How to make a laboratory in biology. Recommendations for keeping notebooks and designing laboratory (experiments) and practical work in biology An example of preparing a report on laboratory work

Biology notebook- This is a squared notebook, at least 48 sheets thick with margins. In biology workbooks, all written work provided for in the lesson, as well as reports on the implementation of laboratory work (experiments), are drawn up. The lesson summary includes all definitions of new concepts, terms studied in the lesson, diagrams, drawings, tables that the teacher suggests or asks to write down.

Along with regular notebooks, special printed workbooks can be used, which are published as an accompaniment to the corresponding line of textbooks.

All entries in notebooks must be neat, done with a pen with blue ink.

Schemes, drawings, tables are drawn up in pencil.

The quality of keeping notebooks is checked at the request of the teacher.

Checking notebooks is carried out as necessary and in accordance with the Requirements for checking written works in biology.

• Preparation of performance reports laboratory work is carried out in a workbook in biology.
• 3-4 cells recede from the previous work and write down the date of the event. In the middle of the next line write down the number of laboratory work. Further, each time, on a new line, write down the topic and purpose of the work, list the equipment used. After the line “progress of work”, the progress of the work is briefly described in stages.
• If a question is asked during the work, then the answer is recorded, if it is required to draw up a drawing, fill out a table, then the drawing is executed accordingly or the table is filled in.
• Drawings must be sized not less than 6x6 cm. it is not necessary to draw everything that is visible in a microscope, it is enough to sketch a small fragment. All drawings must have the designations of the constituent parts. Otherwise, the score will be lowered.
• Figures should be located on the left side of the notebook sheet, captions for the figures - at the bottom.
• Tables are filled out clearly and accurately. The table should occupy the entire width of the notebook page.
• Schemes should be large and clear, made with a simple pencil (colored pencils are allowed), contain only the main, most characteristic features, details.
• Answers to questions should be reasoned and stated in your own words; "yes" or "no" answers are not accepted.

At the end of each lab must be recorded conclusion according to the results of the work performed ( the conclusion is formulated based on the purpose of the work).

Lab work without output may not be graded.

Practical and laboratory work is carried out in biology according to the calendar and thematic planning, in accordance with the requirements of the curriculum in biology.

The teacher informs the students in advance about the schedule of these works.

The assessment for laboratory work is given to each student who was present at the lesson when this work was carried out.

Practical and laboratory work can be carried out both individually and for a pair or group of students.

When evaluating the effectiveness of practical and laboratory work, the teacher uses the following criteria:

• the ability of the student to apply theoretical knowledge in the performance of work;
• ability to use devices, tools, independence in performing tasks;
• the pace and rhythm of work, the clarity and coherence of the task;
• achieving the required results;
• formulation of a conclusion about the results of the study and presentation of the results of the work.

As a rule, when conducting practical and laboratory work, tasks are not differentiated by levels, therefore, the assessment of the results of the completed task is carried out by the teacher based on the proposed criteria.

Compiled by: Milovzorova A.M., Kulyagina G.P. - methodologists GMTs DOgM.

Laboratory work in biology.

Laboratory work №1.

Topic: "The composition of seeds."

Look at the table on the board. Name the parts of a seed. Conclude why, by studying the composition of seeds, we can judge the chemical composition of the plant.

1. Following the safety rules, light the spirit lamp and heat the vial of seeds. Bring a glass slide to the opening of the test tube. What are you observing?

2. Continuing heating, see what changes occur with the seeds (color, smell). Make a conclusion.

3. Using personal experience, guess what will happen next. Stop heating, close the spirit lamp, put the test tube in a tripod. On your own or using the text of the textbook (p. 10), draw up a diagram “Chemical composition of the cell” in your notebook. Cross-check the notebooks and compare with the table on the board.

Laboratory work №2.

Topic: “Determination of the physical properties of proteins, fats and carbohydrates (starch, sugar).

