International trade. Russia's foreign trade

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• Import
• Trade balance
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Stable growth of investment imports

The value of exports reached $46.102 billion in April, which is 37.6% more than last year. Imports amounted to 28.844 billion rubles, an increase compared to the previous year is estimated at 39.9%. The annual dynamics of imports significantly outpaced exports during the first quarter of this year. Now, as we can see, the growth rates of exports and imports have converged significantly.

At the same time, the physical dynamics of exports, calculated on the basis of customs statistics, has been declining for two months in a row. In April, the growth rate of exports compared to the corresponding period of the previous year amounted to -5.4% (at constant prices). Exports of agricultural and food products show the largest decline (-37.7%), followed by exports of coke and petroleum products (-17%) and metallurgical products (-14.9%). It is worth noting the positive growth rates of exports of fuel and energy minerals, which amounted to 3.1% in April. However, if the export of hydrocarbons is already at the pre-crisis level, then the export of other goods is close to the crisis minimum.

Imports, on the contrary, continue to grow at a significant pace (28.7% over the previous year, at constant prices). High positive dynamics is kept by such investment groups of goods as vehicles and equipment (79.6%), machinery and mechanical equipment (44.2%). At the same time, imports of consumer and intermediate products are also growing at a high rate.

Thus, the dynamics of imports indicates high level domestic demand, which is an important argument that speaks of the end of the crisis in Russia.

All economic reviews

• 17.05

Things take a fantastic turn

The ambitious plans announced during Dmitry Medvedev's visit to the PRC are real, and this is 200 billion dollars of trade turnover, despite the fact that 100 billion "which seemed fantastic 10-12 years ago" has finally been reached. But on the way to this, a whole "Chinese sea" of obstacles

Customs will appear on the Internet

The Ministry of Finance has developed rules for cross-border online trading. Only authorized by the authorities operating companies will be able to participate in it, which will, in fact, assume customs functions. As an experiment, such companies will appear in May. It is perhaps the most major changes in the field of data collection and administration by shifting part of the administrative functions and responsibilities onto the shoulders of authorized operators

Mikhail Klimentyev/Press Service of the President of the Russian Federation/TASS

I ask for export

According to the Russian Export Center, the volume of project support by the organization will reach $34.7 billion by 2019. By this time, almost 8,000 companies will receive support for entering foreign markets. The center was created for medium-sized companies, although now its portfolio includes the flagships of industry and agribusiness

OOO " Publishing House Rodionova"/TASS

Trade with Ukraine has become more active

The highest volume of Ukrainian exports still falls on Russia, although this figure is not critical for us at all. And the turnover even began to grow. However, a foreign economic miracle, if it is possible at all, is still a long time to wait.

TASS

Russia from an importer becomes an exporter of cars

Import cars to Russia in six months of 2017 decreased in units by 8% year-on-year, while the export of passenger cars from the Russian Federation in the first half of 2017 increased by almost 30%, to 43.2 thousand units. Such, and even twice as large, export volumes were in the days of the USSR

Dmitry Izosimov

City Innovations Take Over: Successful Strategies for Capturing Foreign Markets

Exporter's Day was held in Tyumen as part of the InnoWeek Innovation Week - 2017. Its main event was the conference "Business in modern conditions". The expert and business community, representatives of regional authorities and foreign states discussed the external context of development for several hours Russian economy, directions for improving export policy and algorithms for developing foreign markets

SPIEF: politics loses to economics

The forum demonstrates that economic interests have taken precedence over political considerations. Companies are not ready to sacrifice long-term projects for the sake of transient political problems. Interestingly, under the guise of sanctions, the Americans have strengthened their positions in trade with Russia.

TASS

Sanctions "cheburashki" know no boundaries

The flow of sanctioned products entering Russia in transit through Belarus and Kazakhstan is not weakening. And although the authorities are making Herculean efforts to put obstacles in the way of smugglers, the benefits of this business, apparently, outweigh the risks. And in African countries, it’s time to open new printing houses for printing certificates for vegetables and fruits, which, when they get to us, find themselves in the position of a famous fairy-tale hero: “The boxes floated across the seas and oceans for a long time and eventually ended up in a fruit shop in a very large city.” Having opened them that time, they found Cheburashka, and we have fruits of unknown origin

Russia as a driver of the Chinese economy

The trade turnover between Russia and China in the first quarter increased by 3.6% in annual terms - after a decrease of 27.8 in the previous year. At the same time, the total volume foreign trade China decreased in the first quarter of 2016 in annual terms by 5.9%

Zuma\TASS

New Silk Road. One way road

Last week, a train from distant Spain arrived in the Chinese city of Yiwu. Freight trains on the planet's longest rail route between Madrid and Yiwu are now running at half capacity. From China to Spain they go filled to capacity, and half-empty return back

Zuma\TASS Zuma\TASS Photo: Yury Smityuk/TASS

Fewer good and different goods

Russia is facing an even more difficult year in terms of external economic conditions and market conditions, so the decrease in exports and imports will continue. Moreover, in order to bring the balance of payments, we will have to give up half of the usual foreign goods

“Moscow began to get nervous”: why does Russia need Iranian oil

At the ongoing 11th meeting of the Permanent Iranian-Russian Commission on Trade and Economic Cooperation, the parties discussed ways to develop economic cooperation. There are a lot of projects, but only a few of them have prospects to go into practice

What will the trade war between Ukraine and Belarus lead to?

Ukraine got involved in a new interstate conflict, this time with Belarus. Kyiv introduces, in fact, prohibitive duties on the import of Belarusian goods in response to similar restrictive measures from its northern neighbor

And the volume of Russian exports of military products in 2009 exceeded 260 billion rubles ($8.8 billion). According to the data, the share of deliveries of combat aircraft in the period 2005-2009. accounted for Russia 40% of the total exports of the main types of conventional weapons, according to Rosoboronexport, this share is approximately 50% of all sales of Russian weapons.

According to the results of 2009, the volume of arms exports from Russia amounted to $7.4 billion, the order portfolio of Rosoboronexport increased from $22 to $32 billion this year.

Russia has multibillion-dollar contracts for the supply of weapons and dual-use products with India, Venezuela, China, Vietnam, Algeria, Kuwait, Greece, Iran, Brazil, Syria, Malaysia, Indonesia.

Food and tobacco products

As of the beginning of 2010, Russia was ranked 3rd in the world in grain exports (after the US and the EU) and 4th in the world in wheat exports (after the US, EU and Canada). In 2016, Russia should take first place in the sale of wheat abroad by the indicator.

cars and equipment

In 2009, machinery and equipment worth $17.9 billion were exported from Russia, including $11.8 billion to countries outside the CIS, $6.1 billion to the CIS countries. From 1999 to 2009, the total export of machinery and equipment from Russia increased 2.3 times, their exports to countries outside the CIS - 2.0 times, to the CIS countries - 3.2 times.

In 2010, the volume of exports of machinery and equipment increased to $21.5 billion.

Cars

In 2009, about 42 thousand cars and 15 thousand trucks were exported from Russia. total amount$637 million.

Most of the physical volume of trucks exported from Russia is supplied to the CIS countries. In 2009, the value of exports of trucks outside the CIS ($201 million) exceeded their exports to the CIS ($189 million) for the first time since 2002.

Aviation

Chemical products

Metallurgical products

As of 2007, Russia ranked 3rd in the world (after China and Japan) in terms of exports of steel products (27.6 million tons per year). As of 2008, Russia ranked first in the world in aluminum and nickel exports.

