Peter 1 briefly and importantly. Peter the Great (Great)

Peter 1 the Great (Born 1672 – died 1725) The first Russian emperor, known for his public administration reforms.

How did the king die?

1725, January 27 - The Emperor's Palace in St. Petersburg was surrounded by reinforced guards. The first Russian emperor, Peter 1, was dying in terrible agony. For the last 10 days, convulsions were replaced by deep fainting and delirium, and in those minutes when Peter came to himself, he screamed terribly from unbearable pain. During the last week, in short moments of relief, Peter took communion three times. By his decree, all the arrested debtors were released from prisons and their debts were covered from royal sums. In all churches, including those of other faiths, about him

Origin. early years

Peter was the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his second wife, Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. Peter was born on May 30, 1672. From his first marriage with Maria Ilinichnaya Miloslavskaya, the tsar had 13 children, but only two of the sons survived - Fedor and Ivan. After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich in 1676, Peter's upbringing was looked after by his elder brother, Tsar Fedor, who was his godfather. For the young Peter, he chose Nikita Zotov as mentors, thanks to whose influence he became addicted to books, especially historical writings. Nikita told the young prince a lot about the past of the Fatherland, about the glorious deeds of his ancestors.

The real idol for Peter was Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Subsequently, Peter spoke of his reign: “This sovereign is my predecessor and model; I have always imagined him as the model of my government in civil and military affairs, but I did not go as far as he did. Fools only those who do not know the circumstances of his time, the properties of his people and the greatness of his merits, call him a tormentor.

Fight for the throne

After the death in 1682 of the 22-year-old Tsar Fedor, the struggle for the royal throne of two families, the Miloslavskys and the Naryshkins, sharply escalated. The applicant for the kingdom from the Miloslavskys was Ivan, who was in poor health, from the Naryshkins, healthy, but the younger Peter. At the instigation of the Naryshkins, the patriarch proclaimed Peter the tsar. But the Miloslavskys were not going to reconcile themselves and they provoked a streltsy riot, during which many of the people close to the Naryshkins died. This made an indelible impression on Peter, had an impact on his mental health and worldview. For the rest of his life, he harbored a hatred for the archers and for the entire Miloslavsky family.

Two kings

The result of the rebellion was a political compromise: both Ivan and Peter were elevated to the throne, and Princess Sophia, the smart and ambitious daughter of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage, became their regent (ruler). Peter and his mother did not play any role in the life of the state. They ended up in a kind of exile in the village of Preobrazhensky. Peter had to take part only in embassy ceremonies in the Kremlin. There, in Preobrazhensky, the military "fun" of the young tsar began. Under the leadership of the Scot Menesius, from Peter's peers, usually representatives of noble families, a children's regiment was recruited, from which in the early 90s. two guards regiments grew up - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky. The future Field Marshal M.M. Golitsyn, and the descendant of a noble family Buturlin, and the son of a groom, and in the future a friend and associate of Peter, A.D. Menshikov, served in them. The king himself served here, starting with a drummer. The officers in the regiments were usually foreigners.

In general, foreigners who lived near Preobrazhensky in the German settlement (Kukui), who came to the country under Tsar Alexei, seekers of happiness and ranks, masters, military specialists, played a huge role in the life of the king. From them, he studied shipbuilding, military affairs, and besides this, drink strong drinks, smoke, wear foreign dresses. From them, one might say, he absorbed a disdain for everything Russian. The Swiss F. Lefort became closer to Peter.

Riot attempt

In the summer of 1689, the struggle with the Miloslavskys intensified. Princess Sophia, realizing that soon Peter would push back the sick Ivan and take control into his own hands, began to incite the archers, led by Shaklovity, to revolt. However, this plan failed: the archers themselves handed over Shaklovity to Peter, and he, having named many of his associates under torture, was executed along with them. Sophia was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent. This was the beginning of his sole reign. Ivan's reign was nominal, and after his death in 1696, Peter became autocrat.

