Speech at a scientific seminar « State policy of nation-building in modern Russia» at the Center for Problem Analysis and State Management Design, 2011
“The foundation of a reasonable national policy in Russia should begin with the restoration of the equal status of different peoples and ethnic groups that live in Russia, and, first of all, with the restoration of the right to institutionalize the national identity of the system-forming nation of our state - the Russian people,” the author is convinced. This will be discussed on, which will take place on June 1 in St. Petersburg.
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The discussion of not only the specific content of modern nationality policy, but also its basic concepts: “nation”, “national relations”, “national conflicts” is often conducted in an undertone, since national issues are inexplicably included in the category of “delicate”. For too long, the international shyness of Russian social scientists led to the fact that almost all components of national relations were among the “non-discussable subjects”, supposedly understandable by default and so to everyone.
The most serious problems that arose on ethnic grounds were presented mainly as local, private and insignificant conflicts (the only exception was, perhaps, the only deportation during the Great patriotic war and two hundred years of persecution of Jews, especially under Soviet rule). At the same time, it was as if forgotten that the category of national relations is much broader than the category of national conflicts.
In my opinion, the national is among the inalienable values of every person, and national ideals are no less important for people than moral ideals. How these values are used in politics is another question. But for everyone reasonable person who knows his history, nationality means a lot. Moreover, from my point of view, it can be considered as the last value, which allows to preserve at least some of the foundations of the diversity of states and other communities in the period of globalization. It is possible that nationality may be the last stronghold in the identification of a person. There are different opinions about this. You can often hear how high-ranking people, well-known in science, say that the national question is nothing more than “toys for politicians”, that the concept of a nation, an ethnic group is secondary. Life, however, proves otherwise. In Soviet times, when 120 nationalities coexisted on the territory of a single state (this is the number of only those peoples that were taken into account by statistics), the community of the Soviet people really existed and the national-state bonds were very strong.
What were they based on? From my point of view, on three fundamental positions.
Anyone who was in Soviet times in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, in other union republics, could see that all the posts of the first, and often the second echelon of power, were occupied by people of the so-called "titular" nationality. This was a mandatory norm that created a sense of national significance among people with “title” affiliation, it was a kind of sign of external respect for the people, and such respect was to some extent confirmed by the fact that a person of a certain clan-tribe became the head of a shop, a factory director, a secretary of a district committee or the Central Committee of the Party.
The second stabilizer of the Soviet national equilibrium was money. The unified state cauldron was distributed among the republics, and by no means evenly among the individual national "outskirts". Much was spent on the restoration of the Baltic states immediately after the war. more funds than for the restoration of much larger and completely devastated territories of central Russia. The difference between these regions became immediately obvious: the Baltic republics had good roads, comfortable cities, and the post-war destruction, which was almost non-existent, was instantly eliminated.
Thirdly, there was a massive offensive of well-prepared cultural achievements of all the Union republics on the grateful field of Russian culture, and through it - into the all-Union, and indeed into the world cultural space. According to such a scenario, for example, films from Lithuania and Georgia received a multi-million viewer, and books - a multi-million reader. Moreover, books of excellent prose and excellent poetry by Russian writers and poets often waited until a volume from the national union republics, translated by those awaiting their turn, was skipped ahead in state Russian publishing houses. And not a single award of a package of Stalin, Lenin, and then State Prizes was complete without the fact that people from the “oppressed outskirts” did not become laureates. It was absolutely correct national policy. It was bad that Russian culture and, to a certain extent, the culture of the peoples who were given national autonomies on the territory of the RSFSR, completely fell out of the sphere of this policy.
What is happening now on the fragment of the Soviet Union left by modern Russia? Outwardly the same, but in a more crude form and without any hint of cultural mutually enriching exchange. A third of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are named on a national basis, and Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, and other national republics, in contrast to regions and territories, are proudly called states in accordance with the Constitution. The line of a certain division and distancing from the bulk of the Russian people is present today in the personnel policy of almost every one of these states. What is happening today with the second position - with money? Let me give you a few figures: in 2010, each citizen of Russia had 5,000 rubles. funds from the federal budget in the form of a variety of transfers. Now the same figures for the North Caucasus: Stavropol Territory - 6,000 rubles. per person per year (which is not surprising - Russian people live there). Republic of North Ossetia - 12,000; Kabardino-Balkarian Republic - 12900; Karachay-Cherkess Republic - 13600; Republic of Dagestan - 14800; Chechen Republic- 48,200. One Chechen has 10 times more federal budget funds than a resident of Russia as such, and in total in the North Caucasus there are 6 times more national funds per capita than in Central Russia, in the Far East, in Siberia, etc.
It is not surprising that Grozny is becoming the most comfortable, most luxurious city in Russia, it is not surprising that only brick houses grow in the villages of Chechnya. All this is presented as some kind of compensation for the hostilities on the territory of Chechnya, but at the same time, not a single Russian person who was forced to leave the republic during the so-called ethnic cleansing of Dudayev received a single ruble of compensation for his abandoned home, for his abused women. This national policy of "two standards" is very, very dangerous.
More and more so-called nationally colored territories are becoming mono-ethnic. Chechnya, of course, is the leader in this list; Russians in this republic are either military personnel or builders. But after all, everyone understands that on the mono-ethnic territory of a multinational state, people do not have the opportunity to understand what it means to live in a multi-ethnic environment. Therefore, going beyond the limits of their small society, they begin to feel and, most importantly, behave differently. So-called inter-ethnic and national conflicts arise for one of two reasons: one side either feels extremely humiliated, or considers the other completely worthless. Today, the most humiliated side of all the peoples of our country are the indigenous Russian people. It is enough to look at the map of modern Russia from the point of view of the socio-economic development of the regions. The poorest and devastated territories are primordially Russian lands. There, representatives of other peoples do not see oppressors in Russian people, but the Russians themselves seem to be embarrassed to talk about the equality of people of different nationalities, they are afraid to speak out in defense of their own. national interests fearing to be branded as Russian chauvinists or nationalists.
In addition, the Russian people have absolutely no national solidarity - it has been uprooted from our consciousness. A Tatar or a Kalmyk will try to provide all possible assistance to the "compatriot". A Russian person is unlikely to help his neighbor just because he is of the same nationality as him. Russian national solidarity is practically destroyed, and any attempts to recreate it, even at the local level, are perceived by domestic and foreign media as a violation of the rights of other peoples.
It seems to me that the foundation of a reasonable national policy in Russia should begin with the restoration of the equal status of the different peoples and ethnic groups that live in Russia, and, first of all, with the restoration of the right to institutionalize the national identity of the system-forming nation of our state - the Russian people. If this does not happen, the field of interethnic conflicts will only grow, the Russians will be in conflict as a worthless nation, without solidarity within itself, weak-willed and unpromising. I would not like to think that this is our national policy.
V.N. Leksin
MORE RELATED
National policy has always been part of the activity of any state. It should regulate any society. Its directions and goals directly depend on the orientation of state policy. Some countries deliberately incite This approach is typical for fascist (nationalist) regimes.
National policy in developed democratic countries, on the contrary, is based on the principles of respect for all people, regardless of their origin. The policy of the state in them is aimed at the formation of tolerance, cooperation and close rapprochement of nations. The main value in democratic countries is the life of a person, as well as his freedoms and rights, regardless of his nationality. The meaning of democratic and humanistic politics is the maximum harmonization of the interests of different peoples, their implementation according to the principles of respect for each person. National policy is a system of measures of state influence, designed to create favorable conditions for each individual and all peoples.
