And so, I propose to collect all the dynasties and their kings in a single list. But first I would like to highlight the most famous and prominent of them.

Let's start with Narmer. This is the pharaoh of the pre-dynastic era. He became the first pharaoh to make Memphis his residence.

Sneferu, pharaoh of the 4th dynasty. In the tomb of his queen, Neteferis, at Giza, rare pieces of furniture were found, which are stored today in the Cairo Museum.

Khufu, pharaoh of the 4th dynasty, builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
Khafra (Chephren), pharaoh of the 4th dynasty, builder of the second pyramid at Giza. The Great Sphinx of the pyramid is an image of King Khafre.

pipi II, pharaoh of the 6th dynasty, who reached the age of ninety and reigned longer than all other known pharaohs. Mentuhotep, pharaoh of the 11th dynasty. He united Egypt, which was in decline after a long period of internal strife.

Further, Amenemhat I, pharaoh of the 12th dynasty. He usurped the throne of his predecessor, introduced the worship of the Theban god Amon into the cult, and also appointed his son Senusret I as his co-ruler.
Senusret III, pharaoh of the 12th dynasty, known for his bravery. He abolished the privileged position of all provincial officials (nomarchs), fought against Nubia, and also built numerous fortresses in the region of the second threshold of the Nile to prevent raids from Nubia and protect the Egyptian gold miners working here.
Ahmose , pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. Saved Egypt from the Hyksos invasion and pursued the exiled Hyksos all the way to Southern Canaan.

Amenhotep I son of Ahmose, pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, revered by subsequent generations (together with his mother, Queen Nefertari) as one of the gods.
Thutmose I pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. He fought fiercely with the Kingdom of Mitanni and, together with his troops, reached the Euphrates River in Syria.

Hatshepsut queen of the 18th dynasty. The most significant among several women who owned the Egyptian throne in the entire history of the country.
Thutmose III, pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. He conducted over 20 victorious campaigns against Egyptian enemies, reaching the fourth threshold of the Nile in Sudan.
Ekhpaton (or Amenhotep IV) , pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, the most famous of the pharaohs of ancient Egypt as an organizer of religious, social and cultural revolution. He introduced the cult of the supreme chief god - the sun god Aton and built a new capital in el - Amarna. His wife was the beautiful Nefertiti, whose most beautiful bust is kept in the Berlin Museum.

Tutankhamen , 18th Dynasty pharaoh who died at the age of eighteen and became widely known for the dramatic discovery of his hitherto undamaged tomb in the Valley of the Kings (Western Luxor). The treasures found in it occupy a large section of the second floor of the Egyptian Museum.

Next Networks I , pharaoh of the 19th dynasty. The first king to display monumental images of his military battles on the temple wall at Karnak. The giant pillared hall of this temple was partly built during his reign.
Ramesses II (Ramses the Great), pharaoh of the 19th dynasty, who ruled for 67 years.
Perhaps it was during the years of his reign that the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt falls. He owns the building largest number the most magnificent monuments of Egyptian antiquity. In the battle of the Egyptians with the Hittites at Kadesh, 4000 detachments participated from the Egyptian side. Later, he signed a peace treaty with them and married at least two daughters of the Hittite king. There was a rumor that he was the father of 100 sons. He built a common tomb for many of his children in the Valley of the Kings. The tomb of his wife, Queen Nefertari, is the most beautiful in the Valley of the Queens. During his reign, the rock Temple at Abu Simbel was carved.
ramses III, pharaoh of the 19th dynasty, during which the famous sea battle of the Egyptians with the Peoples of the Sea took place, then depicted on the walls of his well-preserved memorial temple in Medinet Habu (Western Luxor). The Philistines are also depicted here for the first time. He was killed as a result of a palace conspiracy.
Sheshenq I, pharaoh of the 22nd dynasty, biblical king Shishak, Libyan by origin. His accession to the throne falls approximately at the time of the death of the biblical king Solomon. A large list of his conquests in Israel, Judea, and elsewhere is carved on the wall of his Temple at Karnak.

