Perhaps one of the most discussed problems in the modern socio-philosophical thought of Russia is the question of the role of the mode of production in the life of society. The reason is that the law of the determining role of material production in the life of society, discovered by K. Marx in the middle of the last century, in the era of the upward development of capitalism, was recognized in Marxist-Leninist social science as a truth beyond doubt.
Many thinkers consider the method of material production to be the basis for the existence and development of the whole society, putting forward quite weighty arguments:
- 1. Without the constant implementation of the reproduction of material goods, the existence of society is impossible;
- 2. The mode of production, the existing division of labor, property relations determine the emergence and development of classes and social groups, strata of society, its social structure;
- 3. The mode of production largely determines the development of the political life of society;
- 4. In the process of production, the necessary material conditions for the development of the spiritual life of society are created;
- 5. Material production supports the activity of a person in any sphere of his life and activity.
For the life of people who are inherent in active adaptation to the environment, appropriate things are needed, the creation of which is engaged in material production.
In the process of material production, people create and consolidate a certain type of mentality, a way of thinking and feeling. Social life presupposes a most complex system of social ties that unite the elements of social life. In some cases, they arise spontaneously, as a "trial product", for example, material production. However, for the most part, they need to be created by purposeful, specialized activities that require real effort. This is a regular type of activity. The highest form of this activity is political activity.
The relations of production characterize the economic relations in which classes and social groups are found regarding ownership, exchange, distribution and consumption of the produced material and spiritual goods. They can be defined as follows: production relations are a set of material and economic relations between people that develop in the process of production and movement of a social product from producer to consumer.
Labor is the basis of material production, the basis of the productive forces of society. The productive forces consist of: means of labor and people armed with certain knowledge and skills and putting these means of labor into action. The means of labor include tools, machines, machine complexes, computers, robots, etc. By themselves, of course, they cannot produce anything. The main productive force is people; but they themselves do not constitute productive forces either. People are living labor (or a personal element of production), and the means of labor are accumulated labor (or a material element of production). All material production is a unity of living and accumulated labor.
Productive forces characterize the active attitude of people to nature and represent a system of various elements that transform the substance of nature into material goods necessary for the existence of people. This system includes material elements (means of production) and a personal factor (a person with his knowledge, production experience and skills).
As part of the material component of the productive forces, an important role belongs to technology and technology, since they embody the qualities of a person in purposefully changing the surrounding world. Technique is a system of means of material and other activities artificially created by man. Technology - methods of converting materials and types of their processing used in production. At the same time, technique and technology are also the materialized power of knowledge, the embodiment of the power of the human mind. Therefore, they contain the unity of the material and the ideal. Technique and technology are, ultimately, a generalized indicator of the level of civilizational development. They characterize: the degree of mastery of the forces of nature, the differences in economic epochs, the development of man as a productive force, and, finally, production relations.
The main element of the productive forces are people who carry out the production process, since human hands create, set in motion and improve tools, and only human knowledge, his initiative, talent are the basis of technical improvements.
At the same time, a person as a productive force is a unity of physical capabilities and intellectual abilities, including professional skills, the ability to think creatively, personal interest, the comprehensive development of individual characteristics, the level of culture, which reveals the civilizational aspect of considering the personal element of the productive forces.
All these qualities acquire their special significance in the conditions of development. modern technologies, which gives reason to talk about the increasing role of the personal, human factor. The nature of the requirements for a person, his qualities are changing. cutting edge technology can neither be developed nor applied in production without appropriate personal conscious psychological prerequisites, without the ability of production workers to be independent, creative thinking without their need and ability for self-realization.
includes a set of branches of material production (see production) in which material goods are created that satisfy certain human needs, personal or social. Differences between S. m. p. and non-productive sphere(See non-production sphere) are of a fundamental nature. A clear delimitation of the branches of social production from other types of activity is necessary for the correct determination of the volume of the total social product (see total social product) and national income (see national income).
The national income is produced in the branches of material production. In the socialist countries, the national income is calculated on the basis of data on production in the branches of the s.m.p. , created by the labor of workers S. m. p.: firstly, through the state budget (for example, for such types of activities as education, health care and management); secondly, at the expense of the personal income of the working people, who, in exchange for a part of their income, receive a special use value—a service.
Soviet statistics includes industry, Agriculture and forestry, construction, transport and communications (for the maintenance of material production), trade and societies. food, logistics and marketing, procurement and other branches of material production (publishing, film studios, recording companies, design organizations, procurement of scrap metal and salvage materials, procurement of wild plants, fruits, mushrooms, seeds, herbs and their primary processing, hunting ).
In other socialist countries, the classification of branches of industrial production has certain peculiarities. They are mainly related to the attribution to material production of such activities that are a service for consumers, but have characteristic features productive labor. Thus, in some socialist countries, not only freight, but also passenger transport, as well as communications for servicing the population, are included in the S. m. Therefore, for comparability (See Comparability) of data on production, based on practical considerations, the Classification of branches of the national economy of the CMEA member countries, adopted in 1966, also includes passenger transport and communications as a whole in material production.
A special place is occupied by science, which, under the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, becomes the most important production factor, a direct productive force. Scientific activity is a sphere of spiritual activity, but its main achievements are being introduced into production, changing the qualitative and quantitative composition of the means of production, thereby ensuring the growth of the productive forces of society. Only a part of scientific activity, the labor of workers of which is directly embodied in material goods, belongs to the s.m. enterprises, as well as a number of scientific institutions directly serving the production. activity. They are distributed according to the relevant branches of soil and industrial production, for example, biostations and biolaboratories serving agriculture, forestry soil laboratories, design and survey organizations for building services, and organizations for deep exploratory drilling for oil and gas.
Bourgeois economics does not distinguish between the S. m. production and the non-productive sphere. Therefore, in the capitalist countries, the national income is calculated as the sum of the incomes of the population received in both spheres of activity, and the labor of military personnel, policemen, governments, officials, and the activities of religious organizations is considered productive. Such a classification makes it possible to hide the exploitative nature of the social structure of society.
The composition of industries in the national economy is not constant. The development of material production, technical progress, and the social division of labor lead to the formation of new branches of the national economy and to a change in the relationship between the capital production and the non-productive sphere.
Lit.: K. Marx, Theories of Surplus Value (Volume IV of Capital), K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 26, part 1; Kvasha Ya. B., On the boundaries of material production, “Uch. app. on statistics”, 1961, vol. 6; Medvedev V. A., Public production and services, M., 1968; Guryev V.I., Classification of branches of the national economy of the USSR, M., 1971.
