MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND ELECTRIFICATION OF THE USSR

MAIN PRODUCTION AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT
CONSTRUCTION

ALL-UNION INSTITUTE FOR DESIGN ORGANIZATION
ENERGY CONSTRUCTION
"ORGENERGOSTROY"

TECHNOLOGICAL CHARTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF 35-500 kV overhead lines

TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CHARTS

(COLLECTION)

K-III-33

INSTALLATION OF UNIFIED INTERMEDIATE
AND ANCHOR-ANGLE STEEL SUPPORTS
WITH FOOTSTEPS

Moscow

Typical flow charts (collection) K-III-33 were developed by the Department of Organization and Mechanization of the Construction of Power Transmission Lines (ZM-20) of the Orgenergostroy Institute.

Compiled by: B.I. RABIN, G.N. POKROVSKY, N.A. VOINILOVICH, P.I. BERMAN, E.A. SSORIN

A collection of typical technological maps has been compiled for the installation of intermediate and anchor-angle steel supports with the stands given in the album (inventory number 5713 tm-t1 "Catalogue of unified supports", issue 1968 - 1970), developed by the North-West Department of the Energosetproekt Institute.

Technological maps are compiled in accordance with the guidelines for the development of standard technological maps in construction, approved by the USSR State Construction Committee on July 2, 1964, and serve as a guide for the construction of 35-500 kV power lines on unified supports.

A COMMON PART

In winter, when the soil freezes 0.25 m or deeper, do not install spacers.

It is forbidden to install supports on foundations that are not completely covered with soil;

b) install the T-100M tractor with the L-6 winch and the K-162 crane according to the diagram for the P110-5 support (Fig. 4 sheet 17), and for the P110-6 support - fig. 10 sheet 28;

c) carry out slinging of the traction and brake cables in the places indicated in fig. 4, sheet 17, for support P110-5 and fig. 10 sheet 28, for support P110-6;

d) fasten the traction cable to the tractor winch;

e) using a K-162 crane, using a sling 6, raise the support assembly to a height of 14.2 m;

f) hold the support in the raised position with a traction cable;

g) release the K-162 crane from the sling and transport it to the place indicated in fig. 4 (sheet 17) for support P110-5 and fig. 10 (sheet 28) - for the P110-6 support (2nd position) and fasten the brake cable (pos. 4) to the crane forkopf;

h) using a traction tractor and a crane standing on the brake, bring the support to a vertical position;

i) fix the support by screwing the nuts onto the anchor bolts, while the nuts should not come close to the surface of the support shoes. Then slightly tilt the support with a traction hoist and remove the mounting hinges;

j) align the support in accordance with the norms and tolerances indicated in the map, and finally fix the column on the foundation with nuts tightened.

To align the support, it is allowed to install linings between the heel and the foundation. The dimensions of the pads must be at least 150´ 150 mm. The total height of the pads should not exceed 40 mm. After alignment, the linings are welded to the heel of the support;

k) dismantle the rigging from the support.

B. Support P330-3 with stand C58 5 m high

When installing the P330-3 support with the C58 stand 5.0 m high, the operations specified in p.p. , and for supports P110-5 and P110-6 also apply to these supports.

Profession

discharge

number of people

Note

Electric lineman (foreman)

Lineman

Crane operator

tractor driver

TOTAL

B. Support P330-3 with stand 5 m

	Profession	discharge	number of people	Note
	Electric lineman (foreman)
	Lineman
	Crane operator
	tractor driver
	TOTAL

AT. Supports P330-2 with a stand 5 m high

	Profession	discharge	number of people	Note
	Electric lineman (foreman)
	Lineman
	Crane operator
	tractor driver
	TOTAL

G. Supports U110-2 with two stands with a total height of 14.0 m and U330-3 with two stands with a total height of 14.0 m

	Profession	discharge	number of people	Note
	Electric lineman (foreman)
	Lineman
	Crane operator
	tractor driver
	TOTAL

D. U220-2 supports with two bases in common height 14.0 m

	Profession	discharge	number of people	Note
	Electric lineman (foreman)
	Lineman
	Crane operator
	tractor driver
	TOTAL

VL 35-500 kV

INSTALLATION OF UNIFIED ANCHOR-ANGLE STEEL SUPPORTS OF TYPE U110-2 WITH TWO STANDS С2 AND С13 WITH A TOTAL HEIGHT OF STANDS 14 M. WITH A FALLING BOOM

K-Sh-33-5

Name

AT summer time

AT winter time

Labor intensity, in man-days

11,71

13,9

Operation of mechanisms, machine shifts

3,54

4,20

Brigade size, people

Consumption diesel fuel, kg

Brigade productivity per shift, supports

0,85

0,72

Duration of installation of one support, shifts

1,17

1,39

General instructions on the organization of the support installation technology and work methods of workers, related to all cards, are given on sheets 4 - 11 of this collection.

The support is installed according to the diagram shown in fig. , sheet 62.

The scheme of lifting the falling arrow is shown in fig. , sheet 63.

The details of fastening the cables to the boom head are shown in fig. , sheet 64.

Fastening the cables to the support in fig. , sheet 65.

Rope schemes are given in fig. , sheet 67.

The support installed on the foundations must satisfy the tolerances given in fig. , sheet 66.

The mechanisms, fixtures, tools and materials required for the installation of supports are shown on sheets 68, 69.

Technical characteristics of the support U110-2 with supports C12 and C13

		13993
Number of parts, pcs.		428
Hardware	number of bolts, pcs.	1292
	hardware weight, kg	664
Deposited metal weight, kg		14
The total weight of the support with subst. without zinc coating, kg		14671
Weight of zinc coating, kg		379
The total weight of the support with subst. with zinc coating, kg		15050

Rice. 28. Anchor-angle support U110-2 with supports C12 and C13

Name

Type

Brand

Qty

Technical specifications

Tractor with winch L-8

Crawler

T-100M

Engine power 108 l. with.

winch Q = 8 t, driven by tractor PTO

Tractor crane

TK-53

Boom with an insert, rotary on the T-100M tractor. Lifting height 12 m, Q = 3.8 t

NOTE: In winter, a D-686 bulldozer is added to clear the area from snow

Name

Qty

Note

Arrow A-shaped metal, height 22 m, pcs.

See hell. No. 656.12.00.80

Steel cable d= 27 mm from support to boom (reins),l= 36 m, pcs.

GOST 3071-66 27-G-1-N-160

Steel cable d= 18 mm for traction chain hoistl= 330 m pcs.

- "- 18-G-1-N-160

Steel cable d= 20 mm for brake, support,l= 75 m, pcs.

- "- 20-G-1-N-160

Steel cable d= 20 mm for raising and lowering the boom,l= 110 m, pcs.

- "- 20-G-1-V-160

Steel cable d= 27 mm from the boom to the pulley block,l= 12 m pcs.

- "- 27-G-1-N-160

d= 20 mm, l= 12 m, pcs.

- "- 20-G-1-Y-160

Universal sling from steel cable d= 20 mm, l= 4 m, pcs.

- "- 20-G-1-Y-160

Universal steel cable lanyardd= 27 mm, l= 7 m, pcs. fifteen.

Koush 60, pcs.

Bracket SK-45, pcs.

According to the catalog of the trust "Electrosetisolation" SK-45 1A

Bracket SK-25, pcs.

According to the catalog of the trust "Electrosetisolation" SK-25-1A

Rack jack 10 t, pcs.

Assembly key for M42 bolt, pcs.

The same for the M36 bolt, pcs.

Scrap with a diameter of 28 mm, pcs.

Bayonet shovel, pcs.

Cross saw, pcs.

Ax, pcs.

Fitting belt with carabiners and chains, set

Bench chisel, manual, pcs.

Thermos for water, pcs.

First aid kit, set

Steel tape measure 20 m, pcs.

Theodolite with tripod, set

Plumb, pcs.

cotton rope, d= 20 mm, m

Design and materials for temporary fastening of reinforced concrete footboards

Reinforced concrete crossbars R1-A, pcs.