Further, Pi(ankh), pharaoh of the 25th dynasty, of Nubian origin. Having captured Egypt, he ruled it as an Egyptian king. His victory over the Libyan troops in the Nile Delta was commemorated on a triumphal stele, now in the Egyptian Museum. He is also known as a particular lover of horses. He and other kings of this dynasty reintroduced the old custom of royal burial in pyramids.
Psammetich I, pharaoh of the 26th dynasty, who restored the rule of the native Egyptians. Its capital was Sais, a city in the west of the Nile Delta. He ruled during the heyday of classical Greece, employed Greeks and Carians, and encouraged Greek merchants to found several Greek cities in Egypt.
Amasis , pharaoh of the 26th dynasty, fought against the Babylonians who invaded Syria - Palestine, but could not prevent the destruction of the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem.

Perhaps we can now return to complete list. Of course, not all the names of the kings have come down to us, but those that we have will be given here. To begin with, it is worth saying that the mythical ten kings of Thinis are included in the 0th dynasty. After the 4th dynasty, the pharaohs, with some exceptions, upon accession to the throne received an official name, consisting of own name pharaoh and the name of the sun god Ra.

I dynasty: Narmer (Less), Axa, Jer, Jet, Udi-mu, Merpaba, Semerkhet, Kaa.

Total 8 kings, ruling 253 years.

II dynasty: Hotep-akhaui, Ra-neb, Neteri-mu, Peribsen, Kha-sekhemui, Ka-Ra, Kha-sekhemui.

There were 9 kings in total, ruling for 302 years.

III dynasty: Sa-Nekkht, Djoser-Neterkhet, Snefru.

Only 9 kings, and 214 years and reign.

ancient kingdom

IV dynasty: Sharu, Khufu, Khafra, Men-kau-Ra, Dadef-Ra, Shepses-kaf, Sebek-ka-Ra.

8 kings, and 284 years of their reign.

5th dynasty: Userkaf, Sahu-Ra, Shepses-ka-Ra, Neferf-Ra, Ni-user-Ra, Men-kau-Hor, Dad-ka-Ra-Isesi, Venis.

Total 9 kings, ruling 248 years.

VI dynasty: Teti, User-ka-Ra, Pepi I, Meren-Ra, Pepi II, Mezhti-em-saf, Neter-ka-Ra, Queen Neit-akert.

Only 6 kings, ruling 203 years.

First transitional period

VII dynasty: 70 Memphis kings who ruled for 70 days.

8th dynasty includes 27 Memphis kings, 146 years old.

IX dynasty: 19 kings ruling 409 years.

X dynasty : 10 kings, 185 years.

middle kingdom

XI dynasty: Intef I, Intef II, Mentu-hotep I, Mentu-hotep II, Mentu-hotep III, Mentu-hotep IV.

Only 16 kings, and 43 years of their reign.

XII dynasty: Amonemhet I, Senusret, Amenemhet II, Senusret II, Senusret III, Amonemhet III, Amonemhet IV, Queen Sebek-nefru.

We get 8 kings, 160 years of reign.

XIII dynasty

No data has been saved.

Second transitional period

XIV dynasty: 76 kings, 184 years of reign.

XV dynasty includes 6 foreign Phoenician kings who reigned for 284 years.

XVI dynasty: 32 shepherd Greek kings, 518 years old.

new kingdom

XVII Dynasty: Sekenen-Ra I, Sekenen-Ra II, Sekenen-Ra III, Cameo.

There are 43 shepherd kings and 43 Theban rulers. Together they ruled for 151 years.

XVIII dynasty: Ahmes I, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose II, Queen Hatshepsut, Thothmes III Men-Kheper-Ra, Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV, Amenhotep III, Amenhotep IV Akhenatep, Smenkh-ka-Ra, Tut-ankh-Amon, Au, Haremheb.

There are 16 kings in total, ruling for 263 years.

XIX dynasty: Ramses I, Setehi I, Ramesses II, Mer-en-Ptah, Setehi II, Amon-mes, Si-Ptah, Setekh-nekht.

Total 8 kings, 209 years.

XX dynasty: Ramesses III, Ramesses IV, Ramesses V, Ramesses VI, Ramesses VII, Ramesses VIII, Ramesses IX, Ramesses X.

Only 12 kings who ruled for 135 years.