Yu. L. Selivanov.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what the "Sphere of material production" is in other dictionaries:
sphere of material production- The totality of all types of production activities that create material goods in material form and increase their value in the sphere of circulation. Syn.: material production… Geography Dictionary
SPHERE OF MATERIAL PRODUCTION- - a complex of sectors of the national economy that produce and sell products of material production (products of industry, agriculture, etc.), including the provision of material services for the supply, purchase and sale, etc. ... Concise Dictionary economist
SPHERE OF MATERIAL PRODUCTION- a set of sectors of the national economy and activities that create material wealth or perform functions that are a continuation of the production process in the sphere of circulation. The labor of workers employed in S.m.p. is embodied in products ... ... Big Economic Dictionary
A set of industries that produce or bring material goods to consumers. The sphere of material production includes: industry, agriculture, forestry, water management, construction, freight ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Modern Encyclopedia
material production sphere- MATERIAL PRODUCTION SPHERE, conditional allocation of a set of industries that produce or bring material goods to consumers. Includes industry, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, construction, trucking… … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
A conditionally allocated set of industries that produce or bring material goods to consumers; includes industry, agriculture, forestry, water management, construction, freight transport, communications (according to ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Sphere (from the Greek spháira ball), 1) a closed surface. 2) Scope, limits of distribution of something (for example, the scope of gravity). 3) Setting, environment, social environment. See also Sphere of material production, Sphere ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
sphere- uh. 1) About the globe or the air space around it. Earth sphere. Celestial sphere. And the first takeoff of an airplane into the desert of unknown spheres (Block). 2) mat. A closed surface, all points of which are equally distant from the center; surface... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-1.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Economics Material sphere Non-material sphere"> Экономика Материальная сфера Нематериальная сфера (промышленность и торговля) (бюджет) - !} light industry- healthcare and social development- metallurgical complex - communications and mass communications - fuel and energy complex - education and science - military-industrial complex - national defense (Armed forces, army) - timber and chemical complex - natural resources and ecology - trade - sports, tourism and youth organizations - agro-industrial complex - Ministry of Emergency Situations (civil defense, emergency (agriculture) situations and elimination of consequences of natural disasters - food industry disasters) - transport system of Russia - regional development - machine-building complex - FSB ( federal Service security) - justice (prosecutor's office, court, notaries) - Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ministry of Internal Affairs; police, traffic police) - culture - housing and communal services (housing - public utilities)
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-2.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> The economy is a complex set of industries The economy is a set of"> Экономика представляет собой сложный комплекс отраслей Экономика - совокупность взаимосвязанных отраслей Отрасль - совокупность предприятий, производящих сходные или одинаковые товары!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-3.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> An industry is divided into sub-sectors A sub-sector is a set of enterprises producing"> Отрасль делится на подотрасли Подотрасль - совокупность предприятий, производящих сходные или одинаковые товары; характерна специализация; объединяет меньшее количество предприятий!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-4.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>"> В основу организации промышленности по отраслям положен принцип однородности целевого назначения производимой продукции или принцип общности исходного сырья.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-5.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Differentiation is the division of the whole into different parts. Integration is"> Дифференциация – разделение целого на различные части. Интеграция – объединение в целое каких-то частей.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-6.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>"> Отрасль промышленности – это совокупность субъектов хозяйственной деятельности независимо от их ведомственной принадлежности и форм собственности, разрабатывающих и (или) производящих продукцию (выполняющих работы и оказывающих услуги) определенных видов, которые имеют однородное потребительское и функциональное назначение.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-7.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> The structure is understood as the composition, quantitative ratio and forms of connection of individual"> Под структурой понимается состав, количественное соотношение и формы связи отдельных отраслей, подотраслей и производств. Под структурой понимается состав, количественное соотношение и формы связи отдельных структурных подразделений, частей.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-8.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Indicators of the sectoral structure are: - number of independent industries - share of industries industry -"> Показателями отраслевой структуры являются: - число самостоятельных отраслей - удельный вес отраслей промышленности - соотношение отраслей, производящих средства производства и отраслей, производящих предметы потребления в общем объеме промышленной продукции - соотношение между отраслями добывающей и обрабатывающей промышленности - доля отраслей, производящих товары потребления, сырье, машины и оборудование!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-9.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Industry - PC - Industry - Specific gravity"> Промышленность - ПК - Промышленность - Удельный вес Удельный подотрасли, вес (промышленный комплекс)- ПК(промышленный комплекс)- подотрасли % отрасли, отрасли % электроэнергетика 13, 0 Топливно- энергетический топливная 7, 0 комплекс - ТЭК промышленность 35, 6 нефтяная 16, 6 промышленность черная металлургия 7, 5 Металлургический комплекс 12, 2 цветная металлургия 4, 7 Машиностроительный 15, 3 комплекс химическая 4, 0 Лесохимический комплекс промышленность 7, 6 лесная промышленность 3, 6 Пищевая промышленность 10, 0 Легкая промышленность 1, 7 Прочие отрасли 16, 6!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-10.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The classification of industries is based on the following principles: 1. Economic purpose produced"> В основу классификации отраслей промышленности положены следующие принципы: 1. Экономическое назначение производимой продукции 2. Характер функционирования продукции в процессе производства 3. Однородность применяемого сырья, общность технологических процессов и технологической базы производства 4. Характер воздействия на предмет труда!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-11.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Mining - includes mining enterprises (oil,"> Добывающая - включает в себя предприятия по добыче полезных ископаемых (нефть, газ, руда, соль, уголь, торф), а также гидроэлектростанции, водопроводы, предприятия по ловле рыбы и добыче морепродуктов, предприятия по лесоэксплуатации. Перерабатывающая (обрабатывающая) – включает в себя предприятия, перерабатывающие сырье - предприятия по производству черных и цветных металлов, проката, химических и нефтехимических продуктов, машин, оборудования, цемента и других стройматериалов, предприятия по ремонту промышленных изделий и другие.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-12.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Features that distinguish one industry from another: - the intended purpose of the products - the nature of the consumed"> Признаки, отличающие одну отрасль от другой: - целевое назначение производимой продукции - характер потребляемых материалов, сырья - материально-техническая база предприятия - выбранная технология, технологический процесс - профессиональный подбор кадров и т. д.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-13.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Non-ferrous metallurgy Includes mining, enrichment and metallurgical processing of non-ferrous ores , noble,"> Цветная металлургия Включает в себя добычу, обогащение и металлургический передел руд цветных, благородных, редких металлов, а также производство сплавов, проката, переработку вторичного сырья, добычу алмазов!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-14.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Due to the variety of raw materials used, we can distinguish: - enterprises producing main"> В связи с разнообразием используемого сырья можно выделить: - предприятия, выпускающие основные металлы (широко используются в промышленности) - предприятия по производству меди, никеля, олова, цинка, хрома; - предприятия, выпускающие лёгкие металлы – предприятия по производству алюминия, титана, магния - производство легирующих элементов - те предприятия (производства), которые производят добавки к сплавам и редкие элементы!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-15.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Alloying - introducing additional elements into the alloy to give it"> Легирование - ведение в сплав дополнительных элементов для придания ему определённых свойств!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-16.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Ferrous metallurgy Includes mining, enrichment and metallurgical conversion of ferrous ores"> Черная металлургия Включает в себя добычу, обогащение и металлургический передел руд черных металлов (железные руды), а также производство сплавов на основе железа, ферросплавов, проката, переработку вторичного сырья, порошковую металлургию.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-17.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>K ferrous metallurgy include the following industries: 1. Mining and processing plants (GOK), coal preparation plants "> Ferrous metallurgy includes the following industries: 1. Mining and processing plants (GOK), coal preparation plants (UOF), where raw materials are prepared for further processing, and also mines for the extraction of ores and hard coals 2. Coke production, where coking of coal is carried out to obtain coke and coking chemical products 3. Blast furnace production - cast iron is obtained from Fe ore. 4. Steelmaking - steel is produced by 3 methods: open-hearth, converter, steel production in electric furnaces.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-18.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>5. Rolling production - rolling is made from steel. Metal forming on a special"> 5. Прокатное производство - из стали получают прокат. Обработка металлов давлением на специальном оборудовании, например: прокатные станы. Способы обработки металлов давлением: прокатка, ковка, штамповка, волочение (производство проволоки). 6. Литейное производство-производство литейных сплавов (продукция: отливки). 7. Метизное производство-производство !} metal products(standard) different nomenclature. Metalware for industrial use includes: - cold-rolled steel strip - steel wire and products from it (nails, ropes, cables, welding electrodes) -fasteners (bolts, screws, nuts) -railway crutches - anti-thefts Saws, pitchforks, knives, etc. belong to the general-purpose hardware. 8. Production for the preparation of raw materials, auxiliary materials, fuel; cleaning shops harmful substances, waste processing shops, etc.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-19.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Combine - combine several productions of different types">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-20.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Production is the process of combining production resources to create goods and"> Производство - процесс комбинирования производственных ресурсов для создания товаров и услуг.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-21.