The history of Russia is very diverse, ambiguous and enticing. This country has existed for hundreds of years, it has significantly contributed to the development of world history. Russia experienced a lot of crashes and falls, but it always got up from its knees and moved on towards a brighter future. Countless attempts to capture it were crowned with resounding failures, no one will ever be able to conquer this great power. The people staunchly stood for their independence and freedom, and no one bowed their heads before the lords and invaders. So today Russia is the leading country in the world in many different areas. This is astronautics, and mechanical engineering and much more.
The twentieth century was marked for Russia and a number of other countries by terrible and bloody wars, which, unfortunately, claimed millions of human lives. After the end of the Second World War, Russia as part of the USSR continued its rapid development in absolutely all sectors, this was the case until the collapse of this great and indestructible power. A decade has passed, a very difficult decade, and now Russia is again zealously striving forward towards a bright and carefree future. What awaits her in the future? Everything depends on the Russian people, who have always amazed the whole world with their steadfastness and steadfastness.
1861 February 19 - the abolition of serfdom
A significant date for the entire Russian people, from now on the country was free from the shackles of slavery. Started this year new stage Russian history. The internecine wars were over. A truly strong and wise empress ascended the throne, who managed to raise Russia from its knees and achieve its greatness and respect in Europe.
1905-1907 - the first Russian revolution
The bloody revolution ended in failure. The autocracy was not overthrown and the tsar remained on the throne. During the period of the first revolution, the main revolutionaries of 1917 participated. This young generation of rebels and reformers tried in every possible way to change the political system that had reigned in Russia for many centuries.
1914, August 1 - Russia's entry into World War 1
It is impossible not to touch this event. The first war of the imperialists in history ended with monstrous human losses in the first place. As a result of this war, the leading world empires collapsed - the Ottoman, German, German. Russia experienced in parallel with the war also great revolution. This period was extremely difficult for the country, but in the end we all know that the most powerful state on the planet was formed
1917, February 27 - uprising in Petrograd
1917, February 27 - an armed uprising in Petrograd (the transition of the soldiers of the Petrograd garrison to the side of the insurgent population).
These years were marked by the formation of the Provisional Committee State Duma and the choice of the Petrograd Soviet. Unanimous victory in the elections to the Petrograd Soviet of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. A new stage in the history of the Great Power.
1918, March 3 - signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
From now on, Russia left the battlefield. Now there was an urgent need to put an end to the outbreak of civil war and bring the country's economy to growth. After the signing of the treaty, one of the stones oppressing Russia fell asleep.
The great power stood on its feet and smoothly began to move towards development. Civil War was completely finished. The USSR headed for a brighter future. The economy began to gradually grow, the wounds from the civil war began to gradually heal.
1941, June 22 - 1945, May 9 - Great Patriotic War
The most terrible war in the history of mankind began on this wonderful summer and carefree day. For four long years, the people fought fiercely against the Nazi invaders, who treacherously invaded the territory of the USSR.
1945, May 8-9 - capitulation of Nazi Germany, Victory Day
May 9 - Victory Day. Victory Day! It was this holiday that was forever imprinted in the memory of absolutely every young and adult inhabitant of this great country. At the cost of millions of lives, the country gained such a desired victory over a bloodthirsty enemy. Now the USSR has proved that it is worth something!
1956, February - XX Congress of the CPSU
The congress was marked by the world-famous "dispelling of Stalin's personality cult." Nikita Khrushchev in literally words shocked everyone present with his fiery speech. This is a new stage in the history of Russia and the entire USSR. This so-called thaw period has left its mark forever.
1991, December 8 - signing of the Bialowieza agreement
1991, December 8 - signing by B. N. Yeltsin (RSFSR), L. M. Kravchuk (Ukraine), S. S. Shushkevich (Belarus) of the Belovezhskaya agreement on the dissolution of the USSR.
This is the end of a great and powerful state. Seventy years of existence have not gone unnoticed. Russia again became the successor of the USSR. Again wars, enmity, political and economic crises. All this accompanied the country throughout the difficult nineties against the backdrop of total devastation, the war in Chechnya and much more.
year 2000
Election of President of Russia Vladimir Putin. A radically new period in the history of Russia. The new head of state was able to bring the country out of a long-term crisis, out of practically ruins. The country's economy was raised several times, the armed forces became powerful again. Various space programs were re-deployed, the country moved forward again! Now everything depends on the people of Russia, their fate belongs to them and no one else!
For several centuries, Russia experienced ups and downs, but eventually became a kingdom with its capital in Moscow.
