Hygienic value of green spaces. Study of the species composition of green spaces in the city of Kostanay. The species composition of trees and the share of participation of each species in green

According to the Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance, the increasing environmental pollution of the city contributes to an increase in the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases, which in 2011 were 1.5-2 times more common than in 2012 among children and adolescents. An increase in the incidence of respiratory diseases of an allergic nature in the population - bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis was revealed, while there is a close relationship between the dynamics of incidence rates with an increase in the level of atmospheric air pollution, etc. Under these conditions, the issues of improving the human environment in the territory of a rapidly developing metropolis. One of the adequate and cost-effective ways to solve this problem is to increase the area of green areas, improve their condition, etc.

Green spaces, therefore, are the most important element of urban planning, a factor of great importance in sanitary-hygienic, architectural-planning and social terms. The sanitary and hygienic significance of green spaces is very large and versatile. The most important hygienic feature of green spaces is expressed in the regulation of thermal and radiation regimes, in the creation of a microclimate that provides comfortable environmental conditions. Equally important is the fact that green spaces are a powerful factor in protecting populated areas from dust, gases, wind and noise. In addition, they have a beneficial effect through the senses on the central nervous system of a person, improving his well-being.

For the entire population, it would be desirable to have thermal comfort, which depends on the heat exchange of a person with the environment. The influence of green spaces on the mitigation of the temperature regime of open spaces on summer days is determined by two important factors: firstly, the fact that green spaces, when properly placed, protect the surface of walls, soil and artificial surfaces from direct solar radiation, and, secondly, that the temperature of the surface of the green cover, due to the significant reflection of the sun's rays and the large evaporation of moisture, does not reach such high values as the temperature of open soil, artificial turf and stone walls.

In hygienic terms, one should take into account the great importance of the dust-proof and gas-proof properties of green spaces. The process of dedusting the air environment by green spaces can be schematically represented as follows. Dust particles of polluted air, encountering a green massif on their way, largely fall out among green spaces under the influence of gravity due to a decrease in the speed of air movement; some of the dust falls out of the air, bumping into the trunks, branches and leaves of trees; finally, a significant amount of dust lingers on the surface of leaves and needles. The dust content of air among green spaces is 2-3 times less than in open urban areas. It should be noted that the dust-proof role of green spaces depends on the nature of the underlying surface: many experts have noted that the absence of a well-groomed lawn under trees significantly reduces dust deposition by green spaces.

The influence of tree and shrub species on the reduction of harmful gas concentrations in the air occurs mainly through the dispersion of these gases into the upper atmosphere by tree crowns, and to some extent through the absorption of gases by leaves through stomata and leaf cell membranes. It is known, for example, that green spaces capture sulfur dioxide from the atmospheric air and accumulate it in the form of sulfates in their tissues.

Green spaces, having a diverse impact on changing the microclimatic conditions of the environment, improving the temperature-humidity and radiation regimes, helping to purify the atmospheric air from pollution, have a beneficial effect on the human body. In the presence of green spaces in the city, a person is protected from direct solar radiation due to the large surface of leaves, trunks, as well as soil, which has a lower temperature than the air temperature. In this regard, the conditions for heat transfer are facilitated, heat transfer and human well-being are improved.

2.1 Sanitary and hygienic functions of green spaces

1. Reducing dust and gas content in the air

Green spaces clean the city air from dust and gases. This process takes place as follows. The polluted air flow, which meets a green mass on its way, slows down the speed, as a result of which, under the influence of gravity, 60--70% of the dust contained in the air settles on trees and shrubs. A certain amount of dust falls out of the air stream, bumping into trunks, branches, leaves. A significant part of the dust settles on the surface of leaves, needles, branches, trunks. When it rains, this dust is washed to the ground.

Under green spaces, due to the temperature difference, descending air currents arise, which also carry dust to the ground.
The spread or movement of dust is prevented not only by trees and shrubs, but also by lawns, which retard the forward movement of dust distilled by the wind from different places.

Among green spaces, the dust content of the air is 2-3 times less than in open urban areas. Tree plantations reduce the dustiness of the air even in the absence of deciduous cover. In the depths of the green massif, at a distance of 250 m from its edge, the dust content decreases by 2.5 times.