Streltsy rebellion

1697 - the tsar, as part of the Great Embassy of fifty people, under the guise of an officer of the Preobrazhensky regiment, Peter Mikhailov, went abroad. The purpose of the trip is an alliance against the Turks. In Holland and England, working as a carpenter in shipyards, Peter was engaged in the development of shipbuilding. On the way back, in Vienna, he was caught by the news of a new rebellion of archers. The tsar hurried to Russia, but on the way he received news that the rebellion was suppressed, 57 instigators were executed, and 4,000 archers were exiled. Upon his return, considering that the “seed” of Miloslavsky had not been exterminated, Peter gave the order to resume the investigation. Already exiled archers were returned to Moscow. Peter personally took part in torture and executions. He chopped off the heads of archers with his own hands, forcing his confidants and courtiers to do it.

Many archers were executed in a new way - they were wheeled. Peter's revenge on the Miloslavsky family was boundless. He gave the order to dig up the coffin with the body of Miloslavsky, bring him on pigs to the place of execution and place him near the chopping block in such a way that the blood of the executed would pour on the remains of Miloslavsky. In total, more than 1000 archers were executed. Their bodies were dumped into a pit where the corpses of animals were dumped. 195 archers were hanged at the gates of the Novodevichy Convent, and three - near the very windows of Sophia, and for five months the corpses hung at the place of execution. In this terrible case, and in many others, the tsar surpassed his idol Ivan the Terrible in cruelty.

Reforms Peter 1

At the same time, Peter began to reform, intending to transform Russia along the Western European model, to make the country an absolutist police state. He wanted everything at once. With his reforms, Peter 1 put Russia on its hind legs, but how many people went on the rack, on the chopping block, on the gallows! How many were beaten, tortured… It all started with cultural innovations. It became obligatory for everyone, with the exception of the peasants and the clergy, to wear foreign dresses, the army was dressed in uniforms according to the European model, and everyone, again, except the peasants and the clergy, were obliged to shave their beards, while in Preobrazhensky the tsar cut off his beards with his own hands boyars. 1705 - a tax was introduced on beards: from servicemen and clerks, merchants and townspeople, 60 rubles each. per person per year; hundreds of rich merchants from the living room - 100 rubles each; from people of lower rank, boyar people, coachmen - 30 rubles each; from the peasants - 2 money every time they entered the city or left it.

Other innovations have also been introduced. They encouraged learning crafts, created numerous workshops, sent young men from noble families to study abroad, reorganized the city administration, carried out a calendar reform, established the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, and opened the Navigation School. To strengthen the centralization of state administration, boards and the Senate were created instead of orders. All these transformations were carried out by violent methods. A special place was occupied by the relationship of the king with the clergy. Day after day he led the attack on the independence of the church. After the death of his mother, the king no longer took part in religious processions. The patriarch was no longer an adviser to Peter, he was expelled from Imperial Duma, and after his death in 1700, the management of the affairs of the church was transferred to a specially created Synod.

The temper of the king

And all these and other transformations were superimposed by the unbridled temper of the king. According to the historian Valishevsky: “In everything that Peter did, he brought a lot of swiftness, a lot of personal rudeness, and especially, a lot of passion. He hit right and left. And therefore, by correcting, he spoiled everything. Peter's fury, reaching the fury, his mockery of people knew no restraint.

He could attack Generalissimo Shein with wild abuse, and at the same time inflict severe wounds on those people close to him, Romodanovsky and Zotov, who were trying to appease him: one had severed fingers, the other had wounds on his head; he could beat his friend Menshikov for not taking off his sword at the assembly during the dances; could kill a servant with a stick for taking off his hat too slowly; he could give the order that the 80-year-old boyar M. Golovin was forced to sit naked, in a jester's cap for a whole hour, on the Neva ice because he refused, dressed as a devil, to participate in the jester's procession. After that, Golovin fell ill and quickly died. So Peter behaved not only at home: in the Copenhagen Museum, the tsar mutilated the mummy, because he was refused to sell it for the Kunstkamera. And many such examples could be cited.

Peter's era

The Petrine era is a time of constant wars. Azov campaigns of 1695–1696, Northern War of 1700–1721, Prut campaign of 1711, campaign to the Caspian Sea of ​​1722. All this required a huge amount of both people and money. A huge army and navy were created. Recruits were often brought into cities in chains. Many lands were depopulated. In general, during the reign of Peter 1, Russia lost almost a third of the population. Throughout the state, it was forbidden to cut down large trees, and for felling an oak, they were generally executed. For the maintenance of the army, new requisitions were introduced: recruitment, dragoon, ship, household and stamp paper. New dues were introduced: fishing, home baths, mills, inns. The sale of salt and tobacco passed into the hands of the treasury. Even oak coffins were transferred to the treasury and then sold at four times the price. But money was still not enough.