Brief periodization
The history of Russia began in 862, when the Viking Rurik arrived in Novgorod, proclaimed a prince in this city. Under his successor, the political center moved to Kyiv. With the advent of fragmentation in Russia, several cities began to argue with each other for the right to become the main one in the East Slavic lands.
This feudal period was interrupted by the invasion Mongolian hordes and established yoke. In extremely difficult conditions of devastation and constant wars, Moscow became the main Russian city, which finally united Russia and made it independent. In the XV-XVI centuries this name became a thing of the past. It was replaced by the word "Russia", adopted in the Byzantine manner.
In modern historiography, there are several points of view on the question of when feudal Russia went into the past. Most often, researchers believe that this happened in 1547, when Prince Ivan Vasilyevich took the title of king.
The emergence of Russia
The ancient united Russia, whose history began in the 9th century, appeared after the Novgorodians captured Kyiv in 882 and made this city their capital. In this era East Slavic tribes were divided into several tribal unions (Polyany, Dregovichi, Krivichi, etc.). Some of them were at enmity with each other. The inhabitants of the steppes also paid tribute to the Khazars, hostile foreigners.
Unification of Russia
Northeast or great Russia became the center of the struggle against the Mongols. This confrontation was led by the princes of small Moscow. At first they were able to obtain the right to collect taxes from all Russian lands. Thus, part of the money settled in the Moscow treasury. When enough strength had gathered, Dmitry Donskoy found himself in open confrontation with the Golden Horde khans. In 1380, his army defeated Mamai.
But even despite this success, for another century, Moscow rulers periodically paid tribute. Only after in 1480 the yoke was finally thrown off. At the same time, under Ivan III, almost all Russian lands, including Novgorod, were united around Moscow. In 1547, his grandson Ivan the Terrible assumed the title of tsar, which was the end of the history of princely Russia and the beginning of a new tsarist Russia.
965 - The defeat of the Khazar Khaganate army Kyiv prince Svyatoslav Igorevich.
988 - Baptism of Russia. Kievan Rus accepts Orthodox Christianity.
1223 - Battle on the Kalka- the first battle between the Russians and the Mughals.
1240 - Neva battle- a military conflict between the Russians, led by the Novgorod prince Alexander and the Swedes.
1242 - Battle on Lake Peipsi- a battle between the Russians, led by Alexander Nevsky and the knights of the Livonian Order. This battle went down in history as the Battle on the Ice.
1380 - Battle of Kulikovo- a battle between the united army of Russian principalities led by Dmitry Donskoy and the army of the Golden Horde led by Mamai.
1466 - 1472 - journey of Athanasius Nikitin to Persia, India and Turkey.
1480 - The final deliverance of Russia from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
1552 - Capture of Kazan Russian troops of Ivan the Terrible, the cessation of the existence of the Kazan Khanate and its inclusion in the Muscovite Russia.
1556 - Accession of the Astrakhan Khanate to Moscow Rus.
1558 - 1583 - Livonian War. The war of the Russian kingdom against the Livonian Order and the subsequent conflict of the Russian kingdom with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland and Sweden.
1581 (or 1582) - 1585 - Yermak's campaigns in Siberia and battles with the Tatars.
1589 - Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia.
1604 - The invasion of False Dmitry I in Russia. Beginning of the Time of Troubles.
1606 - 1607 - Bolotnikov's uprising.
1612 - The liberation of Moscow from the Poles by the people's militia of Minin and Pozharsky End of the Time of Troubles.
1613 - Rise to power in Russia of the Romanov dynasty.
1654 - Pereyaslav Rada decided to reunification of Ukraine with Russia.
1667 - Andrusovo truce between Russia and Poland. Left-bank Ukraine and Smolensk went to Russia.
1686 - "Eternal Peace" with Poland. Russia's entry into the anti-Turkish coalition.
1700 - 1721 - North War - fighting between Russia and Sweden.
1783 - Accession of Crimea to Russian Empire .
1803 - Decree on free cultivators. The peasants received the right to redeem themselves with land.
1812 - Battle of Borodino- a battle between the Russian army led by Kutuzov and the French troops under the command of Napoleon.
1814 - The capture of Paris by Russian and allied troops.
1817 - 1864 - Caucasian war.
1825 - Decembrist revolt- armed anti-government rebellion of officers of the Russian army.
1825 - built first Railway in Russia.
1853 - 1856 - Crimean War. In this military conflict, the Russian Empire was opposed by England, France and the Ottoman Empire.