Late period

XXI dynasty: Herihor Smendes, Pianhi Paseb Khanu I, Pinedjem I Amonemipt, Masaharta Si Amon, Pinedjem II, Paseb Khanu II.

Total 7 kings, 130 years.

XXII dynasty: Sheshenk I, Osorkon I, Takelot I, Osorkon II, Sheshenk II, Takelot II, Sheshenk III, Pami, Sheshenk IV

Total 9 kings, ruling 126 years.

XXIII dynasty: Piankhi I, Pedubast Osorkon III, Takelot III.

Only 4 kings, 28 years of reign.

XXIV dynasty: Shabaka, Piankhi II, Shabataka, Taharka, Tanutamon.

5 kings, 40 years of reign.

XXVI dynasty: Necho I, Psamtek I, Necho II, Psamtek II, Psamtek III, Apris (Khophra), Amasis II, Psamtek IV.

only 9 kings, ruling 150 years and 6 months.

Persian period

XXVII dynasty: 8 Persian kings, 124 years and 4 months of their reign.

XXVIII dynasty: Amirtey (6 years old).

XXIX dynasty: 4 kings, 20 years and 4 months of their reign.

XXX dynasty: Nectaneb I, Jeher Nectaneb II.

Only 3 kings, ruling 38 years.

Conquest of Alexander the Great 332 BC e.

Ptolemaic period: Ptolemy I Soter I, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Ptolemy III Eurgeitis I, Ptolemy IV Philopatre, Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Ptolemy VI Philometr, Ptolemy VII Eurgetis II, Ptolemy VIII Eupater, Ptolemy IX Neos Philopatre, Ptolemy X Soter II, Ptolemy XI Alexander I, Ptolemy XII Alexander II, Ptolemy XIII Philopatra, Ptolemy XIV Philopatra, Ptolemy XV Philopatra, Cleopatra.

Capture by Octavius ​​(Octavian) 30 BC e.

In the 4th millennium BC, there were 42 small “states” on the territory of Egypt, the Greeks called them nomes. As a result of the wars between them, by the middle of the 4th millennium BC. e. two large kingdoms arose - Southern (Upper Egypt) and Northern (Lower Egypt). The southern consisted of 22 nomes, the northern - of 20. After some time, the king of Upper Egypt conquered Lower Egypt and united the country. Usually they write that they did it Mena near. 3000 BC e. But, apparently, this event happened much earlier. In any case, already several predecessors of Mena called themselves the rulers of all of Egypt (the so-called zero dynasty). Dates, especially for the third millennium BC, are very approximate even for estimating the time of the reign of various dynasties, not to mention the dating of the reigns of individual pharaohs. It is also unknown how and under what circumstances the change of dynasties took place.

Pre-dynastic kings, before 3000 BC e.

These pharaohs were probably the immediate predecessors of the pharaohs of the first dynasty. Perhaps, under them, Egypt was already a single kingdom, and the unification of the country took place even earlier. Unfortunately, the names of the predecessors of these pharaohs have not been preserved. Their capital was the city Thinis. ? ? (Scorpio) Ka (Double) Narmer (Som)

First Dynasty (from Thinis), beginning - c. 3000 BC n. e.

Pharaoh Mena built a new capital - the city of Memphis. With him they began to lead ancient chronicles. Apparently, therefore, the ancient Egyptians considered him the founder of the first dynasty. It's just that in the annals the name of Pharaoh Mena was the first one that descendants discovered there. Mena (=Gor-Aga=Menes) Djer Waji Den (=Udimu=Densemit=Usefais) Adjib (=Miebis) Semerkhet Kaa (=Kebhu)

The Second Dynasty (from Thinis), ended c. 2780 BC e.

Exact number and the succession of the reign of the pharaohs of this dynasty has not been established. Bedjau Hetepsekhemui Raneb Ninecher Uneg (Veneg) Send (Sened) Peribsen Hasekhem Hasekhemui

Third Dynasty (from Heliopolis), c. 2780 - c. 2720 BC e.