The dust-retaining properties of various tree and shrub species are not the same and depend on the morphological features of the leaves. The best way to retain dust is rough leaves and leaves, the surface of which is covered with villi, like a lilac.

If we take the amount of dust retained by 1 cm2 of the surface of a poplar leaf as 1, then the amount of dust retained by the same area leaf of Norway maple will be 2, lilac 3, elm 6. The dust that has settled on the leaves is periodically washed away by rain, blown away by the wind, and the leaves again able to retain dust.

2. Gas-protective role of green spaces

Green spaces significantly reduce the harmful concentration of gases in the air. For example, the concentration of nitrogen oxides emitted by industrial enterprises decreases at a distance of 1 km from the place of emissions to 0.7 mg/m3, and in the presence of green spaces to 0.13 mg/m3. Harmful gases are absorbed by plants, and solid particles of aerosols settle on the leaves, trunks and branches of plants.

Green spaces located in the path of the polluted air flow break the original concentrated flow into different directions. Thus, harmful emissions are diluted with clean air, and their concentration in the air is reduced.

It should be noted that the gas-protective role of green spaces is largely determined by the degree of their gas resistance.

Slightly damaged species include elm (rough and smooth), prickly spruce, tree willow, ash maple, aspen, poplar (Berlin, balsamic, Canadian and black), Siberian apple tree, yellow acacia, Siberian hawthorn, wild cherry, common viburnum, black currant , common lilac; medium-damaged ones are warty birch, Engelman's spruce, Siberian larch, mountain ash, basket willow, Tatar maple, etc. Plants with increased intensity of photosynthesis have less resistance to gases. Of the herbs, meadow fescue has the greatest resistance to gases, and the least is white bentgrass. Top dressing with nitrogen fertilizers, as well as liming, which improve the water regime of soils, significantly increase the resistance of plants to gases.

A feature of green spaces is also that they absorb carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen as a result of photosynthesis. On average, 1 hectare of green spaces absorbs 8 liters of carbon dioxide in 1 hour (that is, as much as 200 people emit carbon dioxide during this time). Different species of trees and shrubs have different rates of photosynthesis and therefore emit different amounts of oxygen. A tree with a larger leaf mass releases more oxygen.

The effect of green spaces on reducing the concentration of gases in the air also depends on the density of their planting. Observations have shown that among dense windproof plantations of trees and shrubs located near sources of dust and gas emissions into the atmosphere, air stagnation is created, resulting in pockets of increased concentrations of atmospheric pollution. Therefore, well-ventilated plantations in group openwork plantings should be created near emission sources.

Green spaces can protect buildings from dust and gases only if they are located between the source of pollution and the building.

3. Phytoncidal effect of green spaces

Most plants emit volatile and non-volatile substances - phytoncides, which have the ability to kill pathogenic bacteria harmful to humans or inhibit their development. For example, oak leaf phytoncides destroy the causative agent of dysentery. Among the pronounced volatile trees and shrubs are birch, oak, poplar, bird cherry. More than 500 species of trees are known to have phytoncidal properties.

Especially a lot of phytoncides form conifers; 1 hectare of juniper emits 30 kg of volatile substances per day. Pine and spruce produce a large amount of phytoncides (20-25 kg). Due to the ability of plants to release phytoncides, the air of parks contains 200 times less bacteria than the air of streets.

4. Importance of green spaces in the fight against noise

Green spaces located between noise sources (highways, electric trains, etc.) and residential buildings, recreation areas and sports grounds reduce the noise level by 5-10%. The crowns of deciduous trees absorb 26% of the sound energy falling on them. Well-developed shrub and tree species with a dense crown on a plot 30–40 m wide can reduce noise levels by 17–23 dB, small squares and intra-quarter plantings with sparse trees by 4–7 dB. Large forest areas reduce aircraft engine noise levels by 22-56% compared to an open area at the same distance. The presence of grass cover also helps to reduce the level by 5--7 backgrounds.

However, with the wrong location of green spaces in relation to sound sources, you can get the opposite effect, that is, increase the noise level where it is required to reduce it. This can happen when planting trees with a dense crown along the axis of a street with heavy traffic. In this case, green spaces will play the role of a screen reflecting sound waves towards residential buildings and areas for recreation and sports.