LABOR

Profession and rank

Qty

The norm of time for the installation of one support in h / hours

For the entire volume in h / days

AT winter conditions K = 1.188 in h/days

Applies § 23-3-13 tab. 2 p. 61

Installation of U110-2 type anchor-angle steel poles with two stands C12 and C13 with a total height of 14 m.

The weight of the support with stands is 15.5 tons.

Email lineman

6 times.

Crane operator 6 times.

Truck driver. Five times.

Total

10 people

Linemen

Support 1

67,0

8,17

9,70

machinists

Support 1

29,0

3,54

4,20

Total

11,71

13,90

Brigade time spent - days:

a) in summer 11.71: 10 = 1.17

b) in winter 13.90: 10 = 1.39

TsNIB - 1966 MSES

N&R Issue. 1 § 16

Clearing the area from snow in winter

1000 m2

0,575

0,32

Note: 1. The correction factor for labor costs in winter is taken average for the 3rd temperature zone.

2 . The length of the working day is assumed to be 8.2 hours.

Size: 2.07 MBChapter: Date: 04/24/2017Downloads: 70

PROJECT OF WORK PRODUCTION

Installation of a free-standing anchor-angle support stand on the foundation for a 500 kV overhead line,

type U2 (turn method)

You can download in doc format

I General part

This project for the production of works (PPR) was executed on the basis of order No. 1154 dated December 28, 2015 "On the assembly and installation of overhead line supports on the territory of the training ground of the personnel training center"

II Scope of the project

The PPR includes the Technological map for the performance of work using truck-mounted jib cranes, jib-type loader cranes, loader cranes and PS-1 hoists.

III Explanatory note

In order to improve the qualifications of the personnel of linear sections, to obtain practical experience for the assembly and installation of supports, increasing readiness for performing ATS, as well as arranging the training ground, a Project for the production of works for the installation of a metal free-standing stand of an anchor-angle support (type U-2) was drawn up for the further implementation of this project.

The weight of the anchor-angle support type U2 is 5.712 kg.

PPR includes the following stages of work:

Preparatory work. Preparation of the installation site (clearing snow);

Fixing the metal post of the U2 anchor-angle support on the foundation with mounting hinges;

Raising and fixing the support.

Completion of work.

No. p / p	Sequence of operations	Position	Group by EB	qty, people
Preparatory work. Site preparation (snow removal)
	Evaluate the installation site where it is necessary to clear the snow (relief, swampiness, soil condition, the presence of uncleaned forest, large stones, fresh stumps). On the installation site, determine the direction of the route passages of the bulldozer.	Master Electrician
	Conduct a targeted briefing for the brigade with registration in the work permit. In the briefing, it is necessary to indicate the safety measures during the work, the procedure for operations, the technology for performing the work, indicate the directions of the route moves of the bulldozer, and at the end of the work, indicate the place where the bulldozer is parked. The brigade is allowed to work.	Master -responsible work manager; Electrician - foreman of works (allowing);
	Perform work on the preparation of the installation site and put the bulldozer in the parking lot. Clean the foundations from snow manually (with shovels).	Electrician - foreman of works (allowing); bulldozer driver- brigade member
	Arrange completion of work.	Master -responsible work manager; Electrician - foreman of works (allowing);
Fixing the metal post of the U2 anchor-angle support on the foundation with mounting hinges
	Check the conformity of the dimensions in the centers of the reinforced concrete footings (foundations) with the dimensions of the support, as well as the vertical marks of the foundations. In case of detection of deviations exceeding the established tolerances, the support may be lifted only after the detected defects have been eliminated. Inspect the structure of the support stand to be installed and make sure that it cannot fall. Availability of all bolted connections, structural elements of the support. Check tools, fixtures, protective equipment and materials. Secure the danger area with tape.	Master -responsible work manager; Electrician - foreman of works (allowing);
	Conduct a targeted briefing for the brigade with registration in the work permit. In the briefing, it is necessary to indicate safety measures during work, the procedure for operations, the technology for performing work, and the danger zone. The brigade is allowed to work.	Master -responsible work manager; Electrician - foreman of works (allowing); brigade
	Install a truck crane at the workplace in accordance with Appendix No. 1.	Truck crane driver- brigade member Master (responsible
	Place the hinges on the pole leg foundations (using wooden shims to push the hinge after the pole is in place) and on the pole shoes.	Truck crane driver- brigade member
	Carry out the slinging of the support stand. With the help of a truck crane, bring the shoe support rack to the foundations. Fasten the support shoes to the hinges. In the place where the cable rack is attached, install wooden spacers to prevent the support from touching the ground and leveling the support horizontally.	Truck crane driver- brigade member Electrician (slinger) - member of the brigade
	Fasten a two-loop sling to the support post (at a distance of 17 m from the base of the support) and lead a mounting rope Ø 23 mm to the traction mechanism (in accordance with Appendix No. 2). Likewise, with opposite side supports to lead a cable to the brake mechanism.	Electrician - team member
	Start a sling for lifting the support post with a release device, fastening it to the crane hook. Install wooden pads under the sling (or inventory pads under the sling). (in accordance with Appendix No. 2).	Truck crane driver- brigade member Electrician (slinger)- brigade member
Raising and fixing the support.
	Carry out the arrangement of vehicles in accordance with Appendix 1. Before starting to lift the support, remove unemployed workers from danger zone(during the installation of the rack, before the movement of the mechanisms, it is also necessary to remove unused personnel from the danger zone).	Master -responsible work manager (responsible for the safe performance of work using PS) bulldozer driver- member of the brigade;
	The truck crane smoothly raises the support. The traction machine smoothly starts moving from the support post, the brake machine moves towards the traction machine so as to exclude the creation of slack. Raise the support post to a height of 200-300 mm.	Master -responsible work manager bulldozer driver- member of the brigade; Truck crane driver- brigade member
	Check the operation of the traction mechanisms, rigging devices, installation of braces, as well as the correctness and reliability of fastening of all rigging under load.	Master -responsible work manager (responsible for the safe performance of work using PS)
	The truck crane smoothly raises the support. The traction machine smoothly starts moving from the support post, the brake machine moves towards the traction machine so as to exclude the creation of slack. Raise the support post at an angle of 35-40 degrees from the ground level. Remove the load from the truck crane and transfer it to the traction mechanism.	Master -responsible work manager(responsible for the safe performance of work using PS) bulldozer driver- member of the brigade; Truck crane driver- brigade member
	Pull out the release device, releasing the hook of the truck crane. Move the truck crane to the transport position, move it out of the danger zone.	Truck crane driver- brigade member Electrician - foreman of works (allowing);
	The traction machine smoothly starts moving from the support post, the brake machine moves towards the traction machine so as to exclude the creation of slack. Install the support post on the foundations.	Master -responsible work manager bulldozer driver- member of the brigade;
	Install square washers on the rack shoes and thread the nuts onto the anchor bolts. In this case, the nuts should not come close to the surface of the rack shoes.	Electrician - team member
	With a traction machine, give tension to the cable for a slight inclination of the support leg. Dismantle hinges. With the reverse smooth running of the traction machine, place the support post on the foundations.	Master -responsible work manager bulldozer driver- member of the brigade;
	Align the support leg according to the tolerances. If necessary, to align the support leg, install pads between the fifth support and the foundation.	Master -responsible work manager Electrician - foreman of works (allowing);
	Tighten nuts and locknuts anchor bolts. Weld the linings to the heel of the rack. Weld anchor bolt washers on three sides.	Master -responsible work manager Electrician - team member Electric and gas welder- brigade member
Completion of work.
	The electrician should climb up to the support post with the endless rope block to the place where the rigging is attached, stand on self-insurance, fixing the safety harness sling to the support structure, fix the endless rope block to the support post.	Electrician - foreman of works (allowing); Electrician - team member
	For electricians on the ground, lift a fitter's tool along an endless rope in a cotton bag.	Electrician - foreman of works (allowing); Electrician - team member
	For electricians on the ground, hold the endless rope to prevent a sharp descent of the rigging. Lower the rigging and the tool one by one to the ground.	Electrician - foreman of works (allowing); Electrician - team member
	The electrician, who is on the support, descend with a block of endless rope to the ground.	Electrician - foreman of works (allowing); Electrician - team member
	Put away workplace, rigging, tools, equipment.	Whole brigade
	Remove the team from the workplace	Electrician - foreman of works (allowing);
	Arrange completion of work.	Master -responsible work manager Electrician - foreman of works (allowing);

Installation (installation) of supports is one of the most important and complex stages in the construction of overhead power lines associated with the use of large-scale mechanization of electrical work.