Diamonds

The main importers of Russian diamonds are the European Union, Israel, the United Arab Emirates.

Software

The total export of software and services for its development in 2011 amounted to $4.75 billion.

Import to Russia

Food and tobacco products

In 2000-2002, the volume of imports of food products to Russia exceeded the volume of their exports from Russia. A similar situation was observed in almost all European countries, with the exception of France, Sweden and Germany.

Since 2006, the absolute volume of poultry meat imports to Russia has been almost constantly decreasing: from 1.33 million tons in 2005 to 0.99 million tons in 2009. Specific gravity of imported products in the Russian poultry meat market decreased from 65% in 1997 to 28% in 2009.

Grain imports decreased from 6.9 million tons in 1999 to 429 thousand tons in 2009.

Wheat imports decreased from 2.6 million tons in 2000 to 95 thousand tons in 2009.

Barley imports decreased from 635,000 tons in 2000 to 30,000 tons in 2009.

Corn imports decreased from 702,000 tons in 2000 to 38,000 tons in 2009.

Imports of sunflower oil increased from 76,000 tons in 1994 to 301,000 tons in 1999 and then dropped to 43,000 tons in 2009.

Imports of raw sugar decreased from 4.5 million tons in 2000 to 1.3 million tons in 2009.

Imports of white sugar decreased from 467 thousand tons in 2000 to 259 thousand tons in 2009.

Data on Russia's foreign trade in 2008

Data from the UN Statistical Committee for 2015

The share of countries in Russian exports - the Netherlands -11.7; China - 8.2; Italy-4.7; Germany -4.6; Korea -3.8; Belarus-3.6; Turkey-3.4; Kazakhstan-3; Poland -2.8; USA-2.4; Ukraine-2.1 Share of countries in Russian imports - China -19.4; Germany -10.4; USA -6.3; Belarus -4.4; Italy - 4.3; Japan -3.7; Ukraine -3.1

Trading partners

In the country structure of Russia's foreign trade, the European Union occupies a special place as the country's largest economic partner. The share of the European Union in 2008 accounted for 52% of Russian trade turnover (in 2007 - 51.3%), the CIS countries - 14.5% (in 2007 - 15%), the EurAsEC countries - 8.2% (8 .7%), to the APEC countries - 20.4% (19.3%).

Russia's main trading partners in 2008 among non-CIS countries were Germany, the trade turnover with which amounted to $67.3 billion, the Netherlands - $61.8 billion, China - $55.9 billion, Italy - $52.9 billion, Turkey - $33.8 billion , Japan - $29 billion, USA - $27.3 billion, Poland - $27.2 billion, Great Britain - $22.5 billion, Finland - $22.4 billion. ]

In March 2010, the heads of the agricultural ministries of Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) signed a declaration of cooperation, which implies the implementation of four areas of multilateral cooperation: in particular, an increase in mutual agricultural trade between countries, with the creation of an agricultural information base of the BRIC countries.

In July 2010, the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia began to operate. According to some estimates, the creation Customs Union will stimulate economic development and can provide an additional 15% to the GDP of the participating countries by 2015.

Russia's main trading partners in 2012 were China, with which trade amounted to $87.5 billion, the Netherlands - $82.7 billion, Germany - $73.9 billion, Italy - $45.8 billion, Ukraine - $45.1 billion, Belarus - $35 .7 billion, Turkey - $34.2 billion, Japan - $31.2 billion, USA - $28.3 billion, Poland - $27.4 billion, Kazakhstan - $22.4 billion.

During this period, the following were exported to the Russian Federation: alcoholic products - 71% of the total export volume; citrus fruits - 21%; other agricultural products - 5%; mineral products- 1% and other goods, which accounted for 6%.

The structure of imports from the Russian Federation was dominated by: foodstuffs - 25%; fuels and lubricants - 18%; machines, equipment and mechanisms - 11%; alcoholic, non-alcoholic and tobacco products - 10%; products of the chemical industry - 10%; base metals and products from them - 8%, as well as other manufactured goods - 18%.

Azerbaijan

In 2008, the foreign trade turnover between Russia and Azerbaijan increased by 39.3% compared to 2007 and amounted to $2.403 billion, exports grew by 42.6% - up to $1.991 billion, imports increased by 25.4% - $411, 4 million

In 2004-2009, at the Russian plant "Krasnoe Sormovo" 7 tankers of the 19619 series were built, ordered by the Azerbaijan State Caspian Shipping Company.

In 2006, the Russian Gazexport OJSC delivered 4.5 billion cubic meters of gas to Azerbaijan at a price of $110 per 1,000 cubic meters.

Algeria

Trade turnover between Russia and Algeria in 2005 amounted to $365 million, of which $361 million came from Russian exports. Russia supplies Algeria with grain, metal, pipes, engineering products.

Vietnam

In 2005, the trade turnover between Russia and Vietnam exceeded $1 billion. Most of Russian exports are ferrous metallurgy products (over $790 million), as well as machinery, equipment and components (14%).

In 2008, about $1 billion worth of arms was exported from Russia to Vietnam, and in 2009 - $3.5 billion.

At the end of 2009, a Russian-Vietnamese contract was signed for the supply of six diesel-electric submarines of Project 636 Varshavyanka to Vietnam. The contract amount is $ 1.8 billion. The construction of submarines will be carried out at the Admiralty Shipyards (St. Petersburg).

In February 2010, it was announced that a contract had been signed for the supply of 12 Su-30MK2 fighters and aircraft weapons from Russia to Vietnam. The contract amount is about $1 billion.

Georgia

In 2005, the export of electricity from Russia to Georgia amounted to 1.2 billion kWh.

In mid-2006, the Russian authorities banned the import of Georgian mineral water "Borjomi" and "Nabeglavi" into the territory of Russia as not meeting Russian quality requirements.

Russia supplied Georgia with 1.15 billion cubic meters in 2007 natural gas(66% of Georgia's consumption).

In 2008, Russia's share in Georgia's imports was 6.8%. In 2008, Georgia imported 669 million kWh of electricity from Russia.

In 2009, Russia's share in Georgia's imports was 6.6%. In 2009, Georgia imported 379 million kWh of electricity from Russia.

Currently, an agreement has been signed between Russia and Georgia on the mutual exchange of electricity, according to which Georgia receives energy from Russia in the autumn-winter period, and returns the consumed volume in spring and summer. Most of the wheat and meslin imported by Georgia comes from Russia.

Israel

Russian exports to Israel are 80% raw materials. In 2008, almost $1 billion worth of oil products was supplied, which accounted for almost half of all Russian exports to Israel. For 11 months of 2009, oil products were supplied for 342 million dollars or 39.3% of the total export.

For 11 months of 2009, rough diamonds and precious metals were supplied for 227 million (26%), base metals for -74.4 million (8.5%), various cereals and grains for 91.6 million (10.5%) , wood, paper and textiles for 12-15 million each.

Israel supplied Russia with almost $120 million, or 23% of all exports, agricultural products - vegetables, fruits, flowers, as well as 25 million (4.9%) processed vegetables. For 77 million (15%) precious stones and metals. For 70 million (14%) machines, mechanisms and electrical equipment, as well as for 27 million tools and devices. For 60 million (12%) pharmaceutical products. For 42 million (8%) plastics and other chemical products.

