Calculation of annual heat consumption. Annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation. Thermal load: what is it

What is specific heat consumption for heating? In what quantities is the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating a building measured and, most importantly, where do its values \u200b\u200bare taken for calculations? In this article, we will get acquainted with one of the basic concepts of heat engineering, and at the same time study several related concepts. So, let's go.

What it is

Definition

The definition of specific heat consumption is given in SP 23-101-2000. According to the document, this is the name of the amount of heat needed to maintain a normalized temperature in the building, related to a unit of area or volume and to another parameter - degree-days of the heating period.

What is this setting used for? First of all - to assess the energy efficiency of the building (or, what is the same, the quality of its insulation) and planning heat costs.

Actually, SNiP 23-02-2003 explicitly states: specific (per square or cubic meter) the consumption of thermal energy for heating the building should not exceed the given values.
How better thermal insulation, the less energy is required for heating.

Degree day

At least one of the terms used needs clarification. What is a degree day?

This concept directly refers to the amount of heat required to maintain a comfortable climate inside a heated room in winter time. It is calculated by the formula GSOP=Dt*Z, where:

GSOP is the desired value;
Dt is the difference between the normalized internal temperature of the building (according to the current SNiP, it should be from +18 to +22 C) and the average temperature of the coldest five days of winter.
Z - length heating season(in days).

As you might guess, the value of the parameter is determined by the climatic zone and for the territory of Russia it varies from 2000 (Crimea, Krasnodar Territory) to 12000 (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Yakutia).

Units

In what quantities is the parameter of interest measured?

SNiP 23-02-2003 uses kJ / (m2 * C * day) and, in parallel with the first value, kJ / (m3 * C * day).
Along with the kilojoule, other units of heat can be used - kilocalories (Kcal), gigacalories (Gcal) and kilowatt hours (KWh).

How are they related?

1 gigacalorie = 1,000,000 kilocalories.
1 gigacalorie = 4184000 kilojoules.
1 gigacalorie = 1162.2222 kilowatt-hours.

In the photo - a heat meter. Heat metering devices can use any of the listed units of measurement.

Normalized parameters

For single-family one-story detached houses

For apartment buildings, hostels and hotels

Please note: with an increase in the number of floors, the heat consumption rate decreases.
The reason is simple and obvious: the larger the object, the simpler geometric shape, the greater the ratio of its volume to surface area.
For the same reason, specific heating costs country house decreases with increasing heated area.

Computing

It is practically impossible to calculate the exact value of heat loss by an arbitrary building. However, methods of approximate calculations have long been developed, which give fairly accurate average results within the limits of statistics. These calculation schemes are often referred to as aggregated indicator (measurement) calculations.

Along with the thermal power, it often becomes necessary to calculate the daily, hourly, annual consumption of thermal energy or the average power consumption. How to do it? Let's give some examples.

The hourly heat consumption for heating according to enlarged meters is calculated by the formula Qot \u003d q * a * k * (tin-tno) * V, where:

Qot - the desired value for kilocalories.
q - specific heating value of the house in kcal / (m3 * C * hour). It is looked up in directories for each type of building.

a - correction factor for ventilation (usually equal to 1.05 - 1.1).
k is the correction factor for the climatic zone (0.8 - 2.0 for different climatic zones).
tvn - internal temperature in the room (+18 - +22 C).
tno - outdoor temperature.
V is the volume of the building together with the enclosing structures.

To calculate the approximate annual heat consumption for heating in a building with a specific consumption of 125 kJ / (m2 * C * day) and an area of 100 m2, located in a climatic zone with a parameter GSOP = 6000, you just need to multiply 125 by 100 (house area ) and by 6000 (degree-days of the heating period). 125*100*6000=75000000 kJ or about 18 gigacalories or 20800 kilowatt-hours.

To recalculate the annual consumption into the average heat consumption, it is enough to divide it by the length of the heating season in hours. If it lasts 200 days, the average thermal power heating in the above case will be 20800/200/24 = 4.33 kW.

Energy carriers

How to calculate energy costs with your own hands, knowing the heat consumption?

It is sufficient to know the calorific value of the respective fuel.

The easiest way to calculate the electricity consumption for heating a house: it is exactly equal to the amount of heat produced by direct heating.

Description:

A year has passed since the publication in this journal of proposals for the regulation of the basic and required for improving the energy efficiency of residential and public buildings specific annual consumption of thermal energy for their heating, ventilation and hot water supply for different regions our country

Refinement of tables of basic and normalized by years of construction indicators of energy efficiency of residential and public buildings

V. I. Livchak, cand. tech. Sciences, independent expert

A year has passed since the publication in this journal of proposals on the regulation of the basic and required to improve the energy efficiency of residential and public buildings of the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for their heating, ventilation and hot water supply for different regions of our country. However, the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation has not yet published a new edition, already called the ghost order “On Approval of Energy Efficiency Requirements for Buildings, Structures, Structures”, with tables of basic and normalized by years of construction energy efficiency indicators that oblige to design buildings with reduced heat consumption while providing comfortable conditions stay in them and allow to classify buildings by energy efficiency in accordance with the requirements of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18 of 01/25/2011.

In table. 8 and 9 of SNiP 23-02-2003 give the values of the normalized specific consumption of thermal energy for heating (and ventilation during the heating period, supplemented by the author) of residential and public buildings, referred to 1 m 2 of the heated floor area of apartments or usable area premises [or per 1 m 3 of their heated volume] and to the degree-days of the heating period (GSOP), due to the great variety climatic conditions our country. Below is an extract from Table 9 relating to residential buildings.

Extract from Table 9 of SNiP. Normalized specific consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of residential buildings for OP, q h req , kJ/(m2 day).

In order to compare the calculated specific consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation for the heating period (OP) with the normalized (and now, as shown in, becoming the base), clause 5.12 of the SNiP recommended the estimated specific consumption, defined in kJ / m 2 ( and later in kW h / m 2), divide by the GSOP of the construction region, obtaining values in W h / (m 2 0 C day), and then compare with the normalized one in the same dimension.