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To improve the state of the human environment of the urban environment, it is of no small importance landscaping sub-sectors: sanitary cleaning, urban road cleaning and landscaping. Sanitary cleaning, cleaning and landscaping should be considered in their relationship with each other and with other sub-sectors of improvement (road construction, sewerage, water supply, etc.). These issues must be addressed comprehensively at all levels: region, city, residential area, home ownership area, individual building and at all stages of design and implementation of projects. The role of green spaces: 1) Reducing dust and gas content in the air- green spaces purify the city air from dust and gases; 2) The gas-protective role of green spaces- green spaces significantly reduce the harmful concentration of gases in the air; 3) Windproof role of green spaces; 4) Phytoncidal action- most plants emit volatile and non-volatile substances - phytoncides that have the ability to kill pathogenic bacteria harmful to humans or inhibit their development; 5) Influence of plantings on the thermal regime-t air among green spaces, especially in hot weather, is much less than in open places; 6) Influence on air humidity- when heated, the surface of the leaves of trees and shrubs evaporates a large amount of moisture into the air; 7) Influence on the formation of winds- green spaces contribute to the formation of air currents; 8) Noise control- green spaces, located m / d sources of noise (highways, electric trains, etc.) and residential buildings, recreation areas and sports grounds, reduce the noise level by 5-10%.

4(32). Features of the planning of rural settlements.

inhabited place- this is a limited part of the territory in which the permanent population is fixed by material funds. Rural settlement characterized by small size, small size and population density, the predominant part of which is employed in agriculture. Rural settlements are part of agricultural production. The planning of rural settlements is based on the division of the territory into residential and industrial zones. Selection of a site for the construction of a rural settlement: 1) the terrain is calm; 2) the territory should not be flooded with rain and melt water, as well as river overflows during the largest floods; 3) within a radius of 3 km from the settlement there should be no swamps; 4) the site must have a reliable source of water supply that provides the population with high-quality water for drinking, household, and industrial purposes; 5) the height of standing groundwater must be at least 2 m from the surface of the earth; 6) the site must be protected from the action of adverse winds, snow and sand drifts by terrain or green spaces; 7) the site should be located away from railways and highways, at a distance of at least 50 m from them; 8) construction is prohibited on sites where anthrax animals were previously buried. Planning and development of the settlement: a) For a residential area with the inclusion of administrative and cultural institutions, the best part of the land plot is allocated; b) Zones of economic and industrial buildings. Residential buildings: 1) A residential building should be located taking into account the best insolation of living rooms; 2) Residential buildings should be located with an indent from the red line (street boundary) of at least 6 m for the construction of front gardens in front of the house; 3) Outbuildings must be located separately from the residential building at a distance of at least 12 m from the depth of the site. Administrative and public buildings (village council, collective farm board, state farm management office, post office, cultural and educational institutions, trade and public catering enterprises, etc.): 1) They are located in the central part of the village, on the main street, forming the area of the public center; 2) The buildings of the school and children's institutions should be located in the depth of the site with an indent from the boundary of the street and neighboring plots of at least 15 m, and hospitals - 25 m and have a strip of trees and shrubs from the side of the street and adjacent building plots; 3) The club building is located near a green area and an open reservoir on a site that has sufficient area to accommodate sports grounds and facilities, etc.

5(33).Hygiene of the dwelling (planning, substantiation of the norms of cubic capacity and area, hygienic value of the microclimate, requirements for ventilation, lighting, heating, hygienic characteristics of finishing building materials).

