Video lesson 2: Geography of world transport
Lecture: Major international highways and transport hubs
World transport
The transport industry ranks third in importance. Transport does not produce material goods, products. Accommodation industrial enterprises, fast transportation of agricultural products, transportation of passengers, international transportation, providing international trade - its main functions.
The rationality of the country's transport system is calculated in ton-kilometers (the value of the mass of cargo per number of kilometers) and passenger-kilometers (the number of passengers per number of kilometers).
The transport system of the world consists of several types of transport:
air
pipeline
railway
automotive
The availability of transport is calculated according to the formula: the ratio of the length of the lines of communication on total area, or per population.
AT recent times increased popularity and development of road, air and pipeline transport.
By all indicators (freight and passenger turnover), the transport system in developed countries is more modern and dense. Developing countries are lagging behind. The first place in the world is occupied by the countries of North America (30%). The second region is the CIS countries - (10%). Europe occupies a leading position in the density of transport routes, but is inferior in terms of transportation distance. In developing countries, it is at an early stage of development. Horse-drawn transport plays a major role. There are territories where there are no communications at all: there is no railways, no pipelines. On a global scale, developed countries account for 78%, and developing 22% of all roads, respectively, 60 km. per 100 km2 and 10 km. per 100 km2.
In the last 10 years there has been a change in the transport system. Improve quality highways carry out the electrification of railways. To unload the most loaded sections, parallel highways or pipelines are built. Container transportation is very popular, transport corridors are being created that pass through several states.
An example of transport corridors is the corridor: Tallinn - Riga - Kaunas - Warsaw - Kaliningrad - Gdansk. In Russia: highways Gvardeysk-Neman, Sovetsk and Dorozhnoye, the Northern Sea Route and the Trans-Siberian Railway.
The roads of the world and individual states resemble a grid: railways and roads have a latitudinal and meridional direction, large transport hubs are usually formed at the intersection of several types of roads, as well as the riverbed.
An example of transport nodes you can call Warsaw, St. Louis, Cologne. Typically, transport hubs of international importance are located in the port cities of London, Hamburg, Antwerp, Rotterdam, and Le Havre.
There are highways connecting many countries. For example:
1) Brest - Paris - Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow;
2) London - Paris - Vienna - Budapest - Belgrade - Sofia - Istanbul. A road is being built along the Great Silk Road: from Istanbul to Beijing.
And also in the Asia-Pacific Highway project: Singapore - Bangkok - Beijing - Yakutsk - a tunnel under the Bering Strait - Vancouver - San Francisco.
Railway transport
Until the 1970s and 1980s, it held a leading position in cargo transportation. For transporting bulky goods over long distances, rail transport is cheaper, but the costs of repairs and maintenance are not so small. Railroads transport mainly raw materials (coal, timber, ores). For more effective use freight trains use the so-called specialized trains or double-deck container platforms (the load is doubled). Its advantages, regardless of climate and weather conditions, time of day, cheapness. The disadvantages include: the risk of damage or loss of goods, the impossibility of sometimes direct delivery to the destination of the goods (additional road transport).
Water transport
This transport is capable of transporting intercontinental cargo (sea and ocean). It has a large carrying capacity and low tariffs. There are disadvantages that are associated with the presence of deep-sea ports, duration, additional transportation to the destination or to the port. Depending on the time of year and weather conditions. They mainly transport raw materials and agricultural products. Riverboats are the most mobile mode of transport (no need for deep-water ports), but it depends on weather conditions, the presence of navigable rivers, the speed and type of current. Risk of loss or damage to cargo.
Automobile transport
The car is most suitable for transporting small loads, over short distances. Advantages: high mobility and speed. With the invention of special refrigerated containers, it is ideal for the delivery of perishable goods. fixed costs not large, but the variables are tangible: the driver's salary, fuel, repair costs and tires. High safety of cargo, delivery exactly to the destination cover all costs. Trucks transport finished products. Used in trade. The disadvantages include dependence on weather conditions, the risk of traffic accidents, and air pollution.