From January to August 2010, Israeli exports to Russia amounted to $537.7 million (nearly $100 million more than in 2009), while imports from Russia reached $525.6 million, up from $289.7 million in 2009. The total trade turnover in 2010 amounted to 1.063 billion dollars - 27% more than in 2009.

India

In March 2010, a Russian-Indian contract was announced for the supply of 29 MiG-29K aircraft to India. The contract value is $1.5 billion.

On June 23, 2010, a frigate of project 11356 with a displacement of 4 thousand tons, intended for the Indian Navy, was launched from the shipyard of the Kaliningrad Yantar plant.

Indonesia

At the end of 2007, Russia and Indonesia signed a long-term contract for the supply of Russian weapons to Indonesia.

Kazakhstan

In 2004, a series of tankers with a deadweight of 12 thousand tons was ordered at the Vympel plant in Vympel, three of which were delivered to the Kazakh company Kazmortransflot and three more to the Kazakh company Mobilex Energy.

In July 2009, the Atyrau tanker with a deadweight of 13 thousand tons was built at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant, intended for Kazmortransflot.

China

In 2004, China accounted for almost 50% of Russian military exports (about $2.8 billion).

In 2000, 103 million kWh of electricity was exported from Russia to China, in 2005 - 492 million kWh. In 2007, deliveries ceased due to price disputes. In March 2009, electricity supplies were resumed. Electricity is exported via the 220 kV Blagoveshchenskaya-Aigun and 110 kV Blagoveshchenskaya-Heihe transmission lines. The commissioning of a 500 kV transmission line from the Amurskaya substation to the border with China is planned for 2011, as a result of which electricity exports to China may rise to 4-5 billion kWh.

In April 2010, a representative of the Almaz Antey Air Defense Concern reported that Russia had fulfilled the contract for the supply of 15 divisions of the S-300 Favorit air defense system to China.

Cuba

In 2005, Russian-Cuban trade was reduced to a positive balance for Russia of $5 million. Russian exports to Cuba increased by 30%, reaching $65 million. It included a wide range of engineering products.

In late 2005 - early 2006, two Il-96-300 aircraft worth over $100 million were delivered to Cuba. In April 2006, a new contract was signed for the purchase of 5 more airliners on the same terms Russian production: two Il-96-300 and three Tu-204, one of which is in the cargo version.

Liechtenstein

In 2007, Russia's exports to Liechtenstein amounted to 256 thousand Swiss francs, Russia's imports from Liechtenstein - 78.8 million Swiss francs.

Portugal

In 2007, Portugal purchased six Ka-32A11BC helicopters from Russia for $36 million.

Syria

In Soviet times, significant quantities of Soviet firearms, cars, tanks, planes, missiles. Syria was not able to pay the Soviet Union for the supplied weapons, so by 1992 its debt to Russia exceeded $13 billion. In 2005, Russia wrote off Syria $10 billion in exchange for guarantees of new arms orders. So, after a long stagnation in the 1990s, military-technical cooperation between the two countries resumed. The supply of Russian weapons to Syria is complicated by the country's uneasy relations with the United States and Israel. In particular, Israel has repeatedly protested against the supply of the S-300 anti-missile system and MiG-31 interceptors to Syria, as well as after the start of negotiations on possible construction in Tartus a full-fledged base of the Russian Navy.

In 2005, the trade turnover amounted to $459.8 million.

Thailand

In October 2008, a contract was signed for the purchase of Russia three Mi-17 helicopters in the amount of $27.5 million.

Tanzania

Russia imports ferrous metals, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, alcoholic beverages, exports cashew nuts, tea, coffee, and spices.

Trade turnover in 2006 between Russia and Tanzania amounted to $57.1 million, of which $33.4 million is exported and $23.7 million is imported.

Tunisia

Russia mainly supplies oil products, inorganic chemicals (ammonia), sulfur, lumber, paper and pulp, asbestos, steel, grain to Tunisia. Tunisia exports to Russia mainly agricultural products - fruits, olive oil, wines, seafood, as well as perfumes and cosmetics and clothing.

In 2008, the trade turnover between Russia and Tunisia doubled compared to 2007 and amounted to $1.6 billion (in 2007 - $800 million), primarily due to the export of oil products ($550 million), sulfur and ammonia ($500 million) to Tunisia. million).

In terms of trade volume, Russia has become the third foreign trade partner of Tunisia. More than 95% of it is Russian exports - $1.69 billion, the remaining 5% ($25 million) - imports.

Turkey

According to the results of 2004, the volume of bilateral trade amounted to $10.9 billion, in 2003 - $6.8 billion. According to the results of 2004, the trade turnover of Tatarstan with Turkey amounted to about $1 billion, the Saratov and Rostov regions - $250 million each.

On the basis of an intergovernmental agreement concluded for a period of 25 years, Turkey, since 1987, has been buying natural gas from Russia. In 2004, taking into account the Balkan and trans-Black Sea routes, about 14.5 billion cubic meters were delivered to Turkey. m, including Blue Stream - 3.3 billion cubic meters. m.

Ukraine

After the collapse of the USSR, Russia was an important market for Ukrainian industrial and agricultural products. In the 2000s, the structure of Ukraine's food exports to Russia changed dramatically: the export of meat and offal decreased fourfold (from 196.0 million to 46.4 million dollars), the supply of sugar decreased (from 83.4 million to 78.4 million dollars) . At the same time, exports of other food products from Ukraine increased in 2000-2010: dairy products and eggs (from $72.7 million to $400.1 million), vegetables (from $8.5 million to $80.4 million), fruits and nuts (from 8.8 million to 101.3 million dollars), fats and vegetable oils(from 67.2 million to 274.8 million dollars), alcohol (from 15.9 million to 286.2 million dollars).

The maximum level of trade between the Russian Federation and Ukraine reached in 2011, amounting to 50.6 billion US dollars. It has steadily declined since 2012, dropping to $27.9 billion in 2014. In 2014, exports from Russia decreased compared to 2013 by 28.2% to 17.1 billion US dollars, imports - by 31.6% to 10.8 billion US dollars. For the period from 2011 to 2015. Ukraine dropped from 5th to 11th place in Russia's foreign trade.

The bulk of Russian exports to Ukraine in 2014 ($17.1 billion) were:

The bulk of Russian imports from Ukraine in 2014 ($10.8 billion) were:

The export of services from Ukraine to the Russian Federation in 2014 fell by more than half compared to 2013, amounting to USD 1,933.7 million .

According to the Ukrainian Analytical Center, in the first nine months of 2015, Russia accounted for 16.4% foreign trade turnover Ukraine. Despite the introduced trade restrictions, Russia remained the largest trading partner for Ukraine. For Russia, however, the Ukrainian market has lost its former significance. The share of Ukraine in the foreign trade turnover of the Russian Federation for the nine months of 2015 amounted to only 2.7% (12th place in terms of importance) .

On December 16, 2015, President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin signed a decree on suspension from January 1, 2016 of the agreement on a free trade zone in relation to Ukraine "due to exceptional circumstances affecting the interests and economic security of the Russian Federation and requiring urgent measures." The Decree came into force from the date of its signing. On December 30, Vladimir Putin signed a law suspending the operation of the FTA agreement with respect to Ukraine and a decree on partial renewal of the effect of the FTA agreement with respect to Ukraine from 2016 in terms of customs duties on natural gas exported to Ukraine

As a retaliatory step, the Ukrainian Parliament passed the law “On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On Foreign Economic Activity””, allowing the government to impose economic sanctions against Russia in response to Russian decisions on the free trade zone and food embargo.

