§28 Social insects - bees and ants. Beneficial insects. Insect protection. Social insects What are social insects

Target: to reveal the features of the structure of the honey bee in connection with the social way of life, the role in nature and in human life.

Lesson type: a lesson in analytical thinking.

During the classes

group work

I. Motivational conversation

(the lesson begins by asking the children questions about the family):

What can you say about your family?
How can you describe your family in one word?
Why is your family the most friendly?

Family - seven I, all together. Although we study insects, family relationships there are among them. These insects include bees and ants. Today we will talk about bees.

II . Intrigue

In the entire history of mankind, there is no more studied and, at the same time, more mysterious insect than a bee. Why? You will learn about this at the end of the lesson.

III. Memory

Group work:

Group 1: Development with complete transformation
Group 2: Development with incomplete transformation
Group 3: What are the similarities and differences between 2 types of transformation. What is the advantage of development with complete transformation.

IV. Learning new material (return to intrigue)

bees - social insects. The community is a big family. They share food with each other, take care of each other.
The uterus has a long body, the abdomen is elongated. Drones medium size with big eyes. Worker bees have devices for collecting pollen (brush, basket, mirror)
There are 100 thousand worker bees in the family, they clean the hive, collect nectar, take care of the queen and larvae, protect the hive from enemies. In a bee family, the main bee is the queen, which lays up to 2000 eggs per day. She lives for about five years. Drones do not take any part in the work. The main task is the fertilization of the uterus. In autumn, the worker bees drive the drones out of the hive and they die. All care for the hive lies with the worker bees6 growing up, each worker bee changes several "professions". She builds combs, cleans cells, feeds larvae, takes food from incoming bees and distributes it in the hive, ventilates the hive, guards it, and finally, begins to fly out of the hive for nectar. Bees communicate with each other through touch and secretions. Bees have a "language of dance". The complex behavior of social insects is an instinct.
Bees build honeycombs. They crawl on the flowers and pollen falls on the hairs of the body of the insect. Then the bee cleans the pollen into a basket with help. Special brushes. Soon a ball of pollen will form there. Perga is honey-soaked pollen. Bees have an extended goiter - honey. There is honey. For a year, a bee colony receives 100 kg of honey. (presentation)

V. Effective consolidation

Group 1: fill in the table:

Group 2: What are the similarities of the uterus, drone, worker bee

Group 3: What products do bees give? How they are formed.

Tasks for all groups:

Explain terms: uterus, drone, pocket mirror, honeycomb, basket, goiter, perga, swarming, instinct, "the language of bees."

Explain the statements:

If bees die out on earth, humanity will have 4 years to live.
Albert Einstein
The bees can tell their mates where the sweet nectar flowers are.
Aristotle
From the bellies of the bees comes the drink different colors that brings healing to people. Verily, in this is a sign for a people who think.
Koran

VI. Disclosure of intrigue

In the entire history of mankind, there is no more studied and, at the same time, more mysterious insect than a bee. Moreover, it can be argued that man also owes his origin to the bee to a large extent. After all, it was she who for millions of years, tirelessly pollinating plants, developed and improved vegetable world planets, and with it the animal world.

For many millennia she lives next to a man, but nothing and no one can tame her. At the same time, it is the bee, which has a terrible weapon against enemies, that allows a person to unceremoniously invade his home and make any (within reason) changes and rearrangements in it, and once a year take away the vital thing - his food.

VII. Homework

Paragraph 28. Type of arthropods, preparation for verification work.

Ants - social insects

Well, what are the ants - everyone has seen them. This is a separate family of Hymenoptera insects; in addition to ants, other very famous, well-known inhabitants of the earth, like bees and wasps, also enter the order of Hymenoptera. And ants differ from bees and wasps primarily in that they have wingless workers. All bees, all wasps, they are winged, so to speak, almost all. Winged ants are only females and males before mating. Ants have three castes.

All of the listed insects are social insects, but with a small caveat: bees and wasps are both solitary and social. And all ants are exclusively social. There is not a single species among ants that would lead a solitary lifestyle. And there are actually more than ten thousand species of ants around the world.