Further, in paragraph 7 of the Rules approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18, it is written that “Indicators characterizing the magnitude of energy consumption in a building include normalized indicators of the total specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating, ventilation and hot water supply, including the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation (in a separate line)…”, since “the energy efficiency class is determined based on a comparison of the actual (calculated) and normative values indicators reflecting the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation "(clause 5 of the "Requirements for the rules for determining the energy efficiency class apartment buildings…”, approved by the same Resolution No. 18).

But in order to obtain normalized (basic) indicators of the total specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating, ventilation and hot water supply, it is impossible to arithmetically add the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation, expressed in W h / (m 2 0 C day), with specific consumption of thermal energy for hot water supply in kWh / m 2. It is necessary first to convert the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation into the same unit of kWh/m 2 . Everything is correct here. But when the task arose to summarize the basic values unit costs, according to clause 7 of the Rules of Decree No. 18, it was believed that the value from Table 9 of SNiP in Wh / (m 2 0C day) can be multiplied by the GSOP of the construction region, divided by 1000 to convert to kWh / m 2 and add up with the desired values of the basic specific annual consumption of thermal energy for hot water supply. This was also done in .

As subsequent arguments showed, this cannot be done, due to the fact that heat losses through external fences cannot increase as much as the GSOP grows, since with an increase in GSOP, the normalized resistance to heat transfer of these fences also increases (see Table 4 SNiP 23-02-2003), as well as in thermal balance buildings, along with components that depend on changes outdoor temperature(heat losses through external fences and for heating air infiltrating through window openings), includes internal (domestic) heat inputs, the specific value of which does not depend on different climatic conditions of the regions and is almost constant for all regions in the latitude range 45-60 0 .

In addition, in the table of energy efficiency indicators of apartment buildings, given in, the structure of its breakdown by number of floors is violated compared to Table 9 of SNiP, which complicates the work of a designer or an energy auditor (when assessing the energy efficiency class based on the results of an energy survey).

We propose to attribute (for ease of counting) the data in line 1 of Table 9 to an even number of storeys, for an odd value the values \u200b\u200bwill be found as arithmetic averages between adjacent columns, and add multi-apartment 2-floor common in small cities and towns. houses, which will facilitate the construction of a table of energy efficiency indicators for single-family houses.

Therefore, we have recalculated the basic specific annual costs of thermal energy for heating and ventilation, taking into account the above circumstances, according to the methodology described in Appendix 1.

The results of calculations for apartment buildings are summarized in Table. 1 (deleting the line with GSOP=12000 0 С days, since there are no such cities, and adding for convenience the lines with GSOP = 3000 and 5000 0 С days), which are presented along with the base values and normalized from 2012, 2016 and 2020. indicators.

Table 1
Basic and normalized depending on the year of construction, the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating, ventilation and hot water supply of apartment buildings, kW h / m 2

Name of specific indicator	0 С day will heat period	Specific annual consumption of thermal energy depending on the number of storeys of the building, kW h / m 2
Name of specific indicator	0 С day will heat period
		base values
for heating ventilation and hot water supply	2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000	215 234 255 272 299 356 411	201 213 229 242 263 309 352	198 208 224 236 256 300 340	195 204 219 230 250 291 329	193 201 215 226 244 284 320	191 199 213 224 241 280 315
including on heating and ventilation separately	2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000	66 99 120 137 164 218 273	52 78 94 107 128 171 214	49 73 89 101 121 162 202	46 69 84 95 115 153 191	44 66 80 91 109 146 182	43 64 78 89 106 142 177
		Normalized values established from the date of entry into force of energy efficiency requirements
for heating ventilation and hot water supply	2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000	183 199 217 231 254 303 349	171 181 195 206 224 263 299	168 177 190 201 218 255 289	166 174 186 196 213 247 280	164 171 183 192 207 241 272	162 169 181 190 205 238 268
including heating and ventilation separately	2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000	56 84 102 116 139 185 232	44 66 80 91 109 145 182	42 62 76 86 103 138 172	39 59 71 81 98 130 162	37 56 68 77 93 124 155	36 54 66 76 90 121 150
		Normalized values established from 01/01/2016
for heating ventilation and hot water supply	2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000	151 164 179 190 209 249 288	141 149 160 169 184 216 246	139 146 157 165 179 210 238	137 143 153 161 175 204 230	135 141 151 158 171 199 224	134 139 149 157 169 196 221
including heating and ventilation separately	2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000	46 69 84 96 115 153 191	36 78 66 75 90 120 150	34 55 62 71 85 113 141	32 48 59 67 81 107 134	31 46 56 64 76 102 127	30 45 55 62 74 99 124
		Normalized values established from 01/01/2020
for heating ventilation and hot water supply	2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000	129 140 153 163 179 214 247	121 213 137 145 158 185 211	119 128 134 142 154 180 204	117 122 131 138 150 175 197	116 121 129 136 146 170 192	115 119 128 134 145 168 189
including heating and ventilation separately	2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000	40 59 72 82 98 131 164	31 47 56 64 77 103 128	29 44 53 61 73 97 121	28 41 50 57 69 92 115	26 40 48 55 65 88 109	26 38 47 53 64 85 106

Note. When establishing the basic values of the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of apartment buildings, an estimated occupancy of 20 m 2 was taken total area apartments per inhabitant. Proceeding from this, standard air exchange in apartments of 30 m 3 /h per person and specific internal heat inputs of 17 W/m 2 of living space were adopted.

In the lower part of Table 1 of the blocks of basic and normalized values by years, the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation is given, and in the upper part - together with hot water supply. The latter was determined according to the methodology for calculating the annual consumption of thermal energy for hot water supply, based on the recommendations of the specific water consumption rate from SP 30.13330.2012. This SP contains tables A.2 and A.3 of the estimated (specific) annual average daily water consumption, including hot water, l / day, per 1 inhabitant in residential buildings and per 1 consumer in buildings of public and industrial purpose at an estimated temperature of 60 0 C at the place of consumption, while earlier this temperature was assumed to be 55 0 C, and the water consumption rate was the average for the heating period.