Air Transport
Air transportation is the least popular due to the high cost. Despite the high speed of delivery, unlimited range, air travel accounts for only 1%. Limited cargo volume. Another disadvantage is the need for airfields, and the lack of accessibility for other modes of transport. Only a car can drive into the airport. variable costs low, but constant very large: the cost of the aircraft itself, special equipment, fuel, Maintenance, wage service personnel. Dependence on weather conditions is also one of the disadvantages. Used for the delivery of emergency and perishable goods, as well as for the transport of goods to hard-to-reach places(helicopters).
Trubopro water transport
This transport is gaining popularity in recent years, although it is designed to transport liquid or gaseous materials. A mode of transport capable of operating without interruption. The highest level fixed costs: pipeline laying, pumping stations. But there are practically no variables. Positive sides is a high throughput, high safety of the cargo. Narrow specialization refers to the disadvantages of the system.
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Transport corridors- this is a set of main transport communications of various modes of transport with the necessary arrangements that ensure the transportation of passengers and goods between different countries in the directions of their concentration. The system of international transport corridors also includes export and transit main pipelines.
transport hub is a complex of transport devices at the junction of several modes of transport, jointly performing operations for servicing transit, local and urban transportation of goods and passengers. A transport hub as a system is a set of transport processes and means for their implementation at the junctions of two or more main modes of transport. In the transport system, the nodes have the function of control valves. Failure of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.
Large transport hubs are always large cities, because they attract trade, it is convenient to develop industry here (there are no supply problems), and transport terminals themselves provide many jobs. Many cities arose at the intersection of land or waterways, that is, as transport hubs (many still exist due to this role). First of all, these are port cities: in the UK - this is London, in France - Marseille, Paris, in Germany - Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Bremen, in Spain - Bilbao, Barcelona, in Italy - Venice, Milan, in the Netherlands - the so-called Ranstadt (a complex of transport hubs connected in a single network - Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Leiden, The Hague), in Sweden - Stockholm, in the USA - New York, Seattle, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, in Australia - Sydney, in Japan - Tokyo, in China - Shanghai, Singapore. There are also less common examples. So, the city of Shannon in Ireland mainly lives at the expense of the airport. Some cities play the role of not cargo, but passenger transport hubs, for example, Simferopol in the Crimea, where numerous tourists arrive, transferring there to transport that delivers them to the cities of the Crimean coast.
The largest transport hub in Russia is Moscow. The paths of five types of transport intersect here: 11 railway lines, 15 highways, 5 gas pipelines and 3 oil pipelines converge in Moscow; there are three river ports, five airports and nine railway stations. Another interesting example is Vladivostok, where the Trans-Siberian Railway ends and many sea routes begin.
Transport system and communications
Transport and communication can be interchangeable and complementary. Although it is theoretically possible to replace a sufficiently developed transport connection (instead of a personal visit, one could send a telegram, make a phone call, send a fax, send an e-mail), but it was found that these modes of communication in reality generate more interactions, including personal ones. Growth in transportation would not be possible without communications, which are vital to advanced transportation systems, from railroads, where two-way single-track traffic is required, to flight control, which requires knowledge of an aircraft's position in the sky. Thus, it was found that development in one area leads to growth in another.
Transport (shipping) process- a set of organizationally and technologically interrelated actions and operations performed by motor transport enterprises and their divisions independently or in coordination with other organizations in the preparation, implementation and completion of cargo transportation.
