioned unity of the NE is nothing but the dialectical unity of its varieties. True, the structure of the Russian GL is not always interpreted in the same way by different researchers. So, Yu. V. Rozhdestvensky differentiates the Russian NY as follows: literary Russian, the language of fiction, rural or local, dialects, urban vernacular, professional jargons (otherwise unwritten arg ó ) 3 [Rozhdestvensky 2002: 129–130].

According to V.V. Vinogradov, the presented device of the NY reflects two realities: social and psychological. “The social reality is that the language in its peripheral areas breaks up into separate areas of communication associated with division in the areas of everyday life, differentiation of occupations and literary and written practice. The psycholinguistic reality is that language changes are reflected in the linguistic consciousness of its speakers, i.e. there is a change in the assessments of the facts of the language by speakers and writers in this language. Thus, a literary educated person evaluates and distinguishes the facts of a language related to the general literary language from the facts of the author's literary and artistic language, and the facts of these two kinds - from scientific and technical terminologies (jargon), dialects and vernacular" [Rozhdestvensky 2002: 130].

National language – language, which is the means of written and oral communication of the nation. NY is a historical category: it develops during the period of development of a nationality into a nation. A nation as a historical community of people is characterized by a common language, territory, economic life, and mental make-up, manifested in a common culture [PR. Encyclopedia: 410].

In structural-linguistic In terms of NY, it completely inherits the structure of the national language. NY is a national language, that is, it is formed by all types of speech means of communication between people: systems of territorial dialects, social dialects (jargons), colloquial speech and the system of the literary language. This is the totality of a given language, united by the commonality of the main vocabulary, grammatical and, to a certain extent, phonetic systems. In the real structure of the NE, two kinds of phenomena are combined in one series: these are constant elements language system, equally existing in any kind of AE, and mobile elements present in one or more varieties of AE and absent in another or other varieties. With all the variety of moving elements, they never play a decisive role in the language; the possibility of mutual understanding of people speaking the GL is determined by the presence of constant elements of the language that allow us to talk about a single GL.

The systems included in the GL are unequal: local dialects are doomed to die out in the process of developing the GL, the literary language is called upon to displace and replace all other varieties of the GL. “Dialect speech as unwritten speech is gradually losing its differences, since, along with the development of literacy and literary education, the population is moving to the general use of the Russian literary language. Dialect differences persist only among the semi-literate, predominantly rural population” [Rozhdestvensky 2002: 129].

Subjected to regulation and rationing, oral literary speech is gradually becoming a form of NE that is potentially ready to become the only means of oral communication between people in official and informal situations of communication. Thus, the development of the language in the national era turns the literary language of the nation into a processed, normalized, higher type of NY, which has both written and oral-colloquial forms.

normalization- the most important feature of the highest form of NY, and national norms are developed first in grammar, vocabulary and spelling, later - in orthoepy.

Russian NY begins to take shape in the 17th century. At the same time, the literary language began to take shape. The era of the direct formation of the Russian literary language in Russian studies is considered to be the time boundary of the 18th-19th centuries. The founder of the Russian literary language is A. S. Pushkin. Since the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian literary language has been developing the already established structure, enriching the vocabulary and improving the grammatical structure.

It should be noted that the above-mentioned division of the national language into such varieties as the literary language, territorial dialects, vernacular, professional and social jargons, in relation to the Russian national language in its current state, is true only in its essence. Such a structure characterizes the Russian national language of the Pushkin and post-Pushkin (approximately until the middle of the twentieth century) pores, and this state of the national Russian language is reflected in most scientific and scientific and educational works. Thus, considering the various relationships between different forms of the existence of the Russian language, researchers interpret them as strictly delimited language formations, homogeneous in their structures (internal language structure) and compositions (a set of language tools). Or, describing the vernacular language, scientists call it such a subsystem of the Russian national language, which is used in speech communication by an uneducated or poorly educated part of the urban population. In the materials devoted to social jargon, much attention is paid to the so-called secret, or conditional, languages used in relatively closed social groups of people that were once common in Russia - itinerant merchants, migrant artisans, beggars, etc.