To determine the annual heat consumption for hot water supply, these indicators must be recalculated for the average estimated water consumption for the heating period (since they are easier to compare with the measured ones) according to the methodology set out in Appendix 2. In accordance with this methodology for apartment buildings with an average annual consumption rate hot water per inhabitant 100 l / day and occupancy 20 m 2 of the total area of \u200b\u200bflats per person, the basic specific annual heat consumption for hot water supply will be for the central region ( z ot = 220 days) - 135 kW h / m 2; for the region of the north of the European part and Siberia ( z ot = 250 days) - 138 kW h / m 2 and for the south of the European part of Russia, taking into account z ot \u003d 160 days and a multiplying factor of 1.15 for water consumption in III and IV climatic regions of construction in accordance with SP 30.13330 - 149 kWh / m 2. This is higher than previously accepted in the draft MRR order - 120 kWh / m 2 for all climatic regions in accordance with the then SNiP 2.04.01-85 *.

To obtain the basic normalized value of the total specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating, ventilation and hot water supply of apartment buildings, we add the above values of specific heat consumption for hot water supply, with interpolation depending on the degree-day value of the construction region, to the established values of the basic specific annual consumption thermal energy for heating and ventilation (Table 1, rows of indicators of total heat consumption for heating, ventilation and hot water supply).

To obtain the values of the total specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating, ventilation and hot water supply of apartment buildings normalized by years of construction, the basic indicators of total heat consumption are reduced by 15, 30 and 40%, respectively, including for heating and ventilation in a separate line (lower 3 block of table 1).

The table of the basic specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of single-family houses is preserved as in SNiP 23-02-2003, but with the recalculation of kJ / (m 2 0 C day) per Wh / (m 2 0 C day) - see table .2.

table 2
Basic and normalized by the years of construction, the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of single-family detached and detached houses

heated house area, m 2	The specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation, referred to the degree-days of the heating period, θ en/eff, W h / (m 2 0 C day)
heated house area, m 2
	Base
60 or less





1,000 or more
	Normalized from the date of entry into force of the requirements
60 or less





1,000 or more
	Standardized since 2016
60 or less





1,000 or more
Notes: 1. With intermediate values of the heated area of \u200b\u200bthe house in the range of 60–1000 m 2, the values θ en/eff, Wh / (m 2 0 C day) should be determined by linear interpolation. 2. Under heated area single-family house understand the sum of the areas of heated premises with an estimated internal air temperature above 12 0 C, for blocked houses - the area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment, and for apartment buildings with a total stairwell- the sum of the areas of apartments without summer premises.

The table of the basic specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of public buildings retains the absolute values \u200b\u200bof the values \u200b\u200bfrom Table 9 of SNiP 23-02-2003 recalculated kJ / (m 3 oC day) per Wh / (m2 0 C day), and for buildings with a floor height of more than 3.6 m per Wh / (m 3 0 C day), but modernized in terms of combining buildings that are similar in terms of indicators and different in purpose and distinguishing by operating modes - remains as in.

Table 3
Basic and normalized by the years of construction, the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of public buildings, referred to the degree-days of the heating period, W h / (m 2 0 C day)

Building types	Floors of buildings:
Building types
1. Administrative (offices) and general educational purposes *

Standardized since 2012
Standardized since 2016
2. Polyclinics and medical institutions with 1.5-shift work

Standardized since 2012
Standardized since 2016
3. Medical institutions, hospices with round-the-clock operation, preschool institutions

Standardized since 2012
Standardized since 2016
4. Service, cultural and leisure, sports and recreational and industrial orientation**
Base temperature: t int= 20 °С t int= 18 °С t int= 13-17 °С	28,8 26,6 23,9	27,5 25,7 23,0	26,1 23,9 22,1	25,2 23,0 21,2	24,7 22,5 20,7	24,2 22,0 20,2	23,7 21,5 19,7
Standardized since 2012 at: t int= 20 °С t int= 18 °С t int= 13-17 °С	24,5 22,6 20,3	23,4 21,8 19,6	22,2 20,3 18,8	21,4 19,6 18,0	21,0 19,1 17,6	20,6 18,7 17,2	20,1 18,3 16,7
Standardized since 2016 at: t int= 20 °С t int= 18 °С t int= 13-17 °С	20,2 18,6 16,7	19,3 18,0 16,1	18,3 16,7 15,5	17,6 16,1 14,8	17,3 15,8 14,5	16,9 15,4 14,1	16,6 15,1 13,8
Notes: * Top line with single-shift operation, bottom line with 1.5-shift operation; ** In square brackets for buildings with a floor-to-ceiling height of more than 3.6 m - in Wh / (m 3 0 C day) of the heated volume of the usable area of the premises of the building, which should include the area occupied by escalator lines and atriums. The remaining values are per m2 of the usable area of the premises. Normalized indicators in positions 1, 2, 3 are given per m 2 at a floor-to-ceiling height of 3.3 m; For regions that matter GSOP = 8000 0 C days or more, normalized values are reduced by 5%.

To determine the basic specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of a building under construction in a particular region of the country, q from + vent. year.baz, kW h / m 2, follows in accordance with the methodology set out in Appendix 1 indicators of the table. 2 and 3 multiplied by the GSOP of the region and by the resulting conversion factor kreg.:

q from + vent. year.base = θ en/eff. bases GSOP to reg. 10-3

where θ en/eff. bases - from tables 2 and 3, the latter is transferred to the site www.site/...;

to reg. - regional conversion factor for the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of residential and public buildings when setting the base heat consumption indicator in the units of W h / (m 2 0 C day); is taken depending on the degree-days of the heating period in the construction region for buildings with GSOP=3000 0 C days and below to reg. = 1.1; with GSOP=4900 0 C day and above to reg. = 0.91; with GSOP=4000 0 C day to reg. = 1.0; in the interval 3000-4900 0 C days - by linear interpolation.

