Behavior of social insects. Summary of the lesson "Bees and ants are social insects. Beneficial insects" Bees and ants are social insects

Class: 7

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Lesson Objectives:

Tutorials:

• to study the behavior of social insects;
• to study the diversity of social insects;
• to study the role of social insects in nature and human life.

Developing:

• to activate and develop the mental activity of students with the help of problem-based learning;
• develop the creative skills of students;
• develop the ability to highlight the main thing from the teacher's story, textbook material and additional materials.

Educators:

• active education creative personality a student who can see, pose and solve non-standard educational problems;
• fostering a sustainable interest in the subject of biology;
• fostering a caring attitude towards social insects by designating their role in nature and human life.

Knowledge that students should master at the end of the lesson:

• social insects include termites, bumblebees, wasps, bees, ants;
• the ant family consists of a wingless female queen, worker ants, and larvae; males participate only in the fertilization of females, after which they die. Within the family there is a distribution of responsibilities;
• ants regulate the number of forest pests;
• the bee colony consists of queen bees, drones, worker bees and larvae; drones take part in the fertilization of females, after which they die.
• within the bee family there is a distribution of responsibilities;
• bees have a complex instinctive behavior, which is manifested in the complex actions performed by the bees in the process of work, in their caring care for offspring, in the expediency of the division of labor between family members, in their amazing building art;
• bees and their metabolic products are of great practical importance in nature and human life.

During the classes

I. Organizing time(5 minutes)

The teacher greets the students, notes those who are absent in the journal.

II. Actualization of knowledge on the previously studied topic: “Types of development of insects”. (10 minutes)

Front poll:

How does the development of insects with complete transformation occur?

How does development with incomplete transformation differ from development with complete transformation?

Insects of what type of development have a greater advantage and why?

III. Learning new material

The study of new material begins with the topic of the lesson. In a traditional lesson, the teacher usually writes the topic of the lesson on the blackboard at the beginning of the lesson, i.e. gives in ready-made.

The purpose of the problematic lesson in setting the topic is the creative activity of students.

From the very beginning of learning new material, the student must think, analyze, reason.

We will try to make the student, answering the questions, formulate the topic of the lesson himself.

To do this, we will initially divide the topic of the lesson into two subtopics:

1. Bees and ants are social insects.
2. Beneficial insects.

These sub-themes are not communicated to students in a ready-made form, we formulated them for ourselves in order to clearly think over the questions that lead students to these sub-themes in the future.

We develop a dialogue that encourages students to understand the topic of the lesson.

A dialogue leading to the topic, creating a problem situation:

Task 1 (5 minutes)

Students are offered a list of words that characterize some kind of insect in a certain way. AT this case These are bees and ants.

Teacher: Before you are two rows of words, each of them characterizes a certain insect. I suggest you break up into pairs and think: What kind of insects are these? What do you know about these insects?

FOREST, WOOD, HOUSING, FAMILY, NECTAR, HONEY.

FOREST, STUMP, HILL, FAMILY, APHI.

After the students have come to the correct answer, they are asked to complete the following task:

Task 2 (10 minutes)

For creating problem situation I propose to compare the hierarchy of social insects with the hierarchy that exists in our school.

To do this, students are offered three schemes on the board:

Students are invited to look at these diagrams and answer the question: What do the presented diagrams have in common?

Teacher: Before you are diagrams (see Appendix), which depict the hierarchy in the bee, ant families and the hierarchy of our school. What do these three schemes have in common?

Students: As in insects, as in humans, there is a distribution of responsibilities.

Teacher: Correctly. Let's think about what society as a whole is?

Students: This is an association of people.

Teacher: And what unites them?

Students: Any activity.

Teacher: Correctly. Society is a group of people united by collective activity. Do you think ants and bees work together? If yes, why do you think so?

Students: Because they have a division of responsibilities, they work together and form a family.

Students: Can.

Teacher: Correctly. We write down the first topic of today's lesson: "Bees and ants are social insects."

Teacher: Guys, how many of you know what an anthill is and what a beehive is?

Students: The anthill is the home of the ants, and the hive is the home of the bees.

Teacher: Do you think all ants form a family, or are there ants that live alone?

Students: No, all ants form a family.

Teacher: Why can't ants live alone?

Students: They will die, because, for example, the queen cannot lay eggs and guard the anthill at the same time.

Teacher: Now think and answer my question: Do you think that if bees are also social insects, then the distribution of responsibilities will be the same or different?

Students: The distribution of responsibilities will be similar.

Task 3 (10 minutes)

Students are invited to work with the text of the textbook and draw up a table that will reflect in more detail the composition of the bee and ant families, as well as the functions that they perform in the family.

Previously, the schemes presented on the board must be removed in order to organize the search activities of students, as well as to use their memory, to see how well they remember what they previously saw on the board.

Teacher: guys, open the textbook on page 135 (Table 5). I suggest that you come up with and fill out a table in which you must determine the composition of the bee and ant families, as well as indicate the role they play in the family. The diagram you saw on the blackboard at the beginning of the lesson can serve as a hint for you.

Table. The composition of the ant and bee families:

During the assignment, the teacher ensures that the whole class is involved in the work, approaches the students, monitors the progress of the assignment, and, if necessary, makes corrections.