Home hygiene- a section of hygiene, the subject of which is housing conditions and their impact on human health. Housing conditions are of great importance for maintaining human health and its performance. The dwelling must meet certain sanitary and hygienic requirements. Basic hygiene requirements: 1) providing the necessary volume of clean air; 2) creation of a comfort zone in the dwelling - the combination of t, humidity and air velocity that is optimal for org-zma; 3) providing favorable lighting and sound insulation from outside noise; 4) maintenance of cleanliness; 5) personal hygiene. A favorable air environment in the home is created by air exchange where polluted air is replaced by cleaner air. Air exchange can be natural and artificial. Natural air exchange provided with ventilation (ventilation) of residential premises. For ventilation, opening vents and transoms of windows are used, through which outside air enters the room, where it heats up to the desired temperature. Artificial ventilation:1) Forced ventilation when fresh air is mechanically forced into the room, and polluted air is removed through doors, windows, cracks, pores in the walls - in a natural way; 2) Exhaust ventilation, when polluted air is mechanically removed from the room, and fresh air enters in its place naturally; 3) Supply and exhaust; in these cases, fresh air is mechanically supplied and the spoiled air is removed. Air exchange rates for residential premises are determined taking into account their area (3 m 3 / h per 1 m 2 area), in the kitchen - by the number of gas stove burners (60, 75 and 90 m 3 / h, respectively, with 2-3- and 4-burner stove), for the bathroom - the need for the fastest complete removal of odors (in the bathroom - 25 m 3 / h, in the restroom - 25 m 3 / h). Minimum hygiene standards that ensure normal conditions lighting in residential premises 50-100 lux. At natural light the illumination of the room depends both on the time of day and year, the geographic latitude of the area, the state of the atmosphere, and on the size of the windows, their location, the dust content of the glass, etc. Artificial lighting should create a uniform and sufficient illumination in the field of view, ensuring sufficient brightness of the surrounding objects (including wall and ceiling surfaces). The best for lighting rooms is diffused light, such light is partially directed upwards and, reflected from the ceiling and walls, evenly illuminates the entire room. Such light is obtained from an electric light bulb in a frosted glass lampshade. Maintaining a normal microclimate of the dwelling in the cold season should be ensured using various systems for its heating. Of these, the most widespread low pressure water heating. Its advantage is the ability to maintain the required t in the room when the surface of the radiators is heated no higher than 70 ° C (eliminates the risk of burning dust and air pollution). Radiation or panel heating has economic advantages - lower fuel consumption. At the same time, this system provides a state of comfort at lower room air temperatures and significantly less heat loss by radiation, which is especially important in the winter season. From floor to ceiling 2.8 m, t=20+/- 2. For construction use: wood is the best building material; brick (burnt, unburnt); reinforced concrete. Decoration Materials: wallpaper (vinyl), linoleum. In the children's room: floors (carpet and plastic are the worst material, linoleum is better, laminate, parquet); it is better to use emulsion paints; furniture is better to buy in the summer.

The presence of green spaces is one of the most favorable environmental factors.

The role of green spaces in optimizing the conditions of urbanized areas lies in their ability to level the factors of natural and man-made origin that are unfavorable for humans. Green spaces perform different functions in shaping the urban environment.

The main functions of green spaces, we can name the following:

1. Sanitary - hygienic.
2. Recreational.
3. Decorative and artistic.

At the same time, in order to create favorable conditions for human life, it is most important sanitary and hygienic role of plants.

Green spaces in the fight against dust and gas pollution in urban air

Green spaces are of no small importance in cleaning the city air from dust and gases. Dust settles on leaves, branches and trunks of trees and shrubs, and then is washed off by atmospheric precipitation to the ground. The spread or movement of dust is also restrained by lawns, which retard the forward movement of dust distilled by the wind from different places.

Among the green spaces in the spring-summer period, the air contains 42%, and in the winter period, 37% less dust than in open places. Over the largest green massifs within the city, a descending air current is established in summer. It carries dust from the atmosphere with it and deposits it on the crowns of trees and shrubs. 1 hectare of coniferous trees retains 40 tons of dust per year, and deciduous trees - about 100 tons.

In the depths of the forest, at a distance of 250 m from the edge, the dust content in the air is reduced by more than 2.5 times. Dust-retaining properties of different species of trees and shrubs are not the same. Rough elm leaves and lilac leaves, covered with villi, trap dust best of all. .

The effect of green spaces on reducing the concentration of gases in the air also depends on the density of their planting.

Green spaces significantly reduce the harmful concentration of gases in the air.

Harmful gases in the process of transpiration are absorbed by plants, and solid particles of aerosols are deposited on the leaves, trunks and branches of plants. It should be noted that the gas-protective role of green spaces is largely determined by the degree of their gas resistance. In addition, leafy green spaces reduce the content of gases in the air.