An important task is to prevent possible conflicts on the basis of ethnic hostility. The national policy of Russia has very complex and important tasks to solve emerging problems in order to do this, it is necessary to carry out well-thought-out actions, on the one hand, aimed at preserving and developing the identity of all peoples, and on the other hand, at preserving the integrity of the state. Russian national policy, as in others, is based on documents that define this policy. Such documents include the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Concept of National Policy of the Russian Federation. Their main principles are as follows:
Equality of freedoms and rights regardless of race and nationality of a person;
Prohibition of restriction of the rights of citizens;
Equality;
All rights guaranteed;
Promoting the development of languages and cultures.
Consistent implementation of these meets the vital interests of all the peoples living in the country.
The national policy of different states can change its nature from ethnic cleansing and national terror, artificial assimilation, to partial political or complete cultural autonomy of different peoples. In essence, it reflects the policy of a multinational state in relation to the peoples inhabiting it.
In Russia, this policy is aimed at the evolutionary development of the full national life of all peoples within the framework of the federation and at the creation of equal relations between them, the formation of mechanisms for resolving any conflicts. Any, even a small people living on the territory of the country, are granted all the rights (up to the provision of territories for state national formations). It is believed that such a national policy of the Russian government really makes it possible to maintain a very precarious interethnic balance. AT recent times the main trends of national life activity, its likely prospects, have been outlined, allowing us to formulate proposals for the interethnic consolidation of Russian citizens and for strengthening its unity and statehood:
It is necessary to develop a scientific theory of harmonization of interethnic relations and a program for the life of our society, corresponding to it;
Creation of a program of action based on the practical and legal observance of regional and national all subjects of the Federation;
The revival of a great and strong power with a developed economy and democratic order.
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ALL-RUSSIAN COMPETITION OF YOUTH OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS FOR THE BEST WORK "MY LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVE"
Topic: "The national policy of the Russian Federation as the most important tool for strengthening the integrity of the Russian state and harmonizing interethnic relations in the regions"
Bukina Valeria Olegovna
Lyasina Veronika Olegovna
Supervisor:
Sankova Tamara Dmitrievna
Introduction
Russia is the largest country in terms of territory and has a unique cultural diversity. At the same time, with all the richness of ethno-cultural diversity, Russian society has problems in the sphere of interethnic relations. The growth of intolerance, interethnic tension, religious and political extremism, and youth radicalism is alarming both society and the state.
The results of the monitoring of interethnic relations conducted by the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia show the relevance of the so-called "national question" for Russian society. The number of publications in the Russian media on this topic has a steady trend towards annual growth: from 367 thousand in 2009 to 832 thousand in 2016. From 2006 to 2015, media interest in the "national question" increased 7.3 times.
The topic of national politics and national relations interested us. In our work, we have tried to reflect the basic principles and implementation of the national policy in the Russian Federation, in the Stavropol Territory. We tried to analyze national relations on the territory of the Aleksandrovsky district of the Stavropol Territory.
Target research work- explore the complex process of formation and implementation of the state national policy of the Russian Federation, including the regional component of its implementation
Objectives: politics nation-state
1. Evaluate the activities of the leadership of the region and local self-government in the implementation of national policy in order to regulate interethnic relations;
2. Determine the population's assessment of the state of interethnic relations in the Stavropol Territory.
The object of the study is the state national policy as a tool for harmonizing interethnic relations in the Russian Federation.
The problem is the improvement of national relations in the Stavropol Territory.
One of the directions in the research work are research methods:
1. Theoretical methods:
Fixation of one or more parties of interest of the subject of study;
Analysis and synthesis.
2. Empirical methods:
Observation;
Comparison.
3.Statistical methods:
Sociological survey; data visualization method (functions, graphs, charts).
1. The concept of national policy. National Policy Objectives
National policy - the policy of multinational states in relation to the nations, nationalities, tribes living in them. National policy in the Russian Federation is a system of measures aimed at updating and further evolutionary development of the national life of all the peoples of Russia within the framework of a federal state, as well as at creating equal relations between the peoples of the country, the formation of democratic mechanisms for resolving national and interethnic problems.
State national policy - includes the strategic tasks of the life of the state, this is a policy of implementing the interests of the entire nation. This is how it is understood all over the world.
The main task of national policy is to harmonize the interests of all peoples living in the country, to provide a legal and material basis for their development on the basis of their voluntary, equal and mutually beneficial cooperation.
Art. 26 of the Constitution reads: “1. Everyone has the right to determine and indicate their nationality. No one can be forced to determine and indicate their nationality.
2. Everyone has the right to use their native language, to freely choose the language of communication, upbringing, education and creativity.”
The main goals and objectives of the national policy in the Russian Federation:
providing conditions for improving the well-being of peoples through the mobilization of traditional labor experience, the preservation and development of national cultures;
approval of the priority of the rights and freedoms of citizens, regardless of nationality and territory of residence, while respecting the right of peoples to national self-determination within the framework of a federal state;
implementation and renewal of federal relations based on the constitutional distribution of powers and their effective implementation as an essential component of building a new democratic state;
participation of citizens of all nationalities in the national political process through broad and fair representation in legislative and executive bodies, autonomy and self-government of large and small communities, ethnic enclaves, small groups.
2. National policy and national relations in the Stavropol Territory
Harmonization of interethnic relations in the region is based on the refusal to impose administrative methods in resolving ethnic issues. Organs state power The regions proceed from the fact that when developing a program for the implementation of the state national policy, attention should be paid to:
Taking into account traditional forms of management and experience labor activity ethnic groups inhabiting the region;
Assistance in the development of economic activities of national-cultural autonomies;
Accounting for the relationship of national customs, traditions and rituals with religion.
As of January 01, 2016, the population of the Stavropol Territory is 2,800,551 million people. Representatives of more than 100 nationalities live on the territory of the region.
Russians, who make up 89.04% of the population of the region (2,232,153 million people), still play a key role in its socio-economic and cultural development, make a significant contribution to the economy, economic management, education, culture, act as stabilizer of interethnic relations.
The second largest are Armenians (161,324 thousand people) - 6.4%. They are scattered throughout the region. In third place are the Dargins (49,302 thousand people) - 1.97%. The number of Greeks (33,573 thousand people), Ukrainians (30,373 thousand people) is 1.3% and 1.2%, respectively. The number of other ethnic groups is 0.09% of the total population of the region.
In order to further improve the work on the implementation of the state national policy, the Committee of the Stavropol Territory for Nationalities and Cossacks is implementing the regional target program "Harmonization of interethnic relations in the Stavropol Territory for 2012-2015".
Her priorities are:
Ensuring a stable socio-political situation;
Combining the efforts of state authorities and local self-government, public and religious associations in the harmonization of interethnic relations;
Counteraction to national and religious extremism.
A sociological survey conducted on the territory of the Aleksandrovsky municipal district showed that the population is concerned about the problems of unemployment, health care, non-payment of wages. 87% of the population surveyed put forward the main problem - unemployment, 73% name poor medical care, 71% are concerned about pollution environment, 69% are not high enough pensions.
The regional target program is aimed at solving these issues in order to prevent ethnic conflicts. The program is a mechanism for coordinating activities in the areas of ethnocultural and spiritual development of the Stavropol Territory and supporting dialogue between the executive authorities of the Stavropol Territory and public, national and religious associations.
In the course of a survey of respondents from the Aleksandrovsky municipal district, it was found that 21% of the surveyed population had to experience infringement of their rights because of their nationality. 69% did not have to experience infringement of their rights.
The analysis of the conducted survey shows that the factor of ethnodiscrimination in our region takes place and influences the peculiarities of interethnic relations.
3. Implementation of the national policy on the territory of the Aleksandrovsky municipal district
The population of Aleksandrovsky district is 46,685 thousand people. At the end of 2015, the national composition is 50 nationalities. Russians make up 93%, the second position is occupied by gypsies - 1.4%, Armenians - 5.6%. Thus, the main feature of the ethno-political and ethno-confessional situation in the Aleksandrovsky district is that Russians, who make up 90%, play a key role in its development. socio-economic and cultural development, make a significant contribution to the economy, economic management, education, culture, act as a stabilizer of interethnic relations.