What is sociality for insects? This means that they live in a permanent community, a long-term community, which we call a family, because it is a family by origin. And this family consists of three castes - these are females that lay eggs, that is, this is a reproductive individual, these are males that appear in the family for a very short time and after fertilization of females in most species, males die. They die naturally, their lives are over. But there are some species that have a slightly different system, but there are no such species in Russia, so we will focus on our domestic ants. The majority of the population is made up of workers. In principle, these are physiologically underdeveloped females that perform all the functions of building a nest, foraging for food, for defense, for rearing the brood, for caring for the female and larvae. That is, the entire life of the family is provided by working individuals. And when we talk about family organization, about the evolution of the social way of life in ants, this is primarily the development of relationships in the system of workers, which, as the family grows, begin to perform various functions and get the opportunity, firstly, to realize specialization , and secondly, they are able to perform a number of tasks that are simply impossible in small families. This is, for example, maintaining an active temperature in the nest.

Ants, in principle, by origin, they are all tropical and subtropical insects. And while they lived and live there, all the problems associated with maintaining the temperature are solved there in a natural way. True, there is a situation when they have to arrange ventilation in order to avoid overheating. But in our conditions, in a temperate climate, the situation is different. In order for ants to develop normally larvae, and ants are insects with complete transformation. That is, they first develop a larva separately, then it pupates, most of the species braid the pupa with a cocoon, and then an adult insect emerges from the pupa, which does not grow further and does not change morphologically throughout its adult life.

How long does an ant live?

Ants live a very long time. If we talk about the life of a worker, then a worker ant in our ordinary ants can live up to seven years. And an egg-laying female up to 20 years old is an absolute record in the world of insects. They live so long because they have a well-established social system. That high life expectancy, about which we care so much, they organized a long time ago.

In this article, we will analyze the behavior of bees and ants, their differences and similarities.

Somehow the phrase "social insects" suggests that they belong to society. But, in fact, such a name is obtained due to the structure and complexity of its behavior. What insects belong to this group, and how they differ, will be considered in this material.

What are social insects?

Who are insects, even a preschooler does not need an explanation. To make it clear who these social insects are, watch the ants. The most common forest red or black garden insects. Pay attention to how beautifully and harmoniously they move in their anthill.

Therefore, we can note the first distinguishing feature of social insects - this is presence of families. They do not live alone, but only in large groups. Moreover, each of the representatives has its own role in such a community.
Polyetism- this main feature social insects. In other words, it is a separation of duties.
Second distinguishing feature- this is presence of castes on sexual and reproductive functions. Social insects may have one queen (i.e., monogyny) or several breeding females ( polygyny). But this is reflected in the size of the masonry and size. Even working individuals are smaller in size from such queens.
- At the head of social insects is mother or queen, on whose shoulders lies the responsibility for reproduction and offspring. The whole family with colonies is built around it.
- And for protection there are special soldiers! These representatives do not have the opportunity to breed, but they have weapons. Namely, strong stings in bees or powerful jaws in termites and ants.
- But someone has to feed them too. And this responsibility falls on the shoulders work force, which also cannot produce its own offspring. Incredibly, even working representatives are further divided into subspecies depending on the work.
That is why these groups of insects are in close relationship with each other. If at least one puzzle falls out, then the other part of the picture is lost. After all, some insects protect, others feed, and still others take care of their offspring.

IMPORTANT: Different subspecies of even one species of insects can differ significantly in some rules.

Housing– here is another difference. Yes, animals and insects are looking for a warm overnight stay for the winter. But only social insects build nests so complex and thought out to the smallest detail. And how they take care of their masonry!
Such insects can communicate. No, they do not have their own language. In fact, it's a bit odd. More often use body language and its movements.
- Bees can dance! But this is not just a desire to stretch, so they report the location of the nectar.
- Ants use the sweet scent they leave along the way they need to. For example, after an edible find, an ant will leave such a trace to its anthill, informing these of its relatives.
But the connection between the uterus and its subordinates is of the greatest value. This merit pheromones! In this structure, everything is insanely finely thought out. The fact is that this substance is secreted by the larvae. Thus, they communicate their hunger. But only the mother can hear them!
- And only she tells her workforce to bring food supplies. Why, she gives clear instructions on what food is needed and in what quantity. Without the queen, the rest of the representatives will simply die, because they do not know what to do!
- But there are also insects that have a chance to grow a new queen. True, this is a very painstaking and time-consuming process. New uterus requires special conditions cultivation, that is, it requires special cells. Yes, she is picky about food.