To obtain the basic specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating, ventilation and hot water supply q from + vent + hot water supply. Appendix 2, and is added to the indicator of the specific basic annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation in this region q from + vent. yr.base, kWh/m2:

q from + vent + hv.. year. base = q from + vent. year.base + q guards. year

The indicators normalized for the years of construction are obtained by reducing the base values of the total heat consumption for heating, ventilation and hot water supply, respectively, by 15, 30 and 40%.

In accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18 and Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation No. 161, “the energy efficiency class of buildings is determined based on the magnitude of the deviation of the calculated (actual) value of the specific consumption of energy resources from the normalized base level established by the requirements for the energy efficiency of buildings, structures, structures, after comparing the resulting deviation value with the energy efficiency class table.

Taking into account the fair remark in that it is necessary to start the normal class range from scratch and in order to harmonize the table with European standards on the scale of classes (seven) and notation in Latin letters (D, normal class is in the middle), the following edition of the table is proposed.

The number and range of classes below normal has been increased, bringing the lowest value closer to the SNiP 23-02-2003 indicator, confirmed by the results of measuring the actual heat consumption existing buildings. And there is no need to enter extra words “inclusive” into the table, since the very concept of “from” means including the specified value, and “up to” - excluding the value following “up to” in this range.

Table 4
Energy efficiency classes of apartment buildings

Energy efficiency class designation	Name of energy efficiency class	The value of the deviation of the value of the specific annual consumption of energy resources from the base level,% *)
	Very tall**)	40 or less
		from - 30 to - 40
	elevated	from - 15 to - 30
	Normal
	Reduced	from + 35 to 0
		from + 70 to +35
	Particularly low
Notes: ) at the design stage - only the calculated value of the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation; *) if necessary, very high class can be broken down into the highest sub-classes A+; A++; A+++.

And lastly, but very important for the speedy approval of the draft order of the MRR "Requirements for the energy efficiency of buildings, structures, structures" in the version of the current Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18, in order to open the way to construction energy efficient buildings. In paragraph 5 of the order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation No. 161 "On approval of the rules for determining energy efficiency classes ..." added: "The energy efficiency class of operated apartment buildings is determined based on the actual indicators of the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating, ventilation and hot water supply ...", and in appendix to the class table: "energy efficiency class at the design stage - only according to the calculated value of the specific heat energy consumption for heating and ventilation."

The point is that in recent times decisions are being imposed that distort the clear and precise provisions of the "Rules for establishing energy efficiency requirements for buildings ...", approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. water supply, indicator of specific annual consumption electrical energy for general house needs, the methodology for determining which is not available both at the federal and regional levels. Thus, the rationing of energy efficiency of buildings will be discarded indefinitely.

In clause 7 of the Rules approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18, to which there was already a reference at the beginning of the article, it is also written that “the indicators characterizing the annual specific values of the consumption of energy resources in the building also include the indicator of the specific annual consumption of electrical energy for general house needs ”, but it is not indicated that it is standardized, as previously listed for heating, ventilation and hot water supply, and it is not mentioned anywhere when determining energy efficiency classes. In this regard, it is proposed to transfer the inclusion of electrical energy consumption in the standardized indicators characterizing the annual specific value of the consumption of energy resources for the general house needs of the building at the stage of comparing the standardized specific consumption of primary energy, which is supposed to be in paragraph 16 of the same Rules, and at the present time to act in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18.

Literature

Livchak V.I. Regulatory support for improving the energy efficiency of buildings under construction."Energy Saving" // No. 8-2012.
Gorshkov A.S., Baikova S.A., Kryanev A.S. Normative and legislative support of the State program on energy saving and energy efficiency of buildings and an example of its implementation at the regional level. " Engineering systems» № 3 - 2012. ABOK North-West.
3. Livchak V.I. Actual heat consumption of buildings as an indicator of the quality and reliability of design. "ABOK", No. 2-2009

Attachment 1.

Calculation methodology and justification for changing the table of basic and normalized by years of construction indicators of energy efficiency of apartment buildings for different regions of Russia.

In calculating the norms that apply to all regions of the country, it is customary to determine the normative indicators of other regions by recalculating the norms established for the central regions, depending on the ratio of the calculated temperatures of the indoor air of the heated premises of the building and the outdoor air.

The basic ratio of calculated heat losses at GSOP = ( t ext - t n. Wed) z from \u003d 5000 0 C days and the design temperature of the outdoor air for designing heating t n. p \u003d -28 0 C is taken equal to Fig. 2 from the example of a multi-apartment 8-9 storey building, built according to the requirements of SNiP 23-02-2003:

relative heat losses through the walls - 0.215 of the total at the reduced heat transfer resistance of the walls RW = 3.15 m 2 0 C / W;
relative heat loss through the floor, ceiling - 0.05;
relative heat loss through windows - 0.265 with their reduced resistance to heat transfer RF = 0.54 m 2 0 C / W;
relative heat losses for heating outdoor air with an estimated air exchange of 30 m 3 / h per person and a occupancy of 20 m 2 of the total area of apartments without summer quarters per inhabitant - 0.47;
total estimated relative heat loss of the building:

q- tp.max. = 0.215 + 0.05 + 0.265 + 0.47 = 1.0. (one)

The share of household heat emissions at a specific value of 17 W / m 2 area living rooms(with a occupancy of 20 m 2 of the total area of apartments in the house per person) - 0.19 q- tp.max. (right side of Fig. 2), relative estimated heat consumption for heating: q- op.max. = 1-0.19 = 0.81. Since in further calculations of annual heat consumption we will take the share of household heat emissions in relation to this consumption, the ratio q - ext / q- op.max. = 0.19 / 0.81 = 0.235.

The recalculation of the indicators of the same house for the changed values of the heat transfer resistance of external fences is carried out using Fig. 3 from , showing the change in relative heat loss through each external fence, depending on the value of its reduced heat transfer resistance.