1. Add water to a small amount of wheat flour and make a ball of dough. How has the dough changed?

2. Wrap a lump of dough in gauze, dip it into a glass of water and rinse it. How has the water in the glass changed?

3. Drop 1-2 drops of iodine solution into a glass of clean water. How has the color of the water changed?

4. Drop 1-2 iodine into a glass of water into which the dough was dipped. How did the color of the contents of the glass change? What can be the conclusion?

5. Put a sunflower seed between two sheets of white paper; press hard on the seed with the blunt end of a pencil. What happened to paper? What can be the conclusion?

6. Discuss what physical properties of organic substances can be studied and in what way. Enter the received data in the table.

Laboratory work №3.

Topic: "The structure of the cell."

1. Read the first two paragraphs on p. 16 of the textbook and make a diagram of life forms in your notebook. Give a brief description of each group and give examples of representatives.

2. Set up the microscope and prepare an onion skin preparation. Make a drawing in your notebook. Name the visible parts of the cell.

3. Knowing the functions of nucleic acids, think about what role the nucleus can play in a cell?

4. Think about why there is a single set of chromosomes in the germ cells, and a double set in the cells of the body? What happens if the set of chromosomes changes?

Laboratory work №4.

Topic: "Plant tissues".

1. Consider whether all cells in a multicellular organism are the same in structure. Justify the answer.

2. Find in the textbook on p. 30 definition of tissue, write down the types of plant tissues in a notebook.

3. Examine the finished micropreparations of tissues, make the necessary sketches, formulate a conclusion about the relationship between the structure of cells and the function performed.

4. Answer the question: are all cells in a multicellular plant organism the same in structure?

Laboratory work №5.

Topic: "Animal tissues".

1. Using the textbook, p. 32-34, write down the types of animal tissues.

2. Examine the micropreparations of these tissues.

3. Make a conclusion about the relationship between the structure and function of cells.

4. Are animal tissues different from plant tissues? Why?

Laboratory work №6.

Topic: "The structure of root systems."

1. Consider the root systems of rye and beans.

2. Find adventitious and lateral roots in the root system of rye. Is it possible to find the main root in it?

3. What is the name of the root system of rye? Draw and label its parts.

4. Find the main root in the bean root system.

5. Sketch the root system of the beans. Label its parts. What is this type of root system called?

Laboratory work №7.

Topic: "Microscopic structure of the root."

1. Examine the preparation “Cellular structure of the root tip” in a microscope, compare with the figure on p. 42 textbooks, highlight root zones, name their functions.

2. Using your practical experience, name the functions of the root. Write down in a notebook.

Laboratory work №8.

Topic: "The structure and location of the kidneys."

1. Consider the herbariums and plants offered to you. What kidneys do you see? How are they located? Make a drawing.

2. Find small elongated and rounded buds on the shoot. Make a drawing.

3. With a dissecting knife, make a longitudinal section of a rounded kidney. Using a magnifying glass and dissecting needles, examine its internal structure. What is the name of this kidney? Make a drawing.

4. Using a dissecting knife, cut along the smaller, elongated kidney. Using a magnifying glass and dissecting needles, examine its structure. What is the name of this kidney? Make a drawing.

5. Why is a kidney called a rudimentary shoot?

Laboratory work No. 9.

Theme: "Simple and compound leaves."

1. Consider carefully the leaves offered to you, divide them into groups and explain on what basis you classified them. Justify the answer.

2. Draw a petiolate, sessile, compound leaf in your notebook. Sign the drawings.

3. Consider the arrangement of leaves on a plant or herbarium specimen. Compare with the location of the kidneys. Make a conclusion.

draw in a notebook petiolate, sessile. am leaves, divide them into groups and explain on what basis you classified them

Laboratory work №10.

Topic: "The structure of a flower."

1. Examine the flower, holding it by the pedicel. Pay attention to its size, color, smell, number of parts, think about its significance for the life of the plant.

2. Carefully separate the perianth on a piece of paper.

3. Highlight the main parts of the flower: stamens, pistil. Consider how they are set up.

4. Write on the sheet the names of the parts of the flower and arrange them according to the names (you can use the text of the textbook on p. 40).