Now we can make a final and already substantiated conclusion about who the social insects are.

Public insects - these are those representatives who lead a public or social way of life. As can be seen from the above information, they step over the behavior of other insects and even compete well with upper classes animal kingdoms. That is, social insects can create societies. Therefore, the science that studies them is sociobiology.

Features of the complex behavior of social insects: description

In these insects, the development of the brain and nervous system. And this is naturally reflected in the behavior of social insects, distinguishing them from similar loners.

Brain directly depends on the diversity and mobility of the life of the insect. That is, the more active it is, the more developed and larger the brain is. For example, working ants and productive representatives. The latter insects have a smaller brain size.
Incredibly, social insects can distinguish shapes and colors! For example, the Australian ethologist Karl Frisch conducted experiments on bees. As a result, it was found that they land on bright colors.
This aspect has not been fully studied, but insects may be far from their nest, but they will still find their way home. An experiment was carried out with bumblebees, which were placed in boxes at different distances from the house, they were necessarily marked with colored paint. By evening, all the insects were in place.
They are not just remember the way home, but they also go out in search of, for example, nectar with a strictly thought-out plan of action. For example, a bee focuses not only on the relief shape and bright color but also on the quality of the smell.

IMPORTANT: To communicate with each other, social insects use a whole chain of stimuli - these are auditory and visual contacts, chemical, vibrational and tactile stimuli.

These insects have memory and can transfer experience. For example, ants live 1.5-2.5 years, and for them it carries important value. Remember the cartoon "Luntik", ants always have a leader or commander!
- They single out those individuals who have a good memory and rich experience in order to find a solution in case of incidents. That is what the leader does. They act strictly according to the laid route, but if an obstacle appears on the way, the activist will lead the rest after him, bypassing it.

Moreover, such insects can even think logically and find solutions from difficult situations. An experiment was conducted (again on ants) when a small dose of radiation (up to 10 R/h) was delivered to their nest. This went on for 3 years. And to reduce the incoming dose, the ants built a covered road.
In social insects, they form and develop faster conditioned reflexes. This is another confirmation of the development of their memory and ability to draw conclusions. They have such a divided and thoughtful work of each representative that it requires certain skills. And this indicates a good ability to learn.
- They have a goal and are moving towards its fulfillment! They work so harmoniously with each other that they easily compete even with higher animals. Even a person can develop some skills for himself.
They have incredible care of offspring. The womb devotes herself and her whole life to taking care of them. And in case of urgent need and a threat to offspring, she, without hesitation, will sacrifice herself.
- Look even again at the anthill, they do not leave their cocoons close to the entrance, but lower them to other floors. If the house is in danger, they will be the first thing to endure it!

IMPORTANT: Social insects have a chain of complex reflexes that are responsible for their instinct.

In addition to memory, the ability to memorize and think, as well as draw logical conclusions, among the species of even one family of insects, there are "stupid" and "smart" individuals.
It is also worth highlighting such a quality of social insects as thriftiness. What ants, what bees make stocks of food.
And that's not all, because they are able to share it among themselves. Yes, this is the result of organized work in the caste. But it is also a kind of concern for the surrounding family members.

Some illustrative examples.

Ants

They are able to conclude "friendship pact". Their association with aphids is known. The ants protect it and provide some fresh shoots for them to feed on, as well as take care of the wintering grounds. But for this they collect their sweet excrement for their nourishment. It's kind of like cattle breeding.
But there are ants who are engaged agriculture. For example, leaf cutters carry the spores of some fungi along with the leaf supply. They plant them in an anthill, and then eat them.
But the tropical Amazon ants take into slavery other insects. More precisely, they steal their eggs or tiny individuals. And from these cubs they grow labor force. Similar behavior is observed in other species of ants. By the way, they can also attack neighboring anthills.
And some species of ants, such as foragers, have pension. Yes, over time they turn from active representatives into passive observers. But on the other hand, they pass on the collected traditions and experience. young generation. And in case of devastation, pensioners are able to restore everything again.