The choice of the way to install the supports depends on the design of the supports and foundations, local conditions on the line route, as well as the park of mechanisms and devices that the construction and installation organization has. Currently using various ways installation of supports, which can be combined into 3 groups:

Installation of supports by extension allows:

• perform work on a small site;
• use relatively light rigging, the carrying capacity of which is several times less weight mounted support;
• do not reinforce a support that is not rigid enough to be installed in the assembly.

However, the installation of supports by building up has a number of serious disadvantages:

• work on the installation of supports by extension is carried out at a height, on a limited installation site, which places high demands on the training of personnel and the organization of safe work;
• only free-standing tower-type supports can be mounted using the vertical extension method. Supports on braces, supports of the "Rumka" type, portal supports cannot be mounted by this method;
• installation by extension has a greater labor intensity and duration in comparison with the rotation method;
• the safety of work on the installation of supports by building up is affected by weather conditions, work with wind speeds of more than 10 m / s, snowfall or ice is prohibited.

In this regard, if the dimensions of the support, its mass and local conditions allow, preference should be given to installing the support assembled by turning.

Additional material

1. Technological map - Installation of a single-column anchor-angle single-chain steel multifaceted support 330 kV MU330-1 using one crane [download document].
2. Technological map - Installation of a single-column anchor-angle double-circuit steel multifaceted support 330 kV MU330-2 by extension method [download document] .
3. Technological map - Installation of a single-column anchor-angle single-chain steel multifaceted support 330 kV MU330-3 using one crane [download document].
4. Technological map - Installation of a single-column anchor-angle double-circuit steel multifaceted support 330 kV MU330-4 by extension method [download document] .
5. Technological map - Installation of a single-column anchor-angle single-chain steel multifaceted support 330 kV MU330-5 using one crane [download document].
6. Technological map - Installation of a single-column anchor-angle double-circuit steel multifaceted support 330 kV MU330-6 by extension method [download document] .

Consider the most commonly used methods of mounting supports.

Installation of supports with auger cranes

For the installation of single-column wooden and reinforced concrete supports up to 10 kV, having a relatively small mass and height, boring crane machines are used.

The method of installing the support with auger cranes is the most rational and economical, requiring a minimum volume preparatory work, rigging and mechanisms.

Installation of supports by a crane

The lifting capacity of the crane must correspond to the mass of the installed support, and the working stroke of the crane hook and the outreach of the boom must ensure the full lifting of the support. The support is pre-assembled and laid next to the pit. Then it is lifted by a crane to a vertical position and installed on a foundation or in a pit. In the process of fixing the support on the anchor bolts of the foundation or backfilling the pit, the crane holds the support in a vertical position. After backfilling the pit by at least 2/3 or attaching the support to the anchor bolts, the slings are removed, the crane is released and transferred to install the next support.

Cranes are usually used to install single-column poles with voltage up to 220 kV.

Installation of supports by crane and tractors

If the mass of the support is greater than the carrying capacity of the existing crane, and the lifting height of the hook from the ground is insufficient to raise (hang out) the support above the pit, the support is installed by a crane and tractors. The calculated force on the crane hook when lifting the support should not exceed its carrying capacity, and the lifting height of the hook should ensure that the support rotates at an angle of at least 30-45 °.

The assembled support is placed horizontally next to the foundation, the legs of the support are connected to the foundation elements using a mounting hinge. The crane is installed in such a way that it does not fall into the zone of a possible fall of the support. The support from a horizontal position is lifted by a crane at an angle of 30-45°. Next, the traction force is transferred to the tractor, and the crane moves into position to brake the support and prevent it from tipping over. Further lifting of the support is carried out by a tractor.

Installation of supports with a falling boom and tractors

If it is impossible to install the support by the methods listed above, it is raised using a falling boom and tractors.

When installing supports with a falling boom, the maximum force in the traction cable occurs at the initial moment of lifting. Then it gradually decreases and, when the support assumes a vertical position, disappears. Similarly, the force in the falling arrow and the "reins" connecting it with the support shaft changes. This is an advantage of the method of installing supports with a falling boom, since rigging faults identified at the beginning of lifting can be easily eliminated. The loads acting on the hinge and foundations when the support is lifted can increase and reach maximum values ​​at its inclination angles of 30-50°.

Installation of supports by helicopters

In difficult conditions, when conventional methods cannot be applied or are not economically feasible, helicopters are used. The support assembled at the assembly site is delivered in a vertical position by helicopter to the picket and immediately installed on the prepared foundation. Preliminarily, special catching devices are installed on the foundations. In this way, metal supports of a relatively small mass are usually installed.

For example, the method of mounting supports by helicopter was used in the construction of the 110 kV overhead line "Mamakan-Muskovit". A section of the overhead line route 3.5 km long passed along a slope with a slope of about 35 ° along the river bank. Arrangement of the site for the assembly of supports near the installation site was difficult, since the slope was covered with accumulations of stone blocks ranging in size from 1 to 3 meters with rocky soil. Driving along the highway in this section is impossible; access to the installation sites of supports could only be carried out from the side of the river. At the same time, for the layout of sites and entrances to the place of assembly and installation of supports, heavy earth-moving equipment was required, which was not possible to deliver. The use of a helicopter eliminated complex excavation on the layout of sites for the assembly and installation of supports and the organization of entrances to them.

Heavy metal supports are installed by helicopter by turning. To do this, hinges of a special design are pre-mounted on two foundations, the heels (shoes) of a pre-assembled support are connected to them and a lifting cargo cable is fixed on its top. The helicopter, rising into the air, rotates the support around the hinges and brings it to a vertical position. After that, the hinges are removed and the support is fixed to the foundation.

Installation of supports by extension using a creeping crane

The installation of the support by extension is carried out by creeping cranes or masts. These devices are called creeping because they are fixed at the top of the mounted section of the support and after mounting the next section of the support with their help, they rise to the newly mounted section for mounting the next section of the support.

Depending on the size and design, the support can be mounted welded sections(small transitional supports), planes or rods (large supports made of steel pipes). The weight of the lifted parts of the support must not exceed the lifting capacity of the cranes or booms with which the support is mounted.

Usually, the lower one or two sections are mounted with an overhead crane or an erection boom, and the next ones with an extension. Prepared sections by crawling crane, crawling boom or tower crane are raised and installed in the design position, where they are fixed.

Installation of supports by vertical extension using helicopters

At present, the installation of individual transitional supports by building up is carried out using special helicopters. Such helicopters are usually equipped with an additional cabin, from which the co-pilot, having sufficient visibility under and behind the helicopter, can control the machine and lift cargo using a cargo winch.

Installation of supports using a helicopter is as follows. The lower section of the tower is usually installed on the foundation with a crane and secured to it. On the upper end of the mounted sections of the support, four guide angles bent to the vertical axis are temporarily fixed. On the site located near the place of installation of the support, the enlarged assembly of the sections of the support is carried out. The helicopter lifts the assembled section and slowly, in order to avoid its swinging, transfers it to the mounted support. Having hovered over the mounted sections, the helicopter lowers the section onto the rails.

Picture. Installation of supports by extension using a helicopter: 1 - lower section; 2 - section mounted by a helicopter by the method of vertical extension; 3 - guide.

Wooden pads may be used to prevent shock during lowering. The landing of the section is corrected from the ground, giving commands to the pilot via radio. After lowering the section into place and uncoupling the sling from the helicopter, the installers climb the support and mount the parts for connecting the sections, after which they transfer the guides to the top of the mounted section. The following sections of the support are mounted in the same way.

Helicopters are allowed to operate only in wind speeds less than 6 m/s. The use of helicopters for the installation of supports by the extension method, which requires the use of complex and advanced equipment, careful preparation, good organization of work, makes it possible to increase labor productivity, allows the pre-assembly of sections of several supports to be carried out on one site, located far from the foundations of the support.