The structure of the transport process includes:
1. Marketing of cargo flows.
2. Development on the basis of materials from the survey of cargo flows: rational route schemes, providing for the opening of new and changing the direction of existing routes
3. Selecting the type and determining the required number of rolling stock for transportation
4. Determination of the scope of the expedient use of cars and road trains, depending on the specific conditions of transportation, type and properties of goods, performance indicators of freight transport
5. Rationing of vehicle speeds
6. The choice of systems for organizing the movement of vehicles using rational modes of work for drivers.
7. Coordination of road transport with other modes of transport.
8. Analysis of road conditions in order to develop efficient and safe routes for rolling stock
9. Ensuring efficient and safe transportation of goods by road.
10 Application of economic and mathematical methods and calculations to improve the efficiency of the use of rolling stock and reduce transportation costs.
11. Vehicle traffic control.
12. Operational control over the operation of automobile rolling stock and its use.
Particular attention in the transport process is paid to the use of various methods that provide:
Timely delivery of goods in batches of required sizes.
Preservation of the quality and quantity of the transported cargo;
Fulfillment of safety requirements and traffic safety requirements,
fuel economy,
environmental protection;
Compliance with labor law requirements
The transport hub includes a complex of transport devices at the point of interaction of several types of main transport, performing operations for servicing transit, local and urban transportation of goods and passengers. The transport hub may include railway stations and approaches to main railway lines, sea and river ports or water hubs, main and local highway junctions, airports and other air transport devices, industrial and urban public transport devices.
In the transport hub, passengers are transferred and goods are transferred from one mode of transport to another at junction points. Passenger connecting points include railway passenger stations, bus stations, sea and river ports, airports, metro stations. Freight butt points are freight railway stations, specialized bases, sea and river ports, airports, etc.
Transport nodes are specialized: by the number of modes of transport serving the node; by the nature of the operational work; on an economic and geographical basis; the population of the city served; location of transport devices and geometric shape node diagrams.
According to the number of modes of transport, railway-road (Chelyabinsk), railway-water-road (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Omsk) and water-road junctions (Yakutsk) are distinguished.
According to the nature of operational work, transport nodes are divided into: transit, serving transit flows in direct and mixed modes of communication; with a big local work, serving transit and local flows (Rostov-on-Don, Yaroslavl); local (Murmansk).
According to the economic and geographical basis, the nodes are land and located on the banks of rivers and seas. Depending on the population of the city served by the node, they are divided into: small and medium-sized with a population of up to 100 thousand people and a relatively underdeveloped industry; large and large with a population of up to 1 million people. and developed mining and manufacturing industries; the largest with a population of more than 1 million people. and big industry.
According to the location of transport devices, transport nodes are subdivided: into one-component with a combined arrangement of devices for modes of transport; one-piece with a separate location of the passenger and cargo areas; multi-set with a combined arrangement of devices of modes of transport and multi-set combined.
One-kit transport hubs serve small, medium or large cities in a compact form. They have one integrated station, where all transport facilities are concentrated, an industrial area served by this station, and a combined railway and road station. AT big cities in one-component nodes, it is possible to separate passenger and cargo areas. Multi-component nodes are typical for large and largest cities. They have several industrial areas with freight stations serving them, one or more marshalling yards, an integrated passenger area with independent stations for modes of transport and stopping points for rail, road and water transport.
According to the geometric shape, transport nodes are divided into final, radial, elongated, radial-semicircular, radial-circular and combined.
End nodes are located near the seas, large rivers and highlands (Arkhangelsk, Vladikavkaz). They have a small number of junctions of railway lines and roads with a pronounced nature of the final flows of passengers and goods. End nodes serve, as a rule, small cities.
Radial nodes are most typical for large cities (Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod). In them, railways and highways converge with rays-radii to one district of the city or railway lines converge to one district, and automobile roads to another. In radial transport junctions, railway lines can be arranged in a radial, triangular or cruciform pattern.
Transport hubs, elongated in length, are typical for areas with difficult topographic conditions, on the banks big rivers and seas (Volgograd). These hubs serve cities that are elongated in length, and the approaches of railways and roads to them are located at opposite ends. Such junctions are formed at the confluence of converging railway lines on the approaches to the city. Several successively located stations are being built in them, serving non-public tracks and performing train formation work. When designing units that are elongated in length, it is necessary to provide for adjoining lines that provide minimal angular flows.