Absorption of carbon dioxide by green spaces and release of oxygen

In the leaves of the tree, chlorophyll grains absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Under natural conditions in summer, a medium-sized tree in 24 hours releases as much oxygen as is necessary for the breathing of three people, and 1 hectare of green spaces absorbs 8 liters of carbon dioxide in 1 hour and releases into the atmosphere an amount of oxygen sufficient to support the life of 30 people.

Green spaces-heat regulating factor

In addition, green spaces are involved in the formation of the microclimate of the territory and provide human protection from adverse climatic influences.

Green spaces significantly affect the air temperature. This is especially noticeable in hot weather. The air temperature among plantations in the hottest weather is 10-12 degrees lower than in urban areas. This is because the leaves are more reflective than other types of coatings. Passing a significant part of the radiant energy, the leaves of trees and shrubs have a certain transparency. In addition, plants evaporate a large amount of moisture, increasing the humidity of the air. The most efficient are plants with large leaves, which reflect a significant part of the energy without absorbing it, and thus help to reduce the amount of solar radiation.

The influence of green spaces on air humidity

An important factor affecting the thermal regime in the city is air humidity.

Green spaces during the vegetative period increase air humidity and stabilize moisture exchange between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. The surface of the leaves of trees and shrubs is more than 20 times the area occupied by the crown projection. When heated, plants evaporate a large amount of moisture in the air.

If we take the relative humidity on the street equal to 100%, then in a residential green area the humidity will be 116, on the boulevard - 205, in the park - 204%. In the shade of the garden on a hot day, the air temperature is 7-8 o C lower than in the open. If on a summer day the air temperature on the streets is above 30 o C, then in a park or square the thermometer shows only 22-24 o C.

Phytoncidal action of green spaces

Some properties of volatile and non-volatile substances released by plants were studied by Professor Tokin. It turned out that these substances, called "phytoncides", kill pathogenic bacteria harmful to humans or inhibit their development. Of the tree and shrub species that have antibacterial properties that positively affect the state of the air environment, one should name white acacia, barberry, warty birch, pear, hornbeam, oak, spruce, jasmine, honeysuckle, willow, viburnum, chestnut, maple, larch, linden , juniper, fir, plane tree, lilac, pine, poplar, bird cherry, apple tree. Phytoncidal activity is also possessed by herbaceous plants - lawn grasses, flowers and creepers.

Especially a lot of phytoncides emit conifers. 1 hectare of juniper emits 30 kg of volatile substances per day. A lot of volatile substances emit pine and spruce. Park air contains 200 times less bacteria than street air. Seasonality, vegetation stages, soil and climatic conditions, time of day affect the intensity of volatile production by plants.

The maximum antibacterial activity of most plants is shown in the summer. Therefore, some of them can be used as a medical material.

Air ionization by plants

There are light air ions that can carry a negative or positive charge, and heavy air ions that are positively charged. Light negative ions have the most beneficial effect on the environment. Carriers of positively charged heavy ions are usually ionized molecules of smoke, water dust, vapors that pollute the air. Consequently, the purity of the air is largely determined by the ratio of the number of light ions, which heal the atmosphere, and heavy ions, which pollute the air. An essential qualitative feature of oxygen produced by green spaces is its saturation with ions that carry a negative charge, which manifests the beneficial effect of vegetation on the state of the human body.

The ionization of air is influenced by both the degree of landscaping and the natural composition of plants. The best air ionizers are mixed coniferous-deciduous plantations. Pine plantations only in adulthood have a beneficial effect on its ionization, since due to the turpentine vapor emitted by young weeds, the concentration of light ions in the atmosphere decreases. According to V.N. Vlasyuk (1976), the ionization of forest oxygen is 2-3 times higher than that of the sea and 5-10 times higher than that of the urban atmosphere. Therefore, forests that form a green belt around cities have a significant beneficial effect on the improvement of the urban environment, in particular, they enrich the air basin with light ions. In our region, the volume of formation of negative ions by forests is much lower than in other regions. Therefore, a large role should be given to the creation of parks and squares in cities. The greatest contribution to the increase in the concentration of light ions in the air is white acacia, Karelian birch, red and pedunculate oak, white and weeping willow, silver and red maple, Siberian larch, Siberian fir, mountain ash, common lilac, black poplar.