Installing supports manually

With a small amount of work or when it is impossible to use large-scale mechanization, the racks of wooden supports, which are light in weight, can be installed manually. In this case, hooks, tongs, braces and other devices are used.

TECHNOLOGICAL CARD FOR ASSEMBLY AND INSTALLATION OF SUPPORTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF OVERHEAD POWER LINES

Application area

A typical flow chart has been developed for assembly work and installation of supports for power lines.

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SUPPORTS

Support types. According to the purpose, the supports are divided into intermediate (P), anchor (A), corner (U), end (K) and special (C). The locations of various types of supports on the route were shown on the plan and profile of the section of the 10 kV overhead line.

Intermediate supports installed on the straight sections of the overhead line route are intended only to support the wires and are not calculated for the load from the tension of the wires along the line. In normal operation, intermediate supports perceive vertical and horizontal loads from the mass of wires, insulators, fittings and wind pressure on the wires and supports. In emergency mode (when one or more wires are broken), the intermediate supports take the load from the tension of the remaining wires, are subjected to torsion and bending. Therefore, they are calculated with a certain margin of safety. Intermediate supports on the lines are 80-90%.

Anchor supports installed on straight sections of the route for crossing overhead lines through engineering structures(roads, communication lines) or natural barriers (ravines, rivers), perceive the longitudinal load from the difference in tension of wires and cables in adjacent anchor spans. During the installation of the line, the anchor supports perceive the longitudinal load from the tension of the wires suspended from one side. The design of the anchor supports must be rigid and durable.

Corner supports installed at the angles of rotation of the overhead line route, under normal conditions, perceive the resultant of the tensile forces of wires and cables of adjacent spans, directed along the bisector of the angle of rotation of the line. Corner supports are intermediate and anchor. Intermediate ones are installed at small angles of rotation of the line, where the loads are small. At large angles of rotation, anchor supports are used, which have a more rigid structure.

End supports are a type of anchor and are installed at the end or beginning of the line. Under normal operating conditions of the line, they perceive the load from the one-sided pull of the wires.

In addition to the considered so-called normal supports, special supports are also installed on power lines:

transpositional - to change the order of the wires on the supports;

branch lines - for the device of branches from the main line;

cross - for crossing overhead lines in two directions;

anti-wind - to enhance the mechanical strength of overhead lines;

transitional - for crossing overhead lines through natural obstacles and artificial structures, etc.

According to the method of fixing in the ground, the supports are divided into those installed directly into the ground and on the foundations.

According to the design, the supports are divided into free-standing and with braces. Both types of supports can be single-column and portal. Free-standing supports also include A - shaped supports and supports with struts. Free-standing supports are designed to transfer the loads acting on them directly through the posts to the ground or foundation. Racks of supports with guy wires are transferred to the ground or foundation only vertical loads; transverse and longitudinal (relative to the axis of the overhead line) loads are transferred to the ground by braces attached to the anchor plates.

By the number of wires, both supports and overhead lines can be single-, double- and multi-circuit.

According to the material of the support, there are wooden, reinforced concrete and steel.

Arrangement of wires on poles. The number of wires on the supports may be different. As a rule, each overhead line consists of three phases, therefore, the supports of single-circuit overhead lines with a voltage above 1 kV (Fig. 1, a) are designed to suspend three phase wires (2, 3, 5), i.e. one chain; On the supports of double-circuit overhead lines (Fig. 1, b), two parallel chains are suspended, i.e. six wires (2,3,5 and 6, 7, 8).

Fig.1. The location of the wires on the supports of the overhead line:

a - single-chain,

b - double-chain,

c - up to 1 kV,

d, e - when suspended on single-chain and double-chain according to the "zigzag" scheme;

2, 3, 5, 6. 7, 8 - wires,

4 - lightning protection cable

They also construct overhead lines with split phases, on which instead of one phase wire large section hang several wires of smaller cross section fastened together. Usually, in each phase, 6-220 kV overhead lines are suspended one wire at a time, 330 kV overhead lines - two wires located horizontally, 500 kV overhead lines - three wires at the vertices of a triangle, 750 kV overhead lines - four wires at the corners of a square or five wires at the corners of a pentagon and VL 1150 kV - eight wires at the corners of the octagon. Split phases allow you to increase the transmitted power, reduce losses (with the same wire cross-sectional area), and in some cases refuse to install vibration dampers.

If necessary, one or two lightning protection cables 4 are suspended above the phase wires.

Supports of overhead lines up to 1 kV (Fig. 1, c) allow hanging from 5 to 12 wires for power supply to various consumers in one overhead line (outdoor and indoor lighting, electric power, household loads). On overhead lines up to 1 kV with a dead-earthed neutral, in addition to the phase ones, they hang neutral wire. In addition, wires of lines of different voltages and purposes can be suspended on the same supports.

The arrangement of wires on supports can be horizontal (in one tier), vertical (one above the other in two or three tiers) and mixed, in which the vertically located wires are horizontally displaced relative to each other. In addition, on single-circuit supports, wires are often arranged in a triangle.

Developed and improved new system wire hangers on intermediate supports ah, in a zigzag pattern. At the same time, on single-circuit overhead lines (Fig. 1, d), the lower wire 5 on the first support is suspended from the lower traverse, and on the second - to the upper one; the lower wire 3 is hung the other way around: on the first support - to the upper traverse, and on the second - to the lower one. The upper wire 2 is fixed on the first support on the right side of the upper traverse, and on the second - on the left. The height of the suspension of the lower wires with this scheme increases on average by half the distance between the lower and upper traverses, which allows you to increase the span between the supports or reduce the height of the supports.

Suspension of wires according to the "zigzag" scheme on double-circuit overhead lines (Fig. 1, e) allows you to further increase the length of the spans, however, the design of the supports is somewhat more complicated.

Unification and designation of supports. Based on the results of many years of practice in the construction, design and operation of overhead lines, the most appropriate and economical types and designs of supports are determined for the corresponding climatic and geographical regions, overhead line voltages and wire brands, and they are systematically unified. At the same time, the number of types of supports and their parts is reduced as much as possible. Many unified parts can be used both for various types of poles, and for poles of overhead lines of different voltages. So, reinforced concrete stepchildren for wooden poles of overhead lines of all voltages are taken of one profile - trapezoidal (three sizes).

The unification carried out in 1976 adopted the following designation system for metal and reinforced concrete supports of 35-330 kV overhead lines. The letters P and PS denote intermediate supports, PVS - intermediate with internal communications, PU or PUS - intermediate corner, PP - intermediate transitional, U or US - anchor-angle, K or KS - end. The letter B stands for reinforced concrete supports, and its absence indicates that the supports are steel. The numbers 35, 110, 150, 220, etc., following the letters, indicate the voltage of the overhead line, and the numbers following them after the hyphen indicate the size of the supports. The letters U and T are added, respectively, to the designation of intermediate supports used as corner supports and with cable support. For example, the designation PB110-1T is deciphered as follows: an intermediate single-circuit single-column reinforced concrete pole with a cable-resistant one for 110 kV overhead lines.

Wooden poles are designated in accordance with the unification of 1968-1970, according to which, after the letters P, U, C and D, meaning, respectively, intermediate, anchor-angle, special and wooden poles, there are numbers indicating the voltage of the overhead line and the conditional number of the support size ( odd - for single-stranded and even - for double-stranded). For example, the designation UD220-1 stands for: wooden anchor-angle single-circuit support for 220 kV overhead lines.

The unification of supports allows the use of industrial methods of their assembly and installation using power tools, cranes, drilling machines, as well as organizing mass production elements at specialized factories, which reduces the construction time of overhead lines.

Reinforced concrete supports

Reinforced concrete supports are widely used for the construction of overhead lines with voltage up to 750 kV inclusive. At present, the share of overhead lines with reinforced concrete supports is about 80% of the length of all lines under construction.

Reinforced concrete supports have a high mechanical strength, durable and do not require large operating costs. Labor costs for their assembly are much lower than for the assembly of wood and metal. The disadvantage of reinforced concrete supports is their large mass, which increases the cost of transportation and necessitates the use of heavy-duty cranes during assembly and installation.