Radial-semicircular junctions of large cities, usually located on the shores of seas and large rivers, have one ring or several semicircles (St. Petersburg), and radial-circular junctions of large cities - several rings of railways and highways with radii and diameters inside the city (Moscow ). Such hubs are convenient in operation, ensuring uniform distance of the transport infrastructure from the city center.
Combined nodes are a combination of the above schemes. The most common junctions include: dead-end railway and radial road junctions with a rectangular or radial layout of street networks; a railway junction with parallel passages and a radial road junction; a railway junction, elongated in length, or with parallel passages and a radial road junction.
One and the same type of transport hub can correspond to a significant number of varieties of schemes that differ in individual details, but are united by common patterns of development, characteristic devices and operating conditions.
Development various kinds transport and industry in cities creates conditions for changing the schemes and types of railway and road junctions, sea and river ports, thereby changing general scheme transport hubs. Radial nodes are usually converted to radial-semicircular and radial-circular, and then combined. The location of transport hubs is determined by the location of productive forces and the historical network of cities and their planning.
§ 2. What are the features of the development of the transport system of the world?
Modern world transport system- the branch of the service sector, carrying out the transportation of goods and passengers, was formed in the 20th century. The transport system includes infrastructure (roads and railways, canals, pipelines), terminals (railway and bus stations, airports, sea and river ports), vehicles.
Transport provides economic relationships between territories (Fig. 169).
Rice. 169. Types of transport
The level of development of the transport infrastructure corresponds to the level of concentration of production and population and the specialization of the territories.
The development of transport in itself affects the surrounding area, giving it special impulses for accelerated development. Territories provided with transport infrastructure become more attractive for many species. human activity. Thus, the largest transport hubs of international importance (sea and river ports, airports) attract industry focused on imported raw materials and exports. finished products, concentrate manufacturing enterprises, bank capital, commodity exchanges (Fig. 170-173).
Rice. 170. The structure of the cargo turnover of the port of Rotterdam (Netherlands).
Pay attention to the differences in import (oil and oil products, minerals predominate) and export (container transportation predominate) cargo
Rice. 171. Rotterdam - the largest seaport in Europe
Rice. 172. Rotterdam. space shot
Rice. 173. Ports as focal points of economic life
Zones located near highways in areas of new development receive additional development incentives.
Progress in the means and means of communication (an increase in the tonnage of ships, container transportation, mechanization of loading and unloading) contributed to the growth of world trade and the involvement of new types of resources in the economic circulation. If a few centuries ago the most important international goods were expensive goods of small weight and volume (jewelry, spices, fabrics, salt), then with the development international division labor, means and means of communication, world trade has acquired a global character, and bulk cargo and raw materials have become involved in trade exchange.
Transport is one of the most important consumers of oil products and environmental pollutants.
Statistical indicators to analyze the level of development of transport are network density(calculated relative to the area of the served territory, population, shipped goods), average transportation distance, cargo turnover.
The regional transport systems of North America have the highest level of development. They make up about 30% of the total length of the world's communications, and rank first in terms of cargo turnover. Western Europe has the densest transport network in the world. In these regions, there is a reduction in the railway network and an increase in traffic carried out by road.
In developed countries, the number of shipments leads automobile transport(40%), the railway accounts for 25%. In countries with economies in transition, rail transport prevails in freight turnover (60%), while road transport accounts for 9%.
Career
Logistics
Logistics is the science of optimal management of material, financial and information flows in an enterprise. There is a procurement, transport, warehouse, production, information logistics, etc. Competent logistics allows you to optimize and drastically reduce production costs.
What is the job of a logistics specialist? Logistics specialists are responsible for the external relations of the enterprise and must optimally vehicle on the optimal route (the shortest, cheapest, safest) to deliver raw materials to the enterprise and ship finished products. Specialists must competently manage stocks of raw materials and finished products, form prefabricated orders and work with customs clearance cargo.