The influence of green spaces on the formation of winds

Green spaces contribute to the formation of air currents. On hot days, heated urban air rises, and cooler air from green spaces enters in its place. These air currents are most often on the outskirts of the city. On cool days, air currents do not occur. The depth of penetration of air currents into urban development depends on its nature. With dense perimeter development, air currents quickly weaken, and with free development, air currents penetrate much further into the city.

Influence green space to combat noise

Green spaces located between noise sources (highways, railways, etc.) and residential buildings reduce the noise level by 5-10%. Coniferous species (spruce and pine), compared to deciduous species (tree and shrub), better regulate the noise regime. As the distance from the highway is 50 meters, deciduous tree plantations (acacia, poplar, oak) reduce the sound level by 4.2 dB, deciduous shrubs - by 6 dB, spruce - by 7 dB and pine - by 9 dB. Studies have shown that hardwoods are capable of absorbing up to 25% of sound energy, and reflecting and dissipating 74% of it. The best conifers in this respect are spruce, fir; from deciduous - linden, hornbeam and others. The noise protection function to a certain extent depends on the methods of landscaping. Single-row planting of trees with a 10-meter-wide shrub hedge reduces the noise level by 3-4 dB; the same planting, but two-row planting 20-30 meters wide - by 6-8 dB, 3-4-row planting 25-30 meters wide - by 8-10 dB, a boulevard 70 meters wide with an ordinary and group planting of trees and shrubs - by 10-14 dB; multi-row planting or a green array 100 meters wide - by 12-15 dB.

A high effect of noise protection is achieved by placing green spaces near sources and noise and at the same time the protected object. Therefore, landscaping is the main element of measures aimed at providing a good rest for urban residents in the conditions of everyday tension and fuss.

However, if the green spaces are planted incorrectly in relation to the noise source, the opposite result is obtained. For example, when planting trees with a dense crown along the axis of a street with heavy traffic, green spaces will play the role of a screen that reflects sound waves towards residential buildings.

Windproof role of green spaces

In the practice of designing green spaces, there is a need to protect urban development from adverse winds. In this case, protective strips of green spaces are arranged across the main wind flow. The protective role of these strips is determined by their design and location, as well as the type of development. Windproof properties are exhibited by green plantings of a relatively small height and openwork design. The degree of delicacy should be at least 30-40%.

The mechanism of the wind-shelter action is that part of the air flow going over the plantations meets the air flow passing through the protective strip. When they meet, the air currents are mutually extinguished. But the dense planting of green spaces does not perform windproof functions, as it leads to increased turbulence in air flows. Windproof properties are possessed by green plantings even of a relatively small height and planting density. It is allowed to arrange small gaps for passage and passage, which practically do not reduce the windproof properties of green spaces.

recreational function

The recreational function of plantations is invaluable in the conditions of intensification of human production activity, acceleration of the pace of urban life and the occurrence of psychological overstrain with a simultaneous decrease in physical activity in cities, especially large ones.

Green spaces, gardens, parks, suburban forests and coastal areas are some of the most attractive recreational areas. Out-of-town recreation areas are becoming increasingly important, which are becoming bases for “tourism”, while inner-city green spaces retain the functions of short-term recreation places, especially for the less mobile part of the population (children, pensioners).

It is clear that the recreational use of green spaces requires their formation and the creation of a certain level of improvement both in terms of organizing recreation (sports fields, beaches, roads, campfires, car parking), and in terms of preserving plantings, banks of water bodies, meadows and agricultural land .

Decorative and artistic function

The decorative and artistic functions of green spaces can be divided into three large groups: landscape-forming, planning, and organization of recreation for the urban population. Being an organic part of the planning structure of the city, green spaces are actively involved in the creation of landscapes for residential areas. Large green areas, located between individual development areas, unite them, give the city integrity and completeness. The richness of colors and forms of plants, the change in color of the deciduous cover of trees and shrubs according to the seasons of the year enliven urban landscapes. Green spaces make it possible to harmonize the scale of a person and buildings, which is violated during multi-storey construction, and make the city more comfortable.

Various landscapes have a huge impact on a person, creating a certain mood in him and increasing vitality. Green spaces play a significant role in the architecture of the city and take a leading place in the solution of the architecture of parks and gardens.

Decorative and planning role of green spaces

The decorative and planning value of green spaces in a modern city is exceptionally great. The planning functions of green spaces are in the organization of urban areas.