Personal life of Peter 1

The heavy character of the king was reflected in his family life. Even at the age of 16, his mother, in order to ward off the German settlement, married him to Evdokia Lopukhina, whom he never loved. Evdokia bore him two sons: Alexander, who died in infancy, and Alexei. After the death of Natalya Kirillovna, relations between the spouses deteriorated sharply. The tsar even wanted to execute his wife, but limited himself only to forcibly tonsure her as a nun in the Intercession Monastery in Suzdal. The 26-year-old queen was not given a penny for maintenance, and she was forced to ask her relatives for money. At the same time, the tsar had two mistresses in the German settlement: the daughter of the silversmith Betticher and the daughter of the wine merchant Mons - Anna, who became the first titled mistress of Peter. He gave her palaces, estates, but when her love affair with the Saxon envoy Keyserling surfaced, the vengeful king took almost everything donated, and even kept her in prison for some time.

A vindictive but not inconsolable lover, he quickly found a replacement for her. Among his favorites were at one time Anisya Tolstaya, and Varvara Arsenyeva, and a number of other representatives of noble families. Often, Peter's choice also stopped at simple maids. 1703 - another woman appeared who played a special role in the life of Peter - Marta Skavronskaya, who later became the wife of the tsar under the name of Ekaterina Alekseevna. After the occupation of Marienburg by the Russian army, she was a servant and mistress of Field Marshal B. Sheremetev, then A. Menshikov, who introduced her to Peter. Martha converted to Orthodoxy, bore Peter three daughters and a son, Peter Petrovich, who died in 1719. But only in 1724 the king crowned her. At the same time, a scandal broke out: Peter became aware of the love affair between Catherine and Willem Mons, the brother of the former favorite. Mons was executed, and his head in a jar of alcohol, on the orders of Peter, was in his wife's bedroom for several days.

Tsarevich Alexei

Against the background of these events, the tragedy of Peter's son, Alexei, stands out clearly. His fear of his father reached the point that, on the advice of friends, he even wanted to renounce the inheritance. The king saw this as a conspiracy and gave the order to send his son to a monastery. The prince fled and hid with his mistress, first in Vienna, and then in Naples. But they were found and lured to Russia. Peter promised his son forgiveness if he gave out the names of his accomplices. But instead of forgiveness, the tsar sent him to the casemate of the Peter and Paul Fortress and ordered an investigation to begin. Alexei was tortured 5 times in a week. My father also took part in this. To end the torment, Alexei slandered himself: they say, he wanted to win the throne with the help of the troops of the Austrian emperor. 1718, June 24 - a court of 127 people unanimously sentenced the prince to death. The choice of execution was left to the discretion of Peter. Little is known about how Alexei died: either from poison, or from suffocation, or they cut off his head, or he died under torture.

And the participants in the investigation were awarded titles, villages. The next day, the tsar celebrated the ninth anniversary of the Battle of Poltava with grandeur.

With the end Northern war in 1721, Russia was proclaimed an empire, and the Senate awarded Peter the titles "Father of the Fatherland", "Emperor" and "Great".

Last years. Death

The turbulent life of Peter "gave" him a bouquet of diseases by the age of 50, but most of all he suffered from uremia. did not help and mineral water. For the last three months, Peter spent most of his time in bed, although on the days of relief he took part in the festivities. By mid-January, the attacks of the disease became more frequent. Kidney dysfunction led to blockage of the urinary tract. The operation performed did nothing. Blood poisoning has begun. The question of succession to the throne arose sharply, because by this time the sons of Peter were not alive.

On January 27, Peter wanted to write an order for the succession to the throne. They gave him paper, but he could write only two words: “Give everything ...” In addition, he lost his speech. The next day he died in terrible agony. His body remained unburied for forty days. He was exhibited on a velvet bed embroidered with gold in the palace hall, upholstered with carpets that Peter received as a gift from Louis XV during his stay in Paris. His wife Ekaterina Alekseevna was proclaimed empress.

