Behavior of social insects. Social insects Message on the topic of bees and ants

In this article, we will analyze the behavior of bees and ants, their differences and similarities.

Somehow the phrase "social insects" suggests that they belong to society. But, in fact, such a name is obtained due to the structure and complexity of its behavior. What insects belong to this group, and how they differ, will be considered in this material.

What are social insects?

Who are insects, even a preschooler does not need an explanation. To make it clear who these social insects are, watch the ants. The most common forest red or black garden insects. Pay attention to how beautifully and harmoniously they move in their anthill.

• Therefore, we can note the first distinguishing feature social insects- This presence of families. They do not live alone, but only in large groups. Moreover, each of the representatives has its own role in such a community.
• Polyetism- this main feature social insects. In other words, it is a separation of duties.
• Second distinguishing feature- This presence of castes on sexual and reproductive functions. Social insects may have one queen (i.e., monogyny) or several breeding females ( polygyny). But this is reflected in the size of the masonry and size. Even working individuals are smaller in size from such queens.
  • At the head of social insects is mother or queen, on whose shoulders lies the responsibility for reproduction and offspring. The whole family with colonies is built around it.
  • And for protection there are special soldiers! These representatives do not have the opportunity to breed, but they have weapons. Namely, strong stings in bees or powerful jaws in termites and ants.
  • But someone has to feed them too. And this responsibility falls on the shoulders work force, which also cannot produce its own offspring. Incredibly, even working representatives are further divided into subspecies depending on the work.
• That is why these groups of insects are in close relationship with each other. If at least one puzzle falls out, then the other part of the picture is lost. After all, some insects protect, others feed, and still others take care of their offspring.

IMPORTANT: Different subspecies of even one species of insects can differ significantly in some rules.

• Housing– here is another difference. Yes, animals and insects are looking for a warm overnight stay for the winter. But only social insects build nests so complex and thought out to the smallest detail. And how they take care of their masonry!
• Such insects can communicate. No, they do not have their own language. In fact, it's a bit odd. More often use body language and its movements.
  • Bees can dance! But this is not just a desire to stretch, so they report the location of the nectar.
  • Ants use the sweet scent they leave along the way they need to. For example, after an edible find, an ant will leave such a trace to its anthill, informing these of its relatives.
• But the connection between the uterus and its subordinates is of the greatest value. This merit pheromones! In this structure, everything is insanely finely thought out. The fact is that this substance is secreted by the larvae. Thus, they communicate their hunger. But only the mother can hear them!
  • And only she tells her workforce to bring food supplies. Why, she gives clear instructions on what food is needed and in what quantity. Without the queen, the rest of the representatives will simply die, because they do not know what to do!
  • But there are also insects that have a chance to grow a new queen. True, this is a very painstaking and time-consuming process. New uterus requires special conditions cultivation, that is, it requires special cells. Yes, she is picky about food.

Now we can make a final and already substantiated conclusion about who the social insects are.

Public insects - these are those representatives who lead a public or social way of life. As can be seen from the above information, they step over the behavior of other insects and even compete well with upper classes animal kingdoms. That is, social insects can create societies. Therefore, the science that studies them is sociobiology.

Features of the complex behavior of social insects: description

In these insects, the development of the brain and nervous system. And this is naturally reflected in the behavior of social insects, distinguishing them from similar loners.

• Brain directly depends on the diversity and mobility of the life of the insect. That is, the more active it is, the more developed and larger the brain is. For example, working ants and productive representatives. The latter insects have a smaller brain size.
• Incredibly, social insects can distinguish shapes and colors! For example, the Australian ethologist Karl Frisch conducted experiments on bees. As a result, it was found that they land on bright colors.
• This aspect has not been fully studied, but insects may be far from their nest, but they will still find their way home. An experiment was carried out with bumblebees, which were placed in boxes at different distances from the house, they were necessarily marked with colored paint. By evening, all the insects were in place.
• They are not just remember the way home, but they also go out in search of, for example, nectar with a strictly thought-out plan of action. For example, a bee focuses not only on the relief shape and bright color but also on the quality of the smell.