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Industrial complex - a set of interrelated industries and stages"> Промышленный комплекс - совокупность взаимосвязанных между собой производств и стадий производственного процесса от добычи сырья до получения готовой продукции.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-22.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> In the metallurgical industry, "small metallurgy" stands out - the production of steel and"> В металлургической отрасли выделяется «малая металлургия» - производство стали и проката для машиностроительных заводов.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-23.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The most "typical satellites" of the metallurgical complex are: 1. Thermal power engineering – CHP plants; installations,"> Наиболее «типичными спутниками» металлургического комплекса являются: 1. Тепловая энергетика – ТЭЦ; установки, которые работают на побочном топливе(коксовая мелочь) 2. Производство, возникающее на основе утилизации разного рода отходов - химическое производство 3. Металлоемкое производство-станкостроение, локомотивостроение, горное оборудование и т. д.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-24.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>"> Машиностроительный комплекс - это сложное межотраслевое объединение, включает в себя много производств, сходных между собой по используемому сырью и выпускаемой продукции. Можно выделить два основных направления: металлообработка машиностроение (станкостроение) металлообработка производство дорожной производство металлических техники конструкций производство с/х техники транспортное оборудование!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-25.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Machinery and equipment - a group of fixed production assets, including: - power cars"> Машины и оборудование – группа основных производственных фондов, включающая: - силовые машины и оборудование, которые предназначены для выработки и преобразования энергии (генераторы, двигатели ит. п.) - рабочие машины и оборудование, используемые непосредственно для воздействия на предмет труда и для его перемещения в процессе создания продукции или оказания услуг, т. е. для непосредственного участия в технологическом процессе (станки, прессы, молоты, подьемно- транспортные механизмы и т. п.)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-26.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Fuel is divided: 1. by state of aggregation: liquid, solid, gaseous 2. by origin: natural"> Топливо делиться: 1. по агрегатному состоянию: жидкое, твёрдое, газообразное 2. по происхождению: природное (нефть, газ, уголь, торф, древесина) искусственное (бензин, мазут)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-27.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Energy (energy-to-weight ratio) is an indicator that characterizes the provision of labor with all types of energy ;"> Энергия (энерговооруженность) – показатель, характеризующий обеспеченность труда всеми видами энергии; показывает количество энергии, используемое предприятием на одного рабочего.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-28.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Fuel and Energy Complex is the unified energy system of the country. Fuel and Energy Complex is the totality of energy resources of all types."> ТЭК - единая энергетическая система страны. ТЭК – совокупность энергетических ресурсов всех видов. ТЭК - совокупность предприятий по добыче и переработке энергетических ресурсов, а также транспортировка, преобразование, распределение энергетических ресурсов между потребителями!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-29.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The fuel and energy complex subsystems are: gas supply (GAZPROM) - oil supply system -"> Подсистемами ТЭК являются: -электроэнергетический комплекс -система ядерной энергетики -система газоснабжения (ГАЗПРОМ) -система нефтеснабжения - система углеснабжения!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-30.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The subject of production organization as a science is the study of production organization relations in the sphere of production material"> Предмет организации производства как науки – изучение отношений организации производства в сфере производства материальных благ.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-31.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>A production management system is a set of organizational forms, methods and rules, the implementation of which "> The system of organization of production is a set of organizational forms, methods and rules, the implementation of which ensures the rational functioning of the elements of the production system and their interaction in the production process.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-32.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Rationalization of production is a set of organizational and technical measures that improve performance"> Рационализация производства – совокупность организационно-технических мероприятий, обеспечивающих улучшение показателей деятельности предприятия. (рост прибыли и рентабельности, снижение трудоемкости и текущих издержек производства, увеличение объема производства, повышение качества продукции и т. п.)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-33.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Production organization refers to coordination in space and time"> Под организацией производства понимается координация в пространстве и во времени всех элементов производства (производственных ресурсов) Элементы производства (ресурсы предприятия) материальные финансовые трудовые здания, сооружения денежные средства работники оборудование (деньги) предприятия сырье, материалы (люди)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-34.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The goal of production is to achieve the greatest (best) production result within a certain time at the lowest cost.">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-35.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> You need to have a clear idea of the state of your production, soberly assess the actual prospects of the enterprise , for"> Необходимо ясно представлять себе состояние своего производства, трезво оценивать действительные перспективы предприятия, для этого производят анализ показателей работы предприятия: 1. обеспеченность сырьём 2. наличие рабочей силы 3. наличие оборудования, производственных площадей 4. кол-во выпускаемой продукции (спрос и улучшения ассортимента) 5. развитие предприятия (способно ли предприятие осваивать новые виды продукции)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-36.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> The main goal of the organization of production is to ensure high economic and social"> Главная цель организации производства – обеспечить высокую экономическую и социальную эффективность функционирования предприятий.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-37.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Lines of activity of the enterprise production and economic activity. Economic activity"> Направления деятельности предприятия производственно-хозяйственная деятельность. Экономическая деятельность Социальная деятельность предприятия.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-38.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Organization of production processes at the enterprise: - a system for creating and mastering new products (research"> Организация процессов производства на предприятии: - система создания и освоения новой продукции (исследовательская стадия, проектирование) - организация работ по подготовке производства к выпуску новой продукции (опытно-конструкторские работы, проработка !} technological process, organizational preparation, network charts, terms of development and development of products) - production process - forms, methods and types of production - organization of the production process in the structural divisions of the enterprise (in the primary links of the production system); organization of provision and maintenance of the main production, organization of provision and maintenance of auxiliary production - organization of product quality assurance - organization and motivation of the work of employees at the enterprise
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-39.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Automation is the use of equipment and devices that allow the production process to be carried out without participation person, but"> Автоматизация – применение оборудования и приборов, позволяющих осуществить производственный процесс без участия человека, но под его контролем. Разновидность автоматизации – !} remote control- incomplete automation, in which there are devices: measuring, regulating. A person controls the process from a distance. This addition to automation serves to control actions.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-40.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Specialization (production specialization) - a form of production organization based on division labor - specialization of labor"> Специализация (специализация производства) - форма организации производства, основанная на разделении труда. – специализация трудовой деятельности в рамках конкретной профессии (специальности). Специализация подетальная Специализация технологическая Специализация предметная!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-41.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Equipment modernization - improvement, updating of equipment, machines, technological processes in in order to increase labor productivity"> Модернизация оборудования – усовершенствование, обновление оборудования, машин, технологических процессов в целях повышения производительности труда и улучшения их экономических показателей.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-42.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> A periodic process is a process in which a portion of raw materials is loaded into equipment,"> Периодическим процессом называется процесс, в котором порция сырья загружается в оборудование, проходит в нем ряд стадий обработки, а потом полученная продукция выгружается. Непрерывным процессом называется процесс, в котором поступление сырья в аппараты выпуск готовой продукции производит непрерывно.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-43.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Productivity is the amount of benefits that can be obtained from using a unit of a certain type resources in"> Производительность - объем благ, который удается получить от использования единицы определённого вида ресурсов в течение фиксированного периода времени Производительность – количество выработанного продукта или переработанного сырья в единицу времени: П=G/t, где П - производительность (т/час), G - кол-во выработанного продукта (т, кг), t-время (час).!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-44.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> any"> Интенсивность работы оборудования пропорциональна скорости процесса и рассчитывается как производительность, отнесенная к какой-либо величине, характеризующей размеры оборудования. Y=П/v- производительность отнесенная к объему аппарата. Y=П/s – производительность отнесенная к площади сечения Интенсификация процесса может быть достигнута за счет улучшения, модернизации конструкции машин и аппаратов, внедрения нового оборудования, совершенствования технологий, внедрения механизации, автоматизации, изменения режимов работы предприятия (перевод процессов с периодического на непрерывный). Это приведет к экономической эффективности производства, экономии материальных ресурсов.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-45.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Organization of labor is the improvement of techniques and methods of work performed, service of workers places, improvement"> Организация труда - это совершенствование приемов и методов выполняемой работы, обслуживание рабочих мест, совершенствование стимулов к труду (материальные поощрения, премии, бонусы), подготовка квалифицированного персонала (повышение квалификации, тренинг – классы) и т. д.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-46.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Labor - the use of the mental and physical abilities of people to carry out work related to"> Труд-использование умственных и физических способностей людей для осуществления работы, связанной с производством экономических благ!