Peter I - younger son Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second marriage to Natalya Naryshkina - was born on May 30, 1672. As a child, Peter was educated at home, from a young age he knew German, then studied Dutch, English and French. With the help of palace masters (carpentry, turning, weapons, blacksmithing, etc.). The future emperor was physically strong, agile, inquisitive and capable, had a good memory.

In April 1682, Peter was enthroned after the death of a childless man, bypassing his older half-brother Ivan. However, the sister of Peter and Ivan - and the relatives of Alexei Mikhailovich's first wife - the Miloslavskys used the streltsy uprising in Moscow for a palace coup. In May 1682, the supporters and relatives of the Naryshkins were killed or exiled, Ivan was declared the "senior" tsar, and Peter the "junior" tsar under the ruler Sophia.

Under Sophia, Peter lived in the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow. Here, from his peers, Peter formed "amusing regiments" - the future imperial guard. In those same years, the prince met the son of the court groom Alexander Menshikov, who later became " right hand"emperor.

In the second half of the 1680s, clashes began between Peter and Sofya Alekseevna, who were striving for autocracy. In August 1689, having received news that Sophia was preparing a palace coup, Peter hastily left Preobrazhensky for the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where troops loyal to him and his supporters arrived. Armed detachments of nobles, gathered by the messengers of Peter I, surrounded Moscow, Sophia was removed from power and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent, her close associates were exiled or executed.

After the death of Ivan Alekseevich (1696), Peter I became an autocratic tsar.

Possessing a strong will, determination and great capacity for work, Peter I throughout his life replenished his knowledge and skills in various fields, devoting Special attention military and naval affairs. In 1689-1693, under the guidance of the Dutch master Timmerman and the Russian master Kartsev, Peter I learned to build ships on Lake Pereslavl. In 1697-1698, during the first trip abroad, he passed full course Artillery Sciences in Koenigsberg, worked for six months as a carpenter at the shipyards of Amsterdam (Holland), studying ship architecture and drawing plans, completed a theoretical course in shipbuilding in England.

By order of Peter I, books, instruments, weapons were purchased abroad, foreign craftsmen and scientists were invited. Peter I met with Leibniz, Newton and other scientists, in 1717 he was elected an honorary member of the Paris Academy of Sciences.

During the reign of Peter I carried out major reforms aimed at overcoming the backwardness of Russia from the advanced countries of the West. Transformations touched all areas public life. Peter I expanded the landlords' property rights over the property and personality of serfs, replaced the household taxation of peasants with poll tax, issued a decree on the possession of peasants, who were allowed to acquire the owners of manufactories, practiced the mass registration of state and yasak peasants to state and private factories, the mobilization of peasants and townspeople into the army and for the construction of cities, fortresses, canals, etc. The decree on single inheritance (1714) equalized estates and estates, giving their owners the right to transfer real estate to one of the sons, and thereby secured noble ownership of land. The Table of Ranks (1722) established the order of rank in the military and civil service not according to nobility, but according to personal abilities and merit.

Peter I contributed to the rise of the country's productive forces, encouraged the development of domestic manufactories, means of communication, domestic and foreign trade.

The reforms of the state apparatus under Peter I were important step on the way of transforming the Russian autocracy of the 17th century into the bureaucratic-noble monarchy of the 18th century with its bureaucracy and service classes. The place of the Boyar Duma was taken by the Senate (1711), boards were established instead of orders (1718), the control apparatus was represented first by "fiscals" (1711), and then by prosecutors headed by the prosecutor general. Instead of the patriarchate, the Spiritual College, or Synod, was established, which was under the control of the government. Great importance had an administrative reform. In 1708-1709, instead of counties, voivodships and governorships, 8 (then 10) provinces headed by governors were established. In 1719, the provinces were divided into 47 provinces.

As a military leader, Peter I is among the most educated and talented builders of the armed forces, commanders and naval commanders of Russian and world history of the eighteenth century. His whole life's work was to strengthen the military power of Russia and increase its role in the international arena. He had to continue the war with Turkey, which began in 1686, to wage a long-term struggle for Russia's access to the sea in the North and South. As a result of the Azov campaigns (1695-1696), Azov was occupied by Russian troops, and Russia fortified on the banks of Sea of ​​Azov. In the long Northern War (1700-1721), Russia under the leadership of Peter I achieved a complete victory, gained access to the Baltic Sea, which gave it the opportunity to establish direct ties with Western countries. After the Persian campaign (1722-1723), the western coast of the Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku went to Russia.