After completing the task, the teacher asks the class questions:

• Did everyone complete the task?
• What difficulties arose during the task, what was not clear?

If questions arise, the teacher makes appropriate explanations and additions. If all students coped with the task, and there were no questions, then the teacher proceeds to the next task, and checks the quality of the table at the end of the lesson when fixing the studied material.

Task 4 (15 minutes)

When performing this task, the search activity of students is organized. Students are divided into three groups (division can be made according to the rows in the class). The teacher asks each row of students one problematic question. After that, the students are given time to think and write in the notebook the answer to the question. The teacher asks the students how they can answer this question, listens to all opinions. Then he distributes the text on the cards, with the help of which the students must find the answer to the question posed. The students write down the answers in their notebooks, after which the work on the exchange of information is organized, at the end the results are summed up and conclusions are formulated.

Card #1

Problem Question: What are the benefits of a social lifestyle for ants and bees?

Families of social insects usually build large dwellings, the creation of which is beyond the power of solitary species. The presence of such a dwelling, sometimes also very durable (termite mounds), increases the security of both the insects themselves and, more importantly, their offspring and food supplies that can be stored in such a dwelling. Due joint activities social insects (bees, ants) can maintain an optimal microclimate (temperature, humidity) in their dwellings, which is inaccessible to single species.

An important advantage is the possibility of joint action. Together you can defend against larger enemies, take on larger prey that is inaccessible to a single insect of the same size (ants).

Card number 2

Problematic question: Why does an ant need an anthill?

An anthill is a nest, the house of an ant family. Ants use their domed nests to catch sun rays and heat accumulation.

Anthills consist of needles, small twigs, pieces of bark and plant debris. At first glance, it seems that all this garbage is sketched randomly. However, it turns out that even in the most heavy rain the anthill practically does not get wet.

The height of anthills is usually 0.5-0.7 m, but sometimes they reach a height of 1.5 m. An old stump often serves as a starting point for building a nest. The population of medium nests is about 500,000 individuals, and in large ones there are up to a million ants. Each family owns a separate, protected area, within which other ants are not allowed. On it, ants lay "smell" roads along which food products and building materials are transported.

Ants are very strong and successfully deliver not only small insects to the anthill, but also those that are superior in mass. If the prey is very large, then they transport it collectively. When observing them, it may seem that they do not help, but only interfere with each other - each one drags in their own direction. However, since the common desire of all ants is the same, the prey ends up in the anthill.

Thus, the joint way of life allows ants to build large dwellings, which increase the security of both the insects themselves and their offspring and food supplies. Due to joint activity, ants (social insects) can maintain an optimal microclimate (temperature, humidity) in their dwellings, which is inaccessible to single species.

Card number 3

Problem Question: How do ants communicate?

Text (http://edu.zelenogorsk.ru/projs/eko/bespozv/nas35.html):

When communicating with each other, ants use a variety of signals, mainly by touching each other with their antennae, legs, and head. Chemical signals are also used. Everyone knows that disturbed ants take a defensive posture: they rise high on their hind legs and direct the end of the abdomen forward. And immediately there is a strong smell. This ant squirted out a liquid consisting of formic acid and an alarm substance - undecane. It should be noted that most ants, although they belong to the stinging hymenoptera, do not have a sting. However, the poisonous glands at the end of the abdomen are preserved. How do they use them? The ant has powerful jaws, with which it bites the enemy when attacking or defending. At the same time, he bends the abdomen so that its end is near the head, and sprays poison into the wound inflicted by the jaws. If there are other ants nearby, then the smell of the splashed liquid is perceived by them as an alarm signal, and they immediately join the first ant. And on the roads along which the ants run from the anthill and to the anthill, they secrete other, so-called trace substances, which allow them not to go astray. All ants from the same nest have a common smell that allows them to recognize each other and prevent ants from other people's nests from entering their nest.

Teacher: Do you think the behavior of social insects is complex?

Students: Yes.

Teacher: does this mean that these insects have a mind?

Students: probably means.

Teacher: Do any of you know what instinct is?

The students express their opinion. Thus, a problem arises and the promotion of various hypotheses. Students are encouraged to solve this problem with the help of a textbook.

Teacher: to solve this problem, let's turn to the textbook, and write down what instinct is, and whether insects really have a mind.

Students are invited to turn to page 137, find and write down information about what instinct is.

Sample notebook entry:

Instinct - a set of innate moments of behavior, fixed hereditarily and characteristic certain kind animals.

The behavior of bees, ants and some other animals is so complex and amazing that it leads people to think that it is reasonable. However, these actions of animals are instinctive, unconscious.

Teacher: Guys, do you think insects are useful or harmful?

Students: Useful.

Teacher: We write in the notebook the second subtopic of our lesson: “Beneficial insects”. (10 minutes)

Teacher: What beneficial insects do you know?

Students: ants, bees, beetles, silkworm.

Teacher: And what are the benefits of these insects?

Students: honey, silk, eat harmful insects ...

Teacher: Do any of you know who the silkworm is and what it is known for?

Pupils express their versions, after which they are invited to refer to the text of the textbook and answer the following questions:

Where is silkworm found in nature? (a question for attentiveness, students must answer that the silkworm is a fully domesticated animal and does not occur in nature).

• What does an adult silkworm insect look like and why was this insect given such a name?
• How does a person get silk with the help of a silkworm?

