To make the rooms comfortable, and the air exchange takes place in accordance with the standards, each residential building is equipped with a ventilation system. This also applies to high-rise buildings, which represent the main segment of urban housing.
During construction, standard schemes of ventilation systems in an apartment building are used, thanks to which various modes of air circulation are implemented.
In this article, we will analyze the features of traditional schemes, the subtleties of arranging forced ventilation and the nuances of arranging ventilation of the sewer system.
Many years of practice in the construction of apartment buildings has led to the selection of several of the most effective schemes for creating a ventilation system. The choice of one or another scheme depends on many factors: the shape of the building, the number of floors, street air pollution in the area, the noise level.
Schemes of a traditional exhaust system
The system of exhaust ventilation with natural induction is recognized as traditional, that is, when air exchange in the premises is carried out due to the difference in temperature and pressure.
This means that the exhaust air is discharged through the ventilation shafts and ducts to the outside (to the roof), and fresh air enters through windows, doors or special ones.
One of the options for installing ventilation shafts in a multi-storey building
The option of laying separate shafts for each apartment is not currently being considered, since it was expedient in the era of low-rise construction.
It is clear that for skyscrapers from 9 floors and above, it is not physically possible to equip a plurality of parallel channels.
Therefore, two recognized rational schemes are used in construction:
- All mines are brought to the attic and there they are united by a horizontal channel. Polluted air is removed from the channel through a single outlet, arranged in the most convenient place.
- Separate apartments are connected to a common riser(mine) parallel satellite channels, thus, the exhaust air is discharged above the roof through vertical channels.
The fundamental difference lies in two points: the presence / absence of a horizontal collector in the attic and the presence / absence of common shafts in the risers.
Unlike natural ventilation, incentive ventilation is volatile. In addition, it consists of a set of complex devices that are controlled from one remote control.
Shuv is installed next to the supply equipment, in the basement, and only qualified service personnel have access to it.
It can be said that all three types of ventilation are present in residential high-rise buildings, with natural being the most common, and the installation of a forced or combined system is still limited.
Organization of air circulation in the apartment
Consider how air circulates in a single apartment without installing additional air exchange devices.
As mentioned above, fresh air enters through all kinds of window cracks and gaps, as well as through doorways - ajar doors and gaps under them.
The diagram clearly shows the direction of air movement. It enters through the windows or doors of living quarters and travels towards the air vents.
Comfortable living in apartments is characterized by a number of factors, including the frequency of air exchange and the volume of regularly changing air.
There are rules governing the flow of air flows.
Ventilation problems negatively affect the well-being of people living in apartments. Lack of fresh air causes unhealthy drowsiness, fatigue, headaches.
People with diseases of the heart and respiratory system are especially sensitive to this. They constantly want to keep the vents and windows open, and this leads to a sharp cooling of the premises and, as a result, an increase in the number of colds.
You can increase the efficiency of the natural exhaust system using the simplest device - a fan installed in the ventilation outlet in the bathroom
If a regularly switched on hood is installed above the stove with air outlet to the ventilation shaft, this will also contribute to the rapid change of air masses in the kitchen and adjacent rooms.
If desired, residents can independently organize the flow of air. To do this, use both ordinary ventilation and special mechanical and technical devices, for example,.
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Ventilation device
Each apartment building (MKD) has a ventilation shaft. It can be compared with the human venous system - it is through the shaft that air masses move from different points (rooms) to one - to the attic or to the street.
Mines take up a lot of space, so in low-rise buildings, compact air ducts are often installed instead.
The ventilation shaft in a panel house consists of concrete blocks that are superimposed on each other. The seams between them are sealed with cement mortar. In new buildings, air lines are made of metal or plastic boxes. On the roof, the shaft ends with a special umbrella - it protects the pipes from precipitation, leaves and debris.
Types of air ducts:
- Embedded. There are rectangular or square sections. They are laid during construction in the load-bearing walls of a high-rise building. They are made of brick or concrete blocks.
- Overhead / suspended. They are installed after the completion of construction and decoration of the premises. Most often they are made from galvanized sheet steel. The main disadvantage is susceptibility to corrosion, so it is important to protect them from high humidity. Such air ducts must be soundproofed - otherwise the movement of air inside the metal shaft may be accompanied by a hum.
- Outdoor. Mounted on the outside of the building. They are made from all of the above materials.