Under Peter I, for the first time in the history of Russia, permanent diplomatic missions and consulates abroad were established, and outdated forms of diplomatic relations and etiquette were abolished.

Major reforms were also carried out by Peter I in the field of culture and education. A secular school appeared, the monopoly of the clergy on education was eliminated. Peter I founded the Pushkar School (1699), the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), the Medical and Surgical School; the first Russian public theater was opened. In St. Petersburg, the Naval Academy (1715), engineering and artillery schools (1719), schools of translators at collegiums were established, the first Russian museum, the Kunstkamera (1719) with a public library, was opened. In 1700, a new calendar was introduced with the beginning of the year on January 1 (instead of September 1) and the reckoning from the "Christmas", and not from the "Creation of the World".

By order of Peter I, various expeditions were carried out, including to Central Asia, to Far East, to Siberia, laid the foundation for a systematic study of the country's geography and mapping.

Peter I was married twice: to Evdokia Feodorovna Lopukhina and to Marta Skavronskaya (later Empress Catherine I); had a son from his first marriage Alexei and from the second - daughters Anna and Elizabeth (besides them, 8 children of Peter I died in early childhood).

Peter I died in 1725 and was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

Peter I is an extraordinary, but rather bright personality who left a mark in the history of the Russian state. His time was marked by the processes of reform and transformation in all spheres: economic, social, political, cultural and ecclesiastical. New state governing bodies were created: the Senate and collegiums, which made it possible to strengthen local power and make the process more centralized. As a result of these measures, the power of the king began to be absolute. Strengthened the authority of the country at the international level. Russia at the end of the reign of Peter I became an empire.

The position of the church in relation to the state also underwent a change. She lost her independence. Undoubted success was achieved in the field of education and enlightenment: the first printing houses were opened, and one of the most beautiful cities in our country, St. Petersburg, was founded.

Keeping an active foreign policy led to the formation of a combat-ready army, a recruitment system and the creation navy. The result of the long-term war between Russia and Sweden was the possibility of the Russian fleet entering the Baltic Sea. Undoubtedly, the costs of all these measures laid a heavy burden on the country's ordinary population: the poll tax was introduced, they were attracted in large numbers for construction works. The result was a sharp deterioration in the position of one of the most numerous sections of the state - the peasants.

1695 and 1696 - Azov campaigns

1697-1698 - "Great Embassy" to Western Europe.

1700 - 1721 Northern War.

1707 - 1708 - The uprising on the Don led by K.A. Bulavin.

1711 - establishment of the Senate.

1711 - Prut campaign

1708 - 1715 division of the state into provinces

1718 - 1721 - establishment by the college

1721 - the creation of the Synod.

1722 - 1723 Persian campaign.

FROM the Unified State Examination - Indicate the event of Peter's time that happened before the others:

creation of the Senate 1711

division of the state into provinces 1708 - 1715.

formation of the Synod in 1721

appearance of the "Table of Ranks" in 1722

FROM THE USE - It happened (and) later than all other events ...

Crimean campaigns V.V. Golitsyn 1687 - 1689

Azov campaigns of Peter I - 1695.1696

"Narva embarrassment" -1700

end of the Northern War - 1721

From the Unified State Examination - Dates - 1711 (Senate), 1714 (decree on the same inheritance), 1718-1720 (colleges) reflect the stages of the central government reforms carried out by Peter the Great.

FROM the Unified State Examination - Initially, the main goal of the "Great Embassy" of 1697-1698. was the creation of a coalition to continue the war with the Ottoman Empire.

Dates - 1711,1714,1718-1720 reflect the stages of the reforms of the central administration carried out by Peter I.

Northern War 1700-1721

The need for reform:

Reforms of Peter I

Socio-economic reforms of Peter I - imperial industrialization?

Peter I is often presented as a reformer who allowed Russia to move from feudal to capitalist relations. However, this can hardly be considered correct. The reforms he carried out were aimed primarily at creating and maintaining strong armed forces(army and navy). Of course, the reforms also strengthened Peter I's own power, allowing him to declare himself emperor in 1721. But the results of economic and social transformations are largely debatable - in fact, he carried out the "industrialization" of the 18th century.