In reinforced concrete supports, the main forces in tension are taken up by steel reinforcement, and in compression - by concrete. Approximately the same coefficients of thermal expansion of steel and concrete exclude the appearance of internal stresses in reinforced concrete during temperature changes. positive quality reinforced concrete is also a reliable protection of metal reinforcement against corrosion. The disadvantage of reinforced concrete is the formation of cracks in it.

To improve crack resistance reinforced concrete structures prestressing of reinforcement is used, which creates additional compression of concrete. Steel wire is used as reinforcement periodic profile or round, rods and seven-wire steel strands.

The main elements of reinforced concrete supports are racks, traverses, cable racks and crossbars.

Reinforced concrete racks of an annular section (conical and cylindrical) are made on special centrifugal machines (centrifuges) that form and compact concrete. Racks of rectangular section are made by vibrating, in which the compaction of concrete in molds is carried out by vibrators. For power lines with a voltage of 110 kV and above, only centrifuged racks are used, and for overhead line supports up to. 35 kV - both centrifuged and vibrated.

Centrifuged conical racks SK are manufactured in six standard sizes 19.5-26 m long (butt diameter 560 and 650 mm), and cylindrical STs - seven standard sizes 22.2-26.4 m long (butt diameter 560 mm). The production of new centrifuged cylindrical poles 20 m long and 800 mm in diameter was launched, on the basis of which free-standing anchor-angle poles for overhead lines up to 330 kV inclusive, as well as intermediate portal poles 40 m high, consisting of two racks connected by flanges, were developed.

Vibrated racks of rectangular section have a length of 16.4 m and a cross section of the upper and lower parts, respectively, 200X200 and 380X380 mm. For supports of overhead lines with a voltage of up to 10 kV, vibrated SNV racks 9.5 and 11 m long are used with a cross section of the lower part from 170X 170 to 280X 185 mm, as well as centrifuged conical racks C 10 and 11 m long with a lower base diameter of 320-335 mm and top 170 mm, having through holes for fastening equipment.

VL supports up to 1 kV. On overhead lines up to 1 kV, unified reinforced concrete free-standing single-column (intermediate), as well as single-column with struts and A - shaped (corner, anchor and end) supports are installed. In some cases, anchor and corner supports are assembled from two vertical posts installed side by side.

From the vibrated START racks, single-column supports and supports with struts are assembled, designed to suspend from two to nine wires of overhead lines and two to four wires of a radio network. All types of supports have steel traverses with welded pins. Racks with a height of 9.5 and 11 m are equipped with embedded parts with holes that allow mounting the traverses with one bolt. Outdoor lighting fixtures, cable glands and wire branch brackets can be mounted on these supports.

Fig.2. Reinforced concrete supports of overhead lines up to 1 kV:

a - intermediate,

b - angular,

in - anchor (terminal);

1 - centrifuged conical rack,

2 - brace,

4 - traverses,

5 - undertraverses,

6.7 - anchor and base plates

Figure 2, a - c shows reinforced concrete supports with conical centrifuged racks 10.1 m long and wooden traverses made of impregnated timber with a section of 100X80 mm. Intermediate supports (Fig. 5, a) consist of racks 1 and traverses 4. In soft soils or when large numbers their wires are reinforced with crossbars.

Corner A - shaped supports (Fig. 2, b) have two racks of the same length, the tops (Fig. 3) of which are interconnected by plates 2 and double traverses 3. The traverses are fixed in settings with through bolts and are interconnected for rigidity by planks 6. On on a tensile stand (see Fig. 2, b), an anchor plate 6 is installed, which increases the pull-out resistance of the support, and on a compressed stand, a base plate 7 is installed, which reduces the specific load on the soil.

Fig.3. Top. A-shaped corner reinforced concrete support of overhead lines up to 1 kV:

1 - centrifuged racks,

2 - plate,

3 - traverses,

5 - traverse mounting bolts,

6 - planks,

The end A - shaped supports (see Fig. 2, c) are similar in design to the angular ones and differ from them in the fastening of the traverses (sub-traverses 5 are used).

Work is underway to create fiberglass traverses, single-column anchor and corner supports. Separate sections of overhead lines with such traverses and supports are in pilot operation.

Supports VL 6-10 kV. On 6-10 kV overhead lines, single-column intermediate, single-column with struts and A - shaped - angular, end and anchor supports are used. Single-column intermediate supports made of vibrated START struts (Fig. 4, a) are equipped with a traverse 2, designed for suspension of three aluminum wires section up to 120 mm. On single-column angular struts (Fig. 4, b) and anchor supports from the same struts, the struts 5 are fixed with metal brackets 4, and the wires are fixed on steel traverses 3 separate for each phase.

Fig.4. Reinforced concrete single-column supports of 6-10 kV overhead lines:

a - intermediate,

b - angular with a strut;

1 - stand,

2, 3 - steel traverses.

4 - bracket for attaching the strut

Single-column intermediate, as well as corner, end and anchor A-shaped supports from centrifuged racks have standard wooden traverses with a section of 100X80 mm (they are fixed with through bolts and braces), as well as top pins.

Supports VL 35-500 kV. On 35-500 kV overhead lines, unified free-standing and single-column and portal supports (Fig. 5, a - c) are used, the main elements of which are rack 1, traverses 2 and cable rack 3. Rack 1 has a waterproofing of the lower part at a length of 3.2 m, made with asphalt-bitumen varnish. To prevent moisture from entering the rack, end caps are installed at its ends. The bottom cover, in addition, increases the support area of ​​the rack, which increases the strength of its embedding in the ground. Through holes are made in the upper part of the rack for mounting the traverses. Inside, along the rack in concrete, a special grounding descent is laid.

Fig.5. Intermediate reinforced concrete supports:

a, b - single-column single- and double-circuit for 35-220 kV overhead lines, portal with a metal traverse for 330 kV overhead lines,

2 - traverses,

3 - cable rack,

The traverses are attached to the rack with through bolts (Fig. 6, a) or clamps (Fig. 6, b). Holes are made in the traverses and cable racks for installing special brackets, clamps, rollers, to which coupling fittings are attached - earrings or brackets. Rope racks have a welded metal structure and attached to the rack with clamps.

Fig.6. Fastening traverses to reinforced concrete poles:

a - through bolts;

b - clamps

On 35-220 kV overhead lines, reinforced concrete single-column free-standing single- and double-circuit supports with conical and cylindrical posts are installed as intermediate ones (Fig. 5, a, b), and on 330-500 kV overhead lines - single-circuit portal poles with metal traverses (see Fig. .5, c).

As corner anchor supports on 35-110 kV overhead lines, single-column reinforced concrete supports with guy wires are used, and on lines more than high voltage- metal.

AT last years on 110-330 kV overhead lines, single-column free-standing reinforced concrete poles with racks with a diameter of 800 mm began to be used as corner anchor supports.

Metal supports

Metal supports are usually made from steel, and sometimes from aluminum alloys. The high mechanical strength of steel makes it possible to create powerful and high metal supports that can withstand huge mechanical loads. However, such supports are much more expensive than reinforced concrete and wooden ones. In addition, their disadvantage is a small corrosion resistance. Less influenced external environment supports are made of aluminum alloys, but their high cost limits their wide application.

Application area metal supports practically unlimited. Steel poles are installed on power lines of all voltages passing in areas with heavy climatic conditions, on hard-to-reach routes and in mountainous areas. Corner and anchor metal supports are installed on 110-500 kV overhead lines, together with intermediate reinforced concrete ones, and also as transitional ones at long crossings.

Main elements. By design, steel supports can be single-column (tower) and portal, and by the method of fixing on foundations - free-standing and with braces. At the same time, single-column supports, having the dimensions of the lower part more than the width of the railway car (2.7 m), are called wide-base, and less - narrow-base. The main elements of metal supports (Fig. 7) are trunk 1, traverses 2 and cable rack 3. Some supports have braces 4.