Finland

In 2007, the trade turnover between Russia and Finland increased by 30% and amounted to $2.37 billion.

Most of Finland's energy consumption is imported from Russia.

France

The largest positions of Russian exports to France are mineral fuels, oil and products; products of the chemical industry; metals, products from them; wood and pulp and paper products; machines, equipment, vehicles.

The structure of imports from France to Russia is formed mainly by three groups of goods: machinery and equipment, vehicles; products of the chemical industry, including pharmaceutical and perfumery; food products and agricultural raw materials.

In 2008, the trade turnover between Russia and France amounted to $22.25 billion, including Russian exports to France - $12.19 billion, imports from France - $10.06 billion.

The trade turnover between Russia and France in 2009 amounted to $17.15 billion, including Russian exports - $8.72 billion, imports - $8.43 billion.

In March 2010, France ordered 14 Soyuz launch vehicles from Russia for $1 billion.

Czech

Foreign trade turnover of the Czech Republic with Russia in $ million:

Notes

1. Foreign trade // Federal service state statistics
2. Countries world and trade missions
3. On the state of foreign trade in 2014
4. Cite error : Wrong tag ; for footnotes gks2014 text is not specified
5. Russia // CIA
6. Export by goods and commodity groups in by TN VED Russia // Rosstat
7. Russia continues the arms race // Kommersant, December 23, 2004
8. Official results of military-technical cooperation between Russia and foreign countries in 2006 // AST Center
9. Trade salvo // Kommersant-Dengi, November 10, 2008
10. Germany became one of the world's leading arms exporters (indefinite) . ARMS-TASS (March 19, 2010). Retrieved August 13, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
11. In 2009 Russia delivered products military purpose to 62 countries - FS MTC (indefinite) Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
12. In 2009, the volume of Russian exports of military products exceeded 8.8 billion dollars - FSVTS (indefinite) . ARMS-TASS (March 12, 2010). Retrieved August 13, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
13. Combat aircraft accounted for 27% of the arms trade in the world during the period 2005-2009 - SIPRI (indefinite) . ARMS-TASS (March 15, 2010). Retrieved August 13, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
14. Export of Russian weapons and military equipment to different countries -  VPK.name
15. Russia calculated the profits from the sale of weapons // Lenta.ru, February 15, 2010
16. Russia will supply India 29 MiGs for more than $1.5 billion:: Economy:: Top.rbc.ru
17. Representatives of the Indian Navy will arrive in Russia within two weeks to test the submarine Nerpa (indefinite) . ARMS-TASS (March 17, 2010). Retrieved August 13, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
18. Newspaper. Ru
19. Volume orders Russian arms Venezuela will exceed $5 billion:: Economy:: Top.rbc.ru
20. Russia completed contract for supply China 15 battalions ZRS S-300PMU2 Favorit and four control systems SU 83M6E2 (indefinite) . ARMS-TASS (March 26, 2010). Retrieved August 13, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
21. Zelenodolsk Shipbuilding Plant plans to receive a contract in May-June for the construction of 2 more frigates Gepard-3.9 for Vietnamese Navy (indefinite) . ARMS-TASS (March 16, 2010). Retrieved August 13, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
22. Project 636 submarines ordered by Vietnam will be equipped with the Club-S missile system (indefinite) . ARMS-TASS (March 29, 2010). Retrieved August 13, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
23. Russia concluded a contract with Kuwait for the supply to the emirate of two amphibious assault boats hovercraft of the Murena type (indefinite) Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
24. Russian Federation and Greece will sign contracts for the supply of BMP-3M and landing boats of the Zubr type (indefinite) . ARMS-TASS (March 30, 2010). Retrieved August 13, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
25. Russia will execute contract for delivery to Iran anti-aircraft missile systems S-300 - Lavrov (indefinite) . ARMS-TASS (February 24, 2010). Retrieved August 13, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
26. Brazilian Air Force received Russian Mi-35M transport-combat helicopters (indefinite) . ARMS-TASS (April 18, 2010). Retrieved 13 August 2010.

Trade is a type of economic activity that promotes the exchange of goods, the purchase and sale of goods, and the subsequent operations associated with this process: customer service, circulation of goods, their path from the stage of production to final consumption. Trading is an old science that is constantly changing and improving. Analyzes the state of internal and external economic relations. Economic relations occur through trade, in which the purpose and state of economic activity is initially determined. Then the profitable parties are clarified, which must necessarily come to uniform terms of the transaction, and then, taking into account all the political, material, legal and moral interests of the counterparties, at the end the process ends with the conclusion of the transaction.

This multi-character process, in which organs take part state power, trade departments, private enterprises, associations, firms and other structures, and separately many thousands of people. So complex issue can only be solved scientifically.

It can be recalled that in the 17th and 18th centuries in Great Britain the concepts of "economy" and "trade" were considered identical (or similar). Economic activity was studied long ago, even before the conception of bourgeois political economy (17th century). What we know today about modern concepts such as price, exchange, trade, income, etc., was well known back in Egypt and ancient China. Trade, as a science, was developed during the period of the slave-owning society, in which trade influenced the movement of production relations. AT ancient world when there was no industrial capital, commercial capital, money played a significant role in the development human society. Trade is the result of the conclusion of contracts directly related to the exchange of prices, goods, the exchange of raw materials and semi-finished products, also certain details to create conditions for the production of the product; exchange of results of scientific and technical research.

Trade shows what needs to be produced and in what quantity. This is a question that needs to be studied in detail and in depth.

Almost all developed countries have a special executive body that manages issues related to trade (Ministry of Trade with separate departments: domestic trade, foreign trade, trade in consumer goods, trade in means of production.)

Foreign and domestic trade

Trade is divided into external and internal.

Internal, in turn, is divided into wholesale and retail trade.

The outer one is subdivided into and export.

Domestic trade- this is the trade that is distributed only within a certain country. It can be divided into two categories - wholesale and retail. Wholesale trade differs from retail trade in that in wholesale trade there is usually a purchase of goods from dealers or from a manufacturer in large volumes. Accordingly, the price will be lower than the retail price. At the same time, it provides sales of goods in small volumes to the final consumer. There are cases when manufacturers can engage in retail trade bypassing the intermediary for the purpose of higher income.

International trade are international export-import trade relations. For some countries, export (export of goods) is the basis of foreign economic relations. This set of relations between different countries forms foreign trade. Over time, an international specialty was formed in this industry, which is the foundation of international trade relations. Foreign trade originated during the subsistence economy, and developed sufficiently in that era.

Wholesale- this is a trading activity for the sale of products, buys in in large numbers for resale or other purposes.

Market activity covers both producers and consumers, as well as intermediaries who are engaged in establishing relations between them. These include wholesale intermediaries, which are extremely useful for both parties. Wholesale trade is an important link for the distribution of goods movement.

Wholesale trade is necessary due to the following conditions:

• Uneven distribution on the territories of countries of industrial enterprises that produce certain types and names of consumer goods. This contributes to the need for commodity exchange among enterprises located in different regions of the country;

• Production economic and geographical conditions, focus of production in various regions of the country;

• A large number of goods are produced by many enterprises; therefore, these resources should be attracted into the trade turnover and assistance should be provided to enterprises for the marketing of products;

Wholesale tasks:

• Attracting suppliers of products for retail businesses

• Large orders from manufacturers

• Drawing up a range of goods and adapting it to the needs of end users;

• Goods quality improvement and renewal policy;

• Providing assistance to manufacturers in the marketing of their goods;

• Information service;

• Taking risk in trade.

It should be concluded that manufacturers and retailers have every reason to use wholesale trade services.

Retail It was formed as a commodity exchange process aimed at meeting the needs of people in the form of free sales of goods and services that are valuable to them. Retail trade combines the interests of the entrepreneur in making a profit and the needs of the client in obtaining various goods and services. Same way retail shows the quality of life of society, since this type of trade is based on the theory individual choice. Manufacturing companies produce goods and sell them to enterprises, which in turn are engaged in wholesale or retail trade.

The main tasks of retail trade:

• Acquisition of goods from a wholesaler and selling them to anyone in their original form.

• Makes up a range of products that are of interest or are necessary for the client.

• Show samples of goods for their further order.

• Delivery of goods that were previously ordered from catalogs, various samples, samples.

• The organization of peddling is when a retailer walks with his products from house to house.

• Organization street trading when the seller minimizes the shopping path for the customer. At the time appointed by him, he comes to a residential area in order to sell various products to residents. Most often it can be food.

• Carrying out petty trade - sellers offer their products on the shelves, which are set up on the streets with a large crowd of people or in places where a variety of events are held.

Retail Functions

• Studying the question of the demand for goods and their supply, maintaining a balance between supply and demand

• Formation of the assortment, analyze the degree of satisfaction of needs for goods

• Influence on production issues in order to expand the range and increase the volume of goods;

• Formation of commodity stock and its further maintenance at the required level;

• Information work of retail enterprises;

• Implementation technological works with the goods, such as storage, packing, packaging. Questions regarding placement and display on the trading floor, improving trading technologies and improving customer service;

• Formation of customer demand;

• Choice more effective ways sales of goods;

• Providing customers with services that facilitate the process of buying and using goods (For example, pre-ordering, selling goods on credit, delivery.)

• Meeting the needs of residents in goods;

• Bringing goods to customers by moving them to retail outlets;

• Improving trading technologies and improving customer service.

Some features of trading

1. Finishing the process of commodity production, further retail trade.

2. Trade is a source of money circulation in the country.
3. Accumulation of funds, the need to comply with applicable norms and rules for organizing cash circulation
4. Providing non-core ways to sell goods to end user
5. High capital, depending on the results of trading and how quickly the funds turn around.
7. The range and pricing policy depends directly on demand, the economic composition of the population served.
8. Trading income is subject to temporary, seasonal fluctuations. For example, during the holidays, the rise in prices for various goods is activated.

Trade Functions:

• sale of goods. This function links production with consumption;

• delivery of consumer goods to the consumer. Trade is the movement of goods from producers to consumers.

• maintaining a balance between supply and demand. Trade also points to the question of the volume of goods produced and its range.

• marketing functions that analyze prices, create utility services, produce goods, etc.

Black

Black market- this is trade in goods or services that is limited or prohibited by law. (For example, weapons, drugs, sexual services, etc.) Often, the black market is directly related to smuggling and has links with organized crime.

Causes of the black market

The black market is present in almost every country where a ban on a certain group of goods or services has been introduced. The formula "Demand - gives rise to supply" also works here. As elsewhere, there is an indefinite number of people trying to get what they need, bypassing all conceivable prohibitions. Here it will be appropriate when there are some people who want to cash in on this. By natural causes the black market is more profitable than the legitimate trade.

Types of black markets

There are such types of black markets:

• Trade in poaching goods, trade in endangered species of animals;

• bootlegging. Selling alcohol during Prohibition. Countries professing Islam, where alcohol is equated with drug trafficking.

• Drug business.

• Sale of pirated multimedia products, hacking programs.

• stolen.

• Clonlegging. Trade in human organs.

• Prostitution.

• Slave trade. Human trafficking.

• gambling industry.

• Trade in pornographic materials in countries where they are prohibited. Child pornography.

The UN appreciated the black market wildlife in 8-10 billion dollars for 2015. Every year, illegal sales of ivory range from $165 million to $188 million.

Internet trading

Internet trade- is the sale of goods or services through Internet sites. Customers make a shopping list online, then choose a payment and delivery method. That allows buyers to conveniently and affordably make purchases without leaving home. Internet trading has also made prices more affordable, and the choice of goods has become much wider, previously inaccessible to residents of small towns. Internet commerce has a high potential, since the client is limited only to accessing the Internet, and, as mentioned earlier, can make purchases from any city or village. Also, commercial activity on the Internet gives some advantages to the owners. For example, the maintenance of an online store is several times cheaper than a regular store: you do not need to hire staff, cleaning services, window dressing, you do not need to rent a site.

WTO - World Trade Organization

This is an international organization that has existed since 1995 as an international body that creates and is responsible for all the rules regarding trade between countries.

Tasks of the WTO:

1. 
   Assistance and control in the process of trading based on special rules.
   2. Settling disputed trade issues between countries.
   3. Responsible for organizing trade negotiations.
   4. WTO member countries must publish their trade rules. They should also have special bodies that are responsible for the transfer of information to other members of the WTO.

The priority goal of the WTO remains the liberalization of world trade and the creation of conditions for fair competition. At the end of 2014, 160 countries are members of the WTO.

The main advantages of WTO membership:

• The best conditions for access to international markets for goods and services

• Ensuring the protection of public interests in the event that they are under pressure from partners.

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OOO Training Center

"PROFESSIONAL"

Abstract by discipline:

« Economic and social geography Russia

and methods of teaching the subject».

On this topic:

"Foreign Trade of the Russian Federation".

Executor:

Osipova Anna Gennadievna

Moscow 2017

Introduction

1. Structure of trade (export, import)

2. Modern aspects of Russia's foreign trade

3. The concept of foreign economic strategy until 2020

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Foreign trade - trade between countries, consisting of exports and imports of goods and services. It is carried out mainly through commercial transactions formalized by foreign trade contracts.

For any country, the role of foreign trade can hardly be overestimated. According to the definition of J. Sachs, “the economic success of any country in the world is based on foreign trade. No country has yet managed to create a healthy economy by isolating itself from the world economic system.”

Foreign trade is the most developed form of international economic relations. Trade accounts for about 80 percent of the total volume of international economic relations.

For centuries, foreign trade has been and is the basis of international economic relations, since the growth of world economic relations has accelerated the process of formation international division labor that unites all countries into a single economic whole. And this indicates that the internationalization of economic relations is due to the development of productive forces, which, outgrowing the national framework, lead to the need for the internationalization of production. For the economic growth and development of countries in a constantly developing world economy, foreign trade is very important.

At present, foreign economic relations have largely retained their former features. First of all, this refers to the structure of trade. The basis of barter transactions were fuel and energy products, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, fertilizers, engineering.

Russia's most important task in the foreign economic sphere remains its entry into the World trade organization without which it is impossible to effectively protect the interests of domestic exporters.

Purpose: to study the role of foreign trade in the macroeconomic stabilization of the country, to consider modern aspects of Russia's foreign trade.

1. Trade structure

Export

Despite the fact that the foreign economic sphere of the Russian Federation is the most growing sphere of the country's economy, there are a number of problems in this sector. The main exporters and importers in our country are only a number of the most developed subjects of our federation.

The situation in the Russian export sector is characterized by a number of clearly defined trends, both in terms of commodity structure and geographical orientation.