For example, for the same house being built in the central region, but with external fences that meet the requirements of SP 50.13330 for the northern region with GSOP = 10000 0 C days, the relative heat loss of the walls with an increase in the base resistance to heat transfer with RW = 3.15 m 2 0 C / W to RW = 4.9 m 2 0 C / W will decrease from 0.302 to 0.19 and amount to 0.19 / 0.302 = 0.629 from the previous value. Relative heat loss through windows with an increase in their basic resistance to heat transfer from RF = 0.54 to 0.75 m 2 0 C / W will decrease from 0.63 to 0.48 and amount to 0.48 / 0.63 = 0.762 of the previous value. Relative ventilation heat losses will remain at the same level, since the air exchange has not changed, and for now we are evaluating the change in heat losses in the conditions of the central region.

To establish the total calculated relative heat loss of a similar house in the conditions of the selected northern region with GSOP. = 10000 0 С days close to the city of Yakutsk, z from = 252 days and t n. p = -52 0 C, it is necessary to divide the total calculated heat loss of a house located in the central region, but with increased resistance to heat transfer of external fences corresponding to the northern region, divided by the calculated temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor air of the central region and multiplied by the corresponding calculated temperature difference in the northern region with using the following equation:

Combining the relative heat losses through the walls, ceiling and floor, assuming (as can be seen from Fig. 3) that the latter also change, as well as through the walls, and substituting the values calculated above, we obtain the total calculated relative heat losses of the same house built near the city of Yakutsk with GSOP=10000 0 From day:

As you can see, despite the decrease in relative heat loss through external fences in the northern region, the total calculated heat loss, including heating of outdoor air for ventilation, increased by 1.258 times compared to the central region. Moreover, the proportion of heat loss with ventilation increased from 0.47 to 0.56.

Internal heat inputs in absolute value and in shares of the total calculated heat losses of the central region remained constant, therefore, in order to establish the relative estimated heat consumption for heating an analog house built in the region with GSOP=10000 0 С day, it is necessary from the relative values (in relation to the central region) of the total calculated heat losses subtract the relative (to the same region) internal heat gains:

To determine how the value of heat consumption for heating will change over the estimated heating period, we will use equation (2) from , recalculating it from hourly consumption to annual consumption. Initial equation:

where
Q- from - the relative consumption of thermal energy for heating at the current outdoor temperature t n, determined taking into account the constant value of internal heat gains during the heating period Q vn, in relation to the estimated consumption of thermal energy for heating Q from r;
Q vn - the calculated value of internal (domestic) heat gains in the whole house, kW;
Q from p - estimated consumption of thermal energy for heating at the estimated outdoor temperature for heating design t n r, kW.

Then, first we write this equation to determine the consumption of thermal energy for heating in kW at an average outdoor temperature for the heating period t n wed:

and recalculate it from hourly consumption to annual, referred to m2 of the total area of apartments or the useful area of \u200b\u200bpremises of a public building, qot. + ventilation year, multiplying both parts of the equation by the duration of the heating period 24.zot.p and replacing the product . zref.p = GSOP, and the ratio of absolute values to relative ones, including Qref = ref.max qref (at GSOP=5000), kWh/m2. AT general view the converted equation will be:

Attributing the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of a house built in the region with GSOP=10000 0 C days to the same consumption of a similar house built in the region with GSOP=4000 0 C days, taken as the initial value for comparison and equal in absolute value from Table 9 of SNiP 23-02-2003 q from + vent. year.basic.4000 \u003d (76 / 3.6) 4000 10 -3 \u003d 84 kW h / m 2, and substituting the above values, we get the value of the basic specific annual heat energy consumption for heating and ventilation of an 8-floor residential building at GSOP=10000 0 C days from the proportion equation:

After reduction (qot..p(at GSOP=5000) 0.024) and transferring qot.+vent.year.bas.4000 = 84 to the other part of the equation, we get:

If the recalculation of the basic values of the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation, expressed in kJ / (m 2 0 C day) or Wh / (m 2 0 C day), would be carried out only by multiplying by GSOP, without taking into account the increase in heat transfer resistance with an increase in GSOP and the invariability of internal heat gains from the outdoor temperature, then q from. + vent. year.base.10000 = (76/3.6) 10000 10 -3 = 211 kWh/m 2 and the energy efficiency requirements for this region would be lowered by 10%.

Further, using a similar methodology, the required basic annual specific annual costs of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of a house-analogue were recalculated for all the desired values of the GSOP claim, taking as the initial value with which all the others are compared and in which the recalculation is performed by multiplying only by the GSOP, the values of the GSOP ref. = 5000, 6000 and 4000 0 C days. (see the following tables), in order to establish the pattern of changes in the specific annual discharge depending on the GSOP through the correction regional conversion factor kreg, determined by:

It turned out that at GSOPisch = 5000 0 С day, there are no regularities in the change to reg and there is a very small gap in terms of q from + vent. year.bases for GSOP = 5000 and 4000, which is not plausible:

GSOP, 0 C day
qfrom + vent.year.base
to reg,

The same lack of regularity in the change in the correction factor to reg observed at GSOP ref = 6000 0 С day:

GSOP, 0 C day
qfrom + vent.year.base
to reg,

And at GSOP ref = 4000 0 С day, at which from Table 9 SNiP 23-02-2003 q from + vent. year.base \u003d (76 / 3.6) 4000 10 -3 \u003d 84 kWh / m 2, it can be traced:

GSOP, °C day
qfrom + vent.year.bases
craig,

The results of intermediate calculations with all initial data and calculation by formulas (1 - 5) are summarized in the following table A.1.

Table A.1.
Initial data for calculating the regional coefficient to reg

zfrom,

day-
ki

tnR, 0C

RW,
m 2 0 C/W

The share of heat
losses

Relative
schenie
shares

RF,
m 2 0 C/W

The share of heat
losses

Relative
schenie
shares

from.max

ext
/ from. max

qfrom+to
. year.base

So, a logical pattern of changes in the basic parameters has been achieved, which can be transferred to build a table of basic values of the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of residential buildings of a different number of storeys. The recalculation is made using the data of the normalized specific consumption, q h req given in table. 9 SNiP 23-02-2003, retaining the structure of its breakdown by number of storeys and referring (for ease of counting) the data on line 1 to an even number of storeys, for an odd value the values will be found as arithmetic averages between adjacent columns, and adding those common in small towns and settlements multi-apartment 2-storey buildings, according to the formula:

where q h req- normalized specific consumption of thermal energy for heating buildings, kJ / (m 2 0 C day), from table. 9 SNiP 23-02-2003, line 1.