Fig.7. Intermediate metal supports:

a. b - free-standing single- and double-circuit tower type,

c - single-circuit with braces;

2 - traverse,

3 - cable rack,

4 - braces,

5 - anchor plate

The trunk (Fig. 8) is usually a tetrahedral truncated lattice pyramid made of rolled steel profiles (angle, strip, sheet), and consists of a belt 1, a lattice 2 and a diaphragm 3. The lattice, in turn, has bracing rods and spacers, as well as additional connections.

Fig.8. Elements of the metal support barrel:

2 - lattice,

3- aperture

The connections between the chords, diaphragms and bracing rods with the chords can be welded (overlapped) or bolted (Fig. 9, a, b).

Fig.9. Connection of bracing rods with a support belt;

a - overlap,

b - bolts

Depending on the method of connecting the support elements, they are divided into welded and bolted ones and, accordingly, are made in the form of separate spatial sections or small flat galvanized elements with holes for subsequent assembly on the overhead line route. Sections of welded supports are assembled at the installation site using pads and bolts. Elements of bolted supports, as well as bolts, washers and other parts are shipped from the factories as a set.

When transporting welded supports, the load capacity of machines is used extremely low (no more than 10-30%). Bolted supports are economical in transportation, but require a significant increase in labor costs for assembly (1.5-2 times).

The traverses of single-column supports have a conventional flat frame or spatial construction and made of channels. For suspension of lightning protection cables, a cable rack in the form of a lattice truncated pyramid is installed on the top of the support shaft. Rope racks of portal supports, as a rule, are mounted on trabepcax. There are holes at the ends of the traverses and cable supports of metal supports or special parts are installed for attaching coupling fittings.

The belts of the trunks of free-standing supports end at the bottom with support shoes - heels, which are attached to the foundations with anchor bolts (Fig. 10, a). Support shafts with braces are attached to the foundations with special hinged heels (Fig. 10, b). The braces of such supports are attached to the traverses (or trunk) on one side, and to the anchor plates on the other (Fig. 10, c). The knots for attaching guy wires to anchor plates allow you to adjust the length and tension of guy wires.

Fig.10. Fastening shoes (heels) of free-standing metal supports (a), with a brace (b) and brace to the anchor plate (c)

Structures of metal supports. The main types of metal poles for 35-500 kV overhead lines are single-column free-standing single-circuit and double-circuit ones with a vertical arrangement of wires, as well as portal braces. For single-circuit lines passing along hard-to-reach routes, single-column supports with guy wires have been developed.

Intermediate supports of 35-110 kV overhead lines (see Fig. 7, a, b) are made single- and double-circuit. Free-standing intermediate supports are welded upper part rectangular design with parallel belts. The lower sections are bolted. Wires on a single-circuit support are arranged in a triangle, and on a double-circuit support - in a "barrel". The traverses of double-chain supports are of the same type as those of single-chain ones. On the cable sections of the overhead line, cable racks are mounted at the top of the trunk. The supports are fixed to the foundation with two anchor bolts located on each of the four footrests.

Intermediate supports with braces (see Fig. 7, c) are used only on single-circuit 110 kV overhead lines. These supports have three double split guys. The lower ends of the two guys are attached in pairs to a common anchor, and the upper ends - to the middle of the lower traverses. The third guy, located in the plane of the traverse, is attached directly to the trunk from the side where two traverses are located (upper and lower). Guys are placed at an angle of 120° to one another.

The intermediate supports of 220 and 330 kV overhead lines are similar to the 110 kV supports shown in Fig. 7, a, b, and usually have a bolted structure, with the exception of some welded parts (for example, support shoes, traverses), but differ from the 110 kV supports in the distance between wires and traverse length. In addition, portal intermediate supports with guys are used on 330 kV lines.

Anchor-angle supports of 35-330 kV overhead lines are made free-standing tower type. Due to heavy loads, the transverse dimensions of the shaft of these supports are significantly increased, and the height of the suspension of the lower wire is reduced.

Painting and galvanizing of supports. To protect against corrosion, metal supports are painted at the manufacturing plants by dipping the finished welded sections into a paint bath. Less commonly, paint is applied with brushes or pneumatic spray guns. Sometimes the supports are painted at the installation site. For priming and painting supports oil paint, varnishes with aluminum powder and enamels.

More reliable protection steel poles against corrosion is hot-dip galvanized. Preliminarily degreased structures are cleaned in a pickling bath with a solution of sulfuric acid, washed with hot running water, coated with flux and lowered into a vertical cylindrical bath of molten lead. In the upper part of the bath, a layer of molten zinc floats on the surface of the lead. When rising from the bath, the structure heated with lead passes through a layer of liquid zinc, which forms a film 0.10-0.12 mm thick on its surface.

The method of protecting the support metal from corrosion in many cases determines the choice of the type of connection of the lattice elements. Thus, the coloring of the supports allows the use of both bolted and welded joints, including overlapping with welding elements on both sides. At the same time, hot galvanizing does not allow overlap welding of parts, since the acid used to pickle the elements before galvanizing can flow into their gaps and subsequently destroy the connection.

In view of the scarcity of zinc, a pilot-industrial introduction of aluminum coatings has begun, the mechanical strength and adhesion of which are not inferior to those of zinc.

The degree of readiness of metal supports. The number of parts and parts sent from the factory determines the degree (group) of the factory readiness of the support and characterizes the amount of work on its assembly on the overhead line:

Group I - they come from the factory individual elements(in bulk) or separate parts of sections; on the VL route, the supports are assembled from bolted elements and parts;

Group II - individual spatial sections and support parts are received from the factory; on the overhead line route, pre-assembly and general assembly on bolts is carried out;

Group III - whole main parts come from the factory that do not require pre-assembly on the track; general assembly is carried out on bolts.

Each element or part of the support sent by the factory has a conditional code called a shipping mark. When completing and assembling the supports on the track, they use the so-called shipping album, which contains drawings of the shipping brands of the supports.

wooden supports

Wide application wooden poles is mainly due to the low cost of wood, its sufficiently high mechanical strength, as well as the natural round assortment, which provides simplicity of construction and the least resistance to wind loads. The high electrical insulating properties of wood make it possible to use a smaller number of suspension insulators on wooden poles than on metal or reinforced concrete ones, and on overhead lines up to 10 kV, use light and cheap pin insulators. In addition, in some cases, there is no need to hang a lightning protection cable and ground these towers. Reinforced concrete stepchildren or piles are used as foundations for wooden supports.

Wooden supports are about 1.5 times cheaper than reinforced concrete and metal ones, but are less durable. To prolong the service life, the wood of the supports is subjected to anti-rotten treatment (antiseptic treatment) at special factories. It is promising to use supports made of glued wood, the designs of which are developed in recent times. Such wood is made from pine boards impregnated with an oil antiseptic and glued together. The use of glued wood makes it possible to increase the service life of supports, eliminate hidden defects, and also use short-length poles.

In the Russian Federation and other countries rich in forest resources (USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland), overhead lines with a voltage of up to 220 kV are built on wooden poles. In the USA, experimental sections of 330 and 460 kV overhead lines were built on wooden supports, and in the Russian Federation similar supports were developed for 330 and 500 kV overhead lines.

Technical properties wood. For the manufacture of wooden supports, pine, larch and, less often, spruce are used. Pine and larch wood contains a lot of resin and therefore resists moisture well. The poles are made from tree trunks. The lower part of the trunk is called the butt, and the upper, thinner, cut. The natural taper of the trunk from the cut to the butt is called the run.

The strength of wood is largely dependent on moisture. With a decrease in humidity in wooden supports, due to the shrinkage of the wood, the joints are broken: nuts and bandages are loosened. To obtain wood suitable for the manufacture of supports (with a moisture content of 18-22%), it is dried. The main method is atmospheric, i.e. natural drying in air, which, although long, gives the best results. In recent years, high-temperature drying of wood in petrolatum, as well as drying with high-frequency currents, has been used.

The strength of wood is also affected by rot, knots, cracks, oblique and other damage. The most dangerous defect is rot, which occurs when wood is damaged by fungi. Decayed wood is covered small cracks, becomes rotten and disintegrates from a light blow. The most intense decay occurs at a temperature of 20-35 ° C and a humidity of 25-30%.