Bright colors of flowers, emerald green lawns, a combination of different tones and shades of green foliage, various crowns of trees and shrubs enliven the city, enrich the architectural ensemble, and give people aesthetic pleasure. They have an exceptionally beneficial effect on the nervous system due to the richness of colors, pleasant aroma, rustling of leaves, etc. .

The most effective are openwork protective strips that pass through themselves up to 40% of the wind of the entire stream. Small gaps are allowed among the green lanes for driving and passages, which practically do not reduce the windproof properties of green spaces.

Skillfully located green spaces eliminate the monotony of urban development resulting from the use of standard projects. The combination of green spaces with urban development is especially effective when green spaces emphasize the composition and decorate uninteresting surfaces and structures.

Sanitary and hygienic role of green spaces

Landscaping is one of the most effective ways to improve the urban environment. Green spaces absorb dust and toxic gases, improve the microclimate of the urban area, provide good conditions for outdoor recreation, protect soil, building walls and sidewalks from excessive overheating.

Vegetation, as an environment-restoring system, ensures the comfort of living conditions for people in the city, regulates (within certain limits) the gas composition of the air and the degree of its pollution, the climatic characteristics of urban areas, reduces the influence of the noise factor and is a source of aesthetic perception.

Landscaping is carried out to improve the air basin, create an optimal microclimate, improve the noise regime, create conditions for recreation, as well as for decorative and planning purposes (individualization of the city's appearance, revitalization of its landscape, elimination of the monotony of buildings and the creation of a favorable human environment).

At the same time, the aesthetic value of green areas is very high. Skillfully selected trees, shrubs, lawns and flower beds adorn the city, give comfort to its streets. The beauty of greenery evokes positive emotions, has a beneficial effect on the health and psyche of a person. It has been established that the effectiveness of mental activity largely depends on the beauty of the landscapes surrounding a person, on his proximity to nature.

Among the greenery, a person needs 60% less time to recuperate after a working day than in the industrial districts of the city devoid of vegetation. In green areas or a park, people's endurance increases by 15%, attention and concentration sharply increase.

When designing landscaping, it is necessary to remember the functional purpose of green spaces.

It is customary to single out the following main functions of green spaces:

1 sanitary - hygienic;

2 recreational;

3 structural planning;

Mandatory requirements for a landscaping system are uniformity and continuity. The main elements of the city greening system are parks, gardens, green areas of residential and industrial areas, embankments, boulevards, squares, protective zones.

The inclusion of landscaping in the planning structure of the city has a positive effect on the environment and living conditions of the population. Urban green spaces fall into three main categories:

1 for general use (city, district parks of culture and recreation, gardens of residential areas and microdistricts, squares, boulevards, forest parks);

2 limited use (landscaped areas of schools and other educational institutions, children's, medical institutions, sports facilities, etc.);

3 special purposes (landscaping of streets, sanitary protection zones, nurseries, botanical gardens, etc.).

The total area of green spaces in the microdistrict must be at least 10 m2 per person. In the suburban zone, a forest park zone stands out - a green ring adjacent to the city and having a special environmental regime. Its width, depending on the size and profile of the city and local natural conditions, ranges from 5 to 20 km. .

Green spaces fully fulfill their role, if properly placed, they occupy 50% of the populated area of the city. Citywide parks are recommended to be placed so that they are 2-3 km from housing, district parks - 1.5 km, children's - 1 km, squares - 400-500 m.

The quality of air masses improves significantly if they pass over forest parks and parks, the area of which is 600-1000 hectares. At the same time, the amount of suspended impurities is reduced by 10 - 40%.

The practice of designing and building residential areas using 16-storey buildings substantiates the following ratios of the territories of their constituent functional zones: residential microdistricts 61-75%, areas of public institutions 5-9%, public green spaces 8-15%, streets and parking lots 12-15 %.

The effectiveness of the urban greening system depends on its relationship with the green open spaces and forests surrounding the city. Therefore, cities and their suburban areas should be considered as a single space - a planning and landscape whole. In the suburban area, a forest park belt is needed - a green ring adjacent to the city and having a special environmental regime. Its width, depending on the size and profile of the city and local natural conditions, should be from 5 to 20 km. .