For a successful career, you need to know a few foreign languages(mandatory - English), the geography of world transport: the geographical location of transport networks, ports, airports, prices and tariffs for transportation, the economy of the countries of the world, features of customs legislation. This knowledge can be obtained if you enter an economic university with a degree in Logistics.
Rice. 174. Dirt road in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Russia)
Rice. 175. Intercity bus transportation is a convenient and reliable mode of transport in Western Europe(Spain)
The role of Europe in the export of international transport services(about 50%), Asia ranks second (25%), America accounts for 13%, and all other regions account for 11%.
Switzerland: railways or cars?
Switzerland is a small, landlocked European state with no world-class mineral reserves. However, Switzerland used the features of its geographical location.
Located in the center of Europe, surrounded by economically developed countries, it turned out to be at the crossroads of transport routes of the European Union, which made the government think about measures to reduce the negative impact of road transport on nature. In a referendum held in the country in 1994, the population voted for foreign commercial goods to be transported through Swiss territory only by rail.
Zimplon Tunnel - one of the longest in the world (19.5 km), connects Switzerland and Italy, built in 1905.
In it and other similar tunnels, even cars move on special railway platforms, which reduces exhaust emissions.
Freight transport. AT freight transport in early XXI in. maritime transport is in the lead, it accounts for 2/3 of the transported goods. Sea transport, as the cheapest, connects the main areas of production of goods, separated by oceans: Europe - America - Japan and China. The share of rail (inland) transport in the world freight turnover over the past 50 years has decreased by almost 2 times (to 15%), the share of pipeline transport is growing. Road transport predominates in intracontinental transportation (Fig. 174, 175).
All modes of transport are characterized by a decrease in transport costs per unit of goods (they include carrier costs, cargo insurance and transit fees). The development of transport contributed to the growth of world trade and influenced its geographical and commodity structure. Thus, the emergence of supertankers capable of transporting up to 500,000 tons of oil has reduced the importance of the globally important canals - the Suez and Panama: tankers do not fit in the narrow channel of the canals, and the main oil transportation goes through southern Africa - the Cape of Good Hope. Nevertheless, for Egypt and Panama, payment for the transportation of goods through the canals is the most important part of budget revenues.
The development of the container transportation system, the mechanization of loading and unloading operations contributed to a reduction in the cost of transportation by sea (Fig. 176, 177).
Rice. 176. Ferry service in the Mediterranean (Italy)
Rice. 177. Container shipping (Shanghai, China)
The efficiency of transport largely depends on the organization of the port infrastructure - reloading and warehousing of goods, repair of ships and their supply of fuel and water.
The share of transport costs in the cost of goods differs between regions and countries of the world and depends primarily on their geographical location. The cost of transport services for landlocked countries is almost 1/2 higher.
In addition, it is obvious that transport costs per unit of goods are much higher for products of extractive industries, agricultural products that require special conditions of transportation than for expensive industrial goods.
The geographical position of the world's largest cargo ports reflects the distribution of economic power of countries and their participation in the international division of labor.
Task 19. Where are the largest transportation hubs in the world located?
The most important trend in the development of world freight transport is the formation of a container system that provides for the transportation of about 40% of general cargo and determines the creation of transport corridors that combine several modes of transport for the transport of goods through the territory of several countries. Thus, in Europe it is planned to create nine such corridors; two will pass through Russia: Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod - Yekaterinburg; Helsinki - St. Petersburg - Moscow - Kyiv - Odessa.
The container system unifies the transport process and promotes the development of multimodal transport of goods different types transport. Container handling is carried out at large terminals, most of which are located in seaports. The largest container seaports in the world are Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai. In recent years, the ports of the dynamically developing countries of Asia, primarily China, have become among the largest container ports in the world. European ports, although they increased their cargo turnover, shifted to 7th-8th places in the ranking (Table 14).