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-47.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> The burden of work is a measure of physical and nervous complexity, fatigue of performing professional duties">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-48.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The subject of labor is everything that human labor is aimed at, at that a person affects"> Предмет труда - всё то, на что направлен человеческий труд, на что человек воздействует, видоизменяя и приспосабливая его для удовлетворения личных и общественных потреблений!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-49.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>CCI is one of the central links of the entire production. It should be based on implementation"> ТПП - это одно из центральных звеньев всего производства Она должна основываться на внедрении достижений научно- технического прогресса, т. е. применении новейших технологий, высокоэффективного оборудования, материалов, приборов и т. п!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-50.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>"> Технологическая подготовка производства должна обеспечивать: 1. Производственную программу выпуска изделий высокого качества – организация производства 2. Создать условия для решения вопросов социальной направленности – организация труда - повышение производительности трудаà рост зарплаты - снижения уровня ручного и тяжёлого труда - снижения себестоимости продукции - повышения культуры производства!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-51.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>TPP - a set of interrelated processes designed to ensure the readiness of the enterprise to release products in established"> ТПП - совокупность взаимосвязанных процессов, призванных обеспечить готовность предприятия к выпуску продукции в установленные сроки при наименьших трудовых и !} financial costs. CCI - a set of works that determines the sequence of the production process in the most rational ways (rationalization - improvement), taking into account the specific production conditions of a given enterprise.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-52.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Challenges facing the Chamber of Commerce and Industry: 1. create conditions for improving the use equipment and production"> Задачи, стоящие перед ТПП: 1. создать условия для улучшения использования оборудования и производственных площадей 2. создать условия для увеличения производительности труда 3. создать условия для снижения расходов, материалоемкости и энергоресурсов 4. обеспечить !} high quality manufactured products
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-53.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Technology determines the methods and options for manufacturing products Technology is a science that studies methods and processes"> Технология определяют способы и варианты изготовления продукции Технология - наука, изучающая способы и процессы переработки продуктов природы (сырья) в предметы потребления и средства производства. Технология – это способ переработки - это совокупность всех операций, через которые проходит сырьё до получения из него готовой продукции.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-54.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Materials are material elements of production used as objects of labor. Materials"> Материалы - вещественные элементы производства, используемые в качестве предметов труда. Материалы делятся: 1. основные материалы - предметы труда, которые образуют главную материальную основу предмета 2. вспомогательные материалы: - материалы, присоединённые к основному материалу - материалы, потребляемые в процессе производства в средстве труда - материалы, способствующие осуществлению процесса труда. (Технологическая оснастка-это совокупность приспособлений для установки закрепления оборудования или инструментов)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-55.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Products - the total number (sum) of products (items) produced for a certain period of time by a country, an enterprise,"> Продукция – общее количество (сумма) продуктов (изделий), произведенных за определенный промежуток времени страной, предприятием, человеком и т. д. Продукция валовая – стоимость всей выпущенной продукции, включая все произведенные на нее расходы Продукция чистая – стоимость продукции за вычетом всех произведенных на ее производство расходов!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-56.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Processing method - the method of production of this product. Production method"> Способ переработки - способ производства данного продукта. Способ производства - последовательное описание операций, протекающих в соответствующих машинах и аппаратах, а это есть технологическая схема.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-57.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Technology system is described in the text, has a graphical part, on which "> The flow diagram is described in the text, has a graphical part, which sequentially depicts machines and devices connected to each other.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-58.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Depending on the process, the technology is considered: which"> В зависимости от процесса технология рассматривается: Механическая - рассматриваются процессы, в которых изменяются форма и внешний вид, а также физические свойства материала. Химическая технология - процессы, в которых изменяются состав, свойства, !} internal structure substances.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-59.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> CCI should include: - analysis of working drawings and their control for"> ТПП должна включать: - анализ рабочих чертежей и их контроль на предмет технологичности конструкции деталей и сборочных единиц - разработка технологических процессов, определение !} optimal parameters process management (temperature, pressure, current, voltage, rotation speed, number of revolutions, efficiency, quantity and quality of raw materials components, consumption of main and auxiliary materials) - design of special tools, technological equipment and equipment for the manufacture of a new product - implementation of workshop layouts and production sites with the arrangement of equipment according to the developed technological routes - alignment, adjustment and implementation of technological equipment - calculations of the production capacity of the enterprise, standards for the consumption of materials and energy resources
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-60.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Material flows - a set of material values (raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, components) that are moved to"> Материальные потоки – совокупность материальных ценностей (сырье, материалы, полуфабрикаты, комплектующие изделия), которые перемещаются во времени по технологическому маршруту для последовательного выполнения операций (заготовительные, механообрабатывающие, сборочные), связанных с изготовлением готовой продукции, а также складированием и транспортировкой произведенной продукции до потребителя.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-61.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The ratio of resources implies: 1. excess of revenue over expenditure - profitable enterprise work"> Соотношение ресурсов предполагает: 1. превышение доходной части над расходной – рентабельная работа предприятия 2. превышение расходной части над доходной – убыточная работа предприятия 3. равенство расходной и доходной – работа предприятия в условиях самоокупаемости!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-62.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>1. Technological cost is the sum of comparable current costs, including, which includes: -"> 1. Технологическая себестоимость – сумма сопоставимых текущих затрат, в состав, которой входят: - стоимость сырья - зарплата (основная и дополнительная) - амортизация - расходы на инструмент и технологическую оснастку - расходы на обслуживание и ремонт оборудования - отчисления на страхование оси и вспомогательных производств 2. Капитальные вложения - стоимость оборудования - затраты на экономические мероприятия - затраты, связанные с содержанием и хранением запасов!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-63.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Sources of Savings - show where savings can be made. Ways to save"> Источники экономии - показывают за счет чего, может быть достигнута экономия. Пути экономии – показывают, при помощи каких мероприятий может быть достигнута экономия.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-64.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Material consumption - the consumption of material resources in physical and value terms per unit of production .">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-65.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>TPP is a set of activities that ensure the technological preparation of production, i.e. e. presence in the enterprise"> ТПП представляет собой совокупность мероприятий, обеспечивающих технологическую подготовку производства, т. е. наличие на предприятии !} complete sets design and technological documentation and technological equipment necessary for the production of a given volume of products with established technical and economic indicators.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-66.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The function of the technology is to determine the possible types of machines for the production of each type of product. organization function"> Функцией технологии является определение возможных типов машин для производства каждого вида продукции. Функцией организации производства является определение конкретных значений, параметров технологического процесса на основе анализа возможных вариантов и выбора наиболее эффективного в соответствии с целью и условиями производства!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-67.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Technology determines what needs to be done with the object of labor and with what means that"> Технология определяет, что нужно сделать с предметом труда и при помощи каких средств, что бы превратить его в продукт нужных свойств. Организация производства определяет как лучше сочетать предмет и орудие труда, а так же сам труд, чтобы превратить предмет труда в продукт необходимых свойств с наименьшими затратами рабочей силы и средств производства.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-68.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Technology objective: Increasing the potential for increasing the volume of manufactured products, improving its quality, declining standards"> Задача технологии: Повышение потенциальных возможностей увеличения объема производимой продукции, улучшение её качества, снижение норм расхода ресурсов. Задача организации производства: определение методов и условий для достижения этих возможностей с учётом внешних и !} internal conditions enterprise work.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-69.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The main factors of production are: - availability of initial capital - availability of regulatory legal base of the enterprise -"> Основными факторами производства являются: - наличие первоначального капитала - наличие нормативно-правовой базы предприятия - наличие основных и оборотных фондов и средств - производительность труда - определение оптимальных объемов производства и потребления продукции - анализ хозяйственной деятельности предприятия - структура предприятия - кадровая политика предприятия, управление персоналом, занятость рабочих и служащих!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-70.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Carried out through MTS departments, which must: 1. Study, take into account supply and demand"> Осуществляется через отделы МТС, которые должны: 1. Изучать, учитывать спрос и предложение на все потребляемые материальные ресурсы. Ресурсы-запасы, средства чего либо, источники чего либо. 2. Изучать и учитывать уровень и применения цен на ресурсы, а также на услуги посреднических организаций. 3. Оптимизировать запасы. Производственные запасы - материальные ресурсы, поступившие на предприятие, но не использованные, не подвергавшиеся обработке в процессе производства. 