IMPORTANT: To communicate with each other, social insects use a whole chain of stimuli - these are auditory and visual contacts, chemical, vibrational and tactile stimuli.

• These insects have memory and can transfer experience. For example, ants live 1.5-2.5 years, and for them it carries important value. Remember the cartoon "Luntik", ants always have a leader or commander!
  • They single out those individuals who have a good memory and rich experience in order to find a solution in case of incidents. That is what the leader does. They act strictly according to the laid route, but if an obstacle appears on the way, the activist will lead the rest after him, bypassing it.

• Moreover, such insects can even think logically and find solutions from difficult situations. An experiment was conducted (again on ants) when a small dose of radiation (up to 10 R/h) was delivered to their nest. This went on for 3 years. And to reduce the incoming dose, the ants built a covered road.
• In social insects, they form and develop faster conditioned reflexes. This is another confirmation of the development of their memory and ability to draw conclusions. They have such a divided and thoughtful work of each representative that it requires certain skills. And this indicates a good ability to learn.
  • They have a goal and are moving towards its fulfillment! They work so harmoniously with each other that they easily compete even with higher animals. Even a person can develop some skills for himself.
• They have incredible care of offspring. The womb devotes herself and her whole life to taking care of them. And in case of urgent need and a threat to offspring, she, without hesitation, will sacrifice herself.
  • Look even again at the anthill, they do not leave their cocoons close to the entrance, but lower them to other floors. If the house is in danger, they will be the first thing to endure it!

IMPORTANT: Social insects have a chain of complex reflexes that are responsible for their instinct.

• In addition to memory, the ability to memorize and think, as well as draw logical conclusions, among the species of even one family of insects, there are "stupid" and "smart" individuals.
• It is also worth highlighting such a quality of social insects as thriftiness. What ants, what bees make stocks of food.
• And that's not all, because they are able to share it among themselves. Yes, this is the result of organized work in the caste. But it is also a kind of concern for the surrounding family members.

Some illustrative examples.

Ants

• They are able to conclude "friendship pact". Their association with aphids is known. The ants protect it and provide some fresh shoots for them to feed on, as well as take care of the wintering grounds. But for this they collect their sweet excrement for their nourishment. It's kind of like cattle breeding.
• But there are ants who are engaged agriculture. For example, leaf cutters carry the spores of some fungi along with the leaf supply. They plant them in an anthill, and then eat them.
• But the tropical Amazon ants take into slavery other insects. More precisely, they steal their eggs or tiny individuals. And from these cubs they grow labor force. Similar behavior is observed in other species of ants. By the way, they can also attack neighboring anthills.
• And some species of ants, such as foragers, have pension. Yes, over time they turn from active representatives into passive observers. But on the other hand, they pass on the collected traditions and experience. young generation. And in case of devastation, pensioners are able to restore everything again.

wasps

• Polist wasps show interesting behavior during the rain. The fact is that their house is covered with aspen paper, through which drops of water pass. Therefore, insects absorb it, and then spit it out.
• But vestin wasps can heat up your clutch abdominal movements. They begin to dance as if performing a belly dance. And thus, the temperature can rise by a whole degree.

termites

• They can be called real. architects. Even though their work seems chaotic and uncoordinated, the result will please the eye. After all, their buildings have not only simple form, but can be in the form of arches, canopies or entire corridors. And do not forget that termites are completely blind, so their projects are carried out purely with the help of instincts.
• Some of their species are capable of self-destruction. If a worker is attacked, it can literally explode. In this case, the enemy will be attacked by sticky slime. It is not dangerous, but is distracting.

bees

• They surprise not only with their dance, but also with the presence of emotions. Even through dance moves, they are able to pinpoint exactly where the food supply is. And also show your character.
• And many of their working representatives die as a result of the defense of their colony. After all, they leave a sting in the body of the enemy, after which they die with him.

bumblebees

• Among these representatives there are "cuckoos". The fact is that these types of insects throw their eggs into another masonry. Of course, they choose other families of bumblebees, not an ant colony. Cuckoo insects do not have their own workers. Children, on the other hand, grow up in a “foster” family, along with other cubs on an equal footing.