Table 14. Largest seaports in the world, 2008
Rice. 178. Monorail in Osaka (Japan)
Rice. 179. Road junction in Miami (Florida, USA)
A new trend in the development of world cargo transportation is the widespread use of air cargo transportation. This mode of transport began to transport goods that are sensitive to the time of delivery - perishable products (for example, strawberries from South Africa to London, fresh fish for Japanese restaurants in Paris), cut flowers, electronics, machine parts and assemblies. Air transportation is actively used by TNCs for intercompany deliveries of goods between company divisions.
Rice. 180. Railways in Spain are one of the most comfortable modes of transport.
Rice. 181. Horse-drawn carts are a traditional mode of transport on the Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara (Turkey). Polluting vehicles are prohibited on the islands
The largest passenger airports in the world
Airports are profitable enterprises that must ensure a clear schedule of takeoffs and landings of aircraft, the flawless work of dispatch services, and the safety of passengers. Airports have offices of companies, restaurants, duty-free shops. It is estimated that almost 350 thousand people work directly at the world's airports, and 4.5 million people work in industries related to air travel.
The largest airports in the world are located in "world cities" and have highest value for connections Europe - America and America - Southeast Asia(Table 15).
Rice. 182. Airport Munich (Germany). The airport building houses airline offices, shops, restaurants
Rice. 183. Charles de Gaulle Airport (Paris, France) is one of the largest passenger airports in the world
Rice. 184. Growth in the number of air passengers, 2000-2009
Table 15. Major passenger airports in the world, 2008
Passenger transport. The globalization of the world economy, the deepening of foreign trade, tourism, and scientific ties have led to a sharp increase in the mobility of the population. The most important indicator development of passenger transport - passenger turnover (passenger-kilometres). Regional differences in this indicator are very significant: the maximum indicator in North America- 12.7 thousand and Western Europe - 8.2 thousand.
The main part of the passenger turnover is accounted for by road transport - 80%, by rail and air - 10% (Fig. 178-181).
Transport, along with industry, is the main source of environmental pollution in cities.
The high level of industry led to the development of the US transport network and all modes of transport.
In domestic transportation of goods, the decisive role belongs to road transport (90% of domestic transportation). Road transport serves passenger transportation and transportation of goods over short and medium distances.
Rail transport plays a special role in long-distance transportation. Pipeline transport plays an important role in the transport system. Major trunk pipelines connect the states of the South (Texas and Louisiana) with the industrialized states of the Lake District.
Most of the inland water transportation in the latitudinal direction is carried out along the St. Lawrence River system and the Great Lakes, and in the meridional direction - along the Mississippi ("American Volga").
External transportation of goods is carried out mainly by sea transport. The largest US seaports are New York and New Orleans.
Ports are available not only on the coast of the oceans, but also on the coast of the Great Lakes ("third sea coast"). In the transportation of passengers to other countries, a special role belongs to air transport.
The basis of the transport network of the United States is formed by transcontinental highways of the latitudinal and meridional directions, which are superimposed by a network of inland waterways.
Transport hubs were formed at the intersections of transport highways.
The largest of them is Chicago. Large transport hubs have developed in many seaports (New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans, Houston on the Atlantic coast and Los Angeles, Seattle, San Francisco on the Pacific coast).
Transportation in the USA wikipedia
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United States transportation system
The US transport system is one of the most developed in the world, and the country ranks first in terms of the length of roads and pipelines, in terms of cargo and passenger traffic by road and air transport.
Cargo turnover involves more rail and road transport, and passenger traffic - road and air.
United States road map
Length of all highways The United States has exceeded 6.5 million km, which is 20% of the world (Fig.
4). 13,000 in the US settlements with a population of about 86 million people. completely dependent on cars, since it has no other means of communication.