Djoser considered the founder of the third dynasty, although there is no reliable information about this. If he had predecessors, then their names were not preserved in history, and Djoser became famous for the fact that the first pyramid was built under him. The exact number and sequence of the reign of the pharaohs of this dynasty has not been established. Djoser Semerkhet (Sekhemkhet) Khaba Neferkar Nebk Hu (=Huni)

Fourth Dynasty (from Elephantine), c. 2720 ​​- c. 2560 BC e.

Snefru Khufu (Cheops) Djedefra (Radzhedef) Khafre (Khefren) Interregnum, struggle for power between the two brothers of Khafre - Khorjed and Rabauf, later outlawed. Menkaura (Mykerin) Shepseskar (Shepseskaf)

Fifth Dynasty (from Elephantine), c. 2560 - c. 2420 BC e.

This maternal dynasty was a continuation of the fourth dynasty. Userkaf Sahura Neferirkara Kapay Shepseskara Neferefre (Neferkara) Nyuserra Menkauhor Djedkara Isesi Unis

Sixth Dynasty, c. 2420 - c. 2260 BC e.

Tepi (= Teti) Userkara Merira Piopi (Pepi) I Merenra I Neferkara Piopi (Pepi) II (d. c. 2270 BC) Piopi II came to the throne as a teenager and ruled for about 100 years, which is a kind of record in world history. Merenra II Nitokerti (Nitokris), Queen Menkar

Seventh dynasty

Time of decline and disintegration of the ancient kingdom. The ancient Egyptian historian Manetho said about this dynasty: "seventy kings in seventy days." If this dynasty really ruled, then for a very short time and obviously not throughout Egypt.

Eighth Dynasty, c. 2260-2220 BC e.

The pharaohs of this dynasty did not have power over the whole country. According to Manetho - "27 kings who ruled for 146 years." It seems the eighth dynasty was related to the sixth. But the list of pharaohs of this dynasty, due to the lack of sources, cannot yet be restored.

Ninth Dynasty (from Heracleupol), c. 2220 - c. 2130s BC e.

This dynasty ruled in the north of Egypt, but also in the south at this time a state was formed with its capital in Thebes.

Dominions of the dynasty conquered by the pharaoh of the eleventh Theban dynasty Mentuhotep I/II.

Eleventh Dynasty (from Thebes), c. 2160-2000 BC e.

The pharaohs of this dynasty united all of Egypt under their rule.

Mentuhotep(nomarch of Thebes, did not take the royal title)

Intef I (=Antef)	OK. 2160-2120/19
Intef II	OK. 2120/18-2070
Intef III	OK. 2070-2065
Mentuhotep I/II	OK. 2065—2015
Mentuhotep II/III	?
Mentuhotep III/IV	?
Mentuhotep IV/V	OK. 2015—2007
Mentuhotep V/VI	OK. 2007-2000

Twelfth Dynasty (from Thebes), OK. 2000-1785 BC e.

Dynasty Founder Amenemhat I made a coup d'état, took the throne and founded a new dynasty, which was a side of the eleventh dynasty.

Amenemhat I	c.2000-1980
Senusret I	OK. 1980-1935
Amenemhat II	OK. 1935-1896
Senusret II	OK. 1896-1887
Senusret III	OK. 1887-1849
Amenemhat III	OK. 1849-1801
Amenemhat IV	OK. 1801-1792
Nefrusebek (= Sebekneferura), queen.	OK. 1792-1785

T thirteenth and fourteenth dynasties, c. 1785-1680 BC e.

There are lists that list a large number of the names of the pharaohs who ruled after the twelfth dynasty - about one hundred and fifty names in total. Unfortunately, due to the large damage to the lists, not all names can be read. Traditionally, these pharaohs are attributed to the thirteenth (from Thebes) and fourteenth (from Xois) dynasties. It is difficult to draw a line between them. It is also unknown whether these dynasties succeeded one another or coexisted simultaneously.

The pharaohs of these dynasties rarely ruled for more than a few years. And often they were removed from the throne after a few months, or even days. Only a few well-known names are listed here.