Table 1 in the main text of the article.

To confirm the correctness taken in the table. 1 values, we compare the basic values of the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation with the results of calculating a specific house for different values degree-days of the heating period on the example of a 17-storey 4-section multi-apartment large-panel building of a typical Moscow series P3M / 17N1 for 256 apartments with the 1st non-residential floor. Area of heated floors of the building A S= 23310 m 2; The total area of apartments without summer premises A square= 16262 m 2; Usable area of non-residential, leased premises A floor\u003d 880 m 2; The total area of apartments, including the useful area of non-residential premises A square + floor= 17142 m 2; Living space(area of living rooms) Well\u003d 9609 m 2; The sum of the areas of all external fences of the heated shell of the building And ogre. sum= 16795 m 2; Heated volume of the building V from= 68500 m 3; Building compactness And ogre. sum / V from= 0.25; The ratio of the area of translucent fences to the area of facades is 0.17. Attitude A S / A sq+floor = 23310/17142 = 1,36.

The occupancy of the house is assumed to be 20 m 2 of the total area of apartments per person, then the normalized air exchange in the apartments will be 30 m 3 / h per inhabitant, and the specific value of household heat gains is 17 W / m 2 of living space. Heating system - vertical single-pipe with thermostats on heating appliances, joins the intra-quarter heat networks through the ITP, the coefficient of efficiency of automatic control of heat supply in heating systems ζ = 0.9. System exhaust ventilation with a natural impulse and a "warm" attic, for 2 upper floors individual duct fans are installed; inflow - through window sashes with a fixed opening to ensure standard air exchange.

The results of the calculation are given in table. Clause 2, which show that the calculated values of the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of a specific 17-storey building under construction conditions in regions with a different number of degree-days of the heating period coincide with the indicators of the basic specific annual consumption determined on the basis of 9 -this. at home. This confirms the correctness of the established values of the basic specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of apartment buildings, given in Table 1.

Table 1
Approximate distribution of boilers by power depending on the area of serviced houses

Index	Degree-day of the heating period, 0 C day
Index

Estimated outdoor temperature, tnR, 0 С
Average for the heating period (OP) outdoor air temperature, tnWed, 0 С
duration of the heating period, z from, days
Reduced resistance to heat transfer, m 2 0 C / W: R st r, walls with an area of 11,494 m 2
R ok r, windows n / living quarters (104 m 2)
R ok r , apartment windows (2 046 m 2)
R ok r, windows LLU (167 m 2)
R dv r , entrance doors(36 m2)
R b.dv r, deaf part of the beam doors (144m 2)
R er r, floors under the bay window (16 m 2)
R pok r, coatings LLU (251 m 2)
R attic floors(1 151 m2)
R c.p r , basement floors(1 313 m 2)
R p.g r, floors on the ground of entrances (73 m 2)
Driven gear building heat transfer coefficient, Ktr, W / (m 2 0 С)
Heat loss through external fences during the heating period (OP), Qogreyear, MWh
Ventilation heat loss of the residential part (heating of standard air exchange) behind the OP, Qvent.year, MWh
Infiltration heat losses in the LLU and the lower part behind the OP, Qinf.year, MWh
The amount of ventilation and infiltration heat loss Qvent.year+Qinf.year, MWh
The total heat loss of the building for OP, Qtpyear= Qogreyear+ Qvent.year+Qinf.year, MWh
Internal heat gains behind the OP, Qext.year= 0.024 qext · Well· zfrom.p, MWh
Heat gain through windows solar radiation for the OP Qinsyear, MWh
Estimated heat consumption of the building on OV for OP, Qfrom + vent.year, MWh
Estimated specific annual consumption thermal energy on OV, qfrom + vent.year.calc kWh / m 2
Basic specific annual consumption thermal energy on OV, qfrom + vent.year.base, kW h / m 2
Thermal power of the system heating, QfromR, kW
Specific power of the heating system, qfromR, W / m 2

Literature for Appendix 1.

Livchak V.I. Another argument in favor of increasing the thermal protection of buildings."Energy Saving" // No. 6-2012.
Livchak V.I. Duration of the heating period for apartment buildings and public buildings. Mode of operation of heating and ventilation systems. "Energy Saving" // No. 6-2013.

Appendix 2

Methodology for calculating the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for hot water supply of residential and public buildings.

1. Average calculated per day of the heating period consumption of hot water per inhabitant in a residential building g gv.av.ot.l.l, l/day, is determined by the formula:

The same in public and industrial buildings:

where a Gut.Table A.2 or A.3- the estimated annual average daily consumption of hot water per 1 inhabitant from Table. A.2 or 1 consumer of a public and industrial building from table. A.3 SP 30.13330.2012;
365 - the number of days in a year;
351 - duration of use of centralized hot water supply during the year, taking into account the shutdown for repairs, days;
z from.– duration of the heating period;
α - coefficient taking into account the decrease in the level of water intake in residential buildings in the summer α = 0.9, for other buildings α = 1.

2. Specific average hourly consumption of thermal energy for hot water supply during the heating period q gw, W / m 2, is determined by the formula:

where g gv.av.ot.p– the same as in formula (8) or (9);
t gw- the temperature of hot water, taken at the points of water intake equal to 60 ° C in accordance with SanPiN 2.1.4.2496;
t xv- temperature cold water, taken equal to 5°C;
khl- coefficient taking into account heat losses by pipelines of hot water supply systems; taken according to the following table A.3, for ITP residential buildings with a centralized hot water system khl= 0.2; for ITP of public buildings and for residential buildings with apartment water heaters khl = 0,1;
w is the density of water, equal to 1 kg/l;
w– specific heat water, equal to 4.2 J / (kg 0 C);
A h- the norm of the total area of apartments per 1 inhabitant or usable area of premises per 1 user in public and industrial buildings, accepted value depending on the purpose of the building is given in Table P.4.