1861 - The abolition of serfdom in Russia.
1877 - 1878 - Russo-Turkish War
1914 - Start of World War I and the entry of the Russian Empire into it.
1917 - Revolution in Russia(February and October). In February, after the fall of the monarchy, power passed to the Provisional Government. In October, the Bolsheviks came to power through a coup.
1918 - 1922 - Russian Civil War. It ended with the victory of the Reds (Bolsheviks) and the creation of the Soviet state.
* Separate outbreaks of the civil war began in the autumn of 1917.
1941 - 1945 - War between the USSR and Germany. This confrontation took place within the framework of the Second World War.
1949 - Creation and testing of the first atomic bomb in the USSR.
1961 - First manned flight into space. It was Yuri Gagarin from the USSR.
1991 - The collapse of the USSR and the fall of socialism.
1993 - Acceptance of the constitution by the Russian Federation.
2008 - Armed conflict between Russia and Georgia.
2014 - Return of Crimea to Russia.
The development of world history was not linear. At each of its stages there were events and periods that can be called "critical points". They changed both geopolitics and the worldview of people.
1. Neolithic revolution (10 thousand years BC - 2 thousand BC)
The term "Neolithic Revolution" was introduced in 1949 by the English archaeologist Gordon Child. Child called its main content the transition from an appropriating economy (hunting, gathering, fishing) to a producing economy (agriculture and cattle breeding). According to archeology, the domestication of animals and plants took place in different time independently in 7-8 regions. The earliest center of the Neolithic revolution is considered to be the Middle East, where domestication began no later than 10 thousand years BC.
2. Creation of the Mediterranean civilization (4 thousand BC)
The Mediterranean region was the hotbed of the emergence of the first civilizations. The emergence of the Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia is attributed to the 4th millennium BC. e. In the same 4th millennium BC. e. Egyptian pharaohs united the lands in the Nile Valley, and their civilization rapidly expanded across the Fertile Crescent to the eastern Mediterranean and across the Levant. This made Mediterranean countries such as Egypt, Syria and Lebanon part of the cradle of civilization.
3. Great migration of peoples (IV-VII centuries)
The Great Migration of Peoples was a turning point in history, which determined the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages. Scientists still argue about the causes of the Great Migration, but its consequences turned out to be global.
Numerous Germanic (Franks, Lombards, Saxons, Vandals, Goths) and Sarmatian (Alans) tribes moved to the territory of the weakening Roman Empire. The Slavs reached the coast of the Mediterranean and the Baltic, settled part of the Peloponnese and Asia Minor. The Turks have reached Central Europe, the Arabs began aggressive campaigns, during which they conquered the entire Middle East to the Indus, North Africa and Spain.
4. Fall of the Roman Empire (5th century)
Two powerful blows - in 410 by the Visigoths and in 476 by the Germans - crushed the seemingly eternal Roman Empire. This jeopardized the achievements of ancient European civilization. A crisis ancient rome did not come suddenly, but matured from within for a long time. The military and political decline of the empire, which began in the 3rd century, gradually led to the weakening of centralized power: it could no longer manage the expanded and multinational empire. The ancient state was replaced by feudal Europe with its new organizing center - the "Holy Roman Empire". Europe for several centuries plunged into the abyss of confusion and discord.
5. Schism of the church (1054)
In 1054 there was a final split of the Christian Church into East and West. Its reason was the desire of Pope Leo IX to receive territories that were subject to Patriarch Michael Cerularius. The dispute resulted in mutual church curses (anathemas) and public accusations of heresy. The western church was called the Roman Catholic (Roman world church), and the eastern one was called the Orthodox. The path to the Schism was long (almost six centuries) and began with the so-called Akakievsky schism of 484.
6. Little Ice Age (1312-1791)
Beginning of Small ice age, which began in 1312, led to a whole ecological disaster. According to experts, during the period from 1315 to 1317, almost a quarter of the population died out due to the Great Famine in Europe. Hunger was a constant companion of people throughout the Little Ice Age. In the period from 1371 to 1791, there were 111 famine years in France alone. In 1601 alone, half a million people died of starvation in Russia due to crop failures.
However, the Little Ice Age gave the world not only famine and high mortality. It also became one of the reasons for the birth of capitalism. Coal became the source of energy. For its extraction and transportation, workshops with hired workers began to be organized, which became a harbinger of the scientific and technological revolution and the birth of a new formation public organization- capitalism. Some researchers (Margaret Anderson) also associate the settlement of America with the consequences of the Little Ice Age - people traveled for a better life from "God forsaken" Europe.