wasps

Polist wasps show interesting behavior during the rain. The fact is that their house is covered with aspen paper, through which drops of water pass. Therefore, insects absorb it, and then spit it out.
But vestin wasps can heat up your clutch abdominal movements. They begin to dance as if performing a belly dance. And thus, the temperature can rise by a whole degree.

termites

They can be called real. architects. Even though their work seems chaotic and uncoordinated, the result will please the eye. After all, their buildings have not only simple form, but can be in the form of arches, canopies or entire corridors. And do not forget that termites are completely blind, so their projects are carried out purely with the help of instincts.
Some of their species are capable of self-destruction. If a worker is attacked, it can literally explode. In this case, the enemy will be attacked by sticky slime. It is not dangerous, but is distracting.

bees

They surprise not only with their dance, but also with the presence of emotions. Even through dance moves, they are able to pinpoint exactly where the food supply is. And also show your character.
And many of their working representatives die as a result of the defense of their colony. After all, they leave a sting in the body of the enemy, after which they die with him.

bumblebees

Among these representatives there are "cuckoos". The fact is that these types of insects throw their eggs into another masonry. Of course, they choose other families of bumblebees, not an ant colony. Cuckoo insects do not have their own workers. Children, on the other hand, grow up in a “foster” family, along with other cubs on an equal footing.

How do social insects differ from solitary ones: comparison, similarities and differences

Based on the above material, one exact conclusion can already be drawn - solitary insects live separately, but public representatives - only big families. Similar characteristics include the extraction of food, the need for it, as well as the protection of the territory and their offspring. It should also be noted that other insects use a sound signal or gestures to communicate during the mating season. It's just that social insects have all the characteristics slightly improved.

But none of them can survive on their own. The role of each “member” of the family is so thought out and organized that it acts as the missing puzzle. And without it, the whole picture will not turn out. For example, bees build families of up to 60 thousand - 100 thousand individuals.
And therefore, such a large community is able to build big house. For example, some anthills can reach several meters in depth (according to some sources, even up to 10 m). And what termite mounds are found in nature, that single ones cannot do this. The highest termite mounds reached 9 m.
These houses increase the safety not only of adults, but of young and clutches. In solitary species, such care for offspring is not observed. In social insects, the future generation, as well as food supplies, generally come first.
In that huge house, where every road, descent or honeycomb is thought out, temperature and humidity are also regulated. Again, all to maintain optimal conditions masonry. But only social insects can create such a microclimate due to their large numbers.

Such a family can also attack large prey, and this will help to make a significant supply of food.
Well-coordinated work helps social insects defend themselves from enemies. Single representatives are weaker in this matter.
Well, the main difference is polymorphism. That is, the presence of a uterus that deals only with offspring. The queen is engaged only in masonry. Although, for example, in some species of termites, the uterus is not even able to move independently. This protects her as much as possible from any dangers, providing a high birth rate.

What insects can and cannot be classified as social?

It is easier to name those representatives who may belong to social insects. All the rest, if they do not have the above characteristics of social life, are referred to a number of single individuals.

Ants- almost all of their species belong to social insects. They are of great benefit to the forest, protecting it from enemies. Characterized by large anthills, which consist of ground and underground parts
- In the center is a wingless uterus (she loses her wings after the mating season) and spends her whole life only laying eggs.
- Working representatives clean the masonry, the uterus and bring her food.
- Soldiers stand out large sizes and powerful jaws, whose task is to protect the colony.
bees have only one uterus that governs them. They don't have soldiers, but they do have drones who fertilize the uterus. After mating, they die. All work, including feeding the uterus, falls on the shoulders of the workers.
wasps live only one summer. Only fertilized females remain overwintering. Housing is also used for only one year, Build it from wood and their own saliva.
bumblebees have the same signs of social life. But it is worth highlighting that the sting can be not only in working individuals, but also in the uterus. By the way, it has no notches, so insects can use it repeatedly.
termites live in termite mounds, and their family can number up to 1 million individuals. The uterus of this species can live up to 10 years, and workers differ in that they can be of both sexes. Their main task is order in the "house".