How do social insects differ from solitary ones: comparison, similarities and differences

Based on the above material, one exact conclusion can already be drawn - solitary insects live separately, but public representatives - only big families. Similar characteristics include the extraction of food, the need for it, as well as the protection of the territory and their offspring. It should also be noted that other insects also use a sound signal or gestures to communicate during the mating season. It's just that social insects have all the characteristics slightly improved.

• But none of them can survive on their own. The role of each “member” of the family is so thought out and organized that it acts as the missing puzzle. And without it, the whole picture will not turn out. For example, bees build families of up to 60 thousand - 100 thousand individuals.
• And therefore, such a large community is able to build big house. For example, some anthills can reach several meters in depth (according to some sources, even up to 10 m). And what termite mounds are found in nature, that single ones cannot do this. The highest termite mounds reached 9 m.
• These houses increase the safety not only of adults, but of young and clutches. In solitary species, such care for offspring is not observed. In social insects, the future generation, as well as food supplies, generally come first.
• In that huge house, where every road, descent or honeycomb is thought out, temperature and humidity are also regulated. Again, all to maintain optimal conditions masonry. But only social insects can create such a microclimate due to their large numbers.

• Such a family can also attack large prey, and this will help to make a significant supply of food.
• Well-coordinated work helps social insects defend themselves from enemies. Single representatives are weaker in this matter.
• Well, the main difference is polymorphism. That is, the presence of a uterus that deals only with offspring. The queen is engaged only in masonry. Although, for example, in some species of termites, the uterus is not even able to move independently. This protects her as much as possible from any dangers, providing a high birth rate.

What insects can and cannot be classified as social?

It is easier to name those representatives who may belong to social insects. All the rest, if they do not have the above characteristics of social life, are referred to a number of single individuals.

• Ants- almost all of their species belong to social insects. They are of great benefit to the forest, protecting it from enemies. Characterized by large anthills, which consist of ground and underground parts
  • In the center is a wingless uterus (she loses her wings after the mating season) and spends her whole life only laying eggs.
  • Working representatives clean the masonry, the uterus and bring her food.
  • Soldiers stand out large sizes and powerful jaws, whose task is to protect the colony.
• bees have only one uterus that governs them. They don't have soldiers, but they do have drones who fertilize the uterus. After mating, they die. All work, including feeding the uterus, falls on the shoulders of the workers.
• wasps live only one summer. Only fertilized females remain overwintering. Housing is also used for only one year, Build it from wood and their own saliva.
• bumblebees have the same signs of social life. But it is worth highlighting that the sting can be not only in working individuals, but also in the uterus. By the way, it has no notches, so insects can use it repeatedly.
• termites live in termite mounds, and their family can number up to 1 million individuals. The uterus of this species can live up to 10 years, and workers differ in that they can be of both sexes. Their main task is order in the "house".

There are some characteristic features public behavior in the following insects:

• earwigs - they are characterized by the care of the female for offspring
• bedbugs that live in large families
• and even in aphids that come into contact with ants
• crickets and Japanese bugs bring food for their larvae
• thrips have the highest social degree of life. They also build families of up to almost 200 thousand individuals, lay paths with a characteristic smell and take care of their laying

IMPORTANT: Only ants are fully related to social group. All other insects belong to the class Hymenoptera. Because they are characterized by all the transitions from a solitary lifestyle to social behavior.

Video: Social insects: the secret of collective intelligence

social insects. Most insects lead a solitary lifestyle. However, there are also social insects. These include termites, bumblebees, wasps, ants, and bees. The community of these insects is one big extended family. There are separate groups in the family that perform different functions: they collect food, share it with each other, take care of the larvae, and protect the nest.

Most of the ants living in an anthill (Fig. 104) are wingless working individuals - these are barren females. Their number sometimes reaches a million. In addition to them, a queen lives in an anthill. She doesn't have wings either. She breaks them off after the nuptial flight. All her life she lays eggs, and all the care of the anthill lies with the worker ants. They forage, repair and clean the anthill, feed the larvae and the queen, defend the anthill in case of attack by enemies.

Once a year, at the beginning of summer, winged females and males appear from pupae in the anthill, which go on a mating flight. After mating, the males die, and the females shed their wings and found a new anthill. Most ants are predators. Some feed on the sweet secretions of aphids. To do this, ants guard, "graze" these insects that feed on plants, sometimes build shelters for them.