In the economy, Peter's reforms led to the fact that serfs began to work at manufactories. In order to provide manufactories with workers, the peasants were forcibly torn off the land. The peasants who remained in the village did not at all feel any better - taxes on them almost doubled due to the change from household taxation to poll tax. The orientation of manufactories to fulfill the state military order led to the fact that Russian breeders were not interested in developing production and improving product quality. In addition, dependence on the state influenced their inertia in political sphere and did not aspire to representative government.

From a social point of view, Peter's reforms contributed to the strengthening of serfdom, and therefore worsened the situation of the majority of the Russian population. Most of all, the nobles benefited from his reforms - they were equalized in rights with the boyars, in fact, the boyars were abolished as an estate. In addition, those who were lucky enough to remain free at that time were given the opportunity to earn the nobility according to the Table of Ranks. However, the cultural transformations that complemented social reforms, subsequently led to the actual separation of a separate noble subculture, little connected with the people and folk traditions.

Did the reforms of Peter the Great make it possible to build capitalism in Russia? Hardly. After all, production was focused on the state order, and social relations were feudal. Has Russia's socio-economic situation improved since these reforms? Hardly. Peter's rule was replaced by a series of palace coups, and during the time of Catherine II, with whom the heyday of the Russian Empire is associated, the Pugachev uprising took place. Was Peter I the only one who could make the transition to a more developed society? No. The Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was founded before him, Western manners were adopted by the Russian boyars and nobility before him, ordering bureaucracy was done before him, manufactories (not state-owned!) were opened before him, etc.

Peter I made a bet on military force - and won.

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History of the reign of Emperor Peter I

The personality of Peter the Great stands in Russian history apart, because everything that his contemporaries, successors and followers did did not stand next to those deep government reforms that this ruler was able to introduce into the historical memory of the people. As a result of Peter's wise rule, Russia was able to become an empire, taking its place among the developed states of Europe!

Childhood and youth of the future first emperor of Russia.

Pyotr Alekseevich was born in the summer of June 9, 1672 in the family of the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. His mother was the second wife of the king - Natalya Naryshkina. At the age of four, he is left without a father, who died at the age of forty-seven.

Nikita Zotov, who was considered quite educated for the period of then Russia, took up the upbringing and education of the young prince. It is worth noting the fact that Peter was the youngest in a considerable family of Tsar Alexei, who had thirteen children. In 1682, the struggle of the boyar clans - the Naryshkins and the Miloslavskys, relatives of the first and second wives of the late tsar, begins at the royal court.

The latter advocated that the sick Tsarevich Ivan act as the new ruler of the state. The reverse side, having enlisted the support of the patriarch, insisted that the healthy and mobile ten-year-old Peter should become the ruler of Russia. As a result, a compromise option was approved, according to which both princes became kings with a common regent - older sister Sofia.

As a teenager, the future ruler discovers a craving for the art of war. At his will and command, "amusing" regiments are created, which are engaged in imitating real fighting, helped to form the skills of a commander in Petra. In the future, the "amusing" regiments turn into the guards and personal support of Peter. Also, Peter is fond of shipbuilding, for this a flotilla was created on the Yauza River.

Contemporaries note that at first Peter was not at all interested in the politics and affairs of the state. He often traveled to Nemetskaya Sloboda, where the tsar met his future associates, General Gordon and Lefort. At the same time, the young ruler spent most of his time in Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky villages. Amusing regiments were also formed there, which later turned into the first guards regiments - Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky.

The year 1689 was marked by the consumption of opinions between Sophia and Peter, who demanded that her sister remove her to the monastery, because both Ivan and Peter had to rule independently by this time, since both had come of age. From 1689 to 1696 both brothers were rulers until Ivan died.

Peter realized that the situation modern Russia does not allow her to realize the foreign policy plans of the ruler. In addition, the country in that state could not develop internally. The most important step towards correcting the current situation was to gain access to the Black Sea, which, of course, would give an impetus to Russian industry and trade.