4. Выбирать наиболее экономичную форму товародвижения. 5. Снижать транспортно-заготовительные и складские расходы.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-71.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The main task of MTO - resource saving - is one of the forms of realization of production reserves , associated with"> Главная задача МТО - ресурсосбережение- это одна из форм реализации резервов производства, связана с max экономией в производстве материальных ресурсов, осуществляется по направлениям: 1. Снижение материалоемкости единицы продукции на основе использования !} latest technology and technology. 2. Increasing the yield of end products from variable raw materials 3. Reducing the loss of materials in the production process. 4. Maximum use of secondary resources in production.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-72.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Resource saving is a characteristic of intensive production and one of the indicators of production efficiency growth.">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-73.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Business ties are a set of economic, organizational and legal relationships that arise between suppliers"> Хозяйственные связи представляют собой совокупность экономических, организационных и правовых взаимоотношений, которые возникают между поставщиками и потребителями средств производства.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-74.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> A rational system of economic relations assumes: 1. Full correspondence of quantity, quality and range of supplied"> Рациональная система хозяйственных связей предполагает: 1. Полное соответствие количества, качества и ассортимента поставляемой продукции потребностям производства. 2. Минимизацию издержек производства и обращения.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-75.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Direct business ties are ties in which the relationship for the supply of products is established between manufacturers"> Прямые хозяйственные связи представляют связи, при которых отношение по поставкам продукции устанавливается между предприятиями-изготовителями (поставщиками) и предприятиями– потребителями.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-76.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Relationships are considered indirect when there is at least one intermediary between these enterprises .">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-77.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Distributors and jobbers are firms selling on the basis of wholesale purchases from major"> Дистрибьюторы и джобберы - это фирмы осуществляющие сбыт на основе оптовых закупок у крупных промышленных предприятий - производителей готовой продукции. Дистрибьюторы в отличие от джобберов более крупные фирмы имеют собственные склады и устанавливающие длительные, контрактные отношения с промышленными предприятиями. Джобберы скупают отдельные крупные партии товаров, для быстрой перепродажи.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-78.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Agents and brokers are firms or individual entrepreneurs selling industrial products enterprises"> Агенты и брокеры - это фирмы или отдельные предприниматели осуществляющие сбыт продукции промышленного предприятия в основе комиссионных вознаграждений.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-79.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Direct economic relations are more profitable progressive ones, because they , eliminating intermediaries reduce costs"> Прямые хозяйственные связи являются более выгодные прогрессивные, т. к. они, исключая посредников уменьшают издержки обращения документооборот, укрупняя взаимоотношение между поставщиками и потребителями. Поставки продукции становятся более регулярными и стабильными. Опосредованные хозяйственные связи менее экономичны, они требуют дополнительных затрат на покрытие расходов деятельности посредников.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-80.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The transit rate is the minimum allowable total quantity of products shipped by the enterprise - manufacturer to consumer"> Транзитная норма - это минимальное допустимое общее количество продукции, отгружаемое предприятием - изготовителем потребителю по одному заказу.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-81.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> A specification is a breakdown of the enlarged nomenclature for specific types, brands, profiles , varieties, types, sizes"> Под специфицированием понимается расшифровка укрупненной номенклатуры по конкретным видам, маркам, профилям, сортам, типам, размерам и т. д. .!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-82.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Supplier selection criteria. 1. Choice of delivery method 2. Reliability supplies"> Критерии выбора поставщиков. 1. Возможность выбора способа доставки 2. Надежность поставки 3. Временное осуществление заказа 4. Возможность предоставления кредита 5. Уровень сервиса!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-83.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Self-pickup - is characterized by the absence of a specialized single body that ensures the optimal use of transport. Negotiate independently with"> Самовывоз - характеризуется отсутствием специализированного единого органа, обеспечивающего оптимальное использование транспорта. Самостоятельно договаривается с !} transport organizations, without imposing strict requirements on the types of transport used: for them, the main thing is to take out material resources. Technological processes of cargo handling are not coordinated, there is no need to use strictly certain types containers, there are no conditions for own transport access (often), the need for quick unloading and acceptance of materials and raw materials.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-84.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Central delivery - the supplier enterprise and the recipient enterprise create a single authority , whose tasks"> Центральная доставка - предприятие-поставщик и предприятие-получатель создают единый орган, задачи которого оптимизировать совокупный материальный поток: для этого разрабатываются схемы завода, определяется рациональные размеры позиций, частота завоза, разрабатываются оптимальные маршруты и графики привоза продукции, создается парк специализированных автомобилей. Централизованная доставка позволяет: 1. Повысить степень использования транспорта и складских площадей. 2. Оптимизировать товарные запасы, как у производителя, так и у потребителя. 3. Оптимизировать размеры партий поставок продукции. 4. Повысить качество и уровень МТО производства.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-85.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Logistics is the science of managing material flows from the primary source to the final consumer, with min"> Логистика - наука управления материальными потоками от первичного источника до конечного потребителя, с min-ми издержками, связанными с товародвижением и относящимся к нему потоку информации.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-86.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Logistics covers market research and forecasting, production planning, raw material procurement, materials, equipment, includes control"> Логистика охватывает исследования и прогнозирования рынка, планирование производства, закупку сырья, материалов, оборудования, включает контроль за запасами и ряд последующих товародвиженческих операций, изучение и обслуживание потребителей.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-87.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Logistics is understood as the direction of economic activity, which is the management of material flows in the field"> Под логистикой понимают направление хозяйственной деятельности, которое заключается в управлении материальными потоками в сфере производства и обращения.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-88.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Logistics is the science of planning, controlling and managing transport, warehouse and other material and"> Логистика – наука о планировании, контроле и управлении транспортными, складскими и другими материальными и нематериальными операциями, совершаемыми в процессе доведения сырья и материалов до производства готовой продукции, а также внутризаводская переработка сырья, материалов и полуфабрикатов и доведение готовой продукции до потребителя в соответствии с интересами и требованиями потребителя, а также передача, хранение и обработка соответствующей информации!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-89.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Logistics - ways and methods of coordinating company relations with partners, means of coordinating offered by the market"> Логистика - способы и методы координации отношений фирмы с партнерами, средства координации, предъявляемого рынком - спроса и выдвигаемого компанией предложения, это способ организации деятельности предприятия, позволяющий объединить усилия различных единиц, производимых товары и услуги с целью оптимизации финансовых, трудовых, материальных ресурсов, используемых фирмой для реализации своих экономических целей.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-90.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Logistics - settlement time of partners in a transaction and activities related to movement and storage"> Логистика - время расчета партнеров по сделке и деятельности, связанной с движением и хранением сырья, полуфабрикатов готовых изделий в хозяйственном обороте с момента уплаты денег поставщику до момента получения денег за доставку конечной продукции потребителю.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-91.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> The elements of the logistics system are distinguished: -purchase-subsystem that ensures the receipt material flow to logistics"> Выделяют элементы логистической системы: -закупка-подсистема, которая обеспечивает поступление материального потока в логистическую систему (МТО) - производство - склады, здания, сооружения, оборудование для хранения материальных запасов + транспорт (материально - техническая база и инфраструктура, с помощью которых осуществляется транспортировка грузов) - далее материальный поток поступает в производство) -сбыт-подсистема, обеспечивающая выбытие материальных потоков из логистической системы!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-92.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The boundaries of a linguistic system are determined by the circulation cycle of the means of production">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-93.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Material flow is formed as a result of a combination of certain actions with material objects. These actions are called"> Материальный поток образуется в результате совокупности определенных действий с материальными объектами. Эти действия называются логистическими операциями.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-94.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Outer flows in the outer sphere outside of the logistics scheme. Inner flows inside enterprises Input"> Внешний протекает во внешний сфере за пределами логистической схемы. Внутрений протекает внутри предприятия Входной поступает в логистическую систему из внешней среды. Выходной поступает во внешнюю среду (за пределами предприятия)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-95.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Material flows are formed as a result of the activities of various enterprises and organizations: suppliers, manufacturers, intermediaries, consumers."> Материальные потоки образуются в результате деятельности различных предприятий и организаций: поставщики, изготовители, посредники, потребители. Их силами формируется материальные потоки, т. е. осуществляется процесс товародвижения.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-96.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Material flow (MF) - material resources in motion, work in progress and finished"> Материальный поток (МП) - находящиеся в состоянии движения материальные ресурсы, незавершенное производство и !} finished products, to which logistics operations or functions are applied and which are associated with physical movement in space (loading, unloading, transportation, packing, disaggregation, etc.)