Rice. 104. Cross section of an anthill: 1 - chambers with eggs; 2 - chambers with larvae: 3 - chambers with pupae

Other types of ants are bred in underground chambers to feed on mushrooms, bringing crushed plant leaves there. There are herbivorous ants. Ants communicate by touching each other with their antennae, legs, and head. In addition, they have a "chemical language" - they secrete special substances with which they mark their paths. By smell, ants recognize relatives and enemies.

The honey bee is a social insect. A large family of bees has up to 100 thousand individuals that live in a hive (Fig. 105, A). Most of the insects in the hive are worker bees. These are barren females, in which the modified ovipositor serves as a sting. They clean the hive, collect nectar, take care of the queen and larvae, protect the hive from enemies. They live only one season (about a year). In a bee family, the main bee is the queen, which lays eggs - up to 2000 per day. She lives for about five years. In the spring, in May - June, a new uterus and several dozen males, which are called drones, appear in the bee family from the pupae: they do not take any part in the work, and their main task is to fertilize the uterus. The old female leaves the hive with part of the worker bees - swarming occurs. The beekeepers collect the swarm and settle it in a new hive. In autumn, the worker bees drive the remaining drones out of the hive and they die.

Rice. 105. Bees: A - bee hive; B - scheme of the "dance" of bees

All care about the hive lies with the worker bees: growing up, each worker bee changes several "professions". First, they build combs, clean the cells, feed the larvae, take food from the arriving bees and distribute it in the hive, ventilate the hive, guard it, and finally start flying out of the hive for nectar. Bees communicate with each other, like ants, through touch and secretions.

However, only bees have a "language of dance". With the help of special body movements and movements, one bee can tell others where the nectar-rich flowering plants(Fig. 105, B). The scout bee "dances" in the hive on the combs.

The complex behavior of social insects is called instinctive, because instinct is a set of innate forms of behavior, fixed hereditarily and characteristic certain kind animals. The behavior of social insects is so complex that it leads many people to believe that it is intelligent. However, these actions of animals are instinctive, unconscious.

The honey bee has long been bred by man. It is distributed throughout the globe. A person receives wax, honey, various medications(propolis, bee venom, bee milk).

On the bottom side The abdomen of the worker bee contains special glands that secrete wax. Bees build honeycombs from it. On the hind legs bees have areas surrounded by long chitinous hairs - baskets. The bees crawl over the flowers and the pollen gets on their body hairs. Then the bee cleans the pollen into the basket with the help of special brushes on the paws of the legs. Soon a ball of pollen is formed there - a pollen, which the bee transfers to the hive. Perga - honey-soaked pollen - serves as a reserve of protein food for the bee colony.

Worker bees have a kind of expansion of the esophagus - honey goiter. From the nectar collected from the flowers, which passed through the honey goiter, the main food supply of the bee family is formed - honey. Cells are filled with honey, which the bees cover with a thin wax layer. For a year, up to 100 kg of honey can be obtained from one bee family.

Although man has been breeding bees for a long time, collapsible frame hives were invented relatively recently - in 1814. Russian beekeeper P.I. Prokopovich. Prior to this, in order to extract honey from a bee nest, which, as a rule, was located in a hollowed-out log of a tree, it was necessary to break the honeycomb, that is, to ruin the bee colony. The surviving swarm of bees can live independently, without human help. This indicates that bees are not yet fully domesticated.

Silkworm. There are other insects that are beneficial to humans. Such are the silkworms. This is single insect, not found in nature in the wild (Fig. 106). His females even "forgot how" to fly. An adult insect is a thick butterfly with whitish wings with a span of up to 6 cm. The caterpillars of this silkworm eat only mulberry leaves, or mulberries.

Rice. 106. Stages of development of the silkworm: 1 - female laying gren; 2 - caterpillar; 3 - formation of a cocoon; 5 - pupae in a cocoon

Scientists suggest that in the wild, the ancestor of the silkworm lived in the foothills of the Himalayas. Silkworm breeding began in China around 3000 BC. e. Nowadays, this insect is completely domesticated. Now it is bred in China, Japan, Indochina, Southern Europe, South America, Central Asia and the Caucasus - where the mulberry grows ( Mulberry tree). There are several dozen breeds of silkworms, differing in length, strength and color of the silk thread they produce.

