These specifications apply to snow shovels intended for sale to the public.

I. Technical requirements.

£.1. The snow shovel must be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of these specifications.

1.2. The main dimensions and tolerances of the snow shovel must be:

length with handle, mm, -1365+10 canvas, mm; -365x420+6 sheet thickness, mm, 4-6+1 H.Z. Characteristic.

Inv. no. [ Sign. and date Replacement Inv. No. Inv. No. duplicate Go and date

1.3.1. To make a snow shovel, you must use the following materials: wooden handle according to NTD waste plywood GOST 39X6-69 waste plywood seats GOST 21176-75 lumber conifers GOST 24454-80 and hardwood GOST 2695-83 otal tape GOST 3560-75.

1.3.2* On the surface of the snow shovel blade, wood defects in accordance with GOST 2140-81 and processing defects are not standardized. Partial delamination of the veneer on the edges is allowed.

1.3.3. The top and bottom of the snow shovel blade must be surrounded by steel tape.

1.3.4. The fastening of the steel tape to the canvas is carried out with nails GOST 4026-63.

1.3.5. The bottom of the handle is fastened to the canvas of the snow batten with two nails on steel tape gaskets, the ends of the nails must be bent.

1.3.6. Accounting for dopet for Onega is made in pieces.

Specifications

that OH 13-0255095-86

5§

1.4a Packaging.

1.4.1. Snow shovels are not packed.

1.5. Marking.

1.5. X. The snow shovel is marked with the manufacturer's name and retail price.

2. Acceptance rules.

2.1. Snow shovels must be taken technical control manufacturer's enterprises.

2.2. Snow shovels are presented for acceptance in batches. The party considers the number of snow shovels, drawn up in one accompanying document.

Ina. no. 1 Signed and date I Subm. Nv.No. J Jav. Mdubl. | Signed and date

2.3. For the control inspection and measurement, 5% of the batch is selected, but not less than 10 items. If unsatisfactory results are obtained for more than 5% of the snow shovels selected for testing, a re-test is carried out with twice the number of snow shovels taken from the same lot.

2.4. The manufacturer is granted the right to re-sort the unaccepted batch and re-submit good snow shovels for delivery.

3* Methods of control.

3.1. Checking the size of snow shovels is carried out with a metal tape measure GOST 7302-80 or other measuring instruments that provide an accuracy of I mm.

4. Transportation and storage.

4.1. Transportation of snow shovels is allowed by any type of transport with mandatory protection against mechanical damage and atmospheric precipitation.

4.2. Each batch of snow shovels must be accompanied by a document that must contain:

name of the manufacturer,

Name of production.

quantity in it, price.

date of dispatch, designation of these specifications.

4.3. Dopatm for snow should be stored in dry rooms.

3. Supplier's guarantees.

5.1. The manufacturer guarantees the compliance of snow shovels with the requirements of these technical specifications, provided that the consumer observes the conditions of transportation and storage.

Inv. no. I Sign. i date i vzam. Inv. No. I Inv. duplicate number | , Sub. and date

SCROLL

normative and technical documentation, to which references are given in specifications

The standard applies to shovels intended for the production of construction, gardening and loading and unloading operations.

SHOVEL

SPECIFICATIONS

GOST 19596-87

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS

Moscow

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR

Validity from 01.01.89

until 01.01.94

Non-compliance with the standard is punishable by law

This standard applies to shovels intended for the production of construction, horticultural and material handling operations.

1. CLASSIFICATION, TYPES AND BASIC DIMENSIONS

1.1. Shovels are subdivided into:

construction;

horticultural;

loading and unloading.

Designation of elements of shovels

Name

Purpose

Drawing number

SHOVEL CONSTRUCTION

LKO

Shovel digging pointed

For digging the ground

1 - with a forked handle;

2 - with a T-handle;

3 - with a ball head;

4 - with a hemispherical head;

5-ball head with metal rod.

canvas ituleika - rolled sheet steel of grades 30KhGS according to ,45, 50 according to GOST 1050-74, Bst5, Bst6 according to GOST 380-88 or other grades of physical and mechanical indicators not lower than those indicated;

fork and tuleyka - rolled sheet steel of grades 10, 15, 20 according to GOST 1050-174 or Bst2, Bst3 according to GOST 380-88;

rod - steelBst0, Bst2, Bst3 according to GOST 380-88;

handle and handle - hardwood lumber of the 1st grade: birch, ash, maple according to .