For this reason, Tsar Peter decides to continue the work that his sister started, intensifying the fight against Turkey within the framework of the Holy League. However, instead of the usual campaign for Russia in the Crimea, the ruler throws forces under Azov to the south. And although this year it was not possible to take Azov, it was taken the next year after the necessary flotilla was built in Voronezh. At the same time, further participation in the Holy League of Russia gradually lost its meaning, because Europe was preparing forces for the war for the Spanish Succession. Because of this, the war with Turkey lost its relevance for the Austrian Habsburgs. In turn, Russia without allies could not oppose the Ottomans.

Azov campaigns of Peter I

One of the most urgent and key tasks facing the future emperor was the continuation of military operations against the Crimean Khanate. The first attempt to capture the fortress of Azov was made by Russian troops in 1695, but the lack of preparedness of the military company did not allow the siege to be successfully completed in the end. One of the factors of failure was the lack of a full-fledged fleet in the Russian state. The result of the first siege of Azov was Peter's realization of the need for a radical transformation of the Russian army and the creation of a fleet.

Before the second siege of the Azov fortress in 1696, the Russian army was more than doubled, the first full-fledged warships appeared, with the help of which the city was blocked from the sea. The result of the siege was the capture of the fortress by Russian troops and the foundation of the first Russian fortress on the Sea of ​​Azov - Taganrog.

"Great Embassy" to Western European countries

After the successful capture of the fortress of Azov, Peter decides to travel to Western European countries in order to strengthen the allied relations of the European powers and the Russian state against the offensive of the Turks. In addition to the main goal, Peter sought to study the Western European way of life, learn about the achievements of technological progress.

Thus, from 1697 to 1698, Tsar Peter the Great traveled incognito throughout Europe as part of the Great Embassy, ​​taking the name of the scorer Peter Mikhailov. During this period, the ruler personally got acquainted with the monarchs of the richest and most developed countries in Europe. In addition, from this journey the king brings extensive knowledge of shipbuilding, artillery, and navigation. After his audience with the Polish king August II, the Russian tsar gives the order to move the center of foreign policy activity from south to north and gain access to the Baltic Sea. Only Sweden, which at that time was one of the most powerful Baltic states, stood in the way of Peter.

Going to Europe as part of the "Great Embassy" was one of the fateful decisions of Peter I. There he got acquainted with the achievements of Western European technical thought, got an idea of ​​the way of life, got acquainted with the basics of navigation and shipbuilding. Visits to local cultural attractions, theaters and museums, manufactories and schools laid the foundation for future Peter's reforms.

The era of Peter's reforms and economic reforms

The results of the reign of Peter I

Wishing to make Russia more developed in all respects, the tsar introduces state reforms, creating collegiums, the Senate, as well as bodies of higher state control. Also, Peter introduces the Spiritual Regulations, subordinates the church to the state, builds a new capital, St. Petersburg, and divides the country into separate provinces.

Realizing that Russia lagged far behind the European powers in industrial development, the tsar uses the experience brought from Europe in various fields - in culture, trade and manufacturing.

The Russian sovereign forcibly forced merchants and nobles to receive and develop the knowledge necessary for the country. No less successful was the foreign policy of the king. He personally led military operations in the Azov campaigns, and also developed tactical and strategic operations for the Northern War, the Prut and Persian campaigns.

Tsar Peter the Great died on February 18, 1725 due to pneumonia, received during the rescue of fishermen.

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Task 1 of 5

1 .

Dates of the reign of Peter I:

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1. Task 2 of 5

   2 .

   Peter the Great established

Peter I was born on May 30, 1672, was the 14th child of Alexei Mikhailovich, but the firstborn of his wife, Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. They christened Peter in the Miracle Monastery.

He ordered to take measures from the newborn - and write an icon of the same size. Painted an icon for the future emperor Simon Ushakov. On one side of the icon was depicted the face of the Apostle Peter, on the other the Trinity.

Natalya Naryshkina loved her firstborn very much and cherished him very much. The kid was entertained with rattles, psaltery, and he was drawn to the soldiers and skates.

When Peter was three years old, the tsar-father gave him a children's saber. At the end of 1676, Alexei Mikhailovich died. Peter's half-brother Fyodor ascends the throne. Fedor was concerned that Peter was not taught to read and write, and asked Naryshkin to devote more time to this component of education. A year later, Peter began to actively study.

A clerk, Nikita Moiseevich Zotov, was appointed as his teacher. Zotov was a kind and patient man, he quickly entered the location of Peter I, who did not like to sit still. He liked to climb in the attics, and fight with archers and noble children. From the armory, Zotov brought good books to his student.