Female silkworms lay eggs (each - up to 600 eggs), which are called grena. Caterpillars emerge from them. These caterpillars are kept in special rooms on the aft shelves, fed with mulberry leaves. When pupating, each caterpillar spins a cocoon from a very thin thread for three days, the length of which reaches 1500 m.

The silk thread is secreted by a special silk gland located on the lower lip of the caterpillar.

Ready-made cocoons are collected by silkworm breeders, treated with hot steam, and then silk threads are unwound with special machines. Part of the cocoons is left for breeding butterflies for reproduction.

Silk is used in light industry for tissue production, in medicine (threads are made from it for stitching wounds) and in aviation.

Insect protection. Man has a great influence on environment(plows up virgin steppes, cuts down forests, uses pesticides). Therefore, the number of many species of animals, including insects, is declining. Some species are on the verge of extinction. Concerning rare species insects are taken under oxpairy. Red Books have been created, which contain information about specially protected rare animals (Fig. 107), the reasons for their plight and protection measures. Among the insects of our country, listed in the Red Book, there is a steppe hump - a large steppe grasshopper that lives in the steppes in southern Russia. The area of ​​distribution of this grasshopper has decreased due to the plowing of virgin steppes. From beetles, several species of large predatory beetles - ground beetles - got on the pages of the Red Book. On South Far East the largest beetle in Russia is protected - the relic woodcutter, whose body length reaches 10.8 cm, the length of the larva is up to 17 cm. It ended up on the pages of the Red Book in connection with the cutting down of old trees, in the wood of which its larvae develop.

Rice. 107. Rare and protected insects: 1 - steppe chump; 2 - Apollo; 3 - Far Eastern relic woodcutter; 4 - Caucasian ground beetle; 5 - wall bumblebee; 6 - mother-of-pearl zenobium

Many species of bumblebees are also listed in the Red Book, for example, the changeable bumblebee and the steppe bumblebee. Among the butterflies listed in the Red Book, one can name Apollo, Mpemosina, mother-of-pearl Zenobia. They are protected by the Law "On the Protection of Wildlife".

The role of insects in natural communities is enormous. Insects are the most important pollinators of flowering plants. They serve as food for various invertebrates (spiders, centipedes), fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and animals, even some insectivorous plants (dew). Among insects, there are many orderlies who help to process organic remains of plants and animals into minerals. Soil insects and their larvae increase soil fertility by mixing and fertilizing it with their excrement. The role of insects in the cycle of substances in nature is great.

Lesson learned exercises

1. What features of behavior and lifestyle are characteristic of the inhabitants of the anthill?
2. Describe the composition of the bee colony and the functions of each group of bees.
3. Why are ants and bees classified as social insects? Explain their significance in nature and in human life.
4. On the basis of what signs is the silkworm classified as a domestic animal? What is the meaning in economic activity human has this insect?

The accumulation of mosquitoes or butterflies that you may observe are temporary, as these insects can live alone. But there are species of insects that exist only because individual individuals live in organized communities - colonies (families). Such insects are called social. How are their colonies organized?

To public insects (Fig. 26.1) include termites, ants, some types of bees, wasps, bumblebees. In the colony, there is always a uterus (queen) - a fertile female. The queen of Utermites always has a "wife" (king) who lives with her. Many sterile offspring form a caste of workers. In bees, it consists of females, and in termites, among the workers, there are both females and males. How are responsibilities distributed among the members of the colony?

The uterus is "responsible" for the continuation of the genus, therefore it continuously lays eggs. They develop into sterile workers, and capable of breeding males, and females - future queens. Usually the uterus lives longer than its barren offspring: bees - up to 5 years, ants - 6-7 years, termites - over 20 years. In hymenoptera, males (tinder-neither in bees) do not live long in the family, they fly away to meet fertile females from other families and fertilize them.