One of the questions to the residents of the Aleksandrovsky municipal district was the question concerning the assessment of interethnic relations in the district. 40% of respondents of both Slavic and non-Slavic nationalities believe that there is national tension, 29% of the surveyed population indicate strong national tension in the region, 6% believe that relations are stable.
The regional target program and action plan of the administration of the Aleksandrovsky district is aimed at ensuring constitutional law that guarantees the equality of citizens of any race and nationality, and the formation of a culture of interethnic interfaith relations. 25% of the surveyed population call national relations stable, which indicates that interethnic interactions are gradually smoothing out, these relations are moving to a qualitatively new level, characterized by less acute contradictions.
To determine the ethnic well-being of the population of the Aleksandrovsky municipal district, it is necessary to study the assessment of the degree to which the interests of various national groups are taken into account in the decisions of the district leadership.
Out of 217 respondents, mostly representatives of Slavic nationality, they note that the interests of their national group are fully taken into account in the decisions of local authorities (49%), 4% of the surveyed population consider the interests of their national group to be completely ignored, this is mainly indicated by representatives of non-Slavic nationality. Thus, the data processing shows that among the Russian participants in the survey there is a tendency towards an increase in the number of those who are satisfied with the protection of their national interests by the authorities. At the same time, among representatives of other national groups - to its decrease. Under such conditions, it becomes possible to accumulate negative emotions of representatives of other national groups of residents of our region regarding the uneven consideration of their national interests.
In order to implement the main directions of the national and regional policy of the Stavropol Territory, a council on interethnic relations was created under the administration of the Aleksandrovsky Village Council. The regulation was approved by the Head of the administration of Aleksandrovsky, a work plan was developed under the administration on interethnic relations for 2016. The main task of the work of the Ethnic Council is the regulation of interethnic relations on the territory of the regional center at the level of delegates from the Ethnic groups included in the Council.
Respondents of different nationalities were asked to answer the question: can they take part in the conflict in the interests of their national group?
43% of the respondents answered in the negative, 17% - it depends on the circumstances, 15% - found it difficult to answer, and 13% expressed their readiness to defend the interests of their group up to inclusion in the national conflict. Moreover, a positive response was given by people of different nationalities. Thus, a comparative analysis allows us to speak about the perception large quantity population of the Stavropol region representatives of various national groups. That is important indicator development of the process of interaction between representatives of different peoples.
The priority direction in the work of the Ethnic Council is the education of young people of different nationalities on the basis of the exchange of cultural values, the creation of prerequisites for respect and tolerance among peoples on this basis.
The young generation of the Aleksandrovsky municipal district was asked a question during a sociological survey - "Are there any nationalities that you dislike?"
Comparative analysis shows that 64% of the surveyed population indicate that they do not feel hostility towards people of other nationalities, 21% feel hostility and 15% found it difficult to answer.
Thus, a comparative analysis allows us to talk about a decrease in interethnic hostility among the residents of the Aleksandrovsky district. Fear is caused by citizens who feel hostility towards people of other nationalities. Therefore, it is necessary for local governments, educational institutions to carry out the most active explanatory work among young people about a tolerant attitude between peoples, to form Ethnic councils in all municipalities of the Aleksandrovsky district.
Conclusion
Thus, the problem of the implementation of national policy and national relations on the territory of the Russian Federation, identified in the work, is at the junction of various approaches in studying the sphere of interethnic relations as such and the mechanisms for its regulation as a managerial problem.
In the course of the research work, they got acquainted with the regulatory and legal framework for the implementation of national policy in the Stavropol Territory, the Aleksandrovsky Municipal Village Council. We studied and analyzed, on the basis of a sociological survey, the measures taken to prevent ethno-conflicts by the Aleksandrovsky Municipal Village Council.
The theoretical and practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that the materials of the work can be used as a theoretical basis for teaching in general educational institutions in the classroom humanitarian profile. The analysis of a sociological survey on the problem of national relations can be required by local governments to develop new and improve existing concepts, platforms and action programs in the field of national policy.
The novelty of the study lies in the author's generalization of the accumulated experience of implementing the state national policy in one of the subjects of the Russian Federation - the Stavropol Territory - and identifying on the basis of this the most problematic areas of state influence on ethno-national processes in the regions.
Proposals to improve the effectiveness of the implementation of national policy in the Stavropol Territory and other subjects of the Russian Federation:
It is necessary to take into account the historical specifics of the region, in particular, the historically established features of the cohabitation of various ethnic groups within the framework of common administrative boundaries;
The coordinating role in the sphere of regulation of interethnic relations at the level of the subject of the federation should be assigned to a special body under the executive power of the territory (region, republic). Which would monitor compliance with the conditions for development effective systems education, nature management, national-cultural self-government and other spheres of life of various ethnic groups, conducted an operational assessment and monitoring of the ethno-political situation within the administrative territory.
Literature
1.Andrichenko L. On the issue of the concepts of "national minorities" and "indigenous peoples"// Federalism. - 2002. - No. 3, pp. 123-158.
2.Constitution of the Russian Federation
3. "The concept of the state national policy of the Russian Federation".
4. Regional target program "Development of ethnic and ethno-confessional relations in the Stavropol Territory for 2007-2009".
5. A comprehensive program for the harmonization of interethnic relations in the Stavropol Territory for 2000-2005.
6. National policy of Russia: history and modernity. - M.: Information and publishing agency "Russian World", 1997. - 680 p.
7. FTP "Ethno-cultural development of Russian regions (for 2008-2012)".
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The Russian Federation is one of the largest multinational states in the world, where more than 150 peoples live, each of which has unique features of material and spiritual culture. Thanks to the unifying role of the state-forming Russian people, on the territory
Russia has preserved a unique unity and diversity, a spiritual community and a union of various peoples.
The legacy of the past, the geopolitical and psychological consequences of the collapse of the USSR, the socio-economic and political difficulties of the transition period led to a number of crises and complex problems in the field of interethnic relations. They are most acute in areas adjacent to zones of open conflicts, places of concentration of refugees and internally displaced persons, in regions with problems of "divided peoples", in territories with a difficult socio-economic, environmental and criminogenic situation, in areas where there is a sharp shortage of resources. life support.
Serious on interethnic relations negative impact also have unemployment, especially in areas with surplus labor resources, legal unsettled land and other relations, the presence of territorial disputes, the manifestation of ethnocratic aspirations.
The key issues that need to be addressed are:
the development of federal relations that ensure a harmonious combination of the independence of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the integrity of the Russian state;
recognition and consideration of the interests and objective position of the Russian people, which is the backbone of the Russian statehood, found itself in the most difficult situation;
development of national cultures and languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, strengthening of the spiritual community of Russians;
ensuring political and legal protection of small peoples and national minorities;
achieving and maintaining stability, lasting interethnic peace and harmony in the North Caucasus;
support for compatriots living in the CIS member states, as well as in Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, promoting the development of their ties with Russia.
In the Russian Federation, in June 1996, the Concept of State National Policy was adopted, which is a system of modern views, principles and priorities for the activities of state authorities in the field of national relations, taking into account the new historical conditions for the development of Russian statehood, the need to ensure the unity and cohesion of Russia, strengthen interethnic harmony and cooperation between its peoples, update and develop their national life , languages and cultures.