Table A.3. *Coefficient value khl, taking into account heat losses by pipelines of hot water supply systems*

Table A.4.
The norms of the daily consumption of hot water by consumers and the specific hourly value of thermal energy for its heating in the average day for the heating period, as well as the values of the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for hot water supply, based on the standard area per 1 meter for the central region from z from. = 214 days.

	Consumers	Change- ri- Tel	Hot water consumption rate from Table A.2 SP 30. 13330. 2012 for the year a *hot water supply* , l/day	General norm, useful noah area di on 1 change distributor S a , m 2 /person.	Specific average hourly consumption of thermal energy for hot water supply for the heater. period *q gv,* W/m2	Specific annual consumption of thermal energy for hot water supply *q gw.year,* kWh / m 2 of total area

	Residential buildings regardless of the number of storeys with centralized hot water supply, equipped with washbasins, sinks and bathtubs, with apartment pressure regulators KRD
	The same with washbasins, sinks and showers with KRD
	Residential buildings with plumbing, sewerage and baths with gas water heaters
	Same with solid fuel water heaters
	Hotels and boarding houses with bathtubs in all private rooms
	Same with showers in all private rooms

	Hospitals with sanitary facilities close to the wards	1 sick
	Same with shared baths and showers
	Polyclinics and outpatient clinics (10 m 2 per health worker, work in 2 shifts and 6 patients per 1 worker)	1 pain- noah per shift
		1 worker per shift
	Kindergartens with day stay for children and canteens working on semi-finished products	1 child nok
	The same with round the clock stay of children.
	The same with canteens working on raw materials and laundries.
	Comprehensive schools With showers at gymnastic halls and canteens on semi-finished products	1 student 1 pre- submit- vatel
	Physical culture and health complexes with canteens on semi-finished products
	cinemas, assembly halls // theaters, clubs and leisure and entertainment establishments	1 zri- Tel

	Administrative buildings	1 working
	Enterprises Catering for cooking in the dining room	1 dish for 1 place
	grocery stores	1 working
	Stores
	Production workshops and techno-parks with heat dissipation. less than 84 kJ	1 working
	Warehouses
Notes: - above the line and without the line, basic values, below the line, taking into account the equipment of apartments with water meters and from the condition that with apartment metering there is a 40% reduction in heat and water consumption, depending on the% equipment of apartments with water meters: q gv.v / sch* *year* = q *guards* *year* · (1-0.4N *sq. w/s* / N *sq.* ); where q *guards* *year* - according to the formula (A.4); N *sq.* - the number of apartments in the house; N *sq. w/s* - the number of apartments in which water meters are installed. 1. Water consumption rates in column 3 are established for climatic regions I and II, for regions III and IV should be taken taking into account the coefficient from table. A.2 SP 30.13330. 2. Water consumption rates are set for the main consumers and include all additional expenses(service personnel, visitors, showers for service personnel, cleaning of premises, etc.). Water consumption in group showers and foot baths in amenity premises manufacturing enterprises, for cooking at public catering establishments, as well as for hydrotherapy procedures in hydropathic clinics and cooking, which are part of hospitals, sanatoriums and clinics, should be taken into account additionally. 3. For water consumers of civil buildings, structures and premises not listed in the table, water consumption rates should be taken as for consumers similar in nature of water consumption. 4. At catering establishments, the number of dishes (^) sold in one working day may be determined by the formula *U=2.2* · n · m n · T · ψ ; where n - amount seats; m n - the number of seats accepted for open-type canteens and cafes - 2; for student canteens and at industrial enterprises - 3; for restaurants -1.5; T - operating time of a public catering enterprise, h; ψ - coefficient of uneven seating throughout the working day, taken: for canteens and cafes - 0.45; for restaurants - 0.55; for other public catering establishments, it is allowed to accept 1.0 when justifying. 5. In this table, the specific hourly standard of thermal energy q *guards* , W / m 2 for heating the consumption rate of hot water on the average day of the heating period, taking into account heat losses in the pipelines of the system and heated towel rails, corresponds to the accepted value indicated in the adjacent column of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment in a residential building per inhabitant or the usable area of \u200b\u200bpremises in a public building per patient , working, student or child, S a , m 2 / person. If in reality there is a different value of the total or usable area per person, S a. i , then the specific standard of thermal energy of this particular house *q hw.i* should be recalculated according to the following relationship: *q guards.i* = *q Guards.* · S *a /* S a. i

3. Specific annual consumption of thermal energy consumed by the hot water supply system per m 2 of the area of apartments or usable area of \u200b\u200bpremises in public and industrial buildings q gv. year, kW h / m 2, is calculated by formula (11) and is given in table. P.4:

where q gv, k hl , t xv– the same as in formula (10)
z from, α, is the same as in formula (8);
t cold.l- the temperature of cold water in summer, taken equal to 15 0 C for water intake from open sources.

After substitution into formula (11) of known constant values instead of symbols, it will have the following form.

a) for residential buildings with a centralized hot water supply system and ITP:

b) for residential buildings with hot water supply from apartment water heaters

c) for hotels with showers and heated towel rails in separate rooms and hospitals with sanitary facilities close to the wards:

d) for hotels and hospitals with shared baths and showers without heated towel rails and other public and industrial buildings:

Notes.

The level of heat consumption per 1 inhabitant in SP 30.13330.2012 is higher than in the previous version of SNiP 2.04.01-85*, due to the fact that in SP the water consumption rate is taken on average per year and at a minimum temperature at the points of water intake of 60 0 C, and in SNiP - for the heating period and at a minimum temperature of 55 0 C.
Calculations show that even if the normalized water consumption is reduced to the same occupancy of residential buildings and taking into account the reduction of excess heat consumption compared to the normalized heat consumption by 40% when calculating according to apartment water meters, the specific heat consumption in our country remains 2 times higher than is accepted in European countries. Heat consumption in office buildings, meeting halls, commercial and industrial buildings approximately coincide, and in hospitals, restaurants, sports and recreational and leisure complexes, the discrepancies are very large with overestimation in Russian standards. To establish the true value, it is necessary to clarify the initial data of specific water consumption in tables A.2 and A.3 of SP 30.13330.2012 by field measurements.