Workers perform all duties to ensure the "life" of the family and its protection. They build a nest with chambers for eggs and larvae, clean it, protect approaches to the nest, and destroy enemies that have entered it. Workers who find food sources, collect it, carry it to the house (Fig. 26.2), are called foragers. They feed the queen and larvae until they turn into pupae. material from the site

Rice. 26.2. Foraging ants with prey

A worker bee usually performs one type of work, then another, depending on her age. In ants and termites, the caste of workers is divided from the very beginning of their lives into soldiers and foragers. Soldiers protect the nest, wage territorial wars, but they themselves cannot find food. The physique of insect foragers and insect soldiers is different: the soldiers have adaptations for defense and attack.

Each member of the colony has a program of instinctive behavior that determines his duties. Members of the colony cannot live independently, the reproduction of such insects is possible only with the presence of a family, therefore the existence of their species depends on the well-being of the colony.

On this page, material on the topics:

Ants are social insects

Well, what are the ants - everyone has seen them. This is a separate family of Hymenoptera insects; in addition to ants, other very famous, well-known inhabitants of the earth, like bees and wasps, also enter the Hymenoptera order. And ants differ from bees and wasps primarily in that they have wingless workers. All bees, all wasps, they are winged, so to speak, almost all. Winged ants are only females and males before mating. Ants have three castes.

All of the listed insects are social insects, but with a small caveat: bees and wasps are both solitary and social. And all ants are exclusively social. There is not a single species among ants that would lead a solitary lifestyle. And there are actually more than ten thousand species of ants around the world.

What is sociality for insects? This means that they live in a permanent community, a long-standing community, which we call a family, because it is a family by origin. And this family consists of three castes - these are females that lay eggs, that is, this is a reproductive individual, these are males that appear in the family for a very short time and after fertilization of females in most species, males die. They die naturally, their lives are over. But there are some species that have a slightly different system, but there are no such species in Russia, so we will focus on our domestic ants. The majority of the population is made up of workers. In principle, these are physiologically underdeveloped females that perform all the functions of building a nest, foraging for food, for defense, for feeding the brood, for caring for the female and larvae. That is, the entire life of the family is provided by working individuals. And when we talk about family organization, about the evolution of the social way of life in ants, this is primarily the development of relationships in the system of workers, which, as the family grows, begin to perform various functions and get the opportunity, firstly, to realize specialization , and secondly, they are able to perform a number of tasks that are simply impossible in small families. This is, for example, maintaining an active temperature in the nest.

Ants, in principle, by origin, they are all tropical and subtropical insects. And while they lived and live there, all the problems associated with maintaining the temperature are solved there in a natural way. True, there is a situation when they have to arrange ventilation in order to avoid overheating. But in our conditions, in a temperate climate, the situation is different. In order for ants to develop normally larvae, and ants are insects with complete transformation. That is, they first develop a larva separately, then it pupates, most of the species braid the pupa with a cocoon, and then an adult insect emerges from the pupa, which does not grow further and does not change morphologically throughout its adult life.

How long does an ant live?

Ants live a very long time. If we talk about the life of a worker, then a worker ant in our ordinary ants can live up to seven years. And an egg-laying female up to 20 years old is an absolute record in the world of insects. They live so long because they have a well-established social system. That high life expectancy, about which we care so much, they organized a long time ago.

Lesson topic : Bees and ants are public insects. Beneficial insects, insect pests.Significance in nature and human life.

Lesson Objectives: reveal the structural features of the honey bee and ant in connection with the social way of life; talk about their role in nature and human life; reveal the diversity of insect pests, their negative role in human practical activity; indicate the importance of insects in nature and human life.

Equipment: insect collection,multimedia projector, presentation, handouts: tables, sheets of paper, felt-tip pens.

During the classes:

I. org. moment (1 min) II. Updating of basic knowledge(10 min) Test work with mutual verification.

Write down the test numbers, against each - correct options response

Option 1.

A. Dragonflies B. Orthoptera C. Bed bugs

1. Two pairs of wings.
2. The larva has a mask.

Option 2.