IV. Reflection.(5 minutes)

Frontal survey of students:

1. What insects are social?
2. Name the composition and features of the bee colony.
3. Name the composition and features of the ant family.
4. Why is the behavior of social insects complex but not intelligent?
5. What insects are considered beneficial, what benefits do they bring?
6. What insects have humans domesticated? What benefit do they provide?

V. Homework.

Paragraph 28, questions after the paragraph, notes in a notebook;

Answer the following questions in writing:

The adult silkworm butterfly does not feed. She has no developed mouthparts. How does this insect live?

How do bees get honey?

Educational literature

Biology: Grade 7: a textbook for students of educational institutions: at 2 pm, Part 1 / V.M. Konstantinov, V.G. Babenko, V.S. Kuchmenko: ed. prof. I.N. Ponomareva, - 3rd ed. revised – M.: Ventana-Graf. 2009. - 160 p.: ill.

Lesson topic : Bees and ants are public insects. Beneficial insects, insect pests.Significance in nature and human life.

Lesson Objectives: reveal the structural features of the honey bee and ant in connection with the social way of life; talk about their role in nature and human life; reveal the diversity of insect pests, their negative role in human practical activity; indicate the importance of insects in nature and human life.

Equipment: insect collection,multimedia projector, presentation, handouts: tables, sheets of paper, felt-tip pens.

During the classes:

I. org. moment (1 min) II. Updating of basic knowledge(10 min) Test work with mutual verification.

Write down the test numbers, against each - correct options response

Option 1.

A. Dragonflies B. Orthoptera C. Bed bugs

1. Two pairs of wings.
2. The larva has a mask.

Option 2.

What features are characteristic of insects from the order

A. Butterflies B. Diptera C. Hymenoptera

1. Development with complete transformation.
2. Development with incomplete transformation.
3. Two pairs of wings.
4. One pair of wings, the second is reduced (halteres) and serves to stabilize the flight.
5. The first pair of wings are turned into rigid elytra, the second pair are leathery wings.
6. The forewings are denser than the hindwings.
7. The elytra are dense in front and soft behind; the second pair of wings is used for flight.
8. On the wings are small chitinous scales.
9. Mouth apparatus in adult insects of the sucking type.
10. Mouth apparatus licking type.
11. The mouthparts of adult insects are of the piercing-sucking type.
12. In larvae oral apparatus chewing type.
13. The hind legs of many representatives of the jumping type.
14. The larva has a mask.

Option 1. A: 2,3,14; B: 2, 3.7.12.13; B : 2,6,11

Option 2. A: 1.3.8.9.12 B: 1.4.10.11 C: 1.3

III. Activation cognitive activity . (2 minutes)

Most insects lead a solitary lifestyle, but there are insects that live in large groups. What are these insects? (bees, ants, termites) Such insects are called public and they live in families.

IV. learning new material(25min)

Teacher's story.

What do you think, which of these insects have long become human pets? (bees)

Where do bees live? (hive)

Honey and wax along with our furs ancestors - Slavs were considered the main objects of trade. Honey was used instead of sugar, wax was used in candles. In those days, there were no apiaries yet, and for bees, a person provided hollows of forest trees - “bortni” - beekeeping. At the same time, the hives often went bankrupt.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Ukrainian landowner Petr Ivanovich Prokopovich first used the collapsible frame beehive he invented, which is still used today.

Let's look at what a bee family is.

Student message.The composition of the bee family. (presentation)

As the story progresses, students complete the table.

Students independently fill in the table for the ant family section, using the textbook pp. 135-136.

Table. The composition of the ant and bee families:

During the assignment, the teacher ensures that the whole class is involved in the work, approaches the students, monitors the progress of the assignment, and, if necessary, makes corrections.

After completing the task, the teacher asks the class questions:

• Did everyone complete the task?
• What difficulties arose during the task, what was not clear?

Bees and ants communicate with each other through touch and secretions. But only bees have a "language of dance." Video clip.

Do you think such complex behavior can be called reasonable? (No)

Their behavior is instinctive, unconscious.

Notebook entry. Instinct- a set of innate moments of behavior, fixed hereditarily and characteristic of a certain type of animal.

In addition to beneficial insects, there are also pests of cultivated plants and vectors of human diseases.

The study of the material occurs in the course of the conversation. Students work with handouts: tables, insects.

Exercise : determine which order your insect belongs to and what harm it does to cultivated plants. Answer plan:

1. The name of the squad.

2. The name of the insect.

3. Signs of the detachment.

4. Meaning.

The negative value of insects for humans

Students write their answers in a notebook. Several students are asked. Ratings are given.

Additionally . What methods can be used to control harmful insects?

During the conversation, it turns out that the proposed options can be divided into four groups:

Methods of human struggle with harmful insects

V. Fixing the material.(4 min)

What insects did we meet today?

What are the characteristics of families?

What insects harm agricultural plants? Describe the life of some of them.

VI. Reflection. (1min) Draw your mood as a smiley.

VII. D/W Review topics in the arthropod section. Preparation for control work.

Appendix. The uterus is the largest bee in the hive, 18-20 mm in size. It has a long abdomen with an ovipositor designed for permanent egg laying. Cannot eat on its own. It is fed by worker bees with goiter milk. There is always only one in the family. The uterus develops from fertilized eggs. Lives up to 5 years. When another queen appears, the old one flies away with a part of the bees. This process is called swarming.