There are 5 main types of social insects

There are some characteristic features public behavior in the following insects:

earwigs - they are characterized by the care of the female for offspring
bedbugs that live in large families
and even in aphids that come into contact with ants
crickets and Japanese bugs bring food for their larvae
thrips have the highest social degree of life. They also build families of up to almost 200 thousand individuals, lay paths with a characteristic smell and take care of their laying

IMPORTANT: Only ants are fully related to social group. All other insects belong to the class Hymenoptera. Because they are characterized by all the transitions from a solitary lifestyle to social behavior.

Video: Social insects: the secret of collective intelligence

social insects. Most insects lead a solitary lifestyle. However, there are also social insects. These include termites, bumblebees, wasps, ants, and bees. The community of these insects is one big extended family. There are separate groups in the family that perform different functions: they collect food, share it with each other, take care of the larvae, and protect the nest.

Most of the ants living in an anthill (Fig. 104) are wingless working individuals - these are barren females. Their number sometimes reaches a million. In addition to them, a queen lives in an anthill. She doesn't have wings either. She breaks them off after the nuptial flight. All her life she lays eggs, and all the care of the anthill lies with the worker ants. They forage, repair and clean the anthill, feed the larvae and the queen, defend the anthill in case of attack by enemies.

Once a year, at the beginning of summer, winged females and males appear from pupae in the anthill, which go on a mating flight. After mating, the males die, and the females shed their wings and found a new anthill. Most ants are predators. Some feed on the sweet secretions of aphids. To do this, ants guard, "graze" these insects that feed on plants, sometimes build shelters for them.

Rice. 104. Cross section of an anthill: 1 - chambers with eggs; 2 - chambers with larvae: 3 - chambers with pupae

Other types of ants are bred in underground chambers to feed on mushrooms, bringing crushed plant leaves there. There are herbivorous ants. Ants communicate by touching each other with their antennae, legs, and head. In addition, they have a "chemical language" - they secrete special substances with which they mark their paths. By smell, ants recognize relatives and enemies.

The honey bee is a social insect. A large family of bees has up to 100 thousand individuals that live in a hive (Fig. 105, A). Most of the insects in the hive are worker bees. These are barren females, in which the modified ovipositor serves as a sting. They clean the hive, collect nectar, take care of the queen and larvae, protect the hive from enemies. They live only one season (about a year). In a bee family, the main bee is the queen, which lays eggs - up to 2000 per day. She lives for about five years. In the spring, in May - June, a new uterus and several dozen males, which are called drones, appear in the bee family from the pupae: they do not take any part in the work, and their main task is to fertilize the uterus. The old female leaves the hive with part of the worker bees - swarming occurs. The beekeepers collect the swarm and settle it in a new hive. In autumn, the worker bees drive the remaining drones out of the hive and they die.

Rice. 105. Bees: A - bee hive; B - scheme of the "dance" of bees

All care about the hive lies with the worker bees: growing up, each worker bee changes several "professions". First, they build combs, clean the cells, feed the larvae, take food from the arriving bees and distribute it in the hive, ventilate the hive, guard it, and finally start flying out of the hive for nectar. Bees communicate with each other, like ants, through touch and secretions.

However, only bees have a "language of dance". With the help of special body movements and movements, one bee can tell others where the nectar-rich flowering plants(Fig. 105, B). The scout bee "dances" in the hive on the combs.

The complex behavior of social insects is called instinctive, because instinct is a set of innate forms of behavior, fixed hereditarily and characteristic certain kind animals. The behavior of social insects is so complex that it leads many people to believe that it is intelligent. However, these actions of animals are instinctive, unconscious.

The honey bee has long been bred by man. It is distributed throughout the globe. A person receives wax, honey, various medications(propolis, bee venom, bee milk).

On the bottom side The abdomen of the worker bee contains special glands that secrete wax. Bees build honeycombs from it. On the hind legs bees have areas surrounded by long chitinous hairs - baskets. The bees crawl over the flowers and the pollen gets on their body hairs. Then the bee cleans the pollen into the basket with the help of special brushes on the paws of the legs. Soon a ball of pollen is formed there - a pollen, which the bee transfers to the hive. Perga - honey-soaked pollen - serves as a reserve of protein food for the bee colony.

Worker bees have a kind of expansion of the esophagus - honey goiter. From the nectar collected from the flowers, which passed through the honey goiter, the main food supply of the bee family is formed - honey. Cells are filled with honey, which the bees cover with a thin wax layer. For a year, up to 100 kg of honey can be obtained from one bee family.