Each multi-storey residential building has different ventilation systems. Creating ventilation goes through the following steps:
- Specialists calculate ventilation in a residential building based on the area of apartments and individual rooms.
- A ventilation scheme is drawn up. It indicates the method of distribution of air flows, the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe channels, the noise level of the equipment, the type of ventilation and its other features.
- According to the scheme, a drawing with a detailed description is developed, which is agreed upon by the technical services. After approval, the necessary documentation is prepared.
- Installation of ventilation shafts in the internal walls of the building begins. After completion of the work, the system is checked for compliance with all requirements.
Requirements for ventilation of a residential building:
- tightness;
- high performance;
- fire safety;
- compliance with sanitary standards. For Russia, sanitary and hygienic standards for ventilation are specified in SNiP 41-01-2003.
Norms
SNIPs
SP 60.13330.2012 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Updated Edition»
SNiP 41-01-2003 "- is the main one for the development of building air systems. In addition to the basic general requirements, it contains a calculation formula for calculating air and requirements for the thickness of air ducts.
SP 7.13130.2013 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Fire safety requirements” is a standard that reflects the conditions for ensuring fire safety.
SP 54.13330.2016 Residential multi-apartment buildings. The updated version of SNiP 31-01-2003 "- does not apply to semi-detached residential buildings that are subject to the design requirements of individual (private) single-family houses.
SP 73.13330.2016 “Internal sanitary systems of buildings. Updated edition of SNiP 3.05.01-85. This set of rules applies to construction work. The necessary steps are outlined, the installation technology, includes a list of final documentation based on the results of the work.
It refers to the exchange of air flows, in which excess heat and humidity, as well as unpleasant odors, dust and harmful substances, are removed from the premises.
Well-functioning ventilation ducts in an apartment building contribute to air purification and the creation of a favorable microclimate in the premises. The lack of a normally working air exchange in rooms in which people are constantly present not only causes inconvenience, but also carries potential harm to health. The stagnant air in the housing provokes the development of allergic reactions, as well as various respiratory diseases. If the room is not ventilated, then high humidity is maintained in it, which adversely affects furniture and decorative finishes.
GOSTs
GOST 30494-2011 Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters»
GOST 21.602-2016 “Project documentation system for construction. Rules for the implementation of working documentation for heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems
Sanitary norms and rules
SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises"
B. Optional- in them you can find options for systems, their features and calculation. These recommendations or guidelines are created by engineering communities. They are based on binding documents, but more broadly reveal the issues of creating a comfortable air environment. Describe the calculation method for determining the required volumes of air by emitted harmful substances. Methods for achieving the most efficient and stable operation of systems are given.
For premises that do not belong to the main functionality of the facility, apply additional rules suitable for their purpose.
The above standards reflect all significant issues, including the safety of operation of ventilation systems. And with any intervention in the systems after construction, be sure to check their compliance with current specialized standards.
System diagrams
It is very good when ventilation is arranged in a panel house with individual exhaust ducts. That is, a separate shaft leads to the roof from the kitchen, toilet and bathroom on each floor. Then there is no overflow of smells from neighbors, the draft is more stable and not prone to tipping over. Another option - vertical channels from all apartments are collected in one horizontal collector located in the attic, and from it the air enters the street. The figure below shows different ways how a panel house ventilation scheme can be organized:
The most unfortunate method is shown in option “b”, where a small channel comes out of each apartment - a satellite that enters higher into a common vertical shaft. This method allows you to save the usable area of rooms and is cheap to implement, but during operation it creates a lot of problems for people living in the house. The most common of them is the flow of odors from apartment to apartment. A similar ventilation device is shown more clearly in the picture:
Methods "c" and "d" are found in panel houses with a small number of storeys, having an attic. They also cannot be called flawless, since in the first case the collector creates additional resistance to traction, and in the second, all the smells from the apartments are collected in the attic. Therefore, the best options are modern ventilation schemes with mechanical supply and removal of air. These are used in new homes, an example is illustrated below:
There is a supply unit located in the basement and supplying purified and heated (or cooled) air to all rooms. An exhaust fan of the same capacity is placed on the roof of the building, which regularly removes the polluted air mixture from the apartments. This is the simplest scheme; ventilation in a multi-storey building can also be arranged using energy-saving equipment - recuperators. Their task is to take heat (or cold) from the exhaust air and transfer it to the supply air.