7. The era of the great geographical discoveries (XV-XVII centuries)
Age of the Greats geographical discoveries radically expanded the ecumene of mankind. In addition, it created an opportunity for the leading European powers to make the most of their overseas colonies, exploiting their human and Natural resources and deriving huge profits from it. Some scholars also directly link the triumph of capitalism to transatlantic trade, which gave rise to commercial and financial capital.
8. Reformation (XVI-XVII centuries)
The beginning of the Reformation is considered to be the speech of Martin Luther, doctor of theology at the University of Wittenberg: on October 31, 1517, he nailed his “95 theses” to the doors of the Wittenberg Castle Church. In them he spoke out against existing abuses catholic church in particular against the sale of indulgences.
The reformation process gave rise to many so-called Protestant wars, which seriously affected the political structure of Europe. Historians consider the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 to be the end of the Reformation.
9. Great French Revolution (1789-1799)
The French Revolution that broke out in 1789 not only turned France from a monarchy into a republic, but also summed up the collapse of the old European order. Its slogan: "Freedom, equality, fraternity" excited the minds of the revolutionaries for a long time. French revolution not only laid the foundations for the democratization of European society - it appeared as a cruel machine of senseless terror, the victims of which were about 2 million people.
10. Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)
The irrepressible imperial ambitions of Napoleon plunged Europe into chaos for 15 years. It all started with the invasion of French troops in Italy, and ended with an inglorious defeat in Russia. Being a talented commander, Napoleon, nevertheless, did not shun threats and intrigues, by which he subdued Spain and Holland to his influence, and also convinced Prussia to join the alliance, but then unceremoniously betrayed her interests.
During Napoleonic Wars the Kingdom of Italy, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and a number of other small territorial entities appeared on the map. In the final plans of the commander was the division of Europe between two emperors - himself and Alexander I, as well as the overthrow of Britain. But the inconsistent Napoleon himself changed his plans. The defeat in 1812 from Russia led to the collapse of Napoleonic plans in the rest of Europe. The Treaty of Paris (1814) returned France to its former borders of 1792.
11. Industrial Revolution (XVII-XIX centuries)
The industrial revolution in Europe and the USA made it possible to move from an agrarian society to an industrial one in just 3-5 generations. The invention of the steam engine in England in the second half of the 17th century is considered to be the conditional beginning of this process. Over time, steam engines began to be used in production, and then as a driving mechanism for locomotives and steamships.
The main achievements of the era of the Industrial Revolution can be considered the mechanization of labor, the invention of the first conveyors, machine tools, and the telegraph. The advent of the railroads was a huge step.
Second World War was on the territory of 40 countries, and 72 states took part in it. According to some estimates, 65 million people died in it. The war markedly weakened Europe's position in global politics and economics and led to the creation of a bipolar system in world geopolitics. Some countries during the war were able to achieve independence: Ethiopia, Iceland, Syria, Lebanon, Vietnam, Indonesia. In countries of Eastern Europe employed Soviet troops socialist regimes were established. World War II also led to the creation of the UN.
14. Scientific and technological revolution (mid. XX century)
The scientific and technological revolution, the onset of which is usually attributed to the middle of the last century, made it possible to automate production, entrusting control and management production processes electronics. The role of information has seriously increased, which also allows us to talk about the information revolution. With the advent of rocket and space technology, human exploration of near-Earth space began.
2-4 million years - the beginning of the separation of man from the animal world (the use of sticks, stones by Australopithecus).
X-III millennium BC - the Neolithic revolution.
III millennium BC - 476 AD - era ancient civilizations(states).
776 BC - the first Olympic Games in Ancient Greece.
773 BC According to legend, Rome was founded by the brothers Romulus and Remus.
594 BC - reforms of the Athenian archon Solon, the first known reforms in the history of mankind.
336-323 BC. - The reign and military campaigns of Alexander the Great.
395-1453 – Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium
476 - the fall of the Roman Empire, the transition from ancient history to the history of the Middle Ages.
800 - coronation in Rome of Charlemagne.
862 - the beginning of the Old Russian statehood, the Rurik dynasty (862-1598).
988 - adoption of Christianity Ancient Russia under Vladimir I (980-1015).
1054 - the split of Christianity into Catholicism and Orthodoxy.
1147 - foundation of Moscow.
1206-1242 - Mongol military expansion under the leadership of Genghis Khan and his successors.
1243-1480 - Mongol-Tatar yoke over Russian lands.