Drones are male, with long wings and large eyes. They develop from unfertilized eggs. Their task is to fertilize the uterus. Live for one season. In autumn they die, they are stinged by worker bees or simply kicked out of the hive.

Worker bees are sterile females. Workers - ensure the life of the whole family (collect food, care for the larvae, feed them, clean the hive, build honeycombs, harvest honey). To perform these functions, they have a number of devices:

• oral apparatus;
• Body covered with villi;
• honey goiter;
• Sting-modified ovipositor;
• Hind limbs with baskets and brushes.

Ants (Fig. 1) live on all continents except Antarctica. They live in families. The ant family can number from several hundred to millions of individuals. It depends on the species. They also differ in size - from the smallest (about 2 mm) to giants (2-3 cm).

Ant families build their houses in the ground, in wood, under stones, some on trees (Fig. 2), and some roam, that is, they move.

Rice. 2. Anthill ()

An ordinary red ant is probably familiar to you. You have all met their nests - anthills, which can be up to 1 meter high. But this is only the visible part, the hidden part is in the ground and may be even larger than the outer one (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. The device of the anthill

There are always a lot of passages and chambers in anthills. It's not just a house, it's a whole city. In such a nest there is one or more female queens, the main task which consists in laying eggs to replenish the population of the anthill. Young females are winged and shed their wings after mating. Many species of ants are known, but there is not a single one that would lead a solitary lifestyle.

Most of the population of the anthill are workers who do all the work. They build, repair the nest, ventilate it, wrap it around it, take care of the larvae and pupae, and store food.

Soldier ants protect the anthill from enemies. There can be several thousand of them in the nest.

In rainforests, where floods are frequent, ants live in trees. Tailor ants make the most amazing nests; they build hanging houses from leaves (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. An anthill on a tree

Ants are very poor eyesight but they have a highly developed sense of smell and touch. These organs are located on the antennae of ants. With them, they feel all objects, distinguish between their own and others, and also find their way to their anthill.

Many animals store food for future use, and ants know how to do housework, they have pets and mushroom gardens. Ants are the only creatures other than humans that have pets.

The most valuable for ants are their "cows", aphids (Fig. 5).

Aphids suck plant sap and process it into a sweet syrup. This is the syrup that ants love. Approaching the aphids, the ant tickles her belly with her antennae, milks the aphids, and she immediately releases a drop of syrup, licking it off, the ant hurries home with the burden, where it deposits it in the pantry. Ants do not leave their "cows" unattended. They protect them from enemies, walk them when the sun is shining, build shelters for them and hide them.

More than a hundred known various kinds ants breeding mushrooms. These are leaf cutter ants. They cut pieces of leaves, take them to the nest, chew and grow special molds on this mass. Such ants are capable of harming plantings, as they gnaw on leaves, buds and flowers.

There are reaper ants that feed only on seeds. They know how to harvest plant seeds and grind them into flour.

Ants are very hardworking creatures. They bring great benefits to the forest. In 12 hours, ants can bring 33,000 harmful caterpillars into their home. Therefore, where there are anthills, the forest is healthy and clean.

There are ants in the world that do not know how to work, but can only fight. These are Amazon ants. They are quite large, their length is about 1 cm. They kidnap the pupae of ants of other species and then use them as labor force. Amazon soldiers are not even able to feed themselves, so in order to do the job they are forced to recruit labor force- slaves.

There are dangerous ants, nomad ants. They are called vagrants, army ants, because their colony can contain thousands of ants. They do not build nests, but constantly roam and arrange halts so that their queen will lay thousands of eggs. When the offspring emerge from the eggs, the army continues on its way, instilling fear in everyone. Ants carefully raise their larvae and continue their movement, attacking any creature that got in their way.

Fire ants are considered one of the most dangerous. They inflict very painful bites that feel like burns. The poison they inject causes strong allergic reactions that can lead to death.

Pharaoh ants live in human houses. They were first discovered in the tombs of the Egyptian pharaohs, but gradually spread throughout the world. These uninvited guests cause a lot of trouble by eating people's food.

Ants are one of the longest living insects. Workers can live from 1 to 5 years, queens - from 15 to 20 years. Thus, an anthill, in which young queens replace old ones, can stand in one place for more than one hundred years.

Ants secrete a caustic liquid called formic acid. A person uses this acid to treat certain diseases. The inhabitants of Mexico know how to extract honey from ants, which are called honey ants. These insects drink the juice of sweet oak. They store juice in their abdomen. They feed them to the larvae. It tastes like bee honey.

Probably, in every home there is such an important product as honey. Honey is taken from bee hives (Fig. 7), where it is stored in wax cells, honeycombs. Honey is made by bees (fig. 6).

There are also many types of bees on earth. They live almost everywhere except Antarctica. Some bees live independently, others live together. By the specific smell, bees distinguish their own from strangers. Bees feed on nectar and pollen from plants.

Honey is given to us by bees. They are called honey bees. Each hive has its own queen bee. This is the most big bee only she lays eggs. Other bees are workers. They take care of order, construction. The queen lives up to 5 years, and worker bees - only 5 weeks in summer and up to six months in winter. There are also drones, these are males that appear in the family just before swarming (Fig. 8). They differ from worker bees in their large eyes and thickness.