Sebekhotep I	?
Amenemhat V	1774—1772
Amenemhat VI	?
Sankhiber	?
Hetepibre	?
Sebekhotep II	?
Ranseneb	?
Gore	?
Amenemhat VII	?
Hutover	?
Senusret IV	?
Hanger	?
Semenhara	?
Sebekemsaf I	?
Sebekhotep III	1754-1751
Neferhotep I	1751—1740
Sebekhotep IV	1740—1730
Sebekhotep V	1730—1725
Wahibrieb	1725—1714
Merneferi	1714—1700
Sebekhotep VI	1700—1698
Neferhotep II	1698-?
Horus II	?
Sebekhotep VII	?-1693
Mentuhotep V	?
mentumsaf	?
Didymos I	?
Didymos II	?
Senebmi	?
Neferhotep III	?
Sebekhotep VIII	?
Mershepsef-Ini	?
Mentuwoser	?
Senaaib	?
Wenwawetemsaf	?

Around 1680 BC e. nomadic tribes invaded Egypt through the Sinai Peninsula from Asia, who in history remained known under the name of the Hyksos. They captured Lower Egypt and ruled there for 108 years.

The word "pharaoh" owes its origin to Greek. It is noteworthy that it was found even in the Old Testament.

Mysteries of history

According to ancient legend, the first pharaoh of Egypt - Menes - later became the most popular deity. However, in general, information about these rulers is rather vague. We can't even claim that they all actually existed. The pre-dynastic period is most fully covered in this respect. Historians identify specific people who ruled Southern and Northern Egypt.

paraphernalia

ancient pharaohs of egypt without fail underwent a coronation ceremony. Memphis was the venue for the traditional solemn action. The new divine rulers received symbols of power from the priests. Among them were a diadem, a scepter, a whip, crowns and a cross. The last attribute was in the shape of the letter "t" and was crowned with a loop, symbolizing life itself.

The scepter was a short wand. Its upper end was curved. This attribute of power came from Such a thing could belong not only to kings and gods, but also to high officials.

Peculiarities

The ancient pharaohs of Egypt, like sons, could not appear before their people with their heads uncovered. The main royal headdress was the crown. There were many varieties of this symbol of power, among which are the White Crown of Upper Egypt, the Red Crown “deshret”, the crown of Lower Egypt, and also the “Pshent” - a double version consisting of the White and Red crowns (symbolized the unity of the two kingdoms). The power of the pharaoh in ancient Egypt even extended to outer space - so strong was the admiration for each heir to the creator of the world. However, it would be wrong to say that all pharaohs were despotic rulers and sole rulers of destinies.

Some ancient images depict the pharaohs of Egypt, whose heads are covered with scarves. This royal attribute was gold with blue stripes. Often a crown was placed on him.

Appearance

According to tradition, the ancient pharaohs of Egypt were clean-shaven. Another external distinguishing feature rulers - a beard that symbolized male power and divine power. It is noteworthy that Hatshepsut also wore a beard, however, a consignment note.

Narmer

This pharaoh is a representative of the 0 or I dynasty. He ruled around the end of the third millennium BC. A plate from Hierakonpolis depicts him as the ruler of the united lands of Upper and Lower Egypt. It remains a mystery why his name is not included in the royal lists. Some historians believe that Narmer and Menes are the same person. Until now, many argue about whether all the ancient pharaohs of Egypt are really non-fictional characters.

Significant arguments in favor of the reality of Narmer are such found objects as a mace and a palette. Ancient Artifacts glorify the conqueror of Lower Egypt named Narmer. It is claimed that he was the predecessor of Menes. However, this theory also has its opponents.

Menes

For the first time, Menes became the ruler of an entire country. This pharaoh laid the foundation for the 1st dynasty. Based on archaeological data, it can be assumed that the time of his reign was about 3050 BC. Translated from ancient Egyptian, his name means "strong", "durable".

Traditions dating back to the Ptolemaic era tell that Menes did a lot to unite the northern and southern parts of the country. In addition, his name was mentioned in the chronicles of Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Plutarch, Elian, Diodorus and Manetho. It is believed that Menes is the founder of Egyptian statehood, writing and cults. In addition, he initiated the construction of Memphis, in which his residence was located.

Menes was famous as a wise politician and an experienced military leader. However, the period of his reign is characterized in different ways. According to some sources, the life of ordinary Egyptians became worse under the reign of Menes, while others note the establishment of worship and temple rites, which testifies to the wise government of the country.