Notes:

1. It is allowed to manufacture plastic handles and forks according to.

2. It is allowed to manufacture cuttings, except for type 5 cuttings, from other materials in accordance with the requirements of clause .

3. Rolled sheets from steel grades Bst5, Bst6, 10, 15, 20, 45 and 50 must comply with the requirements of GOST 16523-70, 30HGS according to TU 14-1-4118-86.

4. Permissible deviations in the thickness of sheet metal must comply with the requirements and GOST 19904-74.

2.2. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

Bending moment for shovels, N× m, not less

LKO, LKP

LOP, LOV, LOW

LP, LR, LSP, LU-1, LU-2, LM-1, LM-2, LPR, LGR LPG, LSZ

LSU

Blade at a distance of 115 mm from the cutting edge

180

200

160

160

Tuleika at the point of transition to the canvas

450

450

300

200

Note . Shovels with a blade width of 150 mm must withstand a bending moment when testing a blade of 160 N× m. The tuleyka at the point of transition to a canvas shovel with a handle diameter of 35 mm must withstand a bending moment of 300 N× m.

Note. (Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 1).

2.9.

2.10. For blades of blades of LKO and LKP types, heat-treated for 90% of the length of the blade before the advance, a stiffening rib with a height of at least 8 mm and a length of at least 100 mm must be made in the advance zone.

2.13. Lack of penetration and burn-through of the weld are not allowed.

2.14. By agreement with the consumer, it is allowed to manufacture shovels without cuttings.

2.14. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

For construction and handling shovels, other anticorrosive coatings are allowed upon agreement with the consumer.

2.19. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.20. On the surface wooden parts there should be no cracks, flakes, wormholes, chips and other defects.

It is allowed to have no more than three healthy non-through knots or plugs with a diameter of up to 10 mm, located 1/3 of the length from the top of the handle, and no more than two with a diameter of over 10 mm. 8 mm - on the rest of the cutting.

The plugs must be made from the same species of wood as the cuttings and installed using moisture resistant glue. The diameter of the plugs should not exceed the diameter of the corresponding knots by more than 20%.

It is allowed to make cuttings glued along with moisture-resistant glue.

2.21. The tangential slope of the wood fibers of the cuttings should not be more than 20 mm per 1 m of the length of the cutting.

It is allowed to cover the wooden parts of shovels (with the exception of gardening shovels) with drying oil according to.

4.3. The hardness of the shovel blade (p. ) should be determined according to GOST 9013-59 at 5 points 15 - 50 mm away from the edge of the web and evenly spaced along the perimeter.

4.4. The strength of the shovel blade is checked in a fixture that clamps the blade at a distance of 115 mm from the cutting edge.

The shovel blade is subjected to a preload equal to 2 \ 3 bending moment according to p. After removing the load, the position of the handle is fixed at a distance of 700 mm from the clamping point.

After loading the canvas with a full bending moment and removing the load, the position of the handle is fixed at the same distance. The difference in measurements should not exceed 7 mm.

The transition zone of the tulle to the canvas (from the step line to the end of the tulle or lining), as well as welded and riveted joints, are checked for strength in a device that ensures their loading with the bending moment specified in paragraph , while bottom support should be located on the line of advance. The specified zone and connections must withstand the bending moment for 1 min.

4.4. (Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

Non-compliance with the standard is punishable by law

This standard applies to shovels intended for the production of construction, gardening and loading and unloading operations.

1. CLASSIFICATION, TYPES AND BASIC DIMENSIONS

1.1. Shovels by type are divided into:

construction;

horticultural;

Table 1

1.3. According to the design of the canvas, shovels are made:

solid stamped;

Weight - no more than 0.98 kg

Rectangular digging shovel, paintwork

Weight - no more than 1.2 kg

Chopping faceted shovel, LPG

Weight - no more than 1.6 kg

Mortar shovel, LR

Weight - no more than 1.3 kg

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

Shovel horticultural digging, LOP

Weight - no more than 1.2 kg

Garden and garden digging shovel, LOV

Weight - no more than 1.5 kg

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

Sand shovel, LSP

Weight - no more than 0.98 kg

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

Grain shovel, LSZ

Weight - no more than 0.75 kg

Coal shovel, LU

Weight - no more than 1.64 kg

Metallurgical shovel, LM

Dimensions, mm

Weight - no more than 1.4 kg

Breed shovel, decision maker

Weight - no more than 1.29 kg

Mining shovel, LGR

Weight - no more than 1.17 kg

Snow shovel, LSU

Weight - no more than 1.4 kg

1.5. Shovel cuttings are made in 5 types (Fig. 17):

1 - with a forked handle;

2 - with a T-shaped handle;

3 - with a ball head;

4 - with a hemispherical head;

5 - with a ball head with a metal rod.