Swarming is the division of a bee colony for reproduction and the formation of a new colony.

The hive is filled with combs, which are divided into cells (Fig. 9). Some of them serve as a nursery, where the larvae grow, the other - pantries. Honey is the winter food of bees, because in winter they do not sleep, and plants do not bloom at this time of the year. For this, the bees work all summer, and these reserves are enough for both them and humans.

Among the bees there are scouts who are looking for new sources of food. If they are lucky, they use a special dance that tells them how far to fly for the nectar.

A working honey bee is easy to recognize - it is always on the move, flying from flower to flower, crawling along the flower, trying to gain more on the hairs covering its body. From them, she cleans pollen into baskets from her hind legs. A bee is able to carry a load exceeding its weight by more than 300 times.

So, bees and ants work diligently and harmoniously, and a person has a lot to learn from them.

Bibliography

1. Samkova V.A., Romanova N.I. The world around 1. - M .: Russian word.
2. Pleshakov A.A., Novitskaya M.Yu. The world around 1. - M .: Education.
3. Gin A.A., Faer S.A., Andrzheevskaya I.Yu. The world around 1. - M .: VITA-PRESS.

1. The festival pedagogical ideas "Public lesson" ().
2. Detishka.ru ().

Homework

1. Draw an ant and a bee. What features of their structure did you notice?
2. Compare the lifestyle of an ant and a bee. How are they similar? What is the difference?
3. *Ask your parents to show you an anthill in the forest and an apiary. What impressed you the most? Discuss this with your classmates.

social insects. Most insects lead a solitary lifestyle. However, there are also social insects. These include termites, bumblebees, wasps, ants, and bees. The community of these insects is one big extended family. There are separate groups in the family that perform different functions: they collect food, share it with each other, take care of the larvae, and protect the nest.

Most of the ants living in an anthill (Fig. 104) are wingless working individuals - these are barren females. Their number sometimes reaches a million. In addition to them, a queen lives in an anthill. She doesn't have wings either. She breaks them off after the nuptial flight. All her life she lays eggs, and all the care of the anthill lies with the worker ants. They forage, repair and clean the anthill, feed the larvae and the queen, defend the anthill in case of attack by enemies.

Once a year, at the beginning of summer, winged females and males appear from pupae in the anthill, which go on a mating flight. After mating, the males die, and the females shed their wings and found a new anthill. Most ants are predators. Some feed on the sweet secretions of aphids. To do this, ants guard, "graze" these insects that feed on plants, sometimes build shelters for them.

Rice. 104. Cross section of an anthill: 1 - chambers with eggs; 2 - chambers with larvae: 3 - chambers with pupae

Other types of ants are bred in underground chambers to feed on mushrooms, bringing crushed plant leaves there. There are herbivorous ants. Ants communicate by touching each other with their antennae, legs, and head. In addition, they have a "chemical language" - they secrete special substances with which they mark their paths. By smell, ants recognize relatives and enemies.

The honey bee is a social insect. A large family of bees has up to 100 thousand individuals that live in a hive (Fig. 105, A). Most of the insects in the hive are worker bees. These are barren females, in which the modified ovipositor serves as a sting. They clean the hive, collect nectar, take care of the queen and larvae, protect the hive from enemies. They live only one season (about a year). In a bee family, the main bee is the queen, which lays eggs - up to 2000 per day. She lives for about five years. In the spring, in May - June, a new uterus and several dozen males, which are called drones, appear in the bee family from the pupae: they do not take any part in the work, and their main task is to fertilize the uterus. The old female leaves the hive with part of the worker bees - swarming occurs. The beekeepers collect the swarm and settle it in a new hive. In autumn, the worker bees drive the remaining drones out of the hive and they die.

Rice. 105. Bees: A - bee hive; B - scheme of the "dance" of bees

All care about the hive lies with the worker bees: growing up, each worker bee changes several "professions". First, they build combs, clean the cells, feed the larvae, take food from the arriving bees and distribute it in the hive, ventilate the hive, guard it, and, finally, begin to fly out of the hive for nectar. Bees communicate with each other, like ants, through touch and secretions.

However, only bees have a "language of dance". With the help of special body movements and movements, one bee can tell others where the nectar-rich flowering plants(Fig. 105, B). The scout bee "dances" in the hive on the combs.

The complex behavior of social insects is called instinctive, because instinct is a set of innate forms of behavior, fixed hereditarily and characteristic of a certain type of animal. The behavior of social insects is so complex that it leads many people to believe that it is intelligent. However, these actions of animals are instinctive, unconscious.

The honey bee has long been bred by man. It is distributed throughout the globe. A person receives wax, honey, various medications(propolis, bee venom, bee milk).

On the bottom side The abdomen of the worker bee contains special glands that secrete wax. Bees build honeycombs from it. On the hind legs bees have areas surrounded by long chitinous hairs - baskets. The bees crawl over the flowers and the pollen gets on their body hairs. Then the bee cleans the pollen into the basket with the help of special brushes on the paws of the legs. Soon a ball of pollen is formed there - a pollen, which the bee transfers to the hive. Perga - honey-soaked pollen - serves as a reserve of protein food for the bee colony.