What features are characteristic of insects from the order

A. Butterflies B. Diptera C. Hymenoptera

1. Development with complete transformation.
2. Development with incomplete transformation.
3. Two pairs of wings.
4. One pair of wings, the second is reduced (halteres) and serves to stabilize the flight.
5. The first pair of wings are turned into rigid elytra, the second pair are leathery wings.
6. The forewings are denser than the hindwings.
7. The elytra are dense in front and soft behind; the second pair of wings is used for flight.
8. On the wings are small chitinous scales.
9. Mouth apparatus in adult insects of the sucking type.
10. Mouth apparatus licking type.
11. The mouthparts of adult insects are of the piercing-sucking type.
12. In larvae oral apparatus chewing type.
13. The hind legs of many representatives of the jumping type.
14. The larva has a mask.

Option 1. A: 2,3,14; B: 2, 3.7.12.13; B : 2,6,11

Option 2. A: 1.3.8.9.12 B: 1.4.10.11 C: 1.3

III. Activation cognitive activity . (2 minutes)

Most insects lead a solitary lifestyle, but there are insects that live in large groups. What are these insects? (bees, ants, termites) Such insects are called public and they live in families.

IV. learning new material(25min)

Teacher's story.

What do you think, which of these insects have long become human pets? (bees)

Where do bees live? (hive)

Honey and wax along with our furs ancestors - Slavs were considered the main objects of trade. Honey was used instead of sugar, wax was used in candles. In those days, there were no apiaries yet, and for bees, a person provided hollows of forest trees - “bortni” - beekeeping. At the same time, the hives often went bankrupt.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Ukrainian landowner Petr Ivanovich Prokopovich first used the collapsible frame beehive he invented, which is still used today.

Let's look at what a bee family is.

Student message.The composition of the bee family. (presentation)

As the story progresses, students complete the table.

Students independently fill in the table for the ant family section, using the textbook pp. 135-136.

Table. The composition of the ant and bee families:

During the assignment, the teacher ensures that the whole class is involved in the work, approaches the students, monitors the progress of the assignment, and, if necessary, makes corrections.

After completing the task, the teacher asks the class questions:

• Did everyone complete the task?
• What difficulties arose during the task, what was not clear?

Bees and ants communicate with each other through touch and secretions. But only bees have a "language of dance." Video clip.

What do you think complex behavior can be called reasonable? (No)

Their behavior is instinctive, unconscious.

Notebook entry. Instinct- a set of innate moments of behavior, fixed hereditarily and characteristic of a certain type of animal.

Apart from beneficial insects there are also pests cultivated plants and vectors of human diseases.

The study of the material occurs in the course of the conversation. Students work with handouts: tables, insects.

Exercise : determine which order your insect belongs to and what harm it does to cultivated plants. Answer plan:

1. The name of the squad.

2. The name of the insect.

3. Signs of the detachment.

4. Meaning.

The negative value of insects for humans

Students write their answers in a notebook. Several students are asked. Ratings are given.

Additionally . What methods can be used to control harmful insects?

During the conversation, it turns out that the proposed options can be divided into four groups:

Methods of human struggle with harmful insects

V. Fixing the material.(4 min)

What insects did we meet today?

What are the characteristics of families?

What insects harm agricultural plants? Describe the life of some of them.

VI. Reflection. (1min) Draw your mood as a smiley.

VII. D/W Review topics in the arthropod section. Preparation for control work.

Appendix. The uterus is the largest bee in the hive, 18-20 mm in size. It has a long abdomen with an ovipositor designed for permanent egg laying. Cannot eat on its own. It is fed by worker bees with goiter milk. There is always only one in the family. The uterus develops from fertilized eggs. Lives up to 5 years. When another queen appears, the old one flies away with a part of the bees. This process is called swarming.

Drones are male, with long wings and large eyes. They develop from unfertilized eggs. Their task is to fertilize the uterus. Live for one season. In autumn they die, they are stinged by worker bees or simply kicked out of the hive.

Worker bees are sterile females. Workers - ensure the life of the whole family (collect food, care for the larvae, feed them, clean the hive, build honeycombs, harvest honey). To perform these functions, they have a number of devices:

• oral apparatus;
• Body covered with villi;
• honey goiter;
• Sting-modified ovipositor;
• Hind limbs with baskets and brushes.