1.6. The main dimensions of the cuttings and their use by types of shovels must correspond to those indicated in the drawing. 17.

Unspecified limit deviations for shovel handles ± IT17 according to GOST 6449.1-82.

Dimensions of the landing part of the cuttings, mm

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

Notes:

1. It is allowed to produce cuttings for garden shovels with a diameter of 35 mm.

2. For blades of LOW and LOU types, it is allowed to manufacture cuttings without a conical part.

3. It is allowed to produce conical seats for cuttings for garden shovels with 2 angles of inclination.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

Example symbol shovels type LKO, with handle type 4, length 1300 mm:

LKO-4-1300 GOST 19596-87

The same, LOU type, version 1, 210 mm wide, with type 1 handle:

LOU-1-210-1 GOST 19596-87

2. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

2.1. Shovels should be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to working drawings and standard samples approved in the prescribed manner.

2.2. Shovel parts must be made of the following materials:

canvas and tuleyka - rolled sheet steel grades 30KhGS according to GOST 4543-71, 45, 50 according to GOST 1050-74, Bst5, Bst6 according to GOST 380-88 or other grades according to physical and mechanical parameters not lower than those indicated;

fork and tuleyka - rolled sheet steel of grades 10, 15, 20 according to GOST 1050-174 or Bst2, Bst3 according to GOST 380-88;

rod - steel Bst0, Bst2, Bst3 according to GOST 380-88;

shank and handle - hardwood lumber of the 1st grade: birch, ash, maple in accordance with GOST 2695-83.

Notes:

1. It is allowed to manufacture plastic handles and forks in accordance with GOST 16338-85.

2. It is allowed to manufacture cuttings, except for type 5 cuttings, from other materials in accordance with the requirement of clause 2.23.

3. Rolled sheets made of steel grades Bst5, Bst6, 10, 15, 20, 45 and 50 must comply with the requirements of GOST 16523-70, 30HGS according to TU 14-1-4118-86.

4. Permissible deviations in the thickness of sheet metal must comply with the requirements of GOST 19903-74 and GOST 19904-74.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.3. Blades of shovels for at least 90% of the length from the cutting edge must be heat-treated to a hardness of 37 ... 53 HRC e for shovels of LKO, LKP, LOP, LOV, LOU types and 35 ... 51 HRC e - for other types of shovels .

Shovels, except for types LKO, LKP, LOP, LOV and LOW, are allowed to be manufactured without heat treatment.

2.4. The surfaces of the metal parts of the shovels must be free of cracks, captivity, delamination and burrs. Shells and dents with a depth greater than the tolerance value for the thickness of rolled products are not allowed.

2.5. Deviations of the surface of blades from the nominal ±6 mm, garden shovels ±3 mm, for blades of shovels made without heat treatment ±4 mm.

2.6. Blades of shovels of types LKO, LGR, LPG, LP, LKP, LOV, LOP and LOU must have a cutting edge. The sharpening angle of the cutting edge should be no more than 20°, the thickness of the cutting edge - no more than 0.5 mm.

2.7. On the cutting edges blades of shovels should not be blockages, notches and crumbled places.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.8. Blades of shovels must withstand the force of the bending moment in accordance with the standards specified in Table. 2, while the welded or riveted connection should not be destroyed.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

table 2

Note. Shovels with a blade width of 150 mm must withstand a bending moment force when testing a blade of 160 Nm. Tuleyka at the point of transition to the blade blade with a handle diameter of 35 mm must withstand a bending moment of 300 N?m.

(Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 1).