Worker bees have a kind of expansion of the esophagus - honey goiter. From the nectar collected from the flowers, which passed through the honey goiter, the main food supply of the bee family is formed - honey. Cells are filled with honey, which the bees cover with a thin wax layer. For a year, up to 100 kg of honey can be obtained from one bee family.

Although man has been breeding bees for a long time, collapsible frame hives were invented relatively recently - in 1814. Russian beekeeper P.I. Prokopovich. Prior to this, in order to extract honey from a bee nest, which, as a rule, was located in a hollowed-out log of a tree, it was necessary to break the honeycomb, that is, to ruin the bee colony. The surviving swarm of bees can live independently, without human help. This indicates that bees are not yet fully domesticated.

Silkworm. There are other insects that are beneficial to humans. Such are the silkworms. This is single insect, not found in nature in the wild (Fig. 106). His females even "forgot how" to fly. An adult insect is a thick butterfly with whitish wings with a span of up to 6 cm. The caterpillars of this silkworm eat only mulberry leaves, or mulberries.

Rice. 106. Stages of development of the silkworm: 1 - female laying gren; 2 - caterpillar; 3 - formation of a cocoon; 5 - pupae in a cocoon

Scientists suggest that in the wild, the ancestor of the silkworm lived in the foothills of the Himalayas. Silkworm breeding began in China around 3000 BC. e. Nowadays, this insect is completely domesticated. Now it is bred in China, Japan, Indochina, Southern Europe, South America, Central Asia and the Caucasus - where the mulberry grows ( Mulberry tree). There are several dozen breeds of silkworms, differing in length, strength and color of the silk thread they produce.

Female silkworms lay eggs (each - up to 600 eggs), which are called grena. Caterpillars emerge from them. These caterpillars are kept in special rooms on the aft shelves, fed with mulberry leaves. When pupating, each caterpillar spins a cocoon from a very thin thread for three days, the length of which reaches 1500 m.

The silk thread is secreted by a special silk gland located on the lower lip of the caterpillar.

Ready-made cocoons are collected by silkworm breeders, treated with hot steam, and then silk threads are unwound with special machines. Part of the cocoons is left for breeding butterflies for reproduction.

Silk is used in light industry for tissue production, in medicine (threads are made from it for stitching wounds) and in aviation.

Insect protection. Man has a great influence on environment(plows up virgin steppes, cuts down forests, uses pesticides). Therefore, the number of many species of animals, including insects, is declining. Some species are on the verge of extinction. Concerning rare species insects are taken under oxpairy. Red Books have been created, which contain information about specially protected rare animals (Fig. 107), the reasons for their plight and protection measures. Among the insects of our country, listed in the Red Book, there is a steppe hump - a large steppe grasshopper that lives in the steppes in southern Russia. The area of ​​distribution of this grasshopper has decreased due to the plowing of virgin steppes. From beetles, several species of large predatory beetles - ground beetles - got on the pages of the Red Book. On South Far East the largest beetle in Russia is protected - the relic woodcutter, whose body length reaches 10.8 cm, the length of the larva is up to 17 cm. It ended up on the pages of the Red Book in connection with the cutting down of old trees, in the wood of which its larvae develop.

Rice. 107. Rare and protected insects: 1 - steppe chump; 2 - Apollo; 3 - Far Eastern relic woodcutter; 4 - Caucasian ground beetle; 5 - wall bumblebee; 6 - mother-of-pearl zenobium

Many species of bumblebees are also listed in the Red Book, for example, the changeable bumblebee and the steppe bumblebee. Among the butterflies listed in the Red Book, one can name Apollo, Mpemosina, mother-of-pearl Zenobia. They are protected by the Law "On the Protection of Wildlife".

The role of insects in natural communities is enormous. Insects are the most important pollinators of flowering plants. They serve as food for various invertebrates (spiders, centipedes), fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and animals, even some insectivorous plants (dew). There are many orderlies among insects who help to process minerals organic remains of plants and animals. Soil insects and their larvae increase soil fertility by mixing and fertilizing it with their excrement. The role of insects in the cycle of substances in nature is great.

Lesson learned exercises

1. What features of behavior and lifestyle are characteristic of the inhabitants of the anthill?
2. Describe the composition of the bee colony and the functions of each group of bees.
3. Why are ants and bees classified as social insects? Explain their significance in nature and in human life.
4. On the basis of what signs is the silkworm classified as a domestic animal? What is the meaning in economic activity human has this insect?

In this article, we will analyze the behavior of bees and ants, their differences and similarities.

Somehow the phrase "social insects" suggests that they belong to society. But, in fact, such a name is obtained due to the structure and complexity of its behavior. What insects belong to this group, and how they differ, will be considered in this material.

What are social insects?

Who are insects, even a preschooler does not need an explanation. To make it clear who these social insects are, watch the ants. The most common forest red or black garden insects. Pay attention to how beautifully and harmoniously they move in their anthill.