5. Draw a diagram of the structure of a flower in a notebook and sign it. Describe the role of a flower in the life of a plant.

Laboratory work №11.

Topic: "Dry and juicy fruits"

1. Using personal experience and the text of the textbook (p. 40, second paragraph from the bottom), talk about the methods of pollinating plants. What happens after pollination to the flower? How is the fetus formed?

3. Fill in the table, give examples of fruits and plants in which they are found, draw a conclusion about the significance of fruits in plant life.

Variety of fruits.

Laboratory work №12.

Topic: "The structure of the seeds of a dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plant."

1. Review and describe the appearance of bean seeds. Make a drawing.

2. Using a dissecting knife, remove the seed coat. What is its role for the seed?

3. Consider the structure of the embryo. Draw a picture and label its main parts.

4. Consider and describe the appearance of a grain of wheat. Make a drawing.

5. With a dissecting needle, try to remove the cover of the grain.

6. Using the drawing of the textbook and the finished product “Wheat grain. Longitudinal section ", which you can see in a dissecting magnifying glass, make a drawing" The structure of a grain of wheat "; write down its main parts.

7. Compare the structure of a bean seed and a grain of wheat. Find similarities and differences.

8. Fill in the diagram:

Laboratory work №14.

Topic: "Movement of solutions along the stem"

1. Compare the movement of substances along a tree trunk with their movement along a potato stem (textbook, pp. 74 and 75). Make a diagram of the movement in your notebook.

2. Consider the micropreparation "Fibrous vascular bundle of the linden trunk", compare with the drawings of the textbook on p. 74 and 75, cut potato tuber. Sketch the vascular-fibrous bundles in a notebook and sign the drawing.

Laboratory work №15.

Topic: "The structure of blood cells in frogs and humans."

1. Look at micropreparations of human and frog blood, compare their sizes and make a drawing in your notebook. Compare with the picture in the textbook.

2. Draw conclusions about what you see.

Laboratory work №16.

Topic: "Structure of bones."

1. Consider the proposed animal bones. Determine whose bones these are, what they are called. Divide them into groups according to size, structure.

2. Using the drawing of the textbook, name the parts of the bone, make a drawing “Structure of the bone” in your notebook, sign it.

Laboratory work №17.

Topic: "The movement of ciliates-shoes and earthworms."

1. Drop a drop of the prepared shoe culture onto a glass slide with a pipette.

2. Cover the drop with a coverslip. Remove excess water with filter paper.

3. Examine the preparation under a microscope (objective 20, eyepiece 15).

4. Observe the beating of the cilia.

5. Sketch the appearance of the infusoria.

6. Draw and describe the steps in the movement of an earthworm.

Conclusions on the laboratory work - briefly formulated results of processing the results of measurements - should be given in the section "Results of processing measurements and conclusions" of the abstract for each task of the laboratory work. The output should display the following information:

what was measured and by what method;

what charts were built;

what results were obtained.

Also, the conclusions should contain a discussion of the constructed graphs and the results obtained: whether or not the type of experimental graphs coincides with theoretical predictions and whether or not the results of the experiment coincide with the theory. The recommended form for presenting conclusions on graphs and on the answer is given below.

Plotting

1. Graphs are made in pencil on graph paper or on a squared sheet of at least ½ of a notebook sheet.

2. A rectangular coordinate system is used with UNIFORM axle markings. Argument values ​​are plotted along the X axis, function values ​​- along the Y axis.

3. The scale and the origin of coordinates are chosen so that the experimental points are located over the entire area of ​​the figure.

4. Scale unit must be a multiple of 1×10 n, 2×10 n 3x10 n etc., where n= …-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ….

5. Next to the axis is given the letter designation, order and dimension of the physical quantity.

6. Under the graph - the full name of the graph IN WORDS.

7. No lines or marks explaining the construction of points on the graph can be applied.

Examples:

Title page layout

To

Report

for laboratory work No.