To protect against decay, the wood is impregnated with oily and mineral antiseptics. Pine is best suited for impregnation; the outer layers of larch and spruce are impregnated with antiseptics very poorly. As oily antiseptics, pure creosote oil or creosote oil mixed with fuel oil, which serves as a solvent, is usually used. The disadvantages of oily antiseptics are their harmful effect on human skin and mucous membranes, as well as flammability. Oily antiseptics are impregnated with finished elements of wooden supports at the factory.

When assembling supports on the track, all places that have been treated are additionally coated with safer mineral antiseptics: sodium fluoride, dinitrophenol, uralite, which are diluted in water. In a number of foreign countries (USA, Canada), a solution of pentachlorophenol in fuel oil or kerosene is widely used for wood impregnation. Others are being developed and tested synthetic materials, serving simultaneously for antiseptic and protection of wood from fire.

The average life of untreated wood is approximately five years. Impregnation of pillars with oily antiseptics increases this period to 15-25 years. Therefore, for overhead line supports, it is allowed to use only factory-impregnated pine and spruce logs, and in exceptional cases - unimpregnated air-dried larch with a moisture content of not more than 25%. Supports of temporary overhead lines (for example, for power supply of construction sites, dredgers, etc.) can also be made of untreated poles. In all cases, the diameter of the logs in the upper cut of the main elements of the supports (racks, stepchildren and traverses) must be at least 14, 16 and 18 cm for overhead lines 1, 6-35, 110 kV and above, respectively. The diameter of the pillars for auxiliary elements for overhead lines is up to 1 kV must be at least 12 cm, and for overhead lines above 1 kV - at least 14 cm.

The disadvantage of wooden poles is their relatively easy flammability, which can be caused by fires, lightning strikes and leakage currents resulting from pollution or breakdown of insulators. To protect against ground fires, an area with a radius of 2 m around each support is cleared from grass and shrubs or it is dug in with a fire groove 0.4 m deep and 0.6 m wide. . Good bolt tightness and snug fit metal parts to wood provide a decrease in electrical resistance and a decrease in leakage currents to safe values. Abroad, to protect supports from fire, they use chemical compositions(flame retardants) that increase the fire resistance of wood.

VL supports up to 1 kV. Three types of unified wooden supports are installed on overhead lines up to 1 kV: single-column (Fig. 11, a, b), single-column with struts (Fig. 11, c) and A-shaped (Fig. 11, d). Single-column supports are used as intermediate, and single-column with struts and A-shaped (so-called complex) - as corner, anchor, end and branch. Two series of such supports have been developed: for suspension of 5-8 and 8-12 wires with fastening, respectively, on hooks and pins.

Fig.11. Wooden poles for overhead lines up to 1 kV:

a, b - single-column intermediate with fastening of wires on hooks and pins,

c - single-column corner with a tray and fastening of wires on hooks,

g - A- shaped corner with fastening of wires on pins:

1 - prefix,

2 - rack,

5, 6 - traverse and its brace,

7 - support strut,

8 - crossbar

The main elements of supports of all types are racks 2, attachments 1 and struts 7. Racks and struts are made of impregnated wooden poles 6.5-11 km long with a diameter in the upper cut of at least 14 cm. To increase the service life of the supports, they are usually used standard reinforced concrete attachments PT 4.25 and 6 m long, and in some cases - wooden length 4.5 m. They also install supports without attachments (with solid racks and struts). In soft soils, the strength of the embedment of supports is increased by fixing them in their bases. reinforced concrete slabs or wooden crossbars 8.

To pair (Fig. 12, a - c) wooden 3 and reinforced concrete 9 attachments with racks 1, wire bandages 2 and fitting clamps 6 are used. Bandages for single-rack supports are made of eight turns of galvanized steel wire with a diameter of 4-6 mm, and for complex ones - of 12 and tightened by twisting or coupling bolts 5 with shaped washers 4. The length of the mating of the racks of single-column supports with wooden and reinforced concrete attachments is 1350 and 1050 mm, respectively, and complex - 1500 and 1350 mm.

Fig.12. Pairing attachments with racks of supports of overhead lines up to 10 kV:

a. b - wooden wire bandages,

c - reinforced concrete clamps;

1 - stand,

2 - wire bandage,

3, 9 - wooden and reinforced concrete attachments.

4 - bandage washer,

5 - coupling bolt,

6 - fitting clamp

8 - plank

The struts with the uprights and the tops of the A-shaped supports are bolted together. Traverses are made of impregnated wood and equipped with pins and braces. Standard traverses have rectangular section 100x80mm; traverses round section with a diameter of 140 mm are used only on end supports with 12 wires. The traverses are fixed to the posts with a through bolt and two braces (see Fig. 11, b).

The distance between the wires on the traverses of the intermediate supports should be 400 mm, and on the corner and anchor - 550 mm. Hooks on the supports are placed on both sides of the rack in a checkerboard pattern; at the same time, the distance between them (on one side) should be 400 and 600 mm on intermediate and complex supports, respectively. The upper hook is installed at a distance of 200 mm from the top of the support.

Supports VL 6-10 kV. On 6-10 kV overhead lines, unified free-standing wooden poles of three types are installed: single-column - intermediate; A - figurative - end, anchor, branch; three-rack (A-shaped with struts) - corner anchor. A - shaped trusses of anchor and end supports are installed along the axis of the overhead line, and angular - along the bisector of the angle of rotation of the line.

Figure 13 shows the main types of wooden poles for 6-10 kV overhead lines with reinforced concrete and wooden attachments and wire suspension on hooks and traverses. Single-column supports (Fig. 13, a) consist of a rack 2, attachment 1 and hooks 3. For hanging wires of large cross sections, instead of hooks, a traverse 6 with pins 4 and a head 5 are installed (Fig. 13, b). A - shaped and three-post supports (Fig. 13, c - e), in addition to racks and attachments, have under-traverses 9, with which the traverses are attached to the racks, as well as cross-beams 10 (reinforcing the rigidity of the A-shaped truss), crossbars 8 and struts 11. In addition, poles 11 m long without attachments (with solid racks) are installed on 6-10 kV overhead lines.

Fig.13. Wooden poles VL 6-10 kV:

a, b - intermediate with fastening of wires on hooks and on a traverse with a head,

c - angular intermediate with fastening of wires on a traverse,

g - liquor,

d - corner anchor;

1 - attachment.

2 - stand.

5 - head.

6 - traverse,

7 - brace,

8 - crossbar,

9 - undertraverse,

10 - cross member,

11 - brace

Details of supports of all types are unified: the posts have a length of 8.5 m, reinforced concrete attachments - 4.25 and 6 m, wooden attachments - 4.5 m.

Typical technological maps K-III-24 were developed by the department of organization and mechanization of the construction of power transmission lines (EM-20) of the ORGENERGOSTROY Institute.

COMPILERS: B.I. RAVIN, G.N. POKROVSKY, V.M. DUBROVIN, P.I. BERMAN, G.A. KORSAKOV.

Typical technological maps of the collection K-III-24 provide for the lifting and installation of intermediate free-standing metal bolted supports by turning using a TK-53 crane and a T-100M tractor.

Technological maps are compiled in accordance with the guidelines for the development of standard technological maps in construction, approved by the USSR State Construction Committee on July 2, 1964, and serve as a guide for the construction of 35 - 110 kV power lines on unified supports.

A COMMON PART

1. Collection K-III-24 consists of six flow charts: K-III-24-1, K-III-24-2, K-III-24-3, K-III-24-4, K-III- 24-5 and K-III-24-6 for installation on the foundations of intermediate free-standing metal bolted supports of 35 - 110 kV overhead lines of types: P110-5, P110-6, PS110-5, PS110-6, PS110-13 and P35-2 , developed by the North-West branch of the Energosetproject (see drawings No. 3078tm-115; 3078tm-116; 3079tm-t4-3; 3079tm-t4-6; 3079tm-t5-9 and 3078tm-102.

The maps serve as a guide for the construction of power lines on the indicated supports, as well as as an aid in the preparation of projects for the production of works.

General types of supports and their indicators are given in the relevant maps.

2. When linking standard maps to a specific object, it is necessary to clarify individual technological operations, labor costing and consumption rates for operating materials.