Basement ventilation work
The shaft, which removes air and supplies it to the apartments, begins on the basement floor. It is also necessary to remove stagnant air and moisture from the basement, and this is done using a common ventilation shaft. It is connected to each apartment through satellite channels. Proper basement ventilation in an apartment building prevents mold and mildew. Additionally, special air vents are provided here in the walls, located above ground level. The number of these holes depends on the area of the basement.
The order of operation of ventilation on the example of a typical project
The most common panel project is a nine-story building. The principle of operation of the hood is the same for them. Air from the street, through windows and cracks, enters the apartment. Extraction occurs through satellite ventilation ducts in the kitchen or bathroom. One, less often several channels from the hood are brought to the main pipe. These channels are connected to the main shaft through two floors. These shafts are quite bulky and take up a lot of space. Such a system, most likely, will be equipped with a large-panel house.
Such a scheme for a house of 9 floors suggests the presence of a warm attic. The outlet from the 8th and 9th floors goes directly into the atmosphere, bypassing the common channel. The scheme for a 9-storey building was designed based on the complete absence of wind and the outside air temperature of +5.
Despite the fact that natural ventilation in such houses is not very efficient, it requires almost no maintenance, blockages rarely occur. There were cases when the ventilation ducts were clogged with building materials during the construction of the house. Such a surprise later affected the quality of the hood. Most often, cleaning the mine is required once every 5-6 years.
During repairs, many people block the air flow in some place. They unknowingly think that this will not affect the hood, but the process of air renewal in the apartment is hindered or stops completely.
The most common actions that lead to interference and malfunctions in natural ventilation are:
- installation of sealed plastic windows;
- interior doors with seal;
- installation of various fans in the hood.
In order not to disrupt the operation of the natural ventilation draft, it is forbidden to obstruct the inflow and outflow of air. For plastic windows, it is necessary to install air inlets or arrange an external inflow separately. Doors between rooms are equipped with bars at the bottom. The cross section of the exhaust duct must not be blocked by fans.
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The ventilation system determines the quality of the indoor air. In an apartment building, its role is extremely large.
After all, the temperature characteristics of air flows, as well as the purity and humidity of the air in each apartment, directly depend on the correct arrangement of ventilation systems.
Air exchange systems, as a rule, are divided into two main types:
- with artificial air exchange (it is also called mechanical), ventilation of the premises is carried out forcibly;
- natural air exchange assumes that fresh air enters the room through openings in window fittings, or through arbitrary slots.
If plastic windows are installed in the apartment, ventilation becomes the only way to organize natural ventilation.
Among the advantages of natural air exchange are ease of maintenance and low cost. However, compared to artificial, it has a number of disadvantages - first of all, dependence on the state of the environment and a very large cross section of the ventilation ducts.
With artificial ventilation, the exhausted dirty air is naturally forced into the ventilation shafts. They are usually provided in areas such as kitchens, bathrooms and toilets.
Forced ventilation involves the use of any devices for organizing air exchange.
It comes in several types.
- Supply. In this case, the air supply is organized artificially. At the same time, its displacement occurs naturally.
- Exhaust. This type involves the elimination of polluted air mechanically, and the supply of fresh air occurs naturally.
- Mixed ventilation implies completely artificial air exchange.
Ventilation device in an apartment building
The design and installation of ventilation systems in apartment buildings is a very complex complex process, consisting of a number of responsible measures. Therefore, they should only be carried out by specialists who have knowledge and experience in this area.
Ventilation is organized according to a scheme that directly depends on several factors, including the number of floors in the house. With a small number of storeys (up to four floors inclusive), they are usually equipped with several ventilation ducts, each of which has a separate exit to the roof of the building.
This scheme is relatively simple, however, it has significant drawbacks. Among them is a large amount of space occupied.
Higher-rise houses (from five floors and above) usually have the following ventilation scheme:
- through a special vent, the exhausted dirty air from the apartment enters the channel - satellite;
- several satellite channels converge into a single ventilation duct;
- from a single channel, dirty air enters the collection main channel;
- protective gypsum slag boxes block all ventilation shafts in the attic in the house;
- the exhaust stream of dirty air is discharged into the atmosphere through a vertical exhaust duct.
In an apartment building, air exchange works naturally. There are two main types of ventilation system solutions typical for such buildings.
Depending on the scheme of education, there are:
- a system that involves the displacement of air;
- scheme involving air mixing.