The main conceptual provisions of the national policy in the Russian Federation are the equality of peoples, mutually beneficial cooperation, mutual respect for the interests and values of all peoples, intransigence towards ethno-nationalism, political and moral condemnation of people who seek to achieve the well-being of their people by infringing on the interests of other peoples. The democratic, humanistic concept of national policy is based on such fundamental principles as internationalism, protection of the rights of indigenous peoples and national minorities, equality of human rights and freedoms regardless of nationality and language, freedom to use one's native language, free choice of the language of communication, upbringing, education and creativity . The most important principle of the state national policy of the Russian Federation is the preservation of the historical integrity of the Russian Federation, the prohibition of activities aimed at undermining the security of the state, inciting social, racial, national and religious discord, hatred or enmity.
The supreme goal of the national policy of the Russian Federation is to provide conditions for the full-fledged social and national-cultural development of all the peoples of Russia, the strengthening of the all-Russian civil and spiritual and moral community based on the observance of human and peoples' rights as part of a single multinational state. This implies the strengthening of trust and cooperation between all Russian peoples, the development of traditional interethnic contacts and ties, the effective and timely resolution of emerging contradictions in the sphere of interethnic relations on the basis of ensuring a balance of national interests, the interests of the subjects of the Federation and the ethnic groups inhabiting it.
In accordance with the concept of the national policy of the Russian state, the following main tasks are defined.
In the political and public sphere:
strengthening Russian statehood by deepening and developing new federal relations;
uniting the efforts of all parts of the state system civil society to achieve interethnic harmony, to establish the principle of equality of citizens of different nationalities, to strengthen mutual understanding between them;
provision of legal, organizational and material conditions conducive to the consideration and satisfaction of the national and cultural interests of the peoples;
development of state measures for early warning of interethnic conflicts;
resolute struggle against any manifestations of aggressive nationalism.
In the socio-economic sphere:
realization of the economic interests of peoples on the basis of taking into account their traditional forms of management and work experience;
leveling the levels of socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
implementation of social employment programs in labor-surplus regions, measures to lift "depressed" regions, primarily in Central Russia and the North Caucasus;
rational use of the diversity of economic opportunities of the subjects of the Russian Federation, their natural resources, accumulated scientific, technical and personnel potential.
In the spiritual realm:
formation and dissemination of ideas of spiritual unity, friendship of peoples, interethnic harmony, cultivation of a sense of Russian patriotism;
dissemination of knowledge about the history and culture of the peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation;
preservation of the historical heritage and further development of the national identity and traditions of interaction between the Slavic, Turkic, Caucasian, Finno-Ugric, Mongolian and other peoples of Russia within the Eurasian national and cultural space, creating in society an atmosphere of respect for their cultural values;
providing optimal conditions for the preservation and development of the languages of all the peoples of Russia, the use of the Russian language as a national language;
strengthening and improving the national general education school as a tool for preserving and developing the culture and language of each nation, along with fostering respect for the culture, history, language of other peoples of Russia, world cultural values;
taking into account the relationship of national customs, traditions and rituals with religion, supporting the efforts of religious organizations in peacekeeping activities.
Interethnic relations in our country will be largely determined by the national well-being of the Russian people - the most numerous ethnic group. The needs and interests of the Russian people must be fully reflected in federal and regional programs and constantly taken into account in the political, economic and cultural life of the republics and autonomous entities of the Russian Federation. The need for state support is provided to compatriots abroad, primarily through the provision of material and cultural assistance to them, especially ethnic Russians living in neighboring countries.
In state national policy, it is necessary, first of all, to realize that the national question cannot occupy a secondary place or be the subject of speculation in the political struggle. In the course of its resolution, society faces ever new tasks. Actions in this area must be coordinated with the real state and prospects of national relations in the Russian state. When conducting state national policy, it is necessary to rely on scientific analysis and forecast, taking into account public opinion and assessing the consequences of decisions made. Only then can national politics become a consolidating factor.
Control questions and tasks
1. What is meant by national policy?
2. What are the goals and objectives of a democratic national policy?
3. What forms and methods of implementation of the national policy are known?
4. Find out what are the relationships between national and regional policies and what are their differences.
5. Are issues of migration and demographic policy included in the national policy?
6. Is it possible to manage in a multinational state without a national policy?
7. Analyze the specifics of managing ethno-national processes.
8. Consider the algorithm for the preparation and implementation of management decisions in the field of ethno-national relations.
9. What are the main objectives of the national policy in the Russian Federation?
10. Has the state concept of national policy adopted in 1996 brought practical results?
11. What are your thoughts on improving the national policy in the Russian Federation?
Literature
1. Abdulatipov R.G. Principles of national policy. - M., 1994.
2. Abdulatipov R.G. Russia on the threshold of the 21st century: the state and prospects of the federal structure. - M., 1996.
3. Public service of the Russian Federation and interethnic relations. - M., 1995.
4. Medvedev N.P. National policy of Russia. From unitarism to federalism. - M., 1993.
5. National policy of Russia: history and modernity. - M., 1997.
6. Will Russia share the fate of the USSR. - M., 1993.
7. Tavadov G.T. Ethnology. Dictionary reference. - M., 1998.
8. Tishkov V.A. Essays on the theory and politics of ethnicity in Russia. - M., 1997.
9. Ethnicity and power in multi-ethnic states. - M., 1994.
10. Ethnos and politics. Reader. - M., 2000.
National policy refers to the theoretical and actual practical problems of our time. This is a complex phenomenon that covers all spheres of society. It also has relative independence as a system of measures taken by the state aimed at taking into account and realizing national interests. The state national policy includes the strategic tasks of the life of the state, it is the policy of realizing the interests of the entire nation. This is how it is understood all over the world.
The internal policy of the state in relation to ethnic communities and interethnic relations is usually called ethnic policy or policy towards ethnic minorities. National policy is also a purposeful activity to regulate ethno-political processes, containing at its core a theory, purpose, principles, main directions, a system of measures for implementation. The main task of the state national policy is to harmonize the interests of all peoples living in the country, providing a legal and material basis for their development on the basis of their voluntary, equal and mutually beneficial cooperation. Accounting for ethno-national characteristics in the life of society should be carried out within the boundaries of respect for human rights. The path to the harmonization of interethnic relations lies largely through culture.
The main achievement of the Russian national policy of the 90s of the XX century is the development of the “Concept of the State National Policy of the Russian Federation”, which was approved by the Decree of the Government of Russia in May 1996 and approved by Decree of the President of Russia No. 909 of June 15, 1996. This concept highlights such key problems that need to be addressed:
1. development of federal relations that ensure a harmonious combination of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the integrity of the Russian state;
2. development of national cultures and languages of the peoples of Russia, strengthening the spiritual community of Russians;
3. ensuring political and legal protection of small peoples and national minorities;
4. achievement and support of a stable, lasting interethnic peace and harmony in the North Caucasus;
5. support for compatriots living in the CIS and Baltic countries, promoting the development of ties with our compatriots from neighboring countries;
Ethnopolitical issues have risen in importance to the level of defense and foreign policy. In the second half of the 90s of the twentieth century. the federal government to some extent managed to prevent the growth of ethnic separatism, localize it and create conditions for the decline of ethnic extremism. But the concept of the state national policy of 1996 did not become an effective guideline for state authorities in solving ethnopolitical problems. In the 1990s, in general, the state national policy was, on the one hand, reactive in nature, being late in responding to problems and conflicts that had already emerged; on the other hand, it was fragmented, aimed at solving only individual tasks taken out of the general political context. Considering these circumstances, the state national policy of Russia at the beginning of the 21st century should be preventive, foreseeing the most dangerous ethno-political problems, and holistic, providing for the solution of these problems within the framework of a single program.
However, with all the shortcomings of this concept of national policy, it can be defined as more democratic than that implemented in previous decades. This is seen through ideologemes expressing the essence of national politics and national relations. For example, it lacks the previously widely used formula of “nations and nationalities” and proposes for use the concept of “Russian nation” or “multinational people of Russia”. Thus, it is given a political meaning (that is, we are talking about citizens of Russia), and not an ethnic one.