Historians believe that Menes passed away in the sixty-third year of his reign. The culprit of the death of this ruler, as expected, was a hippopotamus. The enraged animal inflicted mortal injuries on Menes.

Chorus Aha

The history of the pharaohs of Egypt would be incomplete without mentioning this glorious ruler. Modern Egyptologists believe that it was Hor Aha who united Upper and Lower Egypt, and also founded Memphis. There is a version that he was the son of Menes. This pharaoh ascended the throne in 3118, 3110 or 3007 BC. e.

During his reign, ancient Egyptian chronicle writing was born. Each year received a special name for the brightest event that took place. So, one of the years of the reign of Hor Aha is called as follows: "the defeat and capture of Nubia." However, wars were not always waged. In general, the period of the reign of this son of the sun god is characterized as peaceful, calm.

The Abydos tomb of the pharaoh Hor Aha is the largest in the northwestern group of similar structures. However, the most pretentious is the Northern Tomb, which is located in Saqqara. It also contained objects carved with the name Hor Akha. For the most part, these are wooden labels and clay seals located on the vessels. On some ivory items, the name Bener-Ib ("sweet in heart") was carved. Perhaps these artifacts brought to us the memory of the pharaoh's wife.

Jer

This son of the sun god belongs to the 1st dynasty. He is supposed to have reigned for forty-seven years (2870-2823 BC). Not all ancient pharaohs of Egypt could boast large quantity innovations during his reign. However, Jer was one of the most ardent reformers. It is assumed that he had success in the military field. Researchers found a rock inscription on the west bank of the Nile. It depicts Jer, and in front of him is a captive man kneeling.

The tomb of the pharaoh, located in Abydos, is a large rectangular pit lined with bricks. The crypt was made of wood. Near the main burial site, 338 additional ones were found. It is assumed that servants and women from Djer's harem are buried in them. All of them, as required by tradition, were sacrificed after the burial of the king. Another 269 graves became the place of the last refuge of the nobles and courtiers of the pharaoh.

Den

This pharaoh ruled around 2950 AD. His personal name is Sepati (this became known thanks to the Abydos list). Some historians believe that it was this pharaoh who put on the double crown, symbolizing the unification of Egypt, for the first time. History says that he was the leader of military campaigns on From here it can be concluded that Den was set up for the further expansion of the Egyptian kingdom in this direction.

The pharaoh's mother was in a special position during the reign of her son. This is evidenced by the fact that she rests near the tomb of Den. Such an honor still needed to be awarded. In addition, it is assumed that Hemaka, the keeper of the state treasury, was also a highly respected person. On found ancient Egyptian labels, his name follows the name of the king. This is evidence of the special honor and trust of King Dan, who united Egypt.

The tombs of the pharaohs of that time were not distinguished by special architectural delights. However, the same cannot be said about Dan's tomb. So, an impressive staircase leads to his tomb (it goes to the east, directly towards the rising sun), and the crypt itself is decorated with red granite slabs.

Tutankhamen

The reign of this pharaoh is approximately 1332-1323 BC. e. Nominally, he began to rule the country at the age of ten. Naturally, the real power belonged to more experienced people - the courtier Aye and the commander Horemheb. During this period, the external position of Egypt was strengthened due to the pacification within the country. During the reign of Tutankhamun, the construction was intensified, as well as the restoration of the neglected and destroyed during the reign of the previous pharaoh - Akhenaten - the sanctuaries of the gods.

As was established during the anatomical studies of the mummy, Tutankhamun did not even live to be twenty years old. Two versions of his death are put forward: the fatal consequences of some kind of illness or complications after falling from the chariot. His tomb was found in the notorious Valley of the Kings near Thebes. It was practically not plundered by ancient Egyptian marauders. During the archaeological excavations, a great variety of precious jewelry, clothing items, and works of art were found. Truly unique finds were a bed, seats and a gilded chariot.

It is noteworthy that the aforementioned successors of the king - Eye and Horemheb - tried in every possible way to consign his name to oblivion, classifying Tutankhamun among the heretics.