2.9. The shovels should have a taper from 1:30 to 1:20. By agreement with the consumer, it is allowed to manufacture shovels of LOW and LOU types with a cylindrical body.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.10. For blades of blades of LKO and LKP types, heat-treated for 90% of the blade length before the step, a stiffening rib with a height of at least 8 mm and a length of at least 100 mm must be made in the step zone.

2.11. Tolerance of the symmetry of the shell relative to the canvas - 3 mm.

2.12. The conical part of the shells of one-piece stamped blades of shovels must be welded or riveted.

2.13. Lack of penetration and burn-through of the weld are not allowed.

2.14. By agreement with the consumer, it is allowed to manufacture shovels without cuttings.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.15. The cuttings must be fixed in tuleys and forks with rivets in accordance with GOST 10299-80 or screws with a diameter of at least 4 mm in accordance with GOST 1144-80. Garden shovels can be secured with steel tension rings and screws.

2.16. The connection of the cuttings with the tuleys and handles must be tight, play is not allowed.

2.17. The handles of the forked handles must not rotate at the attachment points.

2.18. The handle of a shovel type LR must have a steel rod with a diameter of 6 mm, a length of at least 320 mm, installed in the longitudinal groove of the handle. The lower end of the rod should be pointed, bent at an angle of 90° and driven into the handle to a depth of 8-10 mm. The upper end of the rod must be attached to the handle with a screw in accordance with GOST 1145-80.

2.19. metal parts shovels must be covered with NC-type nitro paints, bright-colored enamels in terms of quality not lower than Pf-115 enamel in accordance with GOST 6465-76 or, in agreement with the consumer, with BT-577 varnish in accordance with GOST 5631-79.

For construction and handling shovels, other anti-corrosion coatings are allowed upon agreement with the consumer.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.20. On the surface of wooden parts there should be no cracks, flakes, wormholes, chips and other defects.

It is allowed to have no more than three healthy blind knots or plugs with a diameter of up to 10 mm, located 1/3 of the length from the upper part of the handle, and no more than two - with a diameter of St. 8 mm - on the rest of the cutting.

The plugs must be made from the same species of wood as the cuttings and installed with moisture resistant glue. The diameter of the plugs should not exceed the diameter of the respective knots by more than 20%.

It is allowed to make cuttings glued along with moisture-resistant glue.

2.21. The tangential slope of the wood fibers of the cuttings should not be more than 20 mm per 1 m of the length of the cutting.

2.22. The moisture content of wood should not exceed 14%.

2.23. Shanks with a diameter of 40 mm must withstand a bending moment of 440 Nm, and cuttings with a diameter of 35 mm - 300 Nm.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.24. The roughness parameter of the surfaces of the cuttings and handles, except for seats, Rm max? 63 microns according to GOST 7016-82 for wood and Ra? 0.8 µm according to GOST 2789-73 for plastic.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.25. Wooden parts of shovels must be coated with NTs-221 or NTs-222 varnish according to GOST 4976-83, or PF-115 enamel according to GOST 6465-76, or NTs-132 P enamel according to GOST 6631-74, or enamels and varnishes of other brands according to quality indicators are not lower than indicated.

It is allowed to cover the wooden parts of shovels (with the exception of garden shovels) with drying oil in accordance with GOST 7931-76.

2.26. Paint coatings of shovels parts must comply with class V according to GOST 9.032-74. Operating conditions coatings- according to group I GOST 9.104-79.

2.27. Each shovel must be clearly marked with the following:

trademark of the manufacturer;

price (in the manufacture of shovels for retail sale).

2.28. Shovels must be packed in paper in accordance with GOST 8273-75 in bundles of no more than 5 pcs.

Cloths of shovels of the same type and size without cuttings, 5 - 10 pcs. must be tied with steel wire in accordance with GOST 3282-74, or with steel tape in accordance with GOST 3560-73, or fastened with a heat-shrink film in accordance with GOST 25951-83.

Shovel handles without blades should be packed in bundles, while the fasteners should be packed in separate bags and attached to the bunch of handles. The mass of the bundle must not exceed 15 kg gross.

It is allowed to pack shovels, cloths and cuttings in shrink film without paper wrapping.

By agreement with the consumer, other packaging is allowed, which ensures the safety of shovels from mechanical damage and corrosion during transportation and storage.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.29. Bundles of cuttings must be packed in wooden crates according to GOST 12082-82, types II-3 and II-4 or boxes according to GOST 2991-85, type