3. Typical technological maps provide for the installation of intermediate free-standing metal supports on finished foundations during the in-line construction of power lines by specialized units of mechanized columns.

4. Prior to installation, each support must be completed following works, which are not included in the maps:

a) the construction of foundations is completed;

7. A magazine of the approved form must be filled out on the installed support.

ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF SUPPORT INSTALLATION

1. Each support is installed on the foundations by a team of workers equipped with the fixtures, mechanisms and rigging listed in each card.

2. Before starting the installation of the support, the work provided for in paragraph 4 of the "General Part" must be completed.

3. The head of the support lifting is obliged to check the correspondence of the dimensions in the centers of the reinforced concrete footboards (foundations) with the dimensions of the support, and also check the vertical marks of the foundations before starting work.

In case of detection of deviations exceeding the established tolerances, the support may be lifted only after the detected defects have been eliminated.

d) fasten the traction cable to the winch of the L-8 tractor;

e) using a sling (pos. 7) raise the support to the height indicated in the relevant maps;

e) with a traction cable, hold the support at the height to which the crane raised the support;

g) the TK-53 crane to get rid of the sling and go to the place indicated in the maps and fix the brake cable;

h) the traction tractor and the crane standing on the brake, bring the support to the vertical position;

i) after lifting, fix the support by screwing the nuts onto the anchor bolts, while they (nuts) should not come close to the surface of the support shoes. Then the support can be tilted with a pulley block and the mounting hinges can be removed;

j) align the support post in accordance with the norms and tolerances indicated in each card, and finally fix the post on the foundation with the nuts tightened.

To align the support, it is allowed to install linings between the fifth support and the foundation.

The dimensions of the pads must be at least 150 × 150 mm. The total height of the pads should not exceed 40 mm. After alignment, the linings are welded to the heel of the support;

k) dismantle the rigging from the support rack.

Rice. 1 Temporary fastening of reinforced concrete footboards

a - Mounting hinge; b - Spacers from logs; in - Emphasis from a log; d - Wedges from a bar

ORGANIZATION AND WORKING METHODS OF WORKERS

1. Supports on the foundations are installed by a team of workers consisting of:

2. Distribution of duties in the team:

a) the foreman checks the straightness of the support, the presence of parts for attaching wires, the distance between the shoes of the support and the distance between the centers of the anchor bolts of the foundation;

b) electric lineman IV, III and two people of the II category perform assembly work lifting scheme, strengthening, if required, with foundation struts (footrests) according to fig. one;

c) the foreman determines the arrangement of workers at the time of lifting, depending on local conditions.

From his point, the foreman must see the support being raised, the mechanisms and workers involved in the rise.

3. The duration of the shift is 8.2 hours.

SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSTALLING SUPPORTS

When installing supports, it is necessary to observe the safety regulations given in the "Temporary guidelines on safety in the construction of overhead power lines.

Pay particular attention to the following points:

6.36. At the time of lifting the support, it is prohibited to be under the support, between the traction mechanism and the support, under the traction and brake cables, boom and braces.

6.48. It is forbidden to fasten stretch marks, brake cable, blocks and other devices during the lifting of the support.

Climbing onto the support during the lifting process, as well as onto an unsecured support, is prohibited.

6.53. Climbing onto an unsecured support without a safety belt, it is prohibited to work on top of the support without securing the belt.

6.54. Dismantled rigging cables and devices must not be thrown off the support.

Before lowering the rigging cables and devices (with the help of a rope and a pulley), the worker on the support must warn the people below about the need to move to a safe area.

Only after people leave the danger zone, the worker on the support is allowed to lower the rigging and fixtures.

TYPICAL TECHNOLOGYID card	VL 35 - 110 kV
INSTALLATION OF INTERMEDIATE FREE-STANDING METAL SUPPORTS TYPE P110-6 ON 110 kV overhead lines	K-III-24-2

APPLICATIONNIA

Technological map K-III-24-2 serves as a guide for installing intermediate metal bolted supports of type P110-6 on foundations on 110 kV power lines.

The map was developed according to the drawings shown on the wiring diagram of the support No. 3078tm-116 SZO Energosetproekt.

This map applies to the installation of supports of types P110-4, P110-2 and P150-2 according to the schemes given in the overview sheet No. 3078-tm-t1 of the SZO Energosetproject.

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS FOR THE INSTALLATION OF ONE SUPPORT

WORK INSTRUCTIONS

General instructions for organizing the technology for installing supports and working methods for workers, related to all maps, are given on sheets 4-9 of this collection.

The P110-6 support is installed according to the scheme shown in fig. nine.

Temporary fastening of reinforced concrete footboards from shear is shown in fig. 1 (see sheet 8).

The fastening of the traction and brake cables is shown in fig. 10 (see sheet 26).

The knot for slinging the support for the crane hook is shown in fig. 5 (see sheet 16).

Details of the slings are given in fig. 11 (see sheet 27).

The support installed on the foundations must satisfy the tolerances given in fig. 12.

Mechanisms, fixtures, tools and materials required for the installation of supports are shown on sheets 29 - 30.

Technical characteristics of the support

support type
Metal weight, kg Number of parts, pcs.
	Number of bolts, pcs. Weight with nuts and washers, kg
Deposited metal weight, kg
Total weight supports without zinc coating, kg
Weight of zinc coating, kg
Total weight of zinc-coated support, kg		Rice. 9 Scheme of lifting support П110-6 1 - Tractor T-100M with winch L-8; 2 - Crane TK-53; 3 - Single-roll block Q = 10 tf; 4 - Traction cable? 18 mm; 5 - Brake cable? 13.5; 6 - Sling a - Gaskets from roundwood d= 200 mm, l= 500 mm to cut two sides; 6 - rope sling? 20 mm Rice. 11 Sling details 7 - Rope sling? = 20 mm; 6 - Rope sling? = 20 mm; 4 - Traction cable? = 18 mm; 5 - Brake cable? = 13.5 mm; 10 - Koush D = 45. Rice. 12 Permissible deviations when installing supports P110-6 A - deviation of the support from the vertical axis along and across the line is not more than 1:200 of the height of the support; B - displacement of the end of the traverse from the line perpendicular to the axis of the route, not more than 100 mm. MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES(FOR ONE TEAM) I. Mechanisms II. ACCESSORIES AND TOOLS Name Note Single-roll block Q = 10 t pcs. Normal Steel cable? = 18.0 mm (traction cable), l= 150 m pcs. GOST 3071-66 Steel cable? = 13.5 mm for support brake, l= 60 m pcs. 13.5-G-1-N-160 GOST 3071-66 Steel cable sling? = 20 to the traction cable, l= 12 m pcs. GOST 3071-66 Universal sling made of steel cable? = 20 mm, l= 4.2 m pcs. GOST 3071-66 Tie D = 45 for a steel cable? = 13.5 mm pcs. GOST 2224-43 Mounting brackets SK-16-1A pcs. GOST 2724-67 Assembly keys for bolts: Rack jack 5 t pcs. Crowbars with a diameter of 28 mm pcs. Bayonet shovels pcs. Cross saws pcs. Axes pcs. Sledgehammers 5 kg pcs. Fitting belts with carabiners and chains set Metalwork chisel pcs. Steel tape measure 20 m pcs. Plumb pcs. Theodolite with tripod set Cotton rope with a diameter of 20 mm m Thermos for water with a mug pcs. first aid kit kit MATERIALS FOR TEMPORARY FASTENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTSTEPS LABOR COST CALCULATION Foundation of norms Composition of the work The composition of the brigade unit. rev. Scope of work Labor costs Profession and rank time norm. per unit, man-hour for the entire volume, man-days in winter conditions. K = 1.183 ENiR, collection 23, § 23-3-13, issue 3, tab. 3, p. 10, a, b, as applicable Installation of an intermediate metal bolted support P110-6 galvanized free-standing (weighing 3.856 kg) using a tractor crane TK-53 and a tractor in flat conditions Electrolines V p. Crane driver VI p. - "- tractor 7 p. a) electrician b) machinists TsNiB MSES. Norms and rasts. 1966 issue, § 16 Clearing the area from snow in winter Time spent, brigade-days: