Removing the vegetation layer. Removal of plant soil under the foundation

One of the services offered by SMGroup is the cutting of the vegetative soil layer and the removal of the fertile soil layer in Moscow. This is important for maintaining soil fertility and subsequent reclamation. The process is carried out before construction work.

The need to cut the vegetative soil layer and remove the fertile soil layer

Fertile soil is upper part ground cover that has properties that are favorable for plant growth. After cutting, a layer of vegetable soil is stored for preservation. To do this, use one of the following processes:

• the removed land must be stored in a separate dump if the cutting of the vegetation layer of the soil is carried out on the road;
• during the construction of structures, it is immersed in piles near the construction site;
• can be transported by trucks.

The removal of the fertile layer is carried out subject to certain rules. The thickness depends on the characteristics of cutting the vegetative part of the soil and should be determined in project documentation. Too dense earth with plant roots must first be loosened or plowed with multi-body plows.

• Cutting and removing the vegetative and fertile layer
• Cutting and removing the vegetative and fertile layer Cutting and removing the vegetative and fertile layer
• Cutting and removing the vegetative and fertile layer Cutting and removing the vegetative and fertile layer

Features of cutting the vegetative layer of soil

It is important that during the removal of the fertile soil layer it does not erode, become polluted and does not mix with the underlying mineral deposits. If the storage time exceeds one year, it is strengthened by sowing grass or other means. However, the land cannot be used. According to the norms, the removal of the fertile soil layer may not be carried out in the following cases:

• if the thickness of the plant part is less than 10 cm;
• in swamps, as well as non-wetlands;
• if trenches are dug, the width of which in the upper part does not exceed 1 meter;
• on soils with low fertility.

Soil cutting by a bulldozer and its movement are carried out in accordance with various schemes. They depend on the size of the area from which the removal is made, as well as on what kind of embankment can be formed under existing conditions. This is a time-consuming and difficult process that requires professional knowledge. Initially, it is required to carefully mark the site and determine the thickness of the cut of the plant layer. Then it is necessary to determine where and in accordance with what schemes the land will move. After that, you will need equipment for cutting and transporting the soil.

• Cutting and removing the vegetative and fertile layer Cutting and removing the vegetative and fertile layer
• Cutting and removing the vegetative and fertile layer Cutting and removing the vegetative and fertile layer
• Cutting and removing the vegetative and fertile layer Cutting and removing the vegetative and fertile layer

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The fertile soil layer is removed from the entire area allocated for the construction of the road, and placed in dumps for further use. The thickness of the removed fertile soil layer is set by the project on the basis of prior agreement with land users. The thickness of the vegetative layer in soddy areas is noticeably 8...12 cm, arable - 15...18 cm and forested - 15...25 cm. Vegetative soil is used to strengthen slopes subgrade, reclamation of restored or unproductive agricultural lands.

There are the following schemes for removing the vegetative soil layer: a) transverse with soil rollers arranged in a checkerboard pattern with a strip width of less than 20 ... 25 m; b) transverse with rollers on both sides of the subgrade with a strip width of more than 20 ... 25 m; c) longitudinal-transverse with a cutting strip width of more than 35 m and a significant thickness of the vegetative soil layer (Fig. 3.4.1).

Rice. 3.4.1. Scheme of cutting and moving plant soil:
a - in a transverse way on a strip 20 ... 25 m wide; b - the same, on a strip with a width of more than 20 ... 25 m; c - in a longitudinal-transverse way; I - shaft of vegetable soil; 1, 2, 3...n - bulldozer passes

Bulldozers or motor graders are used to cut and move the vegetation layer of the soil. The method of performing this work is chosen depending on the width of the strip from which it is necessary to cut the soil and the thickness of the cut layer. If the width of the strip is less than 20 ... 25 m, which happens during the construction of a subgrade from imported soil, the vegetable soil is cut off and moved by a bulldozer immediately to the full width (Fig. 3.4.1, a). Each cycle of cutting and moving the soil is carried out with the overlap of the previous layer by 20 ... each time cutting from the axis (Fig. 3.4.1, b).

At large volume works, a longitudinal-transverse scheme of cutting and moving the soil is used: the soil is cut with longitudinal passages of the bulldozer and collected into shafts, then it is moved outside the cutting strip with transverse passages. It is rational to carry out this work by using a motor grader and a bulldozer at the same time: the first one is for cutting the soil and laying it in longitudinal shafts, the second one is for transverse movement of the vegetable soil outside the strip of vegetation layer removal. It is also possible to cut the soil with a scraper, moving it over a distance of more than 50 m. The scraper removes the vegetation layer with longitudinal passages, parallel to the axis of the road, on a cutting strip, equal to the grip, but not less than 200 ... 250 m. The way to fill the bucket with a capacity of 6.. .8 m 3 is 20 ... 25 m with a chip thickness of about 10 cm, after which the scraper is transferred to the unloading position and the soil is unloaded into the transverse roller. Continuing to move, the scraper cuts the soil again until the bucket is full and unloads it again in the neighboring area. Similar operations are repeated until the end of the grip, where the scraper, having turned by 180°, continues to cut the vegetation layer during the reverse movement. Then the transverse soil rollers are moved by a bulldozer outside the cutting strip.

Bulldozer Performance P, m 3 / shift, when cutting and moving the vegetative layer of soil is

(3.4.1)

where T- shift duration, h;

Q- the volume of soil moved in one cycle, m 3;

K in- coefficient of use of time;

K i- coefficient taking into account the presence of a slope;

K p- coefficient taking into account the loss of soil during its movement;

t- time spent on one cycle, h;

K r- coefficient of soil loosening.

Plant soil is placed in temporary dumps or taken immediately to the place of use as a fertile soil layer. Temporary dumps are located along the edges of the ROW or on special sites allocated for this purpose.

Land reclamation or restoration of the fertile soil layer is carried out where it was damaged or completely destroyed during the construction process. Such places include territories occupied by temporary roads, parking lots of road cars, soil, sand or gravel pits, side reserves.

TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CHART (TTK)

REMOVING WEAK SOIL AT THE BASE OF THE EMBRIDGE WITH REPLACEMENT WITH DRAINING SOIL

1 AREA OF USE

1.1. A typical flow chart (hereinafter referred to as TTK) has been developed for a set of works to remove weak ground(peat) at the base of the subgrade embankment highway with its replacement with draining soil in difficult soil-hydrological conditions, in areas with soils of low bearing capacity, referred to as bogs of types I and II.

Type I - swamps completely filled with peat, allowing the operation and movement of marsh equipment with a specific pressure of 0.2-0.3 kgf / cm 2 or the operation of conventional equipment with the help of plank-type roads, providing a decrease specific pressure on the deposit surface up to 0.2 kgf/cm.

Type II - swamps, completely filled with peat, allowing the work and movement of construction equipment only on temporary technological roads (laid), providing a decrease in the specific pressure on the surface of the deposit to 0.1 kgf / cm.

Removal of weak soil (complete excavation) is carried out on a road section with a total length of 500 meters. Swamp of type I, well decomposed peat, dense, layer thickness from 0.3 to 2.2 m. The soil of the mineral bottom of the swamp is silty sandy loam.

1.2. A typical flow chart is intended for use in the development of Work Production Projects (PPR) and other organizational and technological documentation, as well as to familiarize workers and engineering and technical workers with the rules for the production of work to remove soft soil (peat) at the base of the roadbed embankment replacing it with draining soil.

1.3. The purpose of creating the presented TTC is to give a recommended flow chart for the removal of soft soil (peat) at the base of the road bed embankment with its replacement with drainage soil, the composition and content of the TTC, examples of filling in the necessary tables.

1.4. On the basis of the TTK, as part of the WEP (as mandatory components of the Work Execution Project), Working Flow Charts are developed for the implementation certain types works on removal of weak soil (peat) at the base of the road bed embankment with its replacement with draining soil.

When linking the Standard Flow Chart to a specific facility and construction conditions, production schemes, scopes of work, labor costs, mechanization tools, materials, equipment, etc. are specified.

1.5. All working technological maps are developed according to the working drawings of the project, regulate the means of technological support and implementation rules technological processes during the production of works.

1.6. Regulatory framework for development technological maps are: SNiP, SN, SP, GESN-2001 ENiR, production norms for the consumption of materials, local progressive norms and prices, norms for labor costs, norms for the consumption of material and technical resources.

1.7. Working technological maps are considered and approved as part of the PPR by the head of the General Contracting Construction and Installation Organization, in agreement with the Customer's organization, the Customer's Technical Supervision and the organizations in charge of the operation of this highway.

1.8. The use of TTK helps to improve the organization of production, increase labor productivity and its scientific organization, reduce costs, improve quality and reduce the duration of construction, safe work, organization of rhythmic work, rational use labor resources and machines, as well as reducing the time development of WEP and unification of technological solutions.

1.9. Load bearing capacity bog soils is very low, therefore, special bog modernization machines are used for peat removal, the pressure of which on the soil does not exceed 20-25 kPa. The technological map provides for the complete excavation of the type I bog by a complex mechanized link with an ET-16 excavator having a broadened and elongated caterpillar track as a leading mechanism.

Fig.1. Excavator ET-16

1.10. The scope of work covered by the map includes:

Preparation of a strip for the device of a dry peat trench;

The device of side lanes for the movement of the excavator;

Cutting the vegetative layer of soil at the approaches to the swamp, loading it onto dump trucks and hauling it away for storage in the roadside reserve;

Complete removal of weak soil (developing a peat trench) with development, loading, transportation and unloading to designated areas;

Cleaning the mineral bottom of the pit with a bulldozer after the work of the excavator;

Filling the trench with drainage soil, including its development in a quarry, transportation, laying in a trench, layer-by-layer leveling and compaction.

1.11. Work is carried out in winter period year from December to March inclusive. Working hours per shift are:

where is the time associated with preparing the machine for work and ETO, as well as with breaks associated with the organization and technology production process, and breaks intended for rest and personal needs of the driver, 0.85

Duration work shift and lunch break.

1.12. Draining soil from the roadside reserve is represented by - group II 10 bulk density 1.8 t/m sand, sandy loam, loam, 1.0 m/day, peat- I group 37. Soil classification corresponds to GESN-2001, Collection N 1 *.

* GESN 01 is in effect. - Database manufacturer's note.

1.13. Work should be carried out in accordance with the requirements:

SNiP 3.01.01-85*. Organization of construction production;

SNiP 3.01.03-84. Geodetic works in construction;

SNiP 3.06.03-85. Car roads;

SNiP 3.02.01-87. Earthworks, foundations and foundations;

SNiP. Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements;

SNiP. Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production.

2. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORK PERFORMANCE

2.1. In accordance with SNiP 3.01.01-85 * "Organization of construction production", before the start of construction and installation (including preparatory) work at the facility, the General Contractor is obliged to obtain, in the prescribed manner, permission from the Customer to conduct construction work (work order). Performing work without the specified permission is prohibited.

2.2. The implementation of work on the replacement of weak soil at the base of the embankment is preceded by a set of organizational and technical measures and preparatory work, such as:

Obtaining a permit for logging from the forestry authorities (a logging ticket);

Appointment of a person responsible for the quality and safety of work;

Marking the boundaries of the right-of-way to be cleared;

Marking the boundaries of peat;

Provision of workplaces with machinery, mechanized tools, devices brought to a state of technical readiness, as well as means of first aid medical care, potable water, fire-fighting equipment and facilities personal protection;

Instructing team members on safety and industrial sanitation.

2.3. During preparatory work The contractor is obliged:

Accept from the Customer, no later than 10 days before the start of construction, a geodetic stakeout base in the scope of Chapter 9 of the Joint Venture .

After the design organization has completed surveys, the Contractor, in the presence of the Customer, performs field acceptance of the boundary of the land allotment strip, which has been made and fixed with geodesic signs on the ground. The acceptance and transfer of a fixed right-of-way is drawn up by an Act with the necessary statements and logs attached to it. Selective checks are subject to the marks of the picketage intended for the construction of a linear structure and remote points. All fixed and set out points are entered into the route fixing scheme.

The customer transfers the following items and signs fixed on the ground outside the work area:

The boundaries of the land allotment strip;

Planned signs of the route fixed at least every 0.5 km;

Defines the axis, start, end of the route and intermediate points.

The customer also submits the following technical documentation:

Schemes for fixing the axis of the route on straight and curved sections, executed on the scale of the general construction plan;

Vedomosti: linear measurements of the route; fixing the route; benchmarks; rotation angles; straight lines and curves.

2.4. The procedure for the production of geodetic marking works:

- to designate the boundaries of the right-of-way (clearing).

The boundaries of the right-of-way are fixed on both sides of the road with notches on trees, and in open areas with poles and stakes. Stakes 50 cm high, 7.0x5.0 cm in size, poles 180 cm high, 10x10 cm in size. Stakes 1.0 m high are driven in from the poles at a distance of 10-20 m (in alignment with poles), which indicate the height (H) along axes of the route, picket number, distance to the axis of the route, location (left or right), mark of the benchmark;

- visually hang the axis of the route.

First, the direction of the route is given with stakes, then the stakeout is corrected and the points are fixed with stakes and callouts. Milestones with a height of 2.0-3.0 m are installed every 0.5-1.0 km on straight sections and every 5, 10 or 20 m on curves, depending on their radius;

- fix picketing.

Pickets and plus points are fixed with pegs driven flush with the ground and gatehouses 30 cm high. The distance between pegs and gatehouses is 15-20 cm;

- fix the angles of rotation.

The angles of rotation are fixed with four signs:

In the VU (place of installation of the theodolite) with a column d = 10 cm driven flush with the ground;

At a distance of 2.0 m along the bisector from the VU, an angular identification column 0.5-0.75 m high;

Two identification posts, of the same height, outside the forthcoming earthworks, on the continuation of the sides of the corner, at the same distance.

2.5. Before the production of peat, the following work must be performed:

The route of the road has been restored and fixed;

Site prepared for soil replacement;

Arranged entrances to the developed trench and departures from it (at each grip);

U-turn platforms on the embankment were arranged;

Congresses and platforms are arranged from imported soil simultaneously with the replacement of soil.

2.6. The scope of work to prepare the site for soil replacement includes:

Arrangement of temporary access roads and special areas for the location of equipment employed in soil replacement work;

Clear the right-of-way from shrubs and undergrowth;

Set the boundary of the removal of the vegetation layer;

Carry out stump removal logging residues and boulders;

Cut off the vegetation layer of the soil, load it onto dump trucks and take it out for storage in the roadside reserve;

Provision of temporary surface drainage.

Schemes of organization of work when excavating with an excavator.

Fig.2. With the movement of the excavator on the surface of the swamp

1 - development of peat with an excavator; 2 - transportation of soil by dump trucks; 3 - layer-by-layer leveling of the soil with a bulldozer; 5 - leveling peat taken out of the trench by a bulldozer

Fig.3. With the movement of the excavator along the backfilled embankment

4 - pushing the soil into the trench with a bulldozer.

Roman numerals indicate the order of development of grips

2.7. Work on the replacement of weak soil is carried out on two grips. The size of the capture is equal to half the width of the developed trench. On the first grip, the following technological operations are performed:

Removal of weak soil to full depth;

An excerpt of drainage ditches;

Replacing weak soil with draining soil.

2.8. To ensure the stability of the embankment, the removal of weak soil is carried out with a deepening of 15-20 cm into the mineral bottom of the swamp. The use of an ET-16 excavator with a digging radius of 8.2 m makes it possible to develop trenches up to 8.0 m wide along the upper section, i.e. excavate with two longitudinal trenches.

The excavator performs the first and second captures by the method “from itself” from a hard surface of a non-marsh type, while the excavator is installed no closer than 0.5 m from the edge of the excavated pit, the rest moving along the finished side strips by transverse penetrations, excavating to the full depth of the trench. During the development of the trench, the walls of the trench naturally freeze, resulting in a dry trench. Peat removal should precede the backfilling of the lower part of the embankment by three replaceable grips.

Cleaning of the mineral bottom of the developed pit is carried out bulldozer B 10M. B on the grip at least 50 m, in two passes along the track, with the overlap of the previous pass by 0.5 m, thereby leveling the natural base under the embankment of the subgrade.

2.9. The developed peat is loaded into dump trucks VOLVO FMt) and removed for temporary storage in designated areas. Dump trucks, taking out peat from the first three grips, move along the side lanes. Then they can move along the bottom of the dug trench and the backfilled layer of replacement soil.

In the future, peat can be used for cladding the slopes of the subgrade embankment when they are strengthened by sowing grasses.

2.10. The replacement soil is developed in the roadside reserve by a VOLVO EC-290B excavator and delivered to the work site VOLVO FM dump trucks). The draining soil delivered from the reserve is unloaded at a distance of 5 m from the edge of the trench. The dump truck turns on the embankment and reverses to the place of unloading. After unloading the soil, dump trucks are installed at the place of peat loading at an angle of 15-20 ° to the axis of the excavator passage.

Since peat is unloaded and drainage soil is loaded in one place, a circular scheme of motor transport operation is used.

Reception of soil at the place of unloading is carried out by a road worker of the 3rd category. The worker gives a signal for the approach and departure of the car, regulates the movement of cars along the width of the embankment so that rutting is not created and a more uniform compaction of the layer is ensured.

2.11. Backfilling of the trench with imported drainage soil is carried out bulldozer B 10M.01 method "from the head", i.e. by pushing the soil into an open trench, in layers up to 1.0 m thick from the middle to the edges, by shuttle passes with its subsequent leveling, to the level of the swamp. The bulldozer moves the soil in second gear to the edge of the pit, gradually raising the bulldozer blade, pushes the soil into the pit and, returning in reverse to the place of soil collection, levels the embankment soil with the bulldozer blade.

Leveling the soil in the trench is carried out by the same bulldozer in four passes, moving the soil from the heap to a distance of up to 10 m in layers of 1.0 m thick, according to the shuttle scheme from the edges to the middle for the entire width of the trench, with the previous track overlapping by 0.5 m , at operating speed in second gear.

The width of the layers of the replacement soil is equal to the width of the base for the embankment of the subgrade, erected above the level of the swamp.

2.12. The thickness of the layers of replacement (draining) soil to be poured is taken depending on the soil compactor used (see Table 1).

Maximum thickness of the compacted layer (Ku=0.95)

Table 1

If it is necessary to compact the soil to Ku=0.98, reduce the thickness of the compacted layer by a third, reduce the working speed of the roller by a third and increase the number of its passes by a third (n=10-12).

When compacting the layers indicated in the table to Ku = 0.95, the number of passes of the roller with strong vibration should be within 6-8, and the first two passes should be done with weak vibration or without vibration, at a working speed of 4-5 km / h.

Each of these rollers can perform its work on compaction in three modes - static (no vibration), with weak vibration (small amplitude) and with strong vibration (large amplitude).

2.13. Simultaneously with the development of the trench, drainage ditches are developed with a width equal to the width of the excavator bucket, at a distance of 2.0-2.5 m from the bottom of the embankment.

Work on the development of the trench and its filling are carried out simultaneously within the framework of a single cycle, that is, immediately after its development, on the same shift. This should be done because the slopes of the developed trench (1:0.5) quickly swim away, filling the empty trench with water or liquid marsh mass.

2.14. On the second grip, the following technological operations are performed:

Working platform device;

Before sealing the replacement layer;

The layout of the layer of replacement soil.

2.15. In view of the large depth of peat removal and the significant thickness of the loose soil being dumped, the problem of its compaction is solved by using the largest and heaviest soil-compacting machines of shock-vibration action. For this purpose, a self-propelled vibratory roller SA 602D weighing 18.6 tons, capable of working through water-saturated sand to a depth of 100 cm with 6-8 passes along the track with the obligatory maintenance of the drum vibration frequency of 25-27 Hz with overlapping of the previous track by the width of the roller drum, with the movement of the compaction strips from the edge of the layer to the axis. Each subsequent pass along the same track must be started after the previous passes cover the entire width of the replacement layer. The first and last passes of the rink should be carried out at a speed of 2.5-3.5 km/h, intermediate passes at a speed of 8-10 km/h. The drainage layer should be compacted to 1.00.

2.16. Simultaneously with backfilling of the trench, a working platform 0.5 m thick is filled and leveled to the width of the base of the embankment from the same soil. This platform will ensure the normal passage of construction vehicles through the peated area.

During the movement of dump trucks along the backfilled platform, the lower part of the embankment is pre-compacted.

The lower part of the embankment with a height of 0.5 m above the level of the swamp, taking into account the settlement, is not compacted by soil-compacting equipment due to the fact that the embankment is poured from sandy soil, which is moistened from below and thus provides good natural compaction.

After reaching the design settlement, the replacement soil layer is additionally compacted by a vibratory roller to the required density in six passes along the track, with overlapping of the previous track by the width of the roller roller, with the movement of the compaction strips from the edge of the layer to its axis.

The compaction of the layer is carried out in one stage, since loaded vehicles moved along the backfilled soil, and its directions were regulated, therefore rolling the layer with a light roller is not required and the soil is immediately compacted to the required density with a heavy roller.

Each subsequent pass along the same track should be started after the previous passes cover the entire width of the replacement layer.

The first and last passes of the rink should be carried out at a speed of 2.5-3.5 km/h, intermediate passes - at a speed of 8-10 km/h. The replacement layer should be compacted to 0.95-0.98. The number of passes of the roller along one track is assumed to be six, but it can be specified by the manufacturer of works together with the construction laboratory based on the results of trial rolling.

layout The surface of the embankment layer is made by a motor grader after it is additionally compacted to the design degree of compaction, in four passes along the track.

The transverse slope of the layer surface should be equal to 40┐ and ensure the rapid removal of precipitation.

Backfilling of the next layer, for the construction of a subgrade, can only be done after leveling and compacting the replacement soil layer.

Fig.4. Technology system removal of weak soil at the base of the embankment

2.17. Features of the production of works in the summer:

The lower part of the embankment is made of sand and poured into the water, filling the peat trench after reaching an elevation of 0.3-0.6 m above the water level in the swamp;

When peated, the excavator moves along the laid inventory shields(see fig. 5) or lay flooring arranged along the top of the peat trench.

Fig.5. Scheme for developing a trench with an excavator from a sleigh

With insufficient stability of the excavator on the surface of the swamp, under the tracks, shields are laid roundwood with a diameter of 16-22 cm. The area of ​​the shield that ensures the stability of the excavator on the surface of the swamp can be determined by the formula:

where is the mass of the excavator, kg;

Bearing capacity of marsh soil (14-18 kPa);

The lower part of the embankment with a height of 0.5 m above the level of the swamp, taking into account the settlement, is not compacted by soil-compacting equipment due to the fact that the embankment is poured from sandy soils that are moistened from below and thus good natural compaction is ensured;

Work on the development of the trench and its filling are carried out simultaneously within the framework of a single cycle, that is, immediately after its development, on the same shift. This should be done because the slopes of the developed trench (1: 0.5) quickly float away, filling the empty trench with water or liquid swamp mass;

Simultaneously with the development of the trench, drainage ditches are developed with a width equal to the width of the excavator bucket, at a distance of 2.0-2.5 m from the bottom of the embankment;

At the same time, a working platform 0.5-1.0 m thick is poured from sand to the width of the base of the embankment, which provides the passage of cars and layer-by-layer backfilling of the upper part of the embankment to the design height.

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY AND ACCEPTANCE OF WORKS

3.1. Control and assessment of the quality of work on the development of peat is carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents:

SNiP 3.02.01-87. Earthworks, foundations and foundations;

SNiP 3.01.01-85*. Organization of construction production;

SNiP 3.06.03-85. Car roads.

3.2. Quality control of the work performed should be carried out by specialists or special services equipped with technical means, providing the necessary reliability and completeness of control and is assigned to the head of the production unit that performs peat removal.

3.3. Drainage soils entering the site must meet the requirements of the relevant standards and working drawings.

Prior to the start of work on replacing the soil, the materials received at the facility must be subjected to incoming control. Input control is carried out in order to identify deviations from these requirements.

Input control of incoming sand is carried out by taking less than 10 spot samples (with a supply volume of up to 350 m3), from which a combined sample is formed that characterizes the controlled batch and laboratory verification of such parameters as:

Grain composition of sand;

The content of dust and clay particles;

The content of clay in lumps;

Class, particle size module, total residue on the sieve N 063;

Filtration coefficient.

Arrived at the facility inert materials must have an accompanying document (passport), which indicates the name of the material, the batch number and quantity of the material, the content of harmful components and impurities, the date of manufacture.

results input control are drawn up by the Act and entered in the Logbook of incoming control of materials and structures.

3.4. In the process of excavation and replacement of soil, it is necessary to carry out operational quality control of work. This will allow timely detection of defects and take measures to eliminate and prevent them. Control is carried out under the guidance of a foreman (foreman), in accordance with the Scheme operational control quality.

During operational (technological) control, it is necessary to check the compliance of the implementation of the main production operations with the requirements established by building codes and regulations, the working design and normative documents. Instrumental control of peat removal and soil replacement should be carried out systematically from the beginning to its full completion. In doing so, the following should be checked:

Depth and width of peat;

Samples of the mineral base of the swamp;

Cross slopes and evenness of the surface of the replacement layer;

The thickness of the replacement layer at the rate of one measurement per 2000 m, but not less than five measurements in any area;

The degree of soil compaction of the replacement layer;

Dimensions and transverse profiles of drainage ditches.

When dumping the replacement layer, it is not allowed:

Sand contamination during leveling and compaction;

Snow falling into sand.

The results of operational control must be recorded in the General work log.

3.5. Operational control is carried out during the performance of production operations in order to ensure the timely detection of defects and the adoption of measures to eliminate and prevent them. Control is carried out under the guidance of a master, foreman.

3.6. The quality of work is ensured by the fulfillment of the requirements for compliance with the necessary technological sequence when performing interrelated works and technical control over the progress of work set out in the Construction Organization Project and the Work Execution Project, as well as in the Operational Quality Control Scheme.

3.7. An example of filling out the Operational Quality Control Scheme is shown in Table 2.

table 2

3.8. The acceptance of the road section where the soft soil at the base of the embankment has been replaced is documented by the Intermediate Acceptance Certificate of Critical Structures, in accordance with Appendix 7, SNiP 3.01.01-85*.

3.9. At the construction site, it is necessary to keep a General Journal of Works, a Journal of Geodetic Control and a Journal of Author's Supervision of the design organization.

4. CALCULATION OF LABOR AND MACHINE TIME

7.2. Responsibility for the implementation of measures for safety, labor protection, industrial sanitation, fire and environmental safety rests with the work managers appointed by order.

The responsible person carries out organizational management of the work directly or through the foreman. The orders and instructions of the person in charge are binding on all those working on soil replacement.

7.3. Labor protection of workers should be ensured by the issuance of the administration necessary funds personal protection (special clothing, footwear, etc.), the implementation of measures for the collective protection of workers (fencing, lighting, ventilation, protective and safety devices and fixtures, etc.), sanitary facilities and devices in accordance with applicable standards and the nature of the work performed. Workers must be created the necessary conditions work, food and rest. Works are performed in special footwear and overalls.

7.4. Terms of work, their sequence, the need for workforce is established taking into account the provision of safe work and the time to comply with measures that ensure the safe performance of work, so that any of the operations performed is not a source of industrial danger for simultaneously performed or subsequent work.

7.5. When developing methods and sequence of work, it is necessary to take into account the hazardous zones that arise in the course of work. If it is necessary to perform work in hazardous areas ah, measures should be taken to protect workers.

At the boundaries of hazardous areas, safety protective and signal fences, warning signs that are clearly visible at any time of the day should be installed.

7.6. Sanitary facilities, motorways and pedestrian roads should be located outside the danger zones. A first-aid kit with medicines, stretchers, fixing splints and other first aid equipment should be kept and constantly replenished in the workers' rest trailer. All working for construction site should be provided drinking water.

7.7. The person responsible for the safe performance of work is obliged to:

Familiarize workers with the technological map for signature;

Monitor the good condition of tools, mechanisms and devices;

Explain to employees their duties and sequence of operations;

Stop work when the wind strength is more than 11.0 m/s during heavy snow, heavy rain, fog or thunderstorms with visibility less than 50 m.

7.8. Persons aged at least 18 years who have passed:

Medical examination and found fit for work in construction;

Training and testing of knowledge on safe methods and methods of work, fire safety, first aid and having a special certificate about this;

Introductory briefing on safety, industrial sanitation and briefing directly at the workplace.

Refresher training is carried out at least once every three months. The briefing is recorded in a special journal.

7.9. Technical condition machines (reliability of attachment of nodes, serviceability of connections and working platforms) must be checked before the start of each shift.

Each machine must be equipped with an audible alarm. An audible signal must be given before it is put into operation.

7.10. Before starting the machine, it is necessary to make sure that they are in good condition, that they have protective devices on them, that there are no unauthorized persons in the working area.

7.11. When working with several machines following each other, it is necessary to keep a distance of at least 10 m between them.

7.12. Drivers are prohibited from:

Work on faulty mechanisms;

On the go, during operation, troubleshoot;

Leave the mechanism with the engine running;

Allow unauthorized persons into the mechanism cabin;

Stand in front of the disc with locking ring when inflating tires;

Perform work in the area of ​​​​action of cranes and power lines of any voltage.

7.13. When operating a bulldozer, the following rules must be observed:

When moving the soil with a bulldozer on the rise, it is necessary to ensure that the blade does not crash into the ground;

It is forbidden to move the soil uphill or downhill more than 30°;

It is forbidden to push the bulldozer blade over the edge of the slope when dumping the soil down the slope;

It is forbidden to work in clay soils in rainy weather;

It is forbidden to stay between the tractor and the blade or under the tractor until the engine stops;

During accidental stops of the bulldozer, the blade must be lowered to the ground.

7.14. When operating an excavator, the following rules must be observed:

It is forbidden to carry out any work and keep unauthorized persons within the radius, equal to the length arrows plus 5 m;

Alignment of the site for the parking of the excavator is allowed only during its stop;

When the excavator is moving, the boom should be installed strictly along the axis of movement, and the bucket should be lowered to a height of no more than 0.5-0.7 m from the ground and pulled up to the boom;

The movement of the excavator with a filled bucket is prohibited;

It is forbidden to hold (leave) the bucket on weight;

During the stoppage of work, the excavator boom must be moved towards the face, and the bucket lowered to the ground;

The excavator driver is obliged to monitor the state of the face and prevent the overhang of the soil layer (visor);

During non-working hours, the excavator must be delivered to safe place, the cab is closed, the engine is off, the undercarriage and swivel parts are braked.

7.15. When operating the motor grader, the following requirements must be observed:

When turning the motor grader at the end of the profiled section, as well as on sharp turns, the movement should be carried out at a minimum speed;

It is necessary to level the soil on freshly filled embankments with a height of more than 1.5 m under the supervision of a responsible person;

The distance between the edge of the subgrade and the outer (along the way) wheels of the motor grader must be at least 1.0 m;

The installation of the slope and extension, the removal of the knife to the side for cutting the slopes must be carried out by two workers in canvas gloves.

7.16. When working on soil-compacting equipment, the following requirements must be observed:

The skating rink must be equipped with sound and signal devices, for the serviceability of which the driver must monitor;

On a freshly poured embankment, the wheels of the rink should be no closer than 0.5 m from the edge of the slope;

The operator of the rink must wear overalls, to protect the eyes from dust, goggles should be worn.

7.17. The minimum horizontal distance from the base of the slope of the developed trench to the nearest supports of the machine should be 4.0 m.

7.18. The supply of a dump truck in reverse to the place of unloading of the draining soil should be carried out by the driver only at the command of the road worker carrying out the acceptance of the soil.

8. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS

8.1. The numerical and professional composition of the integrated brigade is - 22 people including:

8.2. Labor costs for peat excavation are:

Labor costs of workers - 1578.60 man-hours.

Machine time on - 1240.83 machine-hours

8.3. Output per worker on peat - 65m/shift.

9. REFERENCES

9.1. When developing a Typical technological map, the following were used:

9.1.1. Technology and mechanization of building production.

9.1.2. Help Guide to SNiP "Development of projects for the organization of construction and projects for the production of works for industrial construction".

9.1.3. TsNIIOMTP. M., 1987. Guidelines on the development of standard technological maps in construction.

9.1.4. SNiP " Engineering survey for construction. Fundamentals".

9.1.5. SNiP 3.01.03-84 "Geodetic works in construction".

9.1.6. SNiP 3.01.01-85* "Organization of construction production".

Electronic text of the document

prepared by CJSC "Kodeks" and verified according to materials,

a) Dimensions of the pit (along the bottom):

Length: 60 m, Width: 50 m, Depth: 4.5 m.

b) Soil: loam

c) Vegetation layer thickness: 0.2 m.

d) Distance to the dump: 1.5 km.

Determination of the scope of preparatory work

1. Calculation of the scope of work

Preparatory work must be completed before the excavation of the pit. These works are intended to clear the area under the foundation pit.

They include:

removal of the vegetative layer (trees, shrubs) by cutting;

removal of stones;

surface leveling.

1. Calculation of the dimensions of the pit.

   1. Pit volume

To determine the volume of the pit, we use the formula:

V boiler \u003d H / 6 (a * b + a 1 * b 1 + (a + a 1) (b + b 1),

where H is the depth of the pit, m;

a and b - the dimensions of the pit from the bottom - the dimensions of the bottom of the pit, m;

a 1 and b 1 - dimensions of the pit on top, m;

Fig 1. Determining the volume of the pit

m=L/H, then L=mH,

L=0.9*9.5m=8.55m (for clay at a pit depth of 9.5 m. m=0.9).

Dimensions of the pit on top:

where m is the coefficient of laying the slope, for pits dug with a straight shovel in loam, this coefficient is taken equal to 0.9.

a 1 \u003d 60 + 2 * 0.9 * 9.5 \u003d 77.1 m;

b 1 \u003d 50 + 2 * 0.9 * 9.5 \u003d 58.55 m;

The value of the coefficient of laying the slope "m" is taken from Table 1.

The coefficient of laying the slope of the pit in soft non-watered soils. Table 1.

Knowing all the data, we find the volume of the pit:

V boiler \u003d 9.5 / 6 \u003d 35444 m 3

1. Vegetation layer volume

V rast \u003d a 1 * b 1 * h rast,

where h rast is the thickness of the vegetation layer, m;

h rast = 0.2 m;

Then: V growth \u003d 77.1 * 58.5 * 0.2 \u003d 902 m 3

1. Volume of soil to be developed

Volume of soil to be developed:

V gr \u003d V boiler - V rast;

We get the volume of soil exported to the dump, equal to:

V gr \u003d 35444-902 \u003d 34542m 3.

1. Removing the vegetation layer

When using excavators to develop the soil of the pit, the removal of the vegetation layer is usually carried out:

Bulldozers up to 10 tons of thrust (with a length of work area up to 100 m);

Scrappers (with a length of work area of ​​more than 100 m).

The total length of the working area is:

, (7)

where - distance from the edge of the pit to the axis of the cavalier (
).

So, to remove the vegetation layer, we take a bulldozer (from table 4). The DZ-18 bulldozer was selected, its characteristics:

Blade length - 3.97 m,

Blade height - 0.815 m,

Cutting angle - 47 0 -57 0,

Skew angle -5 0 ,

Rotation angle in plan - 63 0 and 90 0,

Lifting height - 1 m,

The way to change the skew angle is manually,

Blade control - hydraulic,

Power - 79 kW / h,

Thrust - 10 t,

The removal of the vegetation layer can be carried out according to the following schemes:

In this project:

therefore, we use a two-sided scheme for removing the vegetative soil layer shown in the drawing (see drawing 5, Appendix P). The bulldozer develops the soil, moving by shuttle from the longitudinal axis of the pit to the axis of the cavalier. Ground movement distance varies from
when cutting and setting up a soil prism at the longitudinal axis of the pit up to when cutting soil at the edge of the site; therefore, on average it is
.The distance c, including the temporary berm and half the width of the cavalier, can be taken equal to 5 + 5 = 10 m.

The operational performance of the bulldozer is determined by the formula:

P e h \u003d q c * n c * K in,

where P e h is the operational performance of the bulldozer, m 3 / h,

K in - the coefficient of use of working time, for a bulldozer we will accept it: K in \u003d 0.8.

n c - the number of cycles per hour of bulldozer operation

Estimated volume of soil in front of the dump at the end of the transportation section q c:

q c \u003d q ’ c * K e,

where q ' c - the volume of the soil prism after the completion of the digging operation (setting the soil into the prism), m 3,

K z - load factor of the working body,

K s \u003d K p * 1 / K r * K uk,

where K p is the coefficient of soil losses in the side rollers during the transportation of the soil prism to the place of unloading. It takes into account the loss of soil from the prism by drawing into the side rollers during transportation.

The value depends on the distance of movement, connectivity and soil moisture, the design of the dump and the method of moving the soil.

K p \u003d 1 - 0.005 * l tr,

where l tr is the average transportation length, m,

l tr \u003d a 1 / 4 + c,

l tr \u003d 77.1 / 4 + 10 \u003d 29.28 m.

K p \u003d 1 - 0.005 * 29.28 \u003d 0.85,

K p - soil loosening coefficient;

Let's take K p \u003d 1.2

- coefficient of use of working time

Accept
.

K uk - slope coefficient of the terrain;

Let's take K uk = 1

With the number of cycles per hour of operation of the bulldozer n c = 3600/t c.

Then the formula for determining the estimated average hourly operating productivity is

P h e \u003d q ’ c * 3600 / t c * K p * 1 / K r * K uk * K in;

The volume of the soil prism depends on the size of the dump and the properties of the soil:

q ' c \u003d B * H 2 / 2 * 1 / K pr,

where B is the blade length, m;

H is the dump height, m;

K pr - the filling factor of the geometric volume, is determined according to table 22:

According to the initial data, the soil is connected.

q "c \u003d 2.64 / 2 * 1 * 1 / 0.55 \u003d 2.4m 3.

The duration of the working cycle of the bulldozer t c is determined by the formula:

t c \u003d t to + t tr + t p + t p + t add,

where t to - the duration of digging, s,

t to = l to / v to;

Also t to can be determined from table 24.

t tr is the duration of transportation of the soil prism, s,

t tr \u003d l tr / v tr,

where l tr \u003d 29.28 m,

v tr - transportation speed, m / s, determined according to table 24;

According to the initial data, the traction force is 100 kN, soil type III.

v tr \u003d 0.7 m / s;

t tr \u003d 29.28 / 0.7 \u003d 42 s.

t p is the duration of the soil layout, s. With concentrated unloading of the prism, it is taken equal to t p \u003d 0 s,

t p - the duration of the empty stroke, s,

t p \u003d (l k + l tr + l p) / 2 * v p,

where l k - the length of the digging path, m, is taken equal to l k \u003d 5 m;

l tr \u003d 29.28 m;

v p - empty speed, m / s, determined according to table 24;

According to the initial data, the traction force is 100 kN, soil type III.

v p \u003d 1.23 m / s;

t p \u003d (5 + 28.29 + 0) / 2 * 1.23 \u003d 21s,

t add - additional time for shifting gears, installing the blade and turning the bulldozer, s,

Let's take t add \u003d 20 s

t c \u003d 14.4 + 42 + 0 + 21 + 20 \u003d 97 s

P h e \u003d 2.4 * (3600/97) * 0.85 * 0.7 \u003d 53 m 3 / h

Before starting work on the construction of the subgrade, the soil and vegetation layer is removed from the surface of the future bases of the embankment and excavations, cavaliers, ditch reserves, soil pits, temporary warehouses for storing road construction materials. The breakdown of work on the removal and storage of this layer consists in setting out the boundaries of the cut and the contours of the shafts for temporary storage of the soil. To break down the boundaries of the cut, poles 1.0 ... 1.5 m high are used, which are installed after 20 ... 25 m.

Shafts of vegetable soil, depending on the terrain, can be arranged on one or both sides of the subgrade. Their volume is determined by the need for fertile soil for plating (application) on the bottom, slopes of reserves and slopes of subgrade on each side. Shafts of soil and vegetable soil must be protected from water and wind erosion, as well as from oil pollution. The soil stored in them, as necessary, is used for the reclamation of the territory of soil reserves and quarries, as well as all lands disturbed in the process of road construction. construction works.

The fertile soil layer to the thickness provided by the project is usually removed with an auto-fader or bulldozer. Before starting work, the cutoff boundaries on the ground are marked with furrows, which are carried out with a plow or an autofader blade.

When laying a road through forests and valuable lands, land acquisition for temporary storage of soil and vegetable soil is impractical, so it is immersed in vehicles and transported to special sites. These sites are located on low-value land.

In the case when the soil-vegetable soil has high density or roots remain in it after uprooting the stumps, before cutting, it is loosened. The scheme of operation of a bulldozer or motor grader depends on the width of the grip, on which the soil is removed and moved. If it does not exceed 25 m, then a one-sided transverse method is used (Fig. 3.37). When erecting high embankments or lateral ditch-reserves, as well as when developing deep excavations, cutting and moving the soil should be done first from one half of the strip, and then from the other. In this case, the road strip has a width of 30 ... 40 m and the cutting of the soil with rectangular chips begins from the axis of the future road.

The productivity of the bulldozer Pb when cutting and moving the soil and vegetable soil is determined by the formula

where Tcm is the duration of the shift; V is the volume of soil moved in one cycle, m3; Kp - coefficient taking into account the loss of soil during its movement; Ki - coefficient taking into account the slope of the terrain; Kv - coefficient of working time utilization; tc - time spent on one cycle, h; Kp - soil loosening coefficient.

The volume of soil, m, moved in one cycle, is determined by the formula

where l is the length of the bulldozer blade, m; H is the height of the bulldozer blade, m; K - coefficient characterizing the properties of the soil.

Before the start of work on the construction of embankments and the development of excavations, upland ditches and fencing shafts are arranged for drainage surface water. Ditches are dug, starting from the downstream side, with a total slope of at least 5%, with the provision of water discharge into a natural channel, thalweg, ravine or reservoir. When constructing upland ditches on slopes, the excavated soil is laid in the form of a prism (banquet), only from the downstream side.