In most countries of the world, the term "nation" has a political, civil meaning. In our domestic tradition, the nation is understood as the highest type of development of an ethnos, that is, a socio-cultural community. Nowadays, among Russian researchers, the understanding of the nation as a political community is gradually being established. The ideologeme "Russian nation" with tactful, skillful application can become one of the values that contribute to the integration of Russian society.
Or another example. The former constitutions of the country declared the equality of all nations and nationalities. The new documents speak of the equality of rights and freedoms of citizens, regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, attitude to religion. It is envisaged that the state should create equal social and political conditions for peoples, allowing them to preserve and develop their culture. But the realization of the equality of peoples in life is unrealistic.
The position with regard to ethnic identification is also quite democratic: the right of every citizen "to determine and indicate his nationality without coercion from outside." As it turned out later, in some regions of Russia, citizens want to keep the usual “coercion”, that is, leave the fifth column in a personal document.
In general, the concept of state national policy is progressive, but it is also characterized by half-heartedness and uncertainty, which narrows its possibilities in terms of settling and solving various ethnic problems, and in some situations even exacerbates them. There is a tendency to replace national policy with the solution of conflict problems on interethnic grounds. But the national policy, in principle, cannot be aimed at solving the problems of today, be measures of a temporary nature, even if they are relevant for the country.
The concept of state national policy currently being implemented in Russia is theoretical basis state regulation of interethnic relations. However, as the results of expert surveys show, her rating among specialists is by no means high. Thus, the participants in the founding congress of the Assembly of the Peoples of Russia, held in July 1998, assessed it as follows: “The fact that the concept of state national policy provides all the grounds for a consistent political solution to the problems of interethnic relations was noted by only 5% of the respondents; 56% believe that it still remains a declared document, but not implemented in the practical activities of power structures at various levels in the Center and in the regions” (1, p. 7). Due to the unsatisfactory level of the 1996 concept, its theoretical development continues.
In order to create legislative framework, which comprehensively ensures the implementation of the state national policy of the Russian Federation in relation to all peoples, federal laws were developed and adopted “On National-Cultural Autonomy” (No. No. 82 - FZ of 30.04.99), Unified list of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation. Other laws are also being prepared and heard. For example, in February 2001, parliamentary hearings of the draft law “On the Fundamentals of the State National Policy of the Russian Federation” were held, and on May 25, 2001, the draft federal law “On the Russian People”. Taking into account the problems that have arisen in the practice of the activities of the national-cultural autonomies of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Federation of Russia has developed a draft "On the introduction of amendments and additions to Articles 1, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 20 of the Federal Law "On National-Cultural Autonomy"", which proposes to supplement legal mechanisms for the realization of rights and freedoms in the sphere of national and cultural development.
National policy must take into account not only the analysis of the dialectic of national interests in their specificity, but also take into account changing national sentiments. The draft federal law “On the Fundamentals of the State Ethnic Policy of the Russian Federation” highlights the following main principles of the state national policy:
Preservation of the state integrity and federal structure of the Russian Federation;
Equality of rights of citizens and peoples of the Russian Federation to national development;
Recognition of the unity of Russian society;
Free determination by each citizen of his nationality;
Compliance of laws and other regulations in the field of national policy, generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation;
The inevitability of punishment for inciting ethnic hatred, insulting honor and dignity on an ethnic basis;
Recognition of the unifying role of the Russian people, their language and culture;
Interaction between state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments with public associations, national-cultural autonomies of all levels, national ethno-cultural public organizations, communities.
The basic principle of modern state national policy is the equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of his race, nationality, language, attitude to religion, belonging to social groups and social movements. There are other principles that can be taken as the basis of the state national policy:
The principle of national parity and interethnic partnership - consists in recognizing all the peoples of Russia as state-forming ones and in asserting that no people can have a preemptive right to control the territory, institutions of power and natural resources;
The principle of national self-organization - means the creation by the state of conditions that allow representatives of different peoples to independently determine and realize their national and cultural needs;
The principle of national paternalism consists in the duty of the authorities at all levels to protect human rights in the national sphere and provide support to the least protected ethnic groups, categories of ethnic refugees, migrants.
The following aspects of national policy are now distinguished: territorial, demographic, economic, social, cultural, sociolinguistic, confessional, and psychological. The draft federal law also identifies 5 main blocks of interrelated areas of state national policy. This is:
Assistance to the national and cultural development of peoples;
Assistance in the formation of equal rights of citizens and peoples for national development;
Improvement of federal relations;
Prevention of inter-ethnic, including ethno-political and ethno-territorial, conflicts and crisis management of these conflicts;
Support for compatriots living outside the Russian Federation.
Theoretically, the equality of peoples means the rejection of the division into a titular and non-titular people, a national minority or a majority, and other oppositions. In a strictly terminological sense, the equality of peoples means the rejection of the practice of fixing in one form or another, including in a purely symbolic form, the different status of the national subjects of the Russian Federation.
National policy will only become a consolidating factor if it reflects the diversity of interests of the peoples of Russia, including the most important ones, perhaps ethno-cultural ones. When implementing a national policy in the spiritual sphere, it is necessary to implement the following tasks by society and the state:
Formation and dissemination of ideas of spiritual unity, friendship of peoples, interethnic harmony, cultivation of Russian patriotism;
Dissemination of knowledge about the history and culture of the peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation;
Preservation of historical heritage, development of national identity of the traditions of interaction between the Slavic, Turkic, Caucasian, Finno-Ugric and other peoples of Russia in the Russian Eurasian-national-cultural space, creation in society of an atmosphere of respect for their cultural values;
Providing optimal conditions for the preservation and development of the languages of all the peoples of Russia, the use of the Russian language as a national language;
Strengthening and improving the national general education school as a tool for preserving and developing the culture and language of each people, along with fostering respect for the culture, history, language of other peoples of Russia, world cultural values;
Accounting for the mutual influence of national customs, traditions and rites of religion, support for the efforts of religious organizations in peacekeeping activities (2, p.25).
The Russian question is the most important within the framework of the Russian national question. "Interethnic relations in the country will largely be determined by the national well-being of the Russian people, which is the backbone of Russian statehood." This provision determines the historical role of the Russian people, which, due to the corresponding national policy of the USSR, was not officially considered an object of national policy. Only in May 1945 was the merit of the Russian people in the war with Germany assessed (see Appendix No. 1).
Until 1917, the official name of Russia was “All-Russian Empire“. In its Constitution, the name “Russian State” was also used. It was a multinational state with many faiths, with flexible constitutional forms, which allowed various confederal relations (for example, with Finland, with part of Poland) and even principalities with their own monarchs, as, for example, in the case of the Khan of Nakhichevan. This multinational character was also reflected in the imperial passports, which not only accredited the imperial citizenship common to all the inhabitants of Russia, but also the nationality and religion of each citizen, in accordance with each individual's own will. Among the citizens of the Russian Empire there were subjects of non-Russian and even non-Slavic nationalities, who were listed as Russians in their passports at their own request. As a result, the name "Russian" was used in the broadest sense of the word: Russians were called all Russian citizens who called themselves that way, even if they had a different ethnic origin. Russian culture and the Russian state did not recognize national and racial discrimination, since they were anti-racist in spirit.
The problems of the national and cultural development of the Russian people are becoming more and more urgent. This happens because the national program of the Russian people has not been introduced into the concept of nation-building in Russia, since there is no state policy regarding the Russian people - a policy that would declare the Russian people united throughout Russia, the former USSR and throughout the world, as did World third Council of the Russian people. Without this policy, Russia will continue to fragment. This issue is raised with particular urgency, including in connection with the painful transformation of Russians as an ethnic majority into an ethnic minority in a number of national-state formations of the Russian Federation.