As modern trends in the commodity export of the Russian Federation, the following should be highlighted:

1. There is a pronounced fuel and raw material orientation of Russian exports.

2. Due to the unfavorable situation on the world markets for non-ferrous metals, the share of exports of non-ferrous and ferrous metals has slightly decreased. However, ferrous and non-ferrous metal products remain an important Russian export.

3. There was also a reduction in export deliveries of products of the chemical and petrochemical industries, timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries.

4. Raw material orientation leads to a high dependence of Russian exports on price fluctuations in world commodity markets.

5. International specialization of Russia in semi-finished products produced in industries that have the greatest negative impact on the state environment(metallurgical, chemical and petrochemical, pulp and paper), significantly worsened the environmental background of foreign trade.

6. The share of machines, equipment, vehicles is steadily declining.

Now the media and the Internet are widely disseminating information that Russia does not have serious trading partners and our trade turnover is very modest. But is it? According to statistics , from January to August 2016, our total turnover amounted to$288.5 billion , and of them export -$176 billion, and the import is $112.5 billion . Either way, we sell more than we buy.

It is worth noting that, nevertheless, the trade turnover decreased by 18.2%. Nothing can be done, the unfavorable economic situation, sanctions, foreign policy pressure - all this harms the joint business. At the same time, exports decreased by 25%. The main trading partners of Russia, despite the sanctions, are still the EU countries - $124.9 billion. The trade turnover with the countries of the Eurasian Union (EAEU) is still $9.4 billion, but this is still. However, if we look at the country equivalent, then the main trading partner is China - almost $40.2 billion. Germany is in second place with $24.9 billion, and the Netherlands is in third with $20.5 billion. So, it is profitable to trade with Russia and many countries not only did not reduce the volume of trade with us, but, on the contrary, increased it. For example, China, France and the Netherlands.

In order to overcome the indicated negative trends in Russian exports, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted a number of legislative acts that contribute to the formation of a rational export structure. The most capacious of them was the "Federal Export Development Program" dated February 8, 1996, which was focused on the manufacturing industries and assumed an increase in the share finished products in Russian exports up to 40% in 2005. The implementation of the program, with an acute shortage in the budget of the necessary financial resources, immediately came to a standstill. In the year the program was approved, slightly more than 110 billion rubles were spent from the budget for the purposes envisaged in it. instead of the planned 900 million dollars. In 1997, no budgetary funds were allocated to stimulate and support exports, and the consequences of the financial crisis of 1998 effectively crossed out the possibility of further implementation of the program. But the failure of the Federal Export Development Program is explained not only by the state's refusal to finance it. The main reason is that in the country, as in Soviet times, the tasks of a general economic nature related to the restructuring of the deformed structure of the national economy, its technical re-equipment based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress and increasing the competitiveness of production.

Import

The situation in the import sector of the Russian Federation is also characterized by a number of features. The following trends were noted in the commodity structure of Russian imports:

1. The main articles are machinery and equipment, food products, products of the chemical and petrochemical industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, consumer goods (clothes, shoes, etc.) and so on.

2. Imported machinery and equipment are intended for the textile, clothing, leather, footwear and fur industries. The need to import these goods is due to the lack of production of equipment for most civilian sectors of the economy, which creates a need for irrational imports.

3. Imports under the item "Food" are also irrational: having huge agricultural resources and creating a system of state support for the agro-industrial complex, Russia could solve the problem of food self-sufficiency.

4. There is a reorientation towards the import of cheaper goods to the Russian market Low quality that did not find demand in industrialized countries.

In 2015, the Russian Federation imported goods worth 193 trillion US dollars. Russia's main trading partners in terms of imports are China, Germany, the USA, Belarus and Italy. Goods such as cars, other vehicles, pharmaceutical products, plastic and metal blanks, meat, fruits and nuts, optical and medical equipment, iron, steel are exported.

In recent years, a lot of work has been done to form the legal framework international cooperation Russia with other countries: signed 35 international agreements with 22 countries and the EU (Russia signed the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement with the EU in June 1994).

In the country structure of Russia's foreign trade The leading place is occupied by the European Union as the country's largest economic partner. The share of the European Union in January-August 2016 accounted for 43.3% of Russian trade (in January-August 2015 - 45.7%), the CIS countries - 12.2% (12.5%), the EAEU countries - 8.5% (7.8%), APEC countries - 29.8% (27.7%).

The main trading partners of Russia in January-August 2016 among non-CIS countries were: China, the trade turnover with which amounted to 40.2 billion US dollars (96.9% compared to January-August 2015), Germany - 24.9 billion dollars .USA (81.5%), the Netherlands - 20.5 billion USD (66.7%), Italy - 12.6 billion USD (57.4%), USA - 12.2 billion. USD (85.5%), Japan - USD 10.1 billion (71.0%), Turkey - USD 9.9 billion (60.5%), Republic of Korea - 9.8 USD billion (81.9%), France - USD 8.3 billion (111.4%), Poland - USD 7.8 billion (83.8%).

2. Modern aspects of Russia's foreign trade

Analyzing the development of Russia's foreign trade, some researchers express the opinion that it has never been able to fully fit into the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem before. Instead of exporting goods for the manufacture of which surplus factors of production (primarily raw materials) were used, the surplus factors themselves, in particular oil and gas, were exported. Therefore, the task of reducing the share of low-tech factors (raw materials and low-skilled labor) in exports is one of the most important.

Factors that provide the Russian economy with traditional comparative advantage, are, in particular, a good supply of raw materials, a combination of high intellectual potential and low wages, a large scale of production that allows you to get the corresponding savings (the so-called "scale effect"), a level of education that is significantly higher than that which can allow a country with a per capita income level similar to the current Russian one.

However, as a result of the transformations in the Russian economy that took place in the 1990s, the competitiveness of the Russian economy has significantly decreased. In the world "table of ranks" according to this indicator, as a rule, it is in one of the last places.

According to experts, Russia will be able to compete more successfully in world markets if a number of conditions are met, including regulation of prices for products and services within reasonable limits. natural monopolies, as well as managing the exchange rate of the ruble.

It is hardly possible in principle to increase competitiveness without the development of a long-term national program with the active participation of the state. Promising from the point of view of competitiveness are Russian energy and fuel companies, as well as a number of enterprises and organizations that occupy leading positions in the field of the latest military and space technologies.

Although Russia has been engaged in foreign trade since the 10th century (the famous path from the Varangians to the Greeks), the country really got involved in international trade only in the 16th century - it was then, after the unification of the fragmented Russian principalities into a single state, the growth of agricultural production -va and crafts, a single all-Russian market began to take shape.

In fact, the beginning of a significant inclusion of Russia in international trade should be called the reign of Ivan the Terrible.

In February 1554, the captain of the English ship Edward Bonaventure, Richard Chancellor (out of 3 ships sent by the British to search for the northern sea route to China, Japan and India, only one survived.) was received personally by the king. The Tsar granted the British trading privileges in Russia, including the right to trade duty-free throughout the country. As a result, the Moscow Company was created in 1555, which in its hands virtually monopolized the Anglo-Russian trade. It was, in fact, the predecessor of the more well-known trade and political organizations such as the East India Company, and modern TNCs in general. Since 1557, regular trade along the northern route begins.