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-97.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Finished products - products that have passed the full production cycle and technical control at this enterprise,"> Готовая продукция - продукция, прошедшая полный производственный цикл и технический контроль на данном предприятии, полностью упакованная, сданная на склад и отгруженная потребителю.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-98.jpg" alt="(!LANG:> Material resources (MR) are understood as objects of labor: raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, assembly"> Под материальными ресурсами (МР) понимаются предметы труда: сырье, основные и вспомогательные материалы, полуфабрикаты, сборочные единицы, запасные части, предназначенные для ремонта и обслуживания технологического оборудования и других основных фондов, отходы производства.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-99.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Material flow is characterized by a certain set of parameters: nomenclature, assortment, quantity of products , dimensions, weight, physical and chemical"> Материальный поток характеризуется определенным набором параметров: номенклатура, ассортимент, количество продукции, габариты, вес, физико- !} chemical characteristics, characteristics of containers (packaging), etc.
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/38778813_131591563.pdf-img/38778813_131591563.pdf-100.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Assortment - products of the same name, grouped according to certain characteristics: quality, brand , size, grade, etc.">!}
MATERIAL AND PRODUCTION SPHERE OF SOCIETY LIFE
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article subject: | MATERIAL AND PRODUCTION SPHERE OF SOCIETY LIFE |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Sociology |
PLAN:
1. General characteristics of the material and economic sphere of society. Production of social life
2. Material production, its place in the system social production
3. Man in the structure of productive forces
The complex nature of the development of society is determined by its complex structure, the action in it of many heterogeneous factors. First of all, it implements various types of social activities in their nature and content: production and economic, social, political, religious, aesthetic and others, which seem to have their own social space.
One of the spheres of the life of society, in which the active, social essence of a person is expressed, is material and production. In social philosophy, this area of public life is designated by various categories: economic, material-production, material sphere of public life.
The economic sphere includes the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. This is the sphere of functioning of production, the direct implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, the implementation of the entire set of production relations of people, incl. relations of ownership of the means of production, exchange of activities and distribution of material wealth.
The material and production sphere acts as an economic space in which the economic life of the country is organized, and all sectors of the economy interact. as well as international economic cooperation. Here the economic consciousness of people, their material interest in the results of their production activities, as well as their creative abilities are directly embodied in life. The activities of economic management institutions are also implemented here. In the economic sphere, the interaction of all objective and subjective factors of economic development is carried out. The significance of this sphere for the development of society is fundamental.
Social philosophy understands the economic life of society as relations of ownership, distribution, exchange and consumption. Philosophical approaches to the economic life of society, they are trying to identify what are the sources of development of economic life, what is the ratio of objective and subjective aspects in economic processes, how the economic interests of various social groups coexist in society, what is the ratio of reforms and revolutions in the economic life of society, etc.
One of the most discussed problems in modern socio-philosophical thought in Russia is the question of the role production method in the life of society. The reason is that the law of the determining role of material production in the life of society, discovered by K. Marx in the middle of the last century, in the era of the upward development of capitalism, was recognized in the Marxist-Leninist social science as a truth beyond doubt. The essence of the law was formulated as follows: ʼʼThe mode of production of material life determines the social, political and spiritual processes of life in generalʼʼ. There are many supporters of this point of view even now. Indeed, at the level of everyday practical consciousness, we are well aware that even in order to study, it is necessary, at a minimum, to first satisfy primary needs - primarily material (housing, food, clothing), and then you will need textbooks, pens, notebooks and much more, by the way, also appeared due to material production. But let's consider this problem at the scientific and theoretical level.
So, some thinkers consider the method of material production to be the basis for the existence and development of the whole society, putting forward quite weighty arguments: firstly, without the constant implementation of the reproduction of material goods, the existence of society is impossible; Secondly, the mode of production, the prevailing division of labor, property relations determine the emergence and development of classes and social groups, strata of society, its social structure; third, the mode of production largely determines the development of the political life of society; fourthly, in the process of production, the necessary material conditions for the development of the spiritual life of society are created; fifthly, material production supports the activity of a person in any sphere of his life and activity.
The question of the method of production of material goods, its role in society, the productive forces and production relations as its two main aspects, has been considered in detail many times in any textbook written in the key of historical materialism. We will recall the essence of the problem and try to figure out how modern such an interpretation is.
Relations of production characterize the economic relations in which classes and social groups are located regarding ownership, exchange, distribution and consumption of the produced material and spiritual blessings. You can define them like this: production relations are a set of material and economic relations between people, which develops in the process of production and movement of a social product from producer to consumer.
The development of material production begins with the development of productive forces, in which tools of labor develop most rapidly. According to Marxists, productive forces always determine certain social production relations, since people cannot carry out the production process without uniting in some way. Consequently, any change in the productive forces must lead to a change in the relations of production.
Modern social philosophy recognizes the importance of material production, but considers it only one of many equally important areas of social life, without which it is also impossible to imagine society.
If the question of the role of material production in the life of society has become an object of discussion only in recent decades, then philosophical problems of property provoked the most bitter controversy for many centuries. The main debatable questions were, firstly, what is the role of property in the development of human civilization and culture, and, secondly, is property good or evil?
Forms of ownership are different. It should be private, general (in the form of joint, shared, collective and nationwide), state, as well as mixed. Property is the belonging of objects to certain people and the relations between people that arise in connection with this. The owner (property subject) represents the active side of property relations. The object of property is the passive side of property relations in the form of objects of nature, matter, energy, information, property that belong to the owner.
The economic side of ownership is determined by the forms and relations of ownership, on which the methods, methods of management, and the efficiency of using property objects depend. Legal side property is manifested in the presence of the subject of ownership of the rights to a particular object, guaranteeing him the opportunity to own, dispose of or use it at his own discretion.