The absence of the Russian people of their own statehood, different from the all-Russian, introduces objective contradictions into the state structure of Russia as a federation. According to international standards, a state in which at least 67% of the population is represented by one nationality is mono-ethnic. From this position, Russia is a multi-ethnic, but mono-ethnic state. The Russian people, constituting the majority of the country's population, is a backbone nation in Russia. The national security of the state as a whole largely depends on the position and national well-being of Russians. For Russians, the tasks of improving their position in society are now in the first place, i.e. improving the quality of life across the entire spectrum of existing problems of national existence - from socio-economic to spiritual and moral. Moreover, the dominant needs are to increase national solidarity and the level of state protection of Russians.
In November 1998, parliamentary hearings “On the concept and development of a state program for the national and cultural development of the Russian people” were held, held by the State Duma Committee on Nationalities. In the speech of the First Deputy Minister V. Pechenev, the fact of belittling the role of the largest people of the country was recognized and a proposal was made on the advisability of considering the issue of the proportional principle of the formation of power structures. At the hearings, it was noted that national relations today pose a considerable danger to the country. As a result of the absence of a Russian program and the implementation of the “Law on Sovereignty”, the historical national space of the Russian people, the Russian language, has been torn apart, and a blow has been systematically dealt to the resurgent Orthodoxy throughout Russia. Meanwhile, Orthodoxy is the spiritual bond of the nation.
It is necessary to consider the issue of the Russian people in the general context of the state and prospects for resolving the entire complex of national problems on which the fate of Russian federalism depends. The very fact of holding parliamentary hearings on the issue “On the concept of the state program for the national and cultural development of the Russian people” suggests that Russian problems have finally ceased to be the subject of political speculation and are increasingly becoming, on the one hand, the subject of serious study, and on the other hand, it is an essential factor in national policy. It should be noted that, although the fundamental approaches to the problem of the Russian people today are defined by the “Concept of the State National Policy of the Russian Federation”, it is clearly not enough on its own. A strong internal tension is accumulating in the Russian national environment, which simply needs to be removed. I see one of the means of relieving such tension in the preparation of the “State Program for the National-Cultural Development of the Russian People”. I have no doubt that such a program is necessary.
The national question in Soviet times was identified, in fact, only with the problems of the non-Russian population, national minorities. The Russian people were not only taken “out of the brackets” of national policy, but were declared by Lenin to be almost the main culprit of the inequality of nations that existed in the Russian Empire and became one of the reasons (although not the main one) of its collapse. From the false idea of the collective responsibility of the Russian people for national inequality in Russia, demands were made for the need to create at its expense a whole system of advantages for non-Russians. Russians in the Russian state found themselves in fact in an unequal position with other peoples. In Soviet times, an attempt to raise the Russian question as an urgent problem caused rejection among some under the influence of international doctrine, which proclaimed the merging of nations as the goal of socialism; for others, it was equated with the anti-Semitic intrigues of the Black Hundreds; and still others (perhaps, most of them were among the Russians themselves) did not notice this problem at all. Meanwhile, it is obvious that the general state of interethnic relations in Russia depends to a large extent on the well-being of the Russian people, which makes up more than 4/5 of the country's population. That is why in our country the main content of national relations is objectively determined by the Russian question. (3, c.130). The main trouble for Russia, R. Abdulatipov, a specialist in national processes, considers that “national policy is not free from the influence of moneybags...” (8, p.5).
In February and May 2001, the State Duma held parliamentary hearings on the draft law “On the Russian People”. The draft of the Committee on Nationalities Affairs of the State Duma of the Russian Federation states that the federal law “On the Russian people” defines legal framework the status and development of the Russian people, which historically played the main, unifying role in the creation of a single multinational Russian state. Making up the absolute majority of the country's population, it is still its basis today, and at the same time it has no other form of statehood, except for the all-Russian one. The law establishes the fundamental legal principles for expressing and protecting the state interests of the Russian nation, preventing its depopulation, ensuring original national and cultural development, achieving adequate representation of Russians in all federal and local legislative and executive authorities, in educational institutions, culture and the media Russian Federation, restoration of the unity of the Russian people, destroyed as a result of the collapse of the USSR (4, p.10).
December 17, 2001 in the State Duma of Russia passed “ round table” on the topic “Representation of peoples in state authorities and local self-government bodies”. The participants of this forum stated that one of the main and most effective forms of implementing the Concept of the State Ethnic Policy of the Russian Federation, the formation of a legal framework for regulating interethnic relations, the most important guarantee of stability in the country, a guarantee of interethnic harmony is the factor of representation of Russian ethnic communities in the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments. It was noted that in the formation of authorities at different levels, it is necessary to take into account the ethnic factor, and in the representation Russian peoples the system of power must adhere to the principle of proportional representation with the allocation of a certain representative quota for each of the peoples living on the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The need was emphasized “to achieve the eradication of the negative aspects of the process of ethnicization of state authorities and local self-government bodies, in particular, the “washing out” of Russian and Russian-speaking civil servants from the state apparatus. And consider the representation of the peoples of Russia as an integral part of the process of democratization of Russian society.”
During the discussion that unfolded in the meeting room, the following was stated: “The principle of nationally proportional representation is violated everywhere with a huge infringement of the rights of Russians - for example, the national composition of the State Duma, where there are disproportionately few Russians. There are also problems in the formation of executive power personnel. As noted by the head of the department of personnel policy of the RAGS A. I. Turchinov, that as soon as the “national cadre” gets to the top of the ministry, department (let’s take the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations or the now deceased Minnats), these instances immediately change, filled with personnel of the same nationality ousting Russians and other workers. Chairman of the Committee on Nationalities Affairs of the State Duma V.I. Nikitin stated that in the national republics the ousting of Russians from all spheres of legislative and executive power had reached an obscene climax, and this disproportion must be eliminated” (5, p. 2).
Previously, almost no attention was paid to the Russian problem in management practice. In the State Concept, it is mentioned only in connection with the task of using the Russian language as a national language. Until now, the problems of Russians cause unjustified modesty among managers and fears that any manifestations of interest in it may become a reason for accusation of chauvinism. Meanwhile, the possibility of preventing both peripheral ethnic separatism and interethnic conflicts largely depends on the resolution of this problem.
The Russian problem now has several main manifestations. This is the ongoing outflow of the Russian population from most regions of Russia, which violates the existing balance of ethno-political forces and interests. And the insufficient participation of Russians in political life a number of regions, including those where they are numerically the largest ethnic community, both because of the political and legal restrictions existing in some republics, and because of their own weak political activity and self-organization. And the problem of adaptation of forced migrants from other countries to the new living conditions in the regions of Russia. As well as the deterioration of the general psychological well-being of Russians.
In the national policy of Russia, the problem of indigenous peoples (IPN) is acute. In Russia, according to the Unified List of Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2000 No. 255, 63 peoples are classified as indigenous peoples. This is special group ethnic groups living in places of traditional settlement of their ancestors. These peoples are characterized by the originality of language, culture, economic activity and way of life in general, bearing the imprint of natural conditions and historical path development. Due to insufficiently thought-out state policy, indifference to their problems, paternalistic policies and industrial expansion, the identity of the small peoples was under threat.
In recent years, the legislative foundations for the legal status of indigenous peoples have been created. In 1993, the rights of these peoples were for the first time enshrined at the constitutional level, when the state guaranteed their rights in accordance with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation (Article 69). In 1996, the law “On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of the Socio-Economic Development of the North” was adopted. In 1999, the federal law “On Guarantees of the Rights of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Federation” was adopted, and in 2000, the federal law “On the General Principles of Organizing Communities of Indigenous Minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East”, enriched the legal basis for the status of indigenous peoples. But, despite all the shortcomings of the legislation, a more serious problem is its implementation in practice.