Ramses I

This pharaoh is believed to have ruled from 1292 to 1290 BC. Historians identify him with Horemheb's temporary worker - a powerful commander and supreme dignitary Paramessu. The honorary position he occupied was as follows: "the head of all the horses of Egypt, the commandant of the fortresses, the caretaker of the Nile entrance, the envoy of the pharaoh, the charioteer of His Majesty, the royal clerk, the commander, the common priest of the Gods of the Two Lands." It is assumed that Pharaoh Ramses I (Ramses) is the successor of Horemheb himself. An image of his magnificent ascension to the throne has been preserved on the pylon.

According to Egyptologists, the reign of Ramesses I is not distinguished by either duration or significant events. He is most often mentioned in connection with the fact that the pharaohs of Egypt, Seti I and Ramesses II, were his direct descendants (son and grandson, respectively).

Cleopatra

This famous queen is a representative of the Macedonian. Her feelings for the Roman commander were truly dramatic. The years of Cleopatra's reign are infamous due to the Roman conquest of Egypt. The obstinate queen was so disgusted with the idea of ​​being a prisoner (of the first Roman emperor) that she chose to commit suicide. Cleopatra is the most popular ancient character in literary works and films. Her reign took place in co-rulership with her brothers, and after that with Mark Anthony, her legal husband.

Cleopatra is considered the last independent pharaoh in ancient Egypt before the Romans conquered the country. She is often mistakenly called the last pharaoh, but this is not so. A love affair with Caesar brought her a son, and with Mark Antony a daughter and two sons.

The pharaohs of Egypt are most fully described in the works of Plutarch, Appian, Suetonius, Flavius ​​and Cassius. Cleopatra, of course, also did not go unnoticed. In many sources, she is described as a depraved woman of extraordinary beauty. For the night with Cleopatra, many were ready to pay own life. However, this ruler was smart and courageous enough to pose a threat to the Romans.

Conclusion

The pharaohs of Egypt (the names and biographies of some of them are presented in the article) contributed to the formation of a powerful state that lasted more than twenty-seven centuries. The fertile waters of the Nile contributed greatly to the rise and improvement of this ancient kingdom. Annual floods perfectly fertilized the soil and contributed to the maturation of a rich grain crop. Due to the surplus of food, there was a significant increase in the population. The concentration of human resources, in turn, favored the creation and maintenance of irrigation canals, the formation of a large army, and the development of trade relations. In addition, mining, field geodesy and construction technologies were gradually mastered.

The society was controlled by the administrative elite, which was formed by priests and clerks. At the head, of course, was the pharaoh. The deification of the bureaucratic apparatus contributed to prosperity and order.

Today we can say with confidence that Ancient Egypt became the source of the great heritage of world civilization.

Pharaoh (Pharaoh) is the idol of youth, a new phenomenon in modern Russian rap culture. He is a representative of the so-called "cloud-rap", which is characterized by slow beats, smooth reading and philosophical, often depressing lyrics (although disputes about Pharaoh's belonging to cloud-rap do not stop to this day).

At the age of 19, Pharaoh, whose real name is Gleb Golubin, became the leader and ideological inspirer of the Dead Dynasty formation, the leitmotif of which was a defiant mixture of nihilism and rudeness. The main theme of his tracks is drugs, girls and sex.

Childhood and family of Gleb Golubin (rapper Pharaoh)

Gleb Gennadyevich Golubin was born and raised in Moscow, in the Izmailovo district, in the family of a sports functionary. His father Gennady Golubin was CEO football club Dynamo, later became the head of a company specializing in sports marketing.

Rapper Pharaoh as a child

Naturally, the parents predicted to their son sports career. From the age of six, the boy was professionally involved in football. At a young age, Gleb managed to play for Lokomotiv, CSKA and Dynamo. Until the age of thirteen, his life consisted mainly of daily training and schooling. But in adolescence, the realization came that the second Pele would not work out of him, and his father was not enthusiastic about his son's sporting achievements.

Football has been replaced by music. At the age of 8, Gleb became interested in the work of the German group Rammstein, for which he even enrolled in courses German language. Another teen idol was the American rapper Snoop Dogg. The musical sympathies of the future musician did not find support among classmates (then other performers were in vogue), but this did not bother Gleb.

At the age of 16, the young man left for America for six months. There he finally decided on his musical tastes and opened up new horizons for creativity.