The modern researcher L.P. Krysin rightly notes: “Although the allocation of these subsystems as a whole correctly reflects the picture of the social and functional differentiation of the Russian language, there is a lack of historicism and historical perspective in such division: it is quite obvious that the content of such concepts as “literary language”, “territorial dialect”, “vernacular”, “social jargon”, whether we mean the Russian language of Pushkin’s times or the Russian language used by the inhabitants of Russia at the end of the 20th century” [Krysin 2003: 33]. Such a statement of the linguist is objectively conditioned by the internal and external factors of the functioning of the language itself. The human language is not a formation formed once and for all, it, like everything else in the world around us, is changing. Moreover, not only the language itself and its varieties are changing, but also the composition of speakers given language, as well as the composition of the people who own it in different territorial and social forms. Therefore, following the indicated and other linguists, we can state that in modern conditions different forms existence of the Russian language have changed their linguistic and social nature. “So, the literary language, in relation to the period of the late nineteenth - early twentieth centuries. considered as a single education, is now clearly divided into two independent varieties - book and conversation. Territorial dialects, subjected to the strongest shattering and leveling influence of the literary language, almost never exist in their pure form - intermediate formations that combine the features of a dialect, literary speech and vernacular are becoming more widespread. Among social jargons, corporate "languages", like the "language" of the ofenes, do not have a social basis for their existence (at least "relic"), but various forms of professional vernacular are being developed, both socially and functionally fundamentally different from corporate jargons. . Finally, social status vernacular and its linguistic essence have undergone such significant changes over the past half century that at present we can talk about a certain heterogeneity of this subsystem of the Russian national language" [Krysin 2003: 34].

LITERARY LANGUAGE (LA) - the form of the historical existence of the national language, taken by its speakers as an exemplary one, is one of the systems of GL along with the system of vernacular, the system of territorial dialects and the system of social dialects (jargons). LA is a historically established system of linguistic elements, speech means that have undergone long-term cultural processing in texts (written and oral) of authoritative masters of the word, in oral communication of educated native speakers of the national language. The formation of the norms of LA is inextricably linked with the name of A. S. Pushkin. The language of the Russian nation at the time of the appearance of LA (XIX century) was very heterogeneous. A. S. Pushkin, choosing all the best from the folk language, crystallized in his works such a language that was accepted by society as exemplary. The functional purpose and internal organization of the LA are determined by the tasks of ensuring speech communication in the main areas of activity of the entire historically formed group of people who speak this national language. Language means of LA are called upon to most accurately, clearly and differentiatedly express the dialectically complex world of ideas, ideas, feelings of its bearers, the whole variety of objects, concepts of phenomena of reality in their interdependence and correlation with a person. The most expressive and commonly used national idioms are concentrated in LA, associated with the peculiarities of the worldview, expressed in the specifics of the Russian language picture of the world. LA is opposed to popular colloquial speech: territorial and social dialects used by limited groups of people living in a certain area or united in relatively small social groups, vernacular - supra-dialectal non-codified oral speech of limited topics. There is a relationship between the LA and these forms of existence of the NE. LA is constantly replenished and updated due to popular colloquial speech. Such interaction with folk colloquial speech creates the national identity of the Russian language.

The development of the LA is directly related to the development of the culture of the corresponding people, first of all, its fiction. The language of fiction (YHL (see)) embodies the best achievements of the national speech culture, the main advantages of the language of this people, the national language as a whole.

LA has the following features that distinguish it from other forms of existence of the national language:

1. Traditionalism and written fixation (practically all developed LA are written). Language in general, incl. and LA, traditional in nature. This is due to the very nature and purpose of LA: to be the language of culture, to ensure the historical, spiritual continuity of generations, people, nation. In different historical periods, LA is being improved: the already existing means of linguistic expression, stylistic trends adapt to new socio-cultural tasks and conditions of speech communication, taking into account mentality specifics, and in connection with this, some of them change. This is facilitated to the maximum extent by the fixation of intellectual, ideological-aesthetic, emotionally-expressive content in literary (mainly written, partly oral) texts. LA is traditional. One of the tasks of the teaching about the culture of speech is the preservation and development of the traditions of the national speech culture, their approval and promotion, the linguistic education of LA speakers on the best examples of the national speech culture.