Peter I with early childhood began to be interested in history, military art, geography, loved books and, already being Emperor Russian Empire, dreamed of compiling a book on the history of the fatherland; he composed the alphabet himself, which was easy to use and easy to remember.

Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich died in 1682. He did not leave a will. After his death, only two brothers Peter I and Ivan could claim the throne. The paternal brothers had different mothers, representatives of different noble families. Enlisting the support of the clergy, the Naryshkins elevated Peter I to the throne, and made Natalya Kirillovna the ruler. The relatives of Ivan and Princess Sophia, the Miloslavskys, were not going to put up with this state of affairs.

The Miloslavskys stage a streltsy revolt in Moscow. On May 15, a streltsy uprising took place in Moscow. The Miloslavskys started a rumor that Tsarevich Ivan had been killed. Dissatisfied with this, the archers moved to the Kremlin. In the Kremlin, Natalya Kirillovna came out to them with Peter I and Ivan. Despite this, the archers rioted in Moscow for several days, robbed and killed, they demanded that the feeble-minded Ivan be crowned king. And she became the regent of two juvenile kings.

Ten-year-old Peter I witnessed the horrors of the Streltsy revolt. He began to hate the archers, who aroused rage in him, a desire to avenge the death of loved ones and tears of his mother. During the reign of Sophia, Peter I lived with his mother almost all the time in Preobrazhensky, Kolomenskoye and Semenovsky villages, only occasionally leaving for Moscow to participate in official receptions.

Natural curiosity, liveliness of mind, firmness of character led Peter to a passion for military affairs. He arranges "military fun". “Military fun” is a semi-childish game in the palace villages. Forms amusing regiments, in which teenagers from noble and peasant families are recruited. "Military fun", over time, grew into real military exercises. Funny regiments, soon became adults. The Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments became an impressive military force, superior to the archery army in military affairs. In the same early years, Peter I comes up with the idea of ​​a fleet.

He gets acquainted with shipbuilding on the Yauza River, and then on Lake Pleshcheeva. Foreigners living in the German Quarter played an important role in Peter's military amusements. Special position in military system the Russian state under Peter I will have a Swiss and a Scot Patrick Gordon. A lot of his like-minded people gather around young Peter, who will become his close associates in life.

He becomes close to Prince Romodanovsky, who fought with archers; Fedor Apraksin - the future Admiral General; Alexei Menshikov, future field marshal of the Russian army. At the age of 17, Peter I married Evdokia Lopukhina. A year later, he cooled down to her, and began to spend more time with Anna Mons, the daughter of a German merchant.

Adulthood and marriage gave Peter I the full right to the royal throne. In August 1689, Sophia provoked a streltsy performance directed against Peter I. He took refuge in the Trinity - Sergeyeva Lavra. Soon the Semyonovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments approached the monastery. The Patriarch of All Russia, Joachim, also took his side. The rebellion of the archers was suppressed, its leaders were subjected to repression. Sophia was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent, where she died in 1704. Prince Vasily Vasilievich Golitsyn sent into exile.

Peter I began to independently manage the state, and with the death of Ivan, in 1696, he became the sole ruler. At first, the sovereign took little part in state affairs, he was passionate about military affairs. The burden of governing the country fell on the shoulders of the mother's relatives - the Naryshkins. In 1695, the independent reign of Peter I began.

He was obsessed with the idea of ​​access to the sea, and now the 30,000-strong Russian army, under the command of Sheremetyev, sets off on a campaign against the Ottoman Empire. Peter I is an epochal personality, under him Russia became an Empire, and the Tsar became an Emperor. He pursued an active foreign and domestic policy. The priority of foreign policy was to gain access to the Black Sea. To achieve these goals, Russia participated in the Northern War.

In domestic politics Peter I made many transformations. He entered the history of Russia as a reformer tsar. His reforms were timely, although they killed Russian identity. It was possible to carry out, carried out transformations in trade and industry,. Many praise the personality of Peter I, calling him the most successful ruler of Russia. But history has many faces, in the life of each historical character you can find both good and bad sides. Peter I died in 1725, in terrible agony after a long illness. Buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. After him, his wife, Catherine I, sat on the throne.