«__________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________»

Fulfilled Art. groups

____________________________

Lecturer (according article, title)

____________________________

EXAMPLE OF FORMING A REPORT ON LABORATORY WORK

State Autonomous Educational Institution of the Astrakhan Region of Higher Professional Education

"Astrakhan Civil Engineering Institute"

ToDepartment of Physics and Mathematics, Information Technology

Report

on laboratory work No. 1.2.

«STUDYING THE ERRORS OF THE MEASUREMENT OF ACCELERATION

OF FREE-FALL WITH THE HELP OF A MATHEMATICAL PENDULUM"

(lab title)

Fulfilled Art. PGS groups - 11-10

Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich

Lecturer: Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Assoc.

_____Petrov Sergey Ivanovich

1.09.11 Petrov

1.09.11 Petrov

5.09.11 Petrov

Objective: 1) studying the oscillations of a mathematical pendulum: measuring the period of its oscillations and determining the acceleration of free fall;

2) evaluation of random and instrumental measurement errors; study of the dependence of the width of the confidence interval on the number of experiments and the confidence level.

Scheme of the experimental setup

1 - tripod;

2 - thread lengthl;

3 - cargo;

4 - stopwatch;

5 centimeter tape

Calculation formulas

,

;

g – acceleration of gravity;

l – thread length;

N – number of oscillations in time t.

Thread length measurement result: l= 70.5 cm = 0.705 m.

Calculation of constant C

C = (2  5) 2  0,705 = 695,807  696 (m).

Exercise 1. ERROR EVALUATION

RESULT 25 MEASUREMENTS

Table 1

After work

· Set the handles of the devices to their original position, turn off the unit, unplug the devices from the sockets.

· Hand over the received accessories to the laboratory assistant.

The student's activity in the lesson consists of the following actions:

1) admission to the lesson;

2) performance of work;

3) performing calculations, obtaining results;

4) execution of a written report.

The admission to the performance of the work consists in clarifying the students' knowledge of the theoretical material, understanding the purpose of the work, and knowledge of the experimental setup. Preparation of the student for the lesson consists in the fact that he carefully reads everything that is written regarding this work in this manual. After that, it is necessary to refer to the literature indicated in the recommendations in order to become more familiar with the theory of the phenomenon under study and answer control questions for work, the student prepares answers to control questions at home. The teacher makes an entry in his journal about the admission of a student to experimental work. After admission, the student receives the initial data from the teacher and proceeds to work. First of all, you need to make sure that you have all the accessories necessary for its implementation.

In the course of the student's work, the teacher directs the student's experimental work, the production of measurements, recording their results and endorses the results in the student's laboratory notebook. Then the obtained measurement results are processed mathematically: the average values ​​are found, the required physical quantity is calculated, the errors are calculated, the final result is recorded, which is shown to the teacher and evaluated by him.

To receive a credit, a student must have a written report on the work, which is drawn up in a laboratory notebook. The written report must contain all the items that are listed in the unified lab description (see below).

1. Title page according to the sample.

2. The purpose of the laboratory work.

3. Instruments and accessories.

4. Scheme or drawing of the installation (with an inscription and explanation of all the elements included in the scheme), as well as drawings explaining the derivation of working formulas.

5. Basic calculation formulas, with a mandatory explanation of the values ​​included in the formula.

6. Tables.

7. Calculation examples.

8. If required by the assignment - graphs and diagrams.

9. Conclusion on laboratory work is required.

Conclusions on the laboratory work - briefly formulated results of processing the results of measurements - should be given in the section "Results of processing measurements and conclusions" of the abstract for each task of the laboratory work. The output should display the following information:

what was measured and by what method;

What charts were built?

what results were obtained.

Also, the conclusions should contain a discussion of the constructed graphs and the results obtained: whether or not the type of experimental graphs coincides with theoretical predictions and whether or not the results of the experiment coincide with the theory. The recommended form for presenting conclusions on graphs and on the answer is given below.