Rapper career Pharaoh

In 2013, Gleb returned to Moscow and entered the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University. At the same time, he recorded his first track Cadillac and began to perform as part of the Grindhouse group under the pseudonym Pharaoh.

But the video clip for the track "BLACK SIEMENS" brought real fame to the novice musician. In it, Gleb raps against the backdrop of a white Lincoln, which Dmitry Dyuzhev drove in the cult TV series Brigada. The song constantly repeats the sounds of "skr-skr", which later became his signature "trick".

Rapper Pharaoh - skrrt

Tired of the constant questions from fans about what this mysterious "skr-skr" means, Pharaoh eventually explained that this was the sound that Bruce Lee made during training. Another version said that "skrt" is an imitation of the sound of car tires.

Pharaoh's next video "Champagne Squirt" has nearly 10 million views on YouTube. After the premiere of the video, the phrase "Champagne squirt in the face" spread across social networks, and the Pharaoh became a truly iconic character among the youth audience.

Since 2014, Pharaoh has been collaborating with rappers Fortnox Pockets, Toyota RAW4, Acid Drop King, Jeembo and Southgarden as part of the Dead Dynasty project.

Pharaoh - 5 Minutes Ago

Because of the mysterious image that the Pharaoh cultivates in social networks, fantastic rumors constantly spread about his life. In 2015, information appeared that the rapper died of a drug overdose. After that, Pharaoh released a new album Phosphor (“Phosphorus”), the video for the composition from which “Let's stay at home” again gained a huge number of views on the Web.

In February 2017, he traditionally posted on the Web a new track "Unplugged (Interlude)", which was out of the rapper's general work - it was recorded with a guitar. Fans of the Pharaoh suggested that this is a composition from the upcoming acoustic album, which Pharaoh has mentioned more than once before.

Pharaoh's personal life

Pharaoh does not lack girlfriends. One of his ex girls- the current soloist of the group "Silver" Katya Kishchuk.

At the beginning of 2017, Gleb began dating the scandalous model, the daughter of the famous tennis player Evgeny Kafelnikov Alesya.

Ancient Egypt is famous for its pharaohs, who this moment are practically the property not only of the land of Egypt, but of the whole world.

The name "Pharaoh" comes from Greece and is used in the Old Testament. It originally meant "Magnificent House". For quite a long period of time the rulers ancient egypt called the bear. Ancient Egypt, the whole history of the pharaohs, which is shrouded in a veil of some mystery, can tell a lot to our contemporaries. According to one of the Egyptian legends, the first pharaoh of Egypt was the most popular god of Egypt at that time. And we, of course, cannot know for sure whether some of the characters that are spoken of in writing and drawings in stone lived, where they dominated, if they lived, at what time. Accurate information at the moment is available only for the ruling persons of a later time. According to quite a few sources, the very first real pharaoh of Egypt, who had the honor of ruling an entire country, was Menes. Some scholars call him Narmera, or Aga. Disputes about the authenticity of the ruler's name continue to this day.

Whatever he was called, he was the founder of a number of rules.

In ancient Egypt throughout history, not only men could be pharaohs, but also the most beautiful women. For example, history has left us enough evidence of the existence of a great female ruler named Hatshepsut and some others.

As a rule, the pharaoh was considered as the incarnation of Horus (Horus), that is, the falcon god, and at the same time the posthumous son of Osiris,

The pharaoh was a figure - the basis of the entire administrative structure. These pharaoh-gods quite often led the vast resources. The pharaohs were considered both the supreme commanders and high priests of every god in the realm. Absolutely all orders came from his name, and all the sacraments were in his place.

Of course, the pharaoh bore a rather serious responsibility on his shoulders. Thanks to his relationship with the gods, he was endowed with the right to maintain order, or, as they also called it, Maat of the Earth, and, thereby, the ability to contain chaos, often arising in the form of all kinds of enemies of Egypt who came from distant foreign lands. But he was also held responsible for accepting reasonable proposals and otherwise satisfying all the Egyptian gods so that they would bless Ancient Egypt with abundant floods of the Nile, thereby providing the people with an excellent rich harvest in order to be able to feed the people of Egypt. If all of the above to one degree or another failed, then his power could be seriously shaken.