It is worth saying that trade relations between England and Russia were based on the sale of each other's strategically important goods for the parties. Wood, wax, leather, meat, lard, sometimes grain, flax, hemp, blubber, resin, ropes, ship masts, i.e., were supplied to England from Russia. raw materials. The value of these supplies was so great that Western historians admit that the English fleet of that time, which defeated the Spanish Armada, was built for the most part from Russian materials.

The British, on the other hand, brought to Moscow paper, sugar, salt, fabrics, dishes, copper, lead tiles for roofing, luxury items, i.e. predominantly manufactured goods. But the most important interest for the king was military products and raw materials for military production - lead, gunpowder, saltpeter, sulfur, cannons, muskets and ammunition.

Of course, not only the British opened the Russian market - the Germans, Italians, Spaniards, the Dutch also actively traded with Russia. But it was the British who were the first to bring foreign trade with Russia to the level of state policy.

Since 1649, with the adoption of the Council Code, privileges were given to Russian merchants, in particular, internal trade in Russia was prohibited for foreign merchants - only an “outlet” remained in the form of Arkhangelsk, and even with the payment of duties, which were significantly increased. In addition, certain days for trading, places and a list of permitted goods were established. These protectionist measures made it possible for large commercial capital to emerge in Russia.

Under Peter, the structure of Russia's foreign trade changed a lot, for example, the share of raw materials of non-manufactory (i.e. agricultural) production fell from 94% to 20%, but manufactory goods began to occupy 72% of Russian exports, primarily iron, which had a steady demand until the beginning of the 19th century.

Since Catherine 2, Russia has established itself in the world market as the main exporter of grain, while the export of manufactured goods began to sag heavily due to the rapid industrial revolution in England, whose products began to force Russian products out of the market. Imports, as before, consisted mainly of manufactured goods and consumer goods.

With the abolition of serfdom and the genuine development of capitalism and Russian industry, some growth in exports of industrial products began again, but Russia remained a “raw material” country at the beginning of the 20th century.

So for the foreign trade turnover increased from 1.453 billion rubles to 2.894 billion rubles, i.e. almost 2 times. Exports in 1913 amounted to 1.52 billion, imports 1.37 billion. life supplies (essentially agricultural products, as well as partially products Food Industry) - 55.2%, raw materials and semi-finished products - 37%, factory products (in fact, engineering products and consumer goods) accounted for only 5.6% of exports in 1913. In general, at the beginning of the 20th century, raw materials in Russia's exports accounted for 92-94%, while high value-added products accounted for only 4-6%. But a third of Russian imports were factory products. The underdevelopment of Russian mechanical engineering can be demonstrated by the following figures - in 1913, Russia imported machines and spare parts for them in the amount of 109 million rubles, while the country exported machines only in the amount of 2.14 million rubles. The Republic of Ingushetia did not export agricultural machinery at all, and imports amounted to 39 million rubles. Iron products were imported in the amount of 33 million rubles, while exports amounted to 4 million rubles.

However, the most important item of Russian imports was raw materials (not agricultural) and semi-finished products - half of the imports.

If we take only one product, and not a group, then the leader of Russian exports, of course, was grain. From 1900 to 1913, exports increased from 418 million poods to 648, in value terms from 304 million to 590 million. In fact, for the proceeds from grain exports, Russia bought industrial goods and equipment for industry in the West. At the same time, despite the growth of Russian industry, the import of industrial goods by Russia only increased, as did the export of raw materials. In fact economic relations Russia with Western countries was reminiscent of the relations of these countries with their colonies - RI served for Western European countries as a source of cheap raw materials and a market for their products. True, Russia was still politically independent, and besides, although the export of industrial goods was scanty, Russian industry could find a market for its goods in the backward countries of Asia, where it successfully sold its products without fear of competition with more advanced industrial goods. western countries.

Russia's trading partners, as in the 16th century (and in all other times), were mainly from. The share of Western Europe at the beginning of the 20th century accounted for 83-94% of exports and 60-80% of imports. The share of Asia was 7-9% in exports and 15% in imports. The share of America (mainly the USA) was insignificant and amounted to only 1% of exports and 6% of imports. However, in 1917, the US share in imports jumped 5 times to 30%. Russia's main trading partners were Great Britain and Germany - together, almost half of Russia's exports and imports. With the beginning of WWI, England almost completely ousted Germany and alone occupied almost half of Russia's foreign trade turnover.

Summing up, I would like to note that Russia's share in world trade was small and amounted to 4.2% in exports and 3.5% in imports.

The October Revolution and the formation of the USSR led to innovations in the field of foreign trade, the main of which was the state monopoly on foreign trade. The purpose of foreign trade now consisted in providing the planned industrialization of the USSR with the necessary equipment. Import was supposed to ensure the export of the necessary equipment. In the 20s, it was similar to the pre-revolutionary one: 55-60% were agricultural products, 40-45% - industrial products (including raw materials) But since the beginning of the 30s, the structure of foreign trade has changed radically - industrial goods came to the fore, accounting for 60-70% of exports in the 30s. Imports, which increased sharply in ser. 20 fell to the 33rd year by 3-4 times and this level remained until the start of the Second World War.

At the same time, the foreign trade activity of the USSR, in comparison with the Republic of Ingushetia, fell sharply. Foreign trade turnover fell (tsarist gold rubles were converted into Soviet rubles, taking into account inflation) from 12,618 million rubles to 3,064 million rubles by the end of the 30s, i.e. 4 times. During the first stage of industrialization, when the USSR needed a lot of equipment, the foreign trade turnover was about 6,000-7,000 million rubles. In 1937, the share of the USSR in world exports was 1.3%, in imports - 1.1%

The trading partners of the USSR in the first half of the 20th century did not differ from those of the Republic of Ingushetia. In particular, in Ser. In the 1920s, Great Britain, the USA and Germany occupied 54% of the foreign trade turnover of the USSR. In the 1930s, the main trading partners of the USSR were the USA and Germany.

After WWII, the role of foreign trade in the economy of the USSR began to rise again, in addition, the USSR had its own integration economic structure (CMEA) and until the collapse of the Union, the lion's share of foreign trade fell on the CMEA countries. Also, there was a final transformation of the export of the USSR from industrial and agricultural to industrial. Now almost all exports consisted of industrial products or raw materials obtained and mined in an industrial way.

The volume of foreign trade increased over the period 1950-1986 from 2925 to 130934 million rubles. The share of the CMEA countries was 60-65%, the socialist countries as a whole - 66-70%. The share of Western Europe and the USA fell to 22%. However, the ''European'' vector of trade has been preserved.

The structure of exports, despite the successes of industrialization, remained more raw materials. The share of machinery and equipment fluctuated between 12-21%, amounting to 15% by the time of perestroika. Having reached a peak in 1970 (21%), the share began to fall. But since 1970, the export of fuel products and electricity has grown, thanks to the discovery in Western Siberia large oil and gas fields. As a result, in 1985, 52.7% of Soviet exports were fuel and electricity, i.e. obvious raw material. True, the real share of fuel raw materials is somewhat less, because electricity is still not a raw material, but nevertheless. Imports consisted mainly of machinery and equipment, consumer goods and food - in general, these groups provided more than 60% of USSR imports.

It should be noted that with such negative trends that began in the 70s, the USSR was little dependent on imports, because, firstly, the economy of the USSR was initially organized in such a way as to be as self-sufficient as possible, and secondly, most of imports were CMEA countries. It is clear that the countries dependent on the USSR could neither ‘impose sanctions’ nor sell whatever they wanted, etc., which we observe today in the foreign trade relations of the Russian Federation with ‘dear partners’. And the USSR's dependence on Western technology is just as exaggerated as its dependence on oil. Not comparable to today, at least.