Distinctive feature railways The United States is a low level of electrification (no more than 1%) and the predominance of diesel traction. This is explained by the policy of the oil monopolies, which are interested in railway transport as one of the consumers of oil products.
total length inland waterways USA is 41 thousand.
km. Transportation of goods along river routes is carried out with the help of non-self-propelled barges, which form trains of 20-30 barges, moved by pusher tugs.
Skeleton of the transport system The United States forms transcontinental railroads of both latitudinal and meridional directions. Latitudinal highways connect the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the country, primarily New York and Washington with San Francisco, Seattle and Los Angeles.
Railroads of the meridional direction run along both ocean coasts along the Mississippi Valley and in other places, among which the Boston-New York-Washington high-speed lines, as well as Chicago-New Orleans and Chicago-Atlanta, are of the greatest importance. The main highways to some extent repeat the directions of the railways, although many of them are laid along independent routes. In addition, the United States has a developed network of inland waterways.
In the latitudinal direction, this is the system of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes, and in the meridional direction, the system of the Mississippi River.
A significant part of domestic and international passenger traffic performs air transport USA. Domestic air travel is the most efficient and widely used means of transportation in the country. Any, even the most remote, provincial city has its own airport. The United States has some of the largest airports in the world: Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles.
For pipeline network The United States is characterized by a diagonal direction.
It connects the oil-producing region of the southwestern Center with the region of oil consumption in the northeast. At the intersection of land and water transport routes, large transport hubs were formed: Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Houston. An important component of the nodes is formed by large airports.
Of the 33 largest international airports in the world, 17 are located here. Port industrial complexes form an important part of the US transport hubs. In terms of cargo volumes, the first place is occupied by the ports of the Atlantic coast: New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Hampton Roads.
On the coast of the Gulf of Mexico - New Orleans, Houston and Tampa. On the Pacific coast, Oakland, Seattle, Los Angeles and Long Beach stand out.
Transportation system of Canada
The transport system of Canada is well developed, which is due to the large area of the country, its coastal position, the peculiarity of the economic and geographical position, as well as the export nature of the economy.
In terms of cargo turnover, rail transport occupies the first place, its length is 67 thousand km. The length of roads is 900 thousand km. Canada has a well-developed air, pipeline and water transport. The country's largest ports are Vancouver, Sète-Ul, Montreal, Quebec, and the largest airport is Montreal.
Farms in the USA
The main type of agricultural enterprises in the United States is a large capitalist farm that grows the bulk of the products for sale.
Family farms predominate, which make up about 90% of enterprises producing 93% of the region's gross output.
Typically, each family farm enters into a contract with a company in the agribusiness system. This company supplies the farmer with machines, fertilizers, seeds, and also provides scientific and methodological support.
The same firm indicates to the farmer the exact terms of delivery of products, its size and quality. If the farmer fails to fulfill the task in terms of quality or is late in terms of deadlines, it threatens to break the contract and complete ruin.
US wheat harvest
At the same time, it is not the farmers themselves who clean it, but special companies that send both equipment and labor force that start harvesting in May in Texas, June in Oklahoma, July in Kansas, August in Nebraska and Wyoming, and finish harvesting in September in North Dakota and Montana.
During the harvest season, harvesters usually work 16 hours a day.
Meat factories in the USA
Recently, original meat factories have appeared in the meat cattle-breeding complex.
These are huge fattening farms, which contain up to 100 thousand eggs.
heads of cattle, but not on pastures, but in stalls (Fig. 7). For this, pens are being built for 200–250 heads each, in which feeding and watering of animals is carried out using automation, and dosage is done using a computer.
Such complexes serve big cities such as Los Angeles.
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6. Geography of transport: main highways and nodes.
International trade. The framework of the US transport network is formed by transcontinental highways of latitudinal and meridional directions, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and from the Canadian to the Mexican border. It seems to be superimposed on a network of inland waterways. In the latitudinal direction, this is primarily the system of the St.