The determining role in property relations is played by ownership of the main factors of production (land, labor, capital) and methods of coordinating economic activity. In accordance with these characteristics, the following types of economic systems are distinguished: administrative-command (centralized) economy, market, mixed and traditional economy. The administrative-command economy is based on state ownership of factors of production, while economic ties are established centrally by planning bodies subordinate to the government of the country. The market economy is based on private ownership of factors of production, competition, entrepreneurial activity. Enterprises and households act as economic subjects of a market economy. A mixed economy combines the features of a centrally controlled and a market economy. In fact, any market-type economy is mixed - the free market is combined in it with state influence on market relations. In the conditions of a traditional economy, the way of using limited resources is determined by the customs and traditions inherent in a particular society, people.
The structure of property relations links the form, objects and subjects of property.
Private property is characterized by the certainty of the owner - ϶ᴛᴏ a specific person. A variety of private property is personal, individual property a certain person. The common property of several entities must be joint, owned by all owners together and not divisible between them, and painful, divided into shares, parts. If the owner separates his part from the common property, it becomes private property. Public property belongs to everyone individually and to the whole society, to the entire population. Given the dependence on the form of ownership, sole proprietorships, partnerships (or, as they are called, partnerships on shares), joint-stock companies, state-owned enterprises, and joint ventures are singled out.
The object of appropriation (what exactly is appropriated) are items of personal or collective consumption, ownership of natural resources, labor, means of production, results of intellectual activity, as well as cash, securities, jewelry.
The subject of appropriation (who assigns), the owner is an individual or family, social group, labor collective, the population of the territory, the people of the country, the authorities.
The main functions of the subject of appropriation are possession, disposal, use.
Ownership is the primary form of ownership, characterizing both the real belonging of an object to a certain subject, and the legal right to possess an object of property.
Disposition - a specific way of implementing the relationship between the subject and the object of ownership. The owner-manager has the right to act in relation to the object and use it in any desired way, transfer it to another subject, even liquidate it, if this does not contradict the law.
Use (use) means the use of an object of property in accordance with its purpose and at the discretion and desire of the user. If the user is not the owner or manager of the property, he must use only in accordance with the conditions set by the primary owners.
Ownership relations also include responsibility for the safety and rational use of the object of ownership.
What is actually material production?
In order to live, people must have the necessary means of subsistence. It is clear that even in order to possess this necessary minimum, people must work: everything is created for mortals by the care and labor of man, the ancients said. Man cannot be satisfied with what nature gives him ready-made. Combining their work with what is given by nature, using its laws, people create what is not in it. In this process, material goods are created, and it is this process of material production. Consequently, material production is the process of labor activity of people who, with the help of appropriate means, carry out the transformation of nature in order to create material goods aimed at satisfying human needs.
The activity of people, no matter in what sphere of social life it proceeds, is directed by certain needs and interests that grow on the basis of production and at the same time serve as a subjective incentive for its further development. Need there is nothing else than the state of an organism, personality, social group, class, society as a whole, expressing their dependence on the conditions of their existence and acting as a motivating force of life activity always directed in a certain way; it expresses a subjective request for objective reality, a need for such objects and conditions that would help maintain the equilibrium state of the system, which is extremely important for normal functioning and development.
At the same time, the existence of a need alone is not enough for the implementation of activities. For its perfection, some goal is necessary, for no activity is possible outside goal setting, as well as funds to achieve it. When the goal coincides with the need, then the activity takes on a strictly purposeful character, and the need itself, now already existing as a kind of synthesis, as a goal-need, turns into a stable conscious interest. Interest there is, in essence, a steadily directed motivating motive for activity, colored by an emotional-value attitude. It is he who helps to find the means to satisfy needs, to achieve the goal.
Since the subjects of socio-historical activity are individuals included in certain social systems(groups, parties, classes, etc.), since their activities are always based on a hierarchy of interests from personal-individual to the broadest public. It is public interests that determine the degree of intensity and social significance of the entire scale of interests of a particular individual or any other subject of activity, starting with a small group, collective, because it is they who are most oriented to real conditions and general direction development of the social system, thereby contributing to its preservation and progress. It is characteristic that hallmark of social systems is their ability to purposefully form and mobilize socially significant interests. The loss or deformation of interests indicates the unfavorable state of the system (organism, society, etc.). The nature of interests is an objective, extremely subtle indicator of the state of the social system, its health.
Needs and interests, both personal and social, have a complex historical structure, ranging from biological and material to the most refined spiritual, cognitive, moral, aesthetic, etc. Social needs and interests constitute a kind of spring of the social mechanism: they determine the direction and content of the actions of both individuals and society as a whole. In the aggregate of all public interests, the leading role belongs to the interests in the system of material production. The development of the economic sphere of society is the basis of its progressive progressive development, in connection with this, its improvement to a large extent depends on the improvement and development of needs and interests in this area, as well as on the skillful combination and harmonization of personal needs with public ones. One of the levers for stimulating the growth of material production is an increase in material and moral interest (in other words, the mobilization of everyone in the results of their work and common cause. After all, where there is no interest, there can be no real business.
Needs and interests in their orientation are as subject, and functional, when they express a focus either on the final result activities, or on process. Functional needs and interests are no less important for activity, the labor process, since it is in them that a powerful stimulus is contained in the form of aesthetic, moral and creative-intellectual aspects of the labor process itself. If the process of activity does not fall into the sphere of interests of the subject, then the quality of the product also suffers from this. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, it is clear that functional and substantive needs and interests are too closely intertwined and dependent on each other. In the end, the society is not indifferent to the process by which the boundaries outlined by it are achieved. He is not indifferent to every worker who is interested in the final results of his labor, in the quality and quantity of products. When interest is directed to the labor process itself, the latter ceases to be an outwardly coercive force, turning into art, sometimes reaching the true heights of aesthetic creativity, becomes an internal need.
Needs and interests, fading in the results of activity, are reborn in it at a higher level. The dialectics of the growth of interests is that their very satisfaction gives rise to new needs and interests, as well as the means of satisfying them, which serve as the main determinant of the development of production. Identification, strictly scientific accounting and study of public and personal needs and interests is an essential condition right choice directions of development of various branches of the national economy, science and culture. The highest form of manifestation of public interest is the interest in the development of productive forces, an increase in labor productivity and the improvement of the entire system of production relations, which is the decisive criterion for the historical process of mankind, as well as the improvement of the essential forces of man himself, the disclosure and elevation of his spiritual and creative potentials.
Material production has two sides: productive forces and production relations. The people who carry out the production process subject labor. Οʜᴎ constitute the basic and decisive element of the productive forces. But, in addition, for the implementation of the production process, it is necessary raw material, or subject labor being processed. They are both land, and minerals, and metals, etc. But in order to influence the object of labor in order to transform it into a necessary product, it is necessary to use tools of labor. guns labor are objects created by man with the aim of influencing the outside world and transforming it for the purposes of society. The ever-increasing complexity of tools is an indicator of the level of production achieved and, as a result, the degree of development of society. Production also requires appropriate buildings, warehouses, transport, etc. All this, together with the tools of labor, forms means of labor. The totality of the means and objects of labor forms means of production. The system of means of production, primarily the instruments of labor, constitutes the so-called material and technical base society, which is subject-energy part of the productive forces. This part represents the past, or reified, labor. But in order that the means of labor may enter into the process of production, it is extremely important to use labor power again and again, that is, alive human labor. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, two types of labor are distinguished in the structure of production - living and materialized.
An equally important element of the structure of productive forces is the productive technology. The solution of technological problems is largely determined by such factors as, for example, the nature and tools of labor, the development of fundamental and applied science and the degree of its introduction into production, the level of scientific organization of labor, etc. Complexity modern production is such that it is no longer conceivable without its scientific organization, which includes such basic areas as the rational use of the means of production, management and planning.