Annual building heat loss Q ts , kWh, should be determined by the formula

where - the sum of heat losses through the enclosing structures of the premises, W;

t in- weighted average design temperature of the internal air by the volume of the building, С;

t X- the average temperature of the coldest five-day period with a probability of 0.92, С, taken according to TCH /1/;

D- number of degree-days of the heating period, Cday.

8.5.4. Total annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building

Total annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building Q s, kWh, should be determined by the formula

Q s = Q ts  Q hs  1 , (7)

where Q ts- annual heat loss of the building, kWh;

Q hs- annual heat receipts from electrical appliances, lighting, technological equipment, communications, materials, people and other sources, kWh;

 1 - coefficient taken according to table 1, depending on the method of regulation of the heating system of the building.

Table 8.1

Q s \u003d Q ts Q hs  1 \u003d 150.54 - 69.05 0.4 \u003d 122.92 kWh

8.5.5. Specific consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation

Specific consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of buildings q BUT, Wh/(m 2 °Cday), and q V, W · h / (m 3  ° С day), should be determined by the formulas:

where Q s- total annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building, kWh;

F from - heated area of the building, m 2, determined by the inner perimeter of the outer vertical enclosing structures;

V from- heated volume of the building, m 3;

D- number of degree-days of the heating period, °Сday.

8.5.6. Normative specific consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation

Regulatory specific costs of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of residential and public buildings are shown in Table 8.2.

Table 8.2

Name normalization objects	Normative specific consumption of thermal energy
	for heating and ventilation			for forced ventilation
	q BUT n, Wh / (m 2 Сday)	q V n, Wh / (m 3 Сday)	q h in, Wh / (m 3 Сday)
1 Residential buildings (9 floors or more) with exterior walls made of: sandwich panels monolithic concrete piece materials
2 Residential buildings (6-8 floors) with external walls made of: sandwich panels piece materials
3 Residential buildings (4-5 floors) with external walls made of: sandwich panels piece materials
4 Residential buildings (2-3 floors) with exterior walls made of piece materials
5 Cottages, manor-type residential buildings, including those with attics
6 Kindergartens with external walls from: sandwich panels piece materials
7 Kindergartens with a swimming pool with external walls from: sandwich panels piece materials
8 Schools with exterior walls from: sandwich panels piece materials
9 Polyclinics with external walls made of: sandwich panels piece materials
10 Polyclinics with swimming pool or gymnasium with outer walls made of: sandwich panels piece materials
11 Administrative building with outer walls made of: sandwich panels piece materials
Notes 1 The values of the standard specific consumption of thermal energy for heating are determined with a glazing coefficient equal to: for pos. 1-4 - 0.18; for pos. 5 - 0.15. 2 The values of the specific consumption of thermal energy for ventilation with artificial induction are given as reference. The duration of operation of forced ventilation systems with artificial induction for public buildings during the heating period is determined based on the following initial data: For kindergartens: 5-day working week and 12-hour working day; For general education schools: 6-day work week and 12-hour work day; For administrative buildings: 5-day working week and 10-hour working day.

The issue of calculating the amount of payment for heating is very important, since consumers often receive quite impressive amounts for this utility service, at the same time having no idea how the calculation was made.

Since 2012, when Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 06, 2011 No. 354 “On the provision of utility services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings” came into force, the procedure for calculating the amount of payment for heating has undergone a number of changes.

The calculation methods changed several times, heating provided for general house needs appeared, which was calculated separately from the heating provided in residential premises (apartments) and non-residential premises, but then, in 2013, heating was again calculated as a single public service without fee sharing.

The calculation of the amount of the heating fee has changed since 2017, and in 2019 the calculation procedure has changed again, new formulas for calculating the amount of the heating fee have appeared, which are not so easy for the average consumer to understand.

So, let's sort it out in order.

In order to calculate the amount of payment for heating in your apartment and choose the desired calculation formula, you must first know:

1. Does your house have a centralized heating system?

This means whether thermal energy for heating needs in your apartment building already in ready-made using centralized systems or thermal energy for your home is produced independently using equipment that is part of the common property of the owners of the premises in apartment building.

2. Is your apartment building equipped with a common house (collective) metering device and are there individual appliances accounting for thermal energy in residential and non-residential premises of your house?

The presence or absence of a common house (collective) meter at the house and individual meters in the premises of your house significantly affects the method of calculating the amount of payment for heating.

3. How are you charged for heating - during the heating season or evenly throughout the calendar year?

The method of payment for the heating utility service is accepted by the authorities state power subjects of the Russian Federation. That is, in different regions of our country, payment for heating can be charged differently - throughout the year or only during the heating season, when the service is actually provided.

4. Are there rooms in your house that do not have heating devices (radiators, batteries), or that have own sources thermal energy?

Since 2019, due to court decisions, the processes for which took place in 2018, the calculation began to include premises in which there are no heating devices (radiators, batteries), which is provided technical documentation for a house, or residential and non-residential premises, the reconstruction of which, providing for the installation of individual sources of heat energy, was carried out in accordance with the requirements for the reconstruction established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in force at the time of such reconstruction. It should be reminded that earlier the methods for calculating the amount of payment for heating did not provide for a separate calculation for such premises, therefore, the calculation of the payment was carried out on a general basis.

In order to make the information on calculating the size of the heating fee more understandable, we will consider each method of charging the fee separately, using one or another calculation formula using a specific example.

When choosing a calculation option, it is necessary pay attention to all the components that determine the calculation method.

Below are various calculation options, taking into account individual factors that determine the choice of calculating the amount of heating payment:

Calculation No. 1: The amount of payment for heating in residential / non-residential premises during the heating period.

Calculation No. 2: Amount of payment for heating in residential / non-residential premises, there is no ODPU on an apartment building, the calculation of the amount of the fee is carried out during the calendar year(12 months).
Get acquainted with the order and example of calculation →

Calculation No. 3: The amount of payment for heating in residential / non-residential premises, ODPU is installed on an apartment building, there are no individual metering devices in all residential / non-residential premises.