Lawrence and the Great Lakes, in the mid-50s. turned into a deep sea. In the meridional direction, this is the "American Volga" - the Mississippi. At the intersection of land and waterways and overhead lines large transportation hubs. Example. The largest transportation hub in the United States is Chicago. Dozens of railways and roads converge here, transshipment is carried out a large number various cargoes.
As you already know, Chicago is home to the world's largest O'Hare Airport.
Large transport hubs have developed in many seaports, which are located on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the country, as well as on the "third sea coast" of the United States - the Great Lakes. In total, there are about a hundred major ports in the country. The most important of the port-industrial complexes are located on the northern part of the Atlantic coast, which is distinguished by an abundance of convenient natural harbors, and on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.
Thanks to a very capacious domestic market, the US economy is less "open" compared to the economies of foreign Europe and Japan.
Nevertheless, external economic ties are of great importance for this country as well. In terms of foreign trade turnover, the United States ranks first in the world. Their merchandise exports consist of manufactured goods and products Agriculture.
In general, about 15% of industrial products are exported directly or indirectly (including 1/4 of metals, 1/5 of machinery and chemical goods). The export value of agriculture is much higher and amounts to 1/2 for wheat, 1/3 for soybeans and tobacco, and 1/5 for corn.
US imports are dominated by raw materials, machinery and equipment.
The value of imports exceeds exports, so the country's trade balance is usually passive. Geography foreign trade The US is primarily defined by its ties to two other NAFTA members, Canada and Mexico, as well as to foreign Europe and Japan.
The United States is a major exporter of capital, which is directed mainly to Western countries.
But the direct investment of European countries and Japan in the US is also very large. They have already almost caught up with the export of American capital. Therefore, as they say, a "two-way street" was formed.
General characteristics of the US transport system.
On the territory of the United States and Canada, the North American type of transport systems was formed.
The formation of the transport network was influenced by: the vastness of the territory and the peculiarities of the EGP of the country; a large volume of products, a high level of marketability of the economy; uneven distribution of production and population; high transport mobility of the population; activity of processes of interregional and international division of labor.
Transportation in the United States ranks first in the world in many general transportation indicators.
The US communications network accounts for about 1/3 of the global transport network; they account for 40% of the power of power traction means and 1/4 of the carrying capacity of the entire rolling stock. The United States has 30% of the world's domestic cargo turnover and more than 35% of passenger traffic. The network of means of communication of all types of transport is well developed everywhere, with the exception of Alaska. The main system is combined with a dense network of supply routes (roads, pipelines).
Features of the transport network:
significant redundancy of transportation and processing capacities;
2. sharp spatial uneven network load, which affects the development of transport nodes;
lagging behind in the development of seaports;
4. backlog of urban public transport networks;
5. predominance of small-diameter pipes in the oil pipeline network;
6. high capacity of cargo and passenger traffic;
7. Long distance transportation;
8. development of intercity and international communications;
9. multi-species;
structure balance;
11. high level of technical equipment of all types of transport.
Many areas are characterized by oversaturation with transport infrastructure, duplication of railways by highways. This causes a systematic reduction of railroads; in a number of states - highways (with a qualitative improvement). Inland waterways are stable in length.
Oil pipeline networks are slowly growing.
Transport develops under the influence of production. The transport itself provides big influence on its placement, specialization and cooperation. The development of road transport is associated with the processes of suburbanization and a very high transport mobility of the population.
Transport accounts for about 1/4 of the country's total energy consumption and more than 1/2 of all liquid fuel consumption.
The structure of the US transport has features. In the cargo turnover, none of its types sharply prevails: 48.4% fall on rail, sea and pipeline, 35.3% - on road, 15.8% - on inland water and 0.5% - on air transport.
In terms of passenger traffic, the opposite is true: 82% is provided by road transport, 17.5% by air and only 0.5% by rail.
In the structure of GDP, the share of transport was 2.95% in 2007. Almost 4 million people work in the transport industry. The transport sector is controlled by large private companies. The state is engaged only in transport infrastructure. In the 70s. two private-state railway companies were created, incl.