1480 - "standing on the Ugra", the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
1517 - the beginning of the Reformation after the theses of Martin Luther.
1547 - the coronation of Ivan IV Vasilyevich to the kingdom, the beginning of reforms in the Muscovite state.
1605-1613 - Time of Troubles in Russia (1613-1917 - the reign of the Romanov dynasty).
1649 - the legal registration of serfdom in Russia by the Cathedral Code.
1640-1688 — English bourgeois revolution.
1682-1725 - the reign of Peter the Great (emperor since 1721).
1703 - the foundation of the city of St. Petersburg.
1776 - Declaration of Independence of the United States of America.
1789-1799 - French bourgeois revolution.
1812, September 7 - Battle of Borodino, decisive battle Patriotic War 1812 against Napoleon.
1861-1865 - American Civil War.
1871 - completion of the unification of Germany.
1929-1933 - global economic crisis.
1933 - A. Hitler's coming to power, the "new course" of F.D. Roosevelt.
1992-1998 - radical socio-economic reforms in Russia.
1993 - Creation of the European Union.
2008-2011 - global economic crisis.
Literature for the entire study guide.
* Vasiliev L.S. General history: (textbook: in 6 volumes). - M .: graduate School, 2007.
* History of international relations: the main stages from antiquity to the present day: textbook .- M .: Logos, 2007.
* History of Russia: from ancient times to early XXI century (textbook). Under. ed. Corresponding Member RAS A.N. Sakharova.- M.: AST: Astrel; Vladimir: VKT, 2009.
* History of mankind: (in 8 volumes). - Ed. Z.Ya. De Laata.- Paris, UNESCO; M.: MAGISTR-PRESS, 2003.
* Krasnyak O.A. The World History: (single idea of regularities historical development countries of the West and East from ancient times to the present day).- M.: URSS: Izd-vo LKI, 2008.
* National history: Tutorial for technical universities / Ed. V.V. Fortunatova. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005.
* Platova E.E., Ovodenko A.A. Story foreign economic relations in questions and answers. - St. Petersburg, 2005.
* Sadokhin A.P. History of world culture: a textbook for universities. - M .: Unity, 2010.
* Wells G.D. General history of world civilization. - 2nd ed. - M .: Eksmo, 2007.
* Fortunatov V.V. Domestic History: A Textbook for Humanitarian Universities. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.
* Fortunatov V.V. Codes of national history. A manual for test graduates (USE), applicants and university students. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009.
* Fortunatov V.V. Russian history in faces. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009.
* Fortunatov V. V. Russian history in aphorisms. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010.
* Fortunatov V. V. History of world civilizations. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2011.
* Yakovlev I.A. The history of mankind: the history of the relationship between man and nature as a civilizational process. - St. Petersburg: Aleteyya, 2006.
Dvornichenko A.Yu. Russian history from ancient times to the fall of the autocracy. Textbook.- M .: Publishing House "Ves Mir", 2010- P.172.
Both victories of Alexander Nevsky are included in the list of the Days of Military Glory of Russia, which is officially approved by the Russian government.
It seems noteworthy that in the course of the television project RTR "Name of Russia" in 2008, Alexander Nevsky took first place among Russian viewers.
Some authors believe that taking the Bastille was not great work and the head of the prison was executed for nothing. But other French people and not only believe that the revolution began with a beautiful and symbolic act.
Konotopov M.V., Smetanin S.I. History of the Russian economy. M.: Paleotype: Logos, 2004. S. 51-52.
Mironov B.N. Social history of Russia in the period of the empire (XVIII-early XX century): Genesis of personality, democratic family, civil society and the rule of law. St. Petersburg: Dm. Bulanin, 1999. Vol. 1, 2. 548+ 566 p. 3rd ed. St. Petersburg: Dm. Bulanin, 2003.
Dvornichenko A.Yu. Russian history from ancient times to the fall of autocracy.- M.: Ves Mir, 2010.- P.447.
Cm.: State Security Russia: History and Modernity / Ed. ed. R. N. Baiguzina.- M.: "Russian Political Encyclopedia" (ROSSPEN), 2004.- P.507-514.
65 years old Great Victory. In six volumes / Ed. S.E. Naryshkina, A.V. Torkunova-M.: "MGIMO-University", 2010.
See: Soviet foreign policy during the Cold War (1945-1985). New reading. M., 1995.- S. 210.
The seal of secrecy has been removed. Losses of the Armed Forces of the USSR in wars, combat operations and military conflicts. Statistical research. M.: Military publishing house, 1993. S. 407–409.