The activities of indigenous peoples can also be regulated by the state not only with the help of the law, but also by agreement. The use of a public law contract in regulating the activities of indigenous peoples is successfully used abroad, for example, in Canada. In Russia, at the state level, for the first time such a possibility is mentioned in the resolution of the State Duma dated May 26, 1995 “On the crisis situation in the economy and culture of the small indigenous (aboriginal) peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation”, which proposes to consider the creation of a system of contractual relations between the Government of the Russian Federation and territorial associations of communities of indigenous peoples. Paragraph 8 of the State Policy Concept on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the federal, regional and municipal levels of government (February 2001) recognizes the possibility and necessity of concluding agreements on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between local governments and the federal center.
Thus, at the present time, at the legislative level and in the public consciousness, the idea of contractual legal regulation of the relationship of indigenous peoples as a possible variant of their existence in the modern world has been developed. Although little has been done in practical activities in this direction, nevertheless, the creation and operation of public associations of indigenous peoples, primarily the Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East in the center and in the regions of their residence, the development of communities, attempts at cultural self-determination, the creation representative bodies of power from indigenous peoples and the struggle of indigenous peoples for constitutional rights “to their original habitat and traditional way of life”, can ultimately lead to the creation of decent living conditions for indigenous peoples. Autonomous okrugs have become ineffective as forms of social patronage over indigenous peoples, and the autonomous status of okrugs is often used by the newcomer ethnic majority to exploit the natural resources of these territories.
Unregulated ethnic migrations, both the continuing outflow of a number of ethnic groups outside Russia and the illegal influx of migrants from abroad, should become a subject of special attention of national policy (See Appendix No. 2).
In national politics, two aspects stand out most: political and cultural. The political aspect is presented through the activities of state, including local, authorities, for example, through the allocation of relevant budget items, legislative acts, resolutions on specific issues (for example, on the return of religious buildings, the opening of classes or national schools).
The cultural aspect is the direct activity of national cultural centers, associations, national schools, the press, etc. National-cultural autonomy can be considered as an element of civil society. This is an extraterritorial formation, it is not endowed with any powers of authority, and its activities are determined in the field of ethno-cultural problems. As an example, we can cite the fact that only in the Krasnodar Territory in 2003 three Georgian national-cultural public associations were registered in the department of justice: in Novorossiysk - the Georgian cultural and educational society “Sakartvelo”, which has existed since 1997, in Krasnodar - the Krasnodar Regional Public Association organization "Georgian community" Iveria "", since 1999, in Sochi - Krasnodar regional public organization "Georgian cultural center" Iveria "", since 1999). Giving the NCA any political rights in the current situation is dangerous.
In the context of the rehabilitation of the repressed peoples, the Ministry of Federation of Russia ensures the work of the interdepartmental commission on the problems of the Meskhetian Turks living in Russia.
The Ministry of Federation of Russia, as a state customer, participates in the implementation of a number of federal target programs aimed at providing state support for the cultural revival and development of the peoples of Russia: “Development of the socio-economic and cultural base for the revival of Russian Germans for 1997-2006”, “Socio-economic development of the republic Kalmykia and the national-cultural revival of the Kalmyk people for 1997-2002” and other programs.
Ethnic problems are closely related to the problems of federalism, which makes them of particular relevance. Life, including the experience of national policy in the USSR, has shown that artificial nation-building leads to contradictions between ethnic groups and the state. Ethnocratic processes cause obvious damage to the territorial integrity of Russia, affecting geopolitical processes. The problems of federalism are among the most complex and multifaceted. But they are key to the future fate of Russia. Without an optimally constructed state national and regional policy, it is impossible to carry out any socio-economic and political transformations. As long as the situation in the sphere of federative and interethnic relations is unstable, it is impossible to overcome the systemic socio-economic crisis, and interethnic harmony still provides some minimum of stability and makes it possible to carry out activities in the direction of reform.
However, with regard to federalism, there is no common understanding among its researchers that it is, first of all, a means of optimal regulation of interethnic relations, ensuring diverse forms of state building taking into account the cultural and legal traditions of the peoples inhabiting Russia. All existing models in world practice for eliminating contradictions between the goals of ethno-national and general civil development within the framework of federal states are reduced to two main directions - adaptation and unification. Unification can manifest itself in the construction of a federation based on ethnic federalism or in the complete elimination of ethnicity from federal relations, i.e. on the so-called province of the federation. For us, ethnic federalism is unacceptable because it can increase the expulsion of Russians and national minorities from the republics and give rise to ethnic cleansing. The federation's provincialization is unfeasible (in any case, in the coming decades) because of the resistance of the ethnic elites, who retain the possibility of mobilizing the population of the republics for an open struggle against the federal center. In modern conditions, it is more reasonable “not to break the established forms of federal relations, but to more fully adapt them to serve both national and general civil tasks for the development of Russian society. Such an approach can be implemented in the “ethno-political integration” scenario, which provides for the preservation of the ethnic specificity of the regions and the “completion of the framework” of common ties and relations within the federation” (6, p. 217).
Greatest political significance has a state language, to which the state provides support and develops it. It is seen as a force that ensures the stability and unity of society. Knowledge of the state language in many countries is included in the circle of requirements necessary for obtaining citizenship. According to the 1993 Constitution, the state language of Russia is Russian, although the republics can set their own official languages. The state language sometimes changes due to a change in the ethnic or social situation, the loss of sovereignty by the state. So, in Byzantium from the IV century. Latin dominated, from the 7th century. before the fall of the empire - Greek. In countries with a numerically dominant language, the official language tends to be difficult to accept by ethnic minorities, and regional languages are widely used. In ethnically diverse countries, the state language is spreading more widely and with greater ease.
As a means of interethnic communication, the language should be acceptable to all ethnic groups. With a mosaic ethnic structure, a language that does not coincide with the autochthonous languages is often chosen for the role of such a language. In India, this is English, although Hindi is more common here. The intention to change the official language from English to Hindi sparked the Tamil and Bengali protest movements (1965). AT former colonies this role is often played by the language of the former metropolis. In the USSR, the language of interethnic communication was Russian.
Language policy is the activity of the state and other political forces to establish the status of a language in society. It provides conditions for the functioning of languages, determines the scope of distribution, the possibilities of relevant research. Appropriate decisions on the language issue affect the fundamental interests of the ethnic group - cultural, socio-political, etc. In authoritarian regimes, language policy is carried out in violent forms, accompanied by the imposition of official languages and restrictions on the use of native languages. The language policy in democratic states is based on the principles of equality of languages, linguistic self-determination of the individual, creates wide opportunities for the use of native languages, although limited by appropriate resources and specific conditions. To designate language policy, the term “language construction” is used, which implies the choice of language, the definition of its norms, the use in the names of streets, villages, etc. Language policy is a direction of social, cultural, educational, publishing and, especially, national policy, carried out both in the form of individual events and in their complex, directed by legislative acts.
The language policy is embodied in the Constitutions with an indication of the state language. Some countries have a policy of bilingualism (bilingualism) or multilingualism (multilingualism). In these cases, to the native language endowed state status, the language of interethnic communication is added, as well as any foreign language. For example, in Burma (1974 Constitution), Pakistan (1973 Constitution) or Iran (1979 Constitution) there is one state language, in Switzerland there are four national languages etc. The Constitution of Russia (1993) proclaimed the right to preserve the native language and guaranteed the conditions for its study and development. Tataria and North Ossetia have two official languages - respectively, Tatar and Russian, Ossetian and Russian.