• Therefore, we can note the first distinguishing feature of social insects - this is presence of families. They do not live alone, but only in large groups. Moreover, each of the representatives has its own role in such a community.
• Polyetism- this main feature social insects. In other words, it is a separation of duties.
• Second distinguishing feature- This presence of castes on sexual and reproductive functions. Social insects may have one queen (i.e., monogyny) or several breeding females ( polygyny). But this is reflected in the size of the masonry and size. Even working individuals are smaller in size from such queens.
  • At the head of social insects is mother or queen, on whose shoulders lies the responsibility for reproduction and offspring. The whole family with colonies is built around it.
  • And for protection there are special soldiers! These representatives do not have the opportunity to breed, but they have weapons. Namely, strong stings in bees or powerful jaws in termites and ants.
  • But someone has to feed them too. And this responsibility falls on the shoulders work force, which also cannot produce its own offspring. Incredibly, even working representatives are further divided into subspecies depending on the work.
• That is why these groups of insects are in close relationship with each other. If at least one puzzle falls out, then the other part of the picture is lost. After all, some insects protect, others feed, and still others take care of their offspring.

IMPORTANT: Different subspecies of even one species of insects can differ significantly in some rules.

• Housing– here is another difference. Yes, animals and insects are looking for a warm overnight stay for the winter. But only social insects build nests so complex and thought out to the smallest detail. And how they take care of their masonry!
• Such insects can communicate. No, they do not have their own language. In fact, it's a bit odd. More often use body language and its movements.
  • Bees can dance! But this is not just a desire to stretch, so they report the location of the nectar.
  • Ants use the sweet scent they leave along the way they need to. For example, after an edible find, an ant will leave such a trace to its anthill, informing these of its relatives.
• But the connection between the uterus and its subordinates is of the greatest value. This merit pheromones! In this structure, everything is insanely finely thought out. The fact is that this substance is secreted by the larvae. Thus, they communicate their hunger. But only the mother can hear them!
  • And only she tells her workforce to bring food supplies. Why, she gives clear instructions on what food is needed and in what quantity. Without the queen, the rest of the representatives will simply die, because they do not know what to do!
  • But there are also insects that have a chance to grow a new queen. True, this is a very painstaking and time-consuming process. New uterus requires special conditions cultivation, that is, it requires special cells. Yes, she is picky about food.

Now we can make a final and already substantiated conclusion about who the social insects are.

Public insects - these are those representatives who lead a public or social way of life. As can be seen from the above information, they step over the behavior of other insects and even compete well with upper classes animal kingdoms. That is, social insects can create societies. Therefore, the science that studies them is sociobiology.

Features of the complex behavior of social insects: description

In these insects, the development of the brain and nervous system. And this is naturally reflected in the behavior of social insects, distinguishing them from similar loners.

• Brain directly depends on the diversity and mobility of the life of the insect. That is, the more active it is, the more developed and larger the brain is. For example, working ants and productive representatives. The latter insects have a smaller brain size.
• Incredibly, social insects can distinguish shapes and colors! For example, the Australian ethologist Karl Frisch conducted experiments on bees. As a result, it was found that they land on bright colors.
• This aspect has not been fully studied, but insects may be far from their nest, but they will still find their way home. An experiment was carried out with bumblebees, which were placed in boxes at different distances from the house, they were necessarily marked with colored paint. By evening, all the insects were in place.
• They are not just remember the way home, but they also go out in search of, for example, nectar with a strictly thought-out plan of action. For example, a bee focuses not only on the relief shape and bright color but also on the quality of the smell.

IMPORTANT: To communicate with each other, social insects use a whole chain of stimuli - these are auditory and visual contacts, chemical, vibrational and tactile stimuli.

• These insects have memory and can transfer experience. For example, ants live 1.5-2.5 years, and for them it carries important value. Remember the cartoon "Luntik", ants always have a leader or commander!
  • They single out those individuals who have a good memory and rich experience in order to find a solution in case of incidents. That is what the leader does. They act strictly according to the laid route, but if an obstacle appears on the way, the activist will lead the rest after him, bypassing it.

• Moreover, such insects can even think logically and find solutions from difficult situations. An experiment was conducted (again on ants) when a small dose of radiation (up to 10 R/h) was delivered to their nest. This went on for 3 years. And to reduce the incoming dose, the ants built a covered road.
• In social insects, they form and develop faster conditioned reflexes. This is another confirmation of the development of their memory and ability to draw conclusions. They have such a divided and thoughtful work of each representative that it requires certain skills. And this indicates a good ability to learn.
  • They have a goal and are moving towards its fulfillment! They work so harmoniously with each other that they easily compete even with higher animals. Even a person can develop some skills for himself.
• They have incredible care of offspring. The womb devotes herself and her whole life to taking care of them. And in case of urgent need and a threat to offspring, she, without hesitation, will sacrifice herself.
  • Look even again at the anthill, they do not leave their cocoons close to the entrance, but lower them to other floors. If the house is in danger, they will be the first thing to endure it!

IMPORTANT: Social insects have a chain of complex reflexes that are responsible for their instinct.

• In addition to memory, the ability to memorize and think, as well as draw logical conclusions, among the species of even one family of insects, there are "stupid" and "smart" individuals.
• It is also worth highlighting such a quality of social insects as thriftiness. What ants, what bees make stocks of food.
• And that's not all, because they are able to share it among themselves. Yes, this is the result of organized work in the caste. But it is also a kind of concern for the surrounding family members.

Some illustrative examples.