Although man has been breeding bees for a long time, collapsible frame hives were invented relatively recently - in 1814. Russian beekeeper P.I. Prokopovich. Prior to this, in order to extract honey from a bee nest, which, as a rule, was located in a hollowed-out log of a tree, it was necessary to break the honeycomb, that is, to ruin the bee colony. The surviving swarm of bees can live independently, without human help. This indicates that bees are not yet fully domesticated.

Silkworm. There are other insects that are beneficial to humans. Such are the silkworms. it single insect, not found in nature in the wild (Fig. 106). His females even "forgot how" to fly. An adult insect is a thick butterfly with whitish wings with a span of up to 6 cm. The caterpillars of this silkworm eat only mulberry leaves, or mulberries.

Rice. 106. Stages of development of the silkworm: 1 - female laying grena; 2 - caterpillar; 3 - formation of a cocoon; 5 - pupae in a cocoon

Scientists suggest that in the wild, the ancestor of the silkworm lived in the foothills of the Himalayas. Silkworm breeding began in China around 3000 BC. e. Nowadays, this insect is completely domesticated. Now it is bred in China, Japan, Indochina, Southern Europe, South America, Central Asia and the Caucasus - where the mulberry grows ( Mulberry tree). There are several dozen breeds of silkworms, differing in length, strength and color of the silk thread they produce.

Female silkworms lay eggs (each - up to 600 eggs), which are called grena. Caterpillars emerge from them. These caterpillars are kept in special rooms on the aft shelves, fed with mulberry leaves. When pupating, each caterpillar spins a cocoon from a very thin thread for three days, the length of which reaches 1500 m.

The silk thread is secreted by a special silk gland located on the lower lip of the caterpillar.

Ready-made cocoons are collected by silkworm breeders, treated with hot steam, and then silk threads are unwound with special machines. Part of the cocoons is left for breeding butterflies for reproduction.

Silk is used in light industry for tissue production, in medicine (threads are made from it for stitching wounds) and in aviation.

Insect protection. Man has a great influence on environment(plows up virgin steppes, cuts down forests, uses pesticides). Therefore, the number of many species of animals, including insects, is declining. Some species are on the verge of extinction. Concerning rare species insects are taken under oxpairy. Red Books have been created, which contain information about specially protected rare animals (Fig. 107), the reasons for their plight and protection measures. Among the insects of our country, listed in the Red Book, there is a steppe hump - a large steppe grasshopper that lives in the steppes in southern Russia. The area of distribution of this grasshopper has decreased due to the plowing of virgin steppes. From beetles, several species of large predatory beetles - ground beetles - got on the pages of the Red Book. On South Far East the largest beetle in Russia is protected - the relict woodcutter, whose body length reaches 10.8 cm, the length of the larva is up to 17 cm. It ended up on the pages of the Red Book in connection with the cutting down of old trees, in the wood of which its larvae develop.

Rice. 107. Rare and protected insects: 1 - steppe chump; 2 - Apollo; 3 - Far Eastern relic woodcutter; 4 - Caucasian ground beetle; 5 - wall bumblebee; 6 - mother-of-pearl zenobium

Many species of bumblebees are also listed in the Red Book, for example, the changeable bumblebee and the steppe bumblebee. Among the butterflies listed in the Red Book, one can name Apollo, Mpemosina, mother-of-pearl Zenobia. They are protected by the Law "On the Protection of Wildlife".

The role of insects in natural communities is enormous. Insects are the most important pollinators of flowering plants. They serve as food for various invertebrates (spiders, centipedes), fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and animals, even some insectivorous plants (dew). There are many orderlies among insects who help to process minerals organic remains of plants and animals. Soil insects and their larvae increase soil fertility by mixing and fertilizing it with their excrement. The role of insects in the cycle of substances in nature is great.

Lesson learned exercises

What features of behavior and lifestyle are characteristic of the inhabitants of the anthill?
Describe the composition of the bee colony and the functions of each group of bees.
Why are ants and bees classified as social insects? Explain their significance in nature and in human life.
On the basis of what signs is the silkworm classified as a domestic animal? What is the meaning in economic activity human has this insect?