The language policy with regard to the state language, which is the monopoly of the official sphere of communication, is the most powerful, and is supported and stimulated by the state in every possible way. For this purpose, appropriate structures are being created - translation, document management, examinations are introduced for access to administrative positions, etc. The question of choosing the state language is most characteristic and acute for countries that have gained independence. The requirements of the language policy are the need to study the language, determine the scope of its distribution - education, publication, etc. Its general focus is related to the support of a certain people: in Russia, the language policy took the form of Russification, indigenization, in the Arab countries - Arabization, etc. Language repressions, restrictions and prohibitions imposed by the dominant ethnic elites are caused by the desire for social and political integration of society, increasing its stability. ruling elite post-Soviet states use language to expand their influence, creating a language filter to cleanse prestigious social niches and protect them from unwanted ethnic counterparts.
In any state, the language policy is always a reflection of the policy of the state. It manifests itself, is carried out through a system of specific state measures. Language policy, as a rule, comes down to the following main areas:
Elimination of illiteracy;
Choice and establishment of the state (official) standard language;
A certain position of other languages in relation to the state language;
Definition of spheres and types of language states and situations of each of the languages;
Codification and improvement of the content of the state language.
On February 5, 2003, the State Duma of Russia adopted in the third, final, reading the law “On the State Language of the Russian Federation” (earlier, in the first reading, it was adopted under the title “On the Russian Language as the State Language of the Russian Federation”.) 248 people voted for the adoption of the law deputies with the required minimum of 226, 37 people were against, one abstained. The law is aimed “to ensure the use of the state language of the Russian Federation throughout the entire territory” of the country. Article 1 notes that, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the state language throughout Russia is Russian. The law imposes a number of restrictions on the use of the Russian language as the state language, in particular, “the use of colloquial, derogatory and swear words and expressions, as well as foreign words in the presence of commonly used analogues in the Russian language, is not allowed.” The law outlines the areas of use of the state language. It is subject to mandatory use in the activities and names of government bodies, in constitutional workflow, in official correspondence, when naming geographical objects and issuing documents proving the identity of a citizen of the Russian Federation. In addition, the state language, in accordance with the law, must be used in advertising. It is provided that violation of the law entails liability established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
State national policy should be focused on creating conditions that allow each people to preserve national dignity, self-consciousness, exercise their national independence and free development, and determine their own destiny. And at the same time, the national policy should be a factor in the national consolidation of the peoples of Russia. This policy should be aimed at maintaining the spirit of interethnic communication. The principle of self-identification of peoples and the principle of their communication among themselves, cooperation should not come into conflict with each other. This will help to avoid inter-ethnic tensions, conflicts between peoples, as well as confrontations with power structures. The policy of friendship between peoples and the policy of their freedom and independence should not be different policies, but a unified state national policy of Russia. A harmonious balance of two factors - ethnic, national, and international, universal - should be the essence of the state national policy of Russia in modern conditions.
Literature:
Ivanov V.N. Federal Russia (crisis and ways to overcome it). M., ISPI RAN, 1999.
Akieva M.Kh. Interaction of cultures as a factor in the political consolidation of society / Spiritual and cultural processes in modern Russia. M., 1998.
Interview with Deputy Minister of National Policy of the Russian Federation V.A. Pechenev / Ethnographic Review, 1999, No. 3, pp. 130 - 132.
Project / National newspaper, 2001, No. 4 - 5.
Representation / National newspaper, 2002, No. 6 - 7.
Bedzhanov M.B. Russia and North Caucasus: interethnic relations on the threshold of the XXI century. Maykop, Publishing House "Adygea", 2002, 443 p.
Russian Bulletin, 2003, No. 4.
North Caucasus, 2000, No. 8
Applications
Application No. 1
TOAST IN HONOR OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE
Speech by I. V. Stalin at a reception in the Kremlin on May 24, 1945 (7) in honor of the commanders of the Red Army.
“ Comrades, allow me to raise one more, last toast.
I would like to raise a toast to the health of our Soviet people, and, above all, the Russian people.
I drink, first of all, to the health of the Russian people, because they are the most outstanding nation of all the nations that make up the Soviet Union.
I raise this toast to the health of the Russian people because in this war they have earned general recognition as the leading force of the Soviet Union among all the peoples of our country.
I raise a toast to the health of the Russian people, not only because they are the leading people, but also because they have a clear mind, steadfast character and patience.
Our government made many mistakes, we had moments of a desperate situation in 1941-1942, when our army retreated, left our native villages and cities in Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, the Leningrad Region, the Baltic States, the Karelian-Finnish Republic, left, because there was no other choice. Some people could have already said to the government: you have not lived up to our expectations, go away, we will set up another government that will make peace with Germany and ensure peace for us. But the Russian people did not agree to this, because they believe in the correctness of the policy of their government and made sacrifices in order to ensure the defeat of Germany. And this confidence of the Russian people in the Soviet government turned out to be the decisive force that ensured the historic victory over the enemy of mankind - over fascism.
Thanks to him, the Russian people, for this trust!
For the health of the Russian people!”
Ps.: Unfortunately, in the following decades, these good words addressed to the Russian people were forgotten by the country's leadership.
Application No. 2
RESOLUTION OF THE FEDERATION COUNCIL
OF THE FEDERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
about the situation in the Krasnodar Territory, emerging in the field of migration and interethnic relations(extracts)
The Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation expresses concern over the situation in the Krasnodar Territory, which is developing in the field of migration and interethnic relations and posing a threat to Russia's national security.
On the territory of the Krasnodar Territory is a large number of foreign citizens and stateless persons, many of whom are in the Russian Federation illegally.
Visa-free regime and simplified crossing procedure state border of the Russian Federation, in some of its sections, the flow of illegal migrants from the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States is increasing. In system government agencies The executive power of the Russian Federation does not have an authorized body responsible for the formation, implementation and improvement of the state migration policy.
At the same time, the process of repatriation to Georgia of the Meskhetian Turks temporarily residing on the territory of the Russian Federation is being unjustifiably delayed.
In this regard, in the Krasnodar Territory, there has been a noticeable ethno-social imbalance with possible political consequences, characterized by a growing numerical disproportion between the indigenous population of the region and migrants, which creates conditions for interethnic tension among the inhabitants of the region.
The solution of demographic and interethnic problems in the Krasnodar Territory is hampered, on the one hand, by the lack of effective legislative mechanisms for regulating migration processes, on the other hand, by the incomplete implementation of regulatory legal acts previously adopted by state authorities. The need for a speedy solution to the problems associated with illegal migration has been repeatedly noted by the President of the Russian Federation, the Security Council of the Russian Federation, and the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Despite this, the problems of illegal migration, which have already gone beyond regional problems, remain unresolved.
Having listened to and discussed the information prepared by the working group of the Federation Council on studying the situation in the Krasnodar Territory, created by the order of the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation dated May 20, 2002 No. 175 rp-SF, the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation decides:
1. Recommend to the Government of the Russian Federation: to submit to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation as a priority ... the draft federal law “On state regulation migration in the Russian Federation”, in which to provide for the participation of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the establishment of quotas that limit the settlement of migrants in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the possibility of temporary resettlement certain categories citizens, foreigners and stateless persons from the regions conflict situations and environmental threats, the conditions for creating temporary settlements for illegal migrants in the territories allocated by the state ... to intensify actions that encourage Georgia to ensure the conditions for the repatriation of Meskhetian Turks temporarily residing in the territory of the Russian Federation to Georgia as soon as possible.
2. Propose to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation to consider, as a matter of priority, draft federal laws regulating migration processes in the Russian Federation.
3. Propose to the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation to exercise effective supervision over the implementation of the Federal Law “On Citizenship of the Russian Federation” and other regulatory legal acts regulating the legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons.