Science is increasingly included in the structure of production forces, becoming a direct productive force, and production is the technological application of science. At modern level development of technology, the improvement of the qualifications of workers is possible only if they obtain an extremely important level of scientific knowledge. At the same time, we are talking here not only about natural science and technical knowledge, which goes without saying, but also about broader scientific knowledge. After all, the influence of the humanities on the general spiritual, moral, intellectual and creative potential is no less significant for social production. And if we consider the formation of a person as a subject of labor as broadly as possible, then in addition to all types of science, it will be extremely important to talk about the influence on him of the entire spiritual culture of his time, embodied in various artistic, aesthetic, ethical, philosophical values of his being.
At the same time, neither the complexity of modern technology and technology, nor various forms organization and management of production should not obscure the main human. Man is not simple force along with the machine, but the inspiring beginning of the entire process of social production, which absorbed the experience of the world history of mankind. Production is not an end in itself for the development of society, but ultimately serves only as a means of developing it. main value person. Exactly at labor process and the reproduction, improvement and self-affirmation of man as the highest value is carried out.
So, productive forces these are people (the human factor) who have absorbed the cultural experience of all previous generations, have production skills for work and carry out the production of material goods; the means of production created by society, as well as the organization of labor, production technology, technology and the achievements of science. An indicator of the level of development of the productive forces of society is labor productivity, measured not only by the quantity of products created per unit of time, but also by its quality, and even more so by the development and improvement of the human factor, that is, everything that serves to satisfy the constantly evolving needs and interests of society.
The development of economic relations is conditioned by changes in social production, it is extremely important to stimulate workers in production in such a way as is required by the content and nature of labor. Social injustice in the economic sphere, restriction of the individual in access to world cultural values, in reasonable, scientifically based consumption and everyday life narrow the economic basis of production and undermine the productive force of society. Not industrial equipment in itself, but economic relations (property, exchange, distribution and consumption) determine the cultivation of human abilities and needs, its reproduction as a productive force and a highly developed citizen of society. Without achieving social justice in distribution relations, it is impossible to improve the economic side of production relations, and, consequently, the improvement of the whole society.
Violations in the system of the economic mechanism give rise to deep negative phenomena in all areas, which, if they are not detected and eliminated in time, can become irreversible.
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The development of social production posed two problems for social thought: what are the causes of wealth and how to rid society of poverty. The English economist A. Smith (1723-1790), in which he develops the labor theory of surplus value, considers the first problem in his work ʼʼA Study on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nationsʼʼ. The English economist Alfred Marshall (1842-1924), author of the book ʼʼPrinciples of Economicsʼʼ, seriously raises the question of the inevitability of the general existence of the so-called ʼʼlower classesʼʼ, doomed from birth to hard work in order to provide other people with the opportunity to lead a refined and cultured lifestyle.
K. Marx combines these two problems in his work. He puts forward the category of a socio-economic formation, that is, a society that is at a certain stage of historical development. Social wealth grows through the exploitation of workers, the appropriation of surplus value. To eliminate poverty, according to K. Marx, is possible only by destroying the capitalists. Combining two different problems and giving them one solution, K. Marx drove society into a dead end: if the source of wealth is in exploitation, then the latter cannot be eliminated, and even the liquidation of the capitalist class will not save the workers from exploitation. Only the ʼʼhostʼʼ will change. The experience of ʼʼreal socialismʼʼ clearly showed how workers can be exploited in state-owned enterprises. There should not be eternally just property relations, as eternally progressive economic methods of stimulating production. Up to a certain point, they correspond to the level of material production and thus are historically just, but then they grow old and turn into a brake on production.
A. Marshall formulated the law according to which consumption below an extremely important level brings society not savings, but losses. As a result, industrial society, if it wishes to develop its productive forces, is simply obliged to provide for all working people consumption above the essential and constantly maintain an increase in the level of consumption. The industrial society, responding to the demands of the time, was eventually able to obtain positive results for the whole society in the field of mass production and consumption.
Materialism defined scientific knowledge society, since its material basis was found, the development of which is subject to strictly objective laws. In the materialistic understanding of history, the idea of the determinism of man by the objective conditions of being and the recognition of freedom, activity, and creativity are inextricably linked. Each person, including leading figures in various periods of history, is a representative of his time, his era, a product of the circumstances that shaped him. Man is also the creator of circumstances, practically changing the conditions of his existence. Participating in production, he develops himself and improves the tools of labor. This gives rise over time to contradictions in the mode of production, and with them new interests, needs, and views. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, man is the main acting subject of history, creating himself and society at the same time, producing material goods necessary for life, embodying the meaning and purpose of the historical process.
Questions for self-control:
1. What is the main significance of the material and economic sphere for public life?
2. Describe the role of man in the system of modern material production.
3. Expand the role of the spiritual factor in the system of material production.
MATERIAL AND PRODUCTION SPHERE OF SOCIETY LIFE - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "MATERIAL AND PRODUCTION SPHERE OF LIFE OF THE SOCIETY" 2017, 2018.
Branches of material production
According to the methodology of the All-Union Classification of Industries of the National Economy (OKONKh), it is considered that in the sphere of material production a national product is created (production of products, material services)
The sphere of material production is a set of industries that produce mater.
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benefit or render mater.
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services.
The sphere of material production includes industries: industry, agriculture and forestry, construction, freight transport and communications, trade, public catering, logistics and marketing, procurement, information and computing services, real estate transactions, etc.
Industry is the leading branch of material production - a branch of the national economy, uniting organizations engaged in the extraction of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy production, processing of industrial and agricultural raw materials.
According to the economic purpose of the manufactured products, all industries can be divided into two groups:
1. Industries that manufacture means of production;
2. Industries producing commodities
By the nature of the impact on the object of labor, the industries are divided into:
1. Mining;
2. Machining
Organizations of the extractive industries are focused on the extraction and procurement of natural raw materials (oil refining, coal, peat industry). Organizations of the manufacturing industries affect the object of labor by changing its physical and chemical properties (engineering, metallurgy, light industry, etc.).
According to the functional purpose, the branches are divided into:
1. Producing an intermediate product
2. Producing the final product
According to the structure of production costs:
1. Fund-intensive
2. Science intensive
3. Labor intensive
4. Material-intensive
5. Energy intensive
As uniform as possible:
1. Seasonal
2. Out of season
By the nature of the technological process:
1. Industries with a continuous process
2. Dominant chemical processes
3. With the predominance of electrochemical processes
4. With the predominance of other processes
Sectoral structure of industry and indicators characterizing it
Industry structure - this is the quantitative ratio of industries, reflecting the existing production relationships between them.
It characterizes the degree of economic independence of the country, the level of its industrialization, the development of competition, etc.
The formation of the sectoral structure of the industry is influenced by a number of factors:
Scientific and technical progress;
Planned rates of development of the entire industry and its individual branches;
The growth of the material well-being and cultural level of the working people;
Raw resources of the country;
Forms public organization production labor: concentration, specialization, cooperation, combination;
International division of labor, etc.
The sectoral structure can be studied using various indicators, which are divided into three groups:
1) Quantitative ratios of industries
2) Structural shifts over the period
3) Industrial relations: intersectoral, intrasectoral.
Indicators characterizing the quantitative ratio of industries:
- the share of the industry in the total output (SD):
UR \u003d VP / VP * 100,
where VP, VP - products manufactured by the industry and industry, respectively, p.
- share of the industry in total strength industrial and production personnel (working) (UR):
UR=H/H*100,
where N, N - the number of employees, respectively, in the industry and industry, people;
- the share of the industry in the total cost of basic production assets (UR):
UR=OPS/OPS*100,