2. Normization of the language (speech), universal validity of norms and their codification (fixation in dictionaries and reference books). “To be generally accepted, and therefore generally understandable” is the main property of a literary language, which, “in essence, only makes it literary” (L. V. Shcherba). Within the LA, all its units and all functional areas, i.e. both bookish and colloquial speech are subject to a system of norms, thanks to which the rational functioning (the term of L. V. Shcherba) of the LA is carried out. The codification of norms implies, on the one hand, their fixation in academic grammar, in explanatory dictionaries for LA, in a set of spelling rules, in a spelling dictionary, in various philological reference books of orthological purpose. On the other hand, the system of literary norms is taught in high school, they are mandatory for all print and electronic media, all types of printed products, for the theater, stage, for oral public speaking, in official documents, official and business correspondence. Research and popular science, educational activities in the field of speech culture are focused specifically on the system of existing norms of the FL (specific FL), on the approval, strengthening, cultivation in speech practice (written and oral) of FL carriers, on the conscious, creative attitude of FL carriers towards them .

The language norm opens the way for new trends that are replacing obsolete, obsolete forms of LA, selects from the colloquial speech those linguistic elements that have or may acquire national significance.

3. LA - a dichotomous system that combines book (book-literary) speech and colloquial speech. The norms of book and colloquial speech constitute a single system of literary norms that are correlated with each other. The norms of colloquial literary speech are less "strict" in comparison with the norms of book speech. This, as a rule, is due to the informality and ease of communication between communicants, which do not require strict control over either how correctly the addressee speaks, or the extent to which the speech of his addressee is orthologically correct. The interaction and mutual correlation of these two main functional and stylistic spheres of the FL (when they are opposed to each other) ensure its socio-cultural purpose - to be a means of communication for FL speakers, the main means of expressing national culture. With serious changes in the conditions of the social existence of the Russian FL, determined by profound transformations in the social, political, cultural, and economic life of society, the interpenetration of book and colloquial speech in the FL intensifies. The convergence of these functional and stylistic spheres is observed not only in the Russian language, but also in many modern literary languages.

4. An extensive polyfunctional system of styles and an in-depth stylistic differentiation of means of expression in the field of vocabulary, phraseology, word formation, grammatical variation, forming a single dynamic structure of LA.

The functional and stylistic stratification of LA is due to the social need to specialize language é dstva, to organize them in a special way in order to ensure the speech communication of LA carriers in each of the main areas of human activity. The same goals are served by the differentiation of stylistic means of expression. Functional varieties of LA are implemented in written and / or oral form. In modern LA, it has become more active oral speech in connection with the development of the media, including electronic, Internet-style.

5. LA is inherent in the category of variance. This finds its expression in syntagmatic (linear, horizontal) and paradigmatic (columnar, vertical) rows of language units and their variants, which have stylistic (expressive-stylistic, functional-stylistic) and semantic (semantic) shades.

6. LA is characterized by a tendency towards functional and semantic demarcation of language units in overcoming duplication. This is associated, on the one hand, with the constantly implemented variability of means of expression inherent in the FL, on the other hand, such features typical of the FL as the richness and variety of lexico-phraseological and grammatical synonymy (as a distinctive feature of the FL), a branched and stylistically developed system of word formation, lexico-semantic differentiation of single-root words, semantic division of homonymy, subject-logical correlation of antonyms and conversives, deep stylistic differentiation of literary vocabulary. “The dignity of LA is determined ... by the wealth of ready-made opportunities to express various shades” (L. V. Shcherba). The dialectical nature of LA, the flexibility of its stylistic structure, are manifested in the interaction of ready-made means of expression and constantly renewed, creatively created expressive possibilities for conveying new concepts, ideas and other information, including through expedient word creation, leading to the emergence of occasional elocutionisms. 5

7. With all the evolutionary changes experienced by the LA, it is characterized by flexible stability (W. Mathesius). Without it, the exchange of cultural values between generations of carriers of this LA is impossible. The stability of the LA is achieved, on the one hand, by maintaining stylistic traditions thanks to written texts, and on the other hand, thanks to the action of generally binding codified norms that serve as a reliable regulator of the synchronous existence and development of the LA. The stability of the Russian LA is also facilitated by its unity, integrity, and the absence of local variants.