Ants

• They are able to conclude "friendship pact". Their association with aphids is known. The ants protect it and provide some fresh shoots for them to feed on, as well as take care of the wintering grounds. But for this they collect their sweet excrement for their nourishment. It's kind of like cattle breeding.
• But there are ants who are engaged agriculture. For example, leaf cutters carry the spores of some fungi along with the leaf supply. They plant them in an anthill, and then eat them.
• But the tropical Amazon ants take into slavery other insects. More precisely, they steal their eggs or tiny individuals. And from these cubs they grow a labor force. Similar behavior is observed in other species of ants. By the way, they can also attack neighboring anthills.
• And some species of ants, such as foragers, have pension. Yes, over time they turn from active representatives into passive observers. But on the other hand, they pass on the collected traditions and experience. young generation. And in case of devastation, pensioners are able to restore everything again.

wasps

• Polist wasps show interesting behavior during the rain. The fact is that their house is covered with aspen paper, through which drops of water pass. Therefore, insects absorb it, and then spit it out.
• But vestin wasps can heat up your clutch abdominal movements. They begin to dance as if performing a belly dance. And thus, the temperature can rise by a whole degree.

termites

• They can be called real. architects. Even though their work seems chaotic and uncoordinated, the result will please the eye. After all, their buildings have not only simple form, but can be in the form of arches, canopies or entire corridors. And do not forget that termites are completely blind, so their projects are carried out purely with the help of instincts.
• Some of their species are capable of self-destruction. If a worker is attacked, it can literally explode. In this case, the enemy will be attacked by sticky slime. It is not dangerous, but is distracting.

bees

• They surprise not only with their dance, but also with the presence of emotions. Even through dance moves, they are able to pinpoint exactly where the food supply is. And also show your character.
• And many of their working representatives die as a result of the defense of their colony. After all, they leave a sting in the body of the enemy, after which they die with him.

bumblebees

• Among these representatives there are "cuckoos". The fact is that these types of insects throw their eggs into another masonry. Of course, they choose other families of bumblebees, not an ant colony. Cuckoo insects do not have their own workers. Children, on the other hand, grow up in a “foster” family, along with other cubs on an equal footing.

How do social insects differ from solitary ones: comparison, similarities and differences

Based on the above material, one exact conclusion can already be drawn - solitary insects live separately, but public representatives - only big families. Similar characteristics include the extraction of food, the need for it, as well as the protection of the territory and their offspring. It should also be noted that other insects also use a sound signal or gestures to communicate during the mating season. It's just that social insects have all the characteristics slightly improved.

• But none of them can survive on their own. The role of each “member” of the family is so thought out and organized that it acts as the missing puzzle. And without it, the whole picture will not turn out. For example, bees build families of up to 60 thousand - 100 thousand individuals.
• And therefore, such a large community is able to build big house. For example, some anthills can reach up to several meters in depth (according to some sources, even up to 10 m). And what termite mounds are found in nature, that single ones cannot do this. The highest termite mounds reached 9 m.
• These houses increase the safety not only of adults, but of young and clutches. In solitary species, such care for offspring is not observed. In social insects, the future generation, as well as food supplies, generally come first.
• In that huge house, where every road, descent or honeycomb is thought out, temperature and humidity are also regulated. Again, all to maintain optimal conditions masonry. But only social insects can create such a microclimate due to their large numbers.

• Such a family can also attack large prey, and this will help to make a significant supply of food.
• Well-coordinated work helps social insects defend themselves from enemies. Single representatives are weaker in this matter.
• Well, the main difference is polymorphism. That is, the presence of a uterus that deals only with offspring. The queen is engaged only in masonry. Although, for example, in some species of termites, the uterus is not even able to move independently. This protects her as much as possible from any dangers, providing a high birth rate.

What insects can and cannot be classified as social?

It is easier to name those representatives who may belong to social insects. All the rest, if they do not have the above characteristics of social life, are referred to a number of single individuals.

• Ants- almost all of their species belong to social insects. They are of great benefit to the forest, protecting it from enemies. Characterized by large anthills, which consist of ground and underground parts
  • In the center is a wingless uterus (she loses her wings after the mating season) and spends her whole life only laying eggs.
  • Working representatives clean the masonry, the uterus and bring her food.
  • Soldiers stand out large sizes and powerful jaws, whose task is to protect the colony.
• bees have only one uterus that governs them. They don't have soldiers, but they do have drones who fertilize the uterus. After mating, they die. All work, including feeding the uterus, falls on the shoulders of the workers.
• wasps live only one summer. Only fertilized females remain overwintering. Housing is also used for only one year, Build it from wood and their own saliva.
• bumblebees have the same signs of social life. But it is worth highlighting that the sting can be not only in working individuals, but also in the uterus. By the way, it has no notches, so insects can use it repeatedly.
• termites live in termite mounds, and their family can number up to 1 million individuals. The uterus of this species can live up to 10 years, and workers differ in that they can be of both sexes. Their main task is order in the "house".

There are some characteristic features public behavior in the following insects:

• earwigs - they are characterized by the care of the female for offspring
• bedbugs that live in large families
• and even in aphids that come into contact with ants
• crickets and Japanese bugs bring food for their larvae
• thrips have the highest social degree of life. They also build families of up to almost 200 thousand individuals, lay paths with a characteristic smell and take care of their laying

IMPORTANT: Only ants are fully related to social group. All other insects belong to the class Hymenoptera. Because they are characterized by all the transitions from a solitary lifestyle to social behavior.

Video: Social insects: the secret of collective intelligence