The second type is common in buildings made of reinforced concrete and brick (that is, in most existing multi-apartment buildings).
What you need to know about canals and mines
The main component that determines how well the ventilation system works in the house is the ventilation duct.
Installation of structures of this type is carried out during the construction process. This is due to the fact that they need to be laid directly in the internal walls of the building under construction. Most of the channel is vertical. However, there are sections located horizontally - their length should be no more than 3 m.
Today, the popularity of metal structures is growing. However, brick ventilation ducts are the most widely used.
Therefore, their features should be considered in more detail. Such channels have a square section with a side equal to half a brick.
To lay a brick channel, you will need to reproduce the following sequence of actions.
- Application of preliminary marking according to a special template.
- The device of two or three initial rows of masonry.
- Buoys are placed along the plumb line. They are bricks that are laid across the ventilation duct. The buoys help to protect the canal from contamination during the construction process, help to give its cross section the correct square shape, and also increase the strength of the structure. The disadvantage of buoys is that they make it difficult to clean the canal.
- In the future, the buoys are rearranged every 5 - 7 rows.
Sometimes, in apartment buildings, individual ventilation ducts are provided. In this case, a separate shaft leads from almost every room. This provides a more stable draft and also prevents foreign odors from entering neighboring apartments.
Another option - for each apartment there is a separate collector, into which, horizontally, its ventilation ducts converge. A common collector is organized in the attic, and from there the air exits into the atmosphere.
The least successful solution is that channels come out of each apartment - satellites that converge higher into one large shaft. The only advantage of this solution is the low cost.
How to check the state of ventilation in the house
To know for sure whether the ventilation system of a particular apartment is working well, it is enough to perform a simple check. To do this, you need a candle or a thin napkin (a piece of toilet paper can replace a napkin).
Verification is carried out as follows.
- A lit candle must be brought to the ventilation grill. If the flame is attracted to the grate, then the ventilation is in working condition.
- A piece of a napkin is applied to the ventilation grill, which needs to be lightly pressed, and then released. If the napkin remains on the grate, this indicates a well-functioning ventilation system.
The microclimate in the apartment largely depends on the correct ventilation device. Therefore, it is important to keep her channels in proper condition.
In addition, you should regularly clean the grates on the hoods and check how the system works. This will provide more active air circulation.
Proper operation of the ventilation system is an important component of comfortable living in an apartment. Ventilation in an apartment building allows you to organize proper air circulation: the removal of polluted air and the influx of fresh air from the street in sufficient volumes. To do this, it is important not only to have a good understanding of how the ventilation systems in the house should function, but also to ensure that they are properly maintained.
Insufficient ventilation has a direct impact on the health and well-being of the residents living in the apartment. Lack of fresh air provokes headache, depression, drowsiness, fatigue.
In each high-rise building, according to building codes, there is a centralized ventilation system, which is a set of ventilation shafts and channels that bring exhaust air masses from rooms to the attic or to the street. Air ducts are located in the ceilings, and their installation is carried out at the construction stage.
There are three approaches to the organization of ventilation in multi-storey buildings:
- Natural air supply and exhaust system. Used in most typical high-rise buildings. A clear advantage of this solution is the operation without being connected to the power supply.
- Forced ventilation using special installations. It is used where the power of natural air exchange is not enough.
- Combined ventilation systems use a combination of mechanical and natural ventilation systems.
It is also possible to add additional nodes to the house ventilation system.
For example, installing a heat exchanger (a device capable of accumulating heat from the exhaust air and giving it to the supply air) allows you to save a lot of money on heating.
Or another element - a deflector, which is installed on the roof, above the outlet of the shaft. It performs two functions: protection of the ventilation shaft from precipitation and increased traction through wind energy.
The principle of operation and ventilation options
The influx of outdoor air into the premises passes through loosely adjacent window porches or channels and valves provided for this in double-glazed windows made of metal-plastic.
The hood is made through vertical shafts (as a rule, they pass in the bathrooms and kitchens), going from the apartment to the roof or attic. Due to the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors, a draft arises in the mine, which ensures the movement of air.
Note! In the cold season, the thrust is higher than in summer. In hot calm weather, on the contrary, the implementation of natural ventilation actually does not occur.
The flow of fresh air moves through the rooms, gradually mixing with the exhaust air masses, after which it is removed from the room through the exhaust ducts.