To characterize a particular LA for understanding its national specifics, the social conditions of its existence, or the linguistic situation in which the LA is formed, functions and develops, are of fundamental importance (see Lecture 2). The importance of the language situation as a sociolinguistic category is determined by the fact that it has a cardinal multifaceted impact on LA: on the formation and implementation of a functional system of styles in speech communication, on the functioning and specific gravity individual styles, their interaction with other varieties of LA, the state of the system of norms, the interaction of LA with colloquial speech, the promotion to the core or retreat to the periphery of certain lexical and phraseological categories, grammatical variants and synonyms, the activation of certain evolutionary processes, primarily in vocabulary, phraseology, word formation, orthoepy, to a lesser extent in the syntax of LA, on the system of figurative means of artistic speech, on national idioms, on the typology of literary texts, their compositional and speech organization.

LA in the context of the doctrine of the culture of speech acts as a central, fundamental category. It is a factual basis for observations of speech phenomena, trends in literary speech, speech communication in general, and for their study in the aspect of speech culture. In addition, to develop recommendations on the appropriate use of language tools in certain contexts and situations of communication, in certain types of texts and genres, in certain functional and communicative conditions and circumstances. At the same time, in the circle of attention of the culture of speech, along with normative units, the norms of their use, there are also extra-literary phenomena (elements of colloquial speech, barbarisms, foreign inclusions, occasionalisms, obvious mistakes, involuntary and deliberate, as well as unusual - violation of literary norms - use normative means) appearing in literary texts, oral and written, usually used for certain stylistic purposes, with a special functional task. All of them are considered from the standpoint of the motivation for their use, from the point of view of compliance with the established traditions of the national speech culture, enshrined in artistic, journalistic, scientific, and partly folklore texts, in the everyday speech of LA speakers.

The main feature of modern LA is the existence of uniform norms common to all members of the national community and covering both book and colloquial speech, i.e. all spheres of speech communication. The main principle of LA becomes the principle of communicative-stylistic expediency and relevance.

LANGUAGE OF ART LITERATURE (YHL).

The correlation of the concepts "Literary language" and "Language of fiction" is important, as they are often confused.

If the concepts of GL and LA are related as general and particular: the concept of LA is narrower than the concept of GL: LA is one of the systems of GL, along with systems of extraliterary means (dialects, vernacular, jargon), then the correlation of the concepts of LA and YCL is more complicated and multifaceted.

Historically, YCL is a broader concept in relation to the concept of LA, since LA was formed through the language of the works of A.S. Pushkin, that is, through YCL. Today, the YaHL is one of book styles LA, which makes the concept of LA broader.

In this regard, it is worth noting the following. LA and YAHL are intersecting concepts. They have a common zone (overlay zone) and autonomous segments. All other book styles (except artistic) and colloquial style, the autonomy of YCL should be called non-literary elements (dialects, jargons, vernacular), which have the right to exist in the fabric of works of art, the purpose of which is to have an aesthetic impact on the interlocutor (in LA their use is unlikely). For YHL, see Lecture 10.

Literature:Vinogradov 1955: Vinogradov V. V. Results of the discussion of stylistics issues // Linguistics Issues. 1955. No. 1; Zemskaya 2004: Zemskaya E. A. Literary colloquial language // Language as an activity: Morpheme. Word. Speech. - M .: Languages Slavic culture, 2004. – 291-354;Krysin 2003: Krysin L.P. Social differentiation of the modern Russian national language system // Modern Russian language: Social and functional differentiation / Ros. academy of sciences. Institute of the Russian Language. V. V. Vinogradova. - M.: Languages of Slavic culture, 2003; Pekarskaya 2000: Pekarskaya I.V. Contamination in the context of the problem of systematic stylistic resources of the Russian language. Parts 1, 2. - Abakan: Publishing House of KhSU named after. N.F. Katanov, 2000; Christmas 2002: Rozhdestvensky Yu. V. Lectures on General Linguistics: Textbook. - M .: ICC "Akademkniga", LLC "Dobrosvet", 2002; Russian language 1979: Russian language. Encyclopedia / Ed. F. P. Filina. – M.: Modern Encyclopedia, 1979. Panov 1979: Panov M. V. On the literary language // Russian language in the national school. 1972. No. 1; Shmelev 1977: Shmelev D.N. Russian language in its functional varieties. M., 1977.