The USSR occupied approximately the same shares in world trade as the Republic of Ingushetia at the beginning of the 20th century - 3.8% in exports and 3.3% in imports. By 1990, thanks to restructuring, the share fell to 2.2% of world exports and 2.7% of imports.

Trade RF/RSFSR

Now . For a correct comparison, the trade turnover of the RSFSR with the rest of the republics of the Union has been added to the figures of the RSFSR.

In 1989, the foreign trade of the RSFSR amounted to 242 billion rubles. , including inter-republican (145.7 billion rubles) and with non-CIS countries (96.3 billion rubles)

Exports in 1989 amounted to 122.2 billion rubles, including 75.1 billion rubles to the Union republics and 47.1 billion to non-CIS countries.

Imports in 1989 amounted to 119.9 billion rubles. including 70.7 billion to the union republics, 49.2 billion to non-CIS countries. In dollars, the foreign trade turnover of the RSFSR amounted to 414 billion.

For 1990, foreign trade turnover amounted to 231 billion (in dollars - 395 billion), exports 116 billion, imports 115 billion. Inter-republican trade - 142 billion, non-CIS countries - 89.4 billion.

Structure of imports and exports to non-CIS countries

In 1989, the export of the main commodity groups to the union republics amounted to:

electric power industry - 0.5 billion rubles.

oil and gas industry - 9.2 billion rubles.

coal industry - 0.5 billion rubles.

ferrous metallurgy - 6 billion rubles. (eight %);

non-ferrous metallurgy - 3.2 billion rubles. (4.2%);

mechanical engineering and metalworking - 26.4 billion rubles.

chemical and petrochemical industry - 9.1 billion rubles.

timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries - 3.8 billion rubles.

industry building materials- 1.3 billion rubles.

light industry - 7.3 billion rubles.

food industry - 2.8 billion rubles.

other industries - 2.1 billion rubles.

agriculture - 0.5 billion rubles.

other activities in the sphere of material production - 2.5 billion rubles.

Thus, in the structure of exports of the RSFSR, the first place was occupied by engineering products - 29% of exports, and fuel was in second place with 25%

Europe accounted for 68.5% of foreign trade turnover, Asia - 27%, America - 3.5%

Since 1991, the collapse of the foreign trade activity of the Russian Federation has begun. In 1994, the minimum foreign trade turnover of Russia with the CIS countries was recorded - 29.7 billion dollars. For non-CIS countries, the minimum was recorded in 1993 - 71.1 billion dollars.

Soviet foreign trade volumes were actually closed only after 2006, and even then at current prices (excluding dollar inflation). True, the volume of foreign trade turnover with non-CIS countries recovered by the early 2000s. (FTS statistics - http://www.customs.ru/index.php?option=com_newsfts&view=category&id=125&Itemid=1976)

From the second half of the 2000s, a rapid growth in foreign trade turnover began, reaching a maximum of 844.2 billion dollars in 2013, but after the crisis and the war in Donbass, due to which sanctions were imposed on the Russian Federation, as well as a strong drop in oil prices, foreign trade turnover has already in 2014 it fell to 783 billion, and in 2015 it completely collapsed to 526 billion dollars. In 2016, the decline continued - the turnover amounted to 467 billion, having decreased by 11% compared to 2015.

The main trading partners of the Russian Federation are the EU countries - 45 and 43% in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Compared to Soviet times, trade with the former Soviet republics has catastrophically sank - the share of the CIS countries in foreign trade turnover amounted to only 12%. The turnover also sank in absolute numbers - 66 billion and 57 billion dollars, which is 3-4 times less than the republican trade turnover of the USSR. Russia's main trading partners are Germany (40.7 billion, 8.7%), the Netherlands (32.2 billion, 6.9%), China (66.6 billion, 14.1%) and Belarus (23.4 billion, 5%). Please note that Russia's trade with China is greater than its trade with the entire CIS. The old Soviet economic ties have already been practically broken, more or less economic cooperation with the former republics of the Russian Federation has been preserved only with Belarus and Kazakhstan.

A distinctive feature of the transformation of Russian foreign trade is the degradation of its structure.

share mineral resources(mainly oil and gas) increased over the period 1997-2013 from 48% to 71%. By 2016, the share fell to 58%, but this is mainly due to the fall in oil prices. The export of oil in physical terms (in tons) and gas condensate to the Russian Federation is constantly growing (for example, in comparison with 2015, it increased by 4.4% to 254 million tons)

The share of high value-added products in exports is constantly falling. Thus, by 2014 this share had decreased to 3.7%, compared to 7.5% in 2000. True, in absolute terms, exports of goods in this category are growing, reaching $24.3 billion in 2016. On the other hand, these numbers are still less than 1990 exports. So, 12.5 billion dollars of exports of machine-building products of the RSFSR to non-CIS countries, taking into account today, would amount to 23 billion. And this is only to non-CIS countries. But more equipment was exported to the Union republics.

In general, merchandise exports exceeded imports by $103.2 billion, due to a positive balance in the group of mineral products. Also, a positive balance was recorded for timber, precious stones and timber. All these groups are united by low added value. By selling raw materials on the external market, the country imports goods with high added value. The largest negative balance was recorded for machinery, equipment and vehicles- as much as 62 billion dollars. Also, a negative balance is observed in food, despite import substitution - 7.9 billion dollars.

In general, despite the growth in trade, the presence of the Russian Federation in world trade. In 2015, the Russian Federation accounted for only 2.1% of world exports and 1.1% of world imports, which is significantly less than the share of the RSFSR even in the crisis year of 1990.

Summing up:

1) Russia as a whole did not have a noticeable impact on world trade. With a share in best years 4% is not surprising. Russia exerted a noticeable influence only in the grain market (at the beginning of the 20th century) and in the oil and gas and arms market (ser - the end of the 20th century and the present)

2) In general, Russia's foreign trade shows one definite direction - to buy industrial equipment and goods for raw materials to ensure the overtaking development of Western countries.

3) In Soviet times, despite the stagnation of the share in the world trade turnover, it was possible to create its own intercountry market, where the country could successfully sell its products (CMEA) It is worth recognizing that the ability to find a market for your goods is a serious success

4) The USSR, in general, was a country that was weakly dependent on world trade. This proceeded from the fairly large self-sufficiency of the Soviet economy.

5) In Soviet times, exports were modernized - they turned from agricultural to industrial. Even fuel raw materials require industrial extraction, processing and transportation. This indicates the transformation of the country from an agricultural to an industrial

6) The most balanced export was in Soviet times - less raw materials, more high value-added products.

7) Despite all the successes, exports have remained predominantly raw materials, both in the Republic of Ingushetia, in the USSR, and in the Russian Federation. Nevertheless, the USSR, against the background of the rest, looks the best in this regard.

8) The market reforms of the country's foreign trade suffered a serious blow. The pre-reform level of foreign trade turnover was restored only a year by 2006, while world trade went far ahead, which led to the fact that even now the share of the Russian Federation in world trade is much lower than it was in 1990. Russia has become completely invisible in world trade. At the same time, the most affected trade relations with the republics former USSR- the volume of trade decreased by 3-4 times.

9) There has been a degradation of the export structure - 60-70% of it is mineral products, mainly oil, and the share of high value-added products is a few percent. Russia exports low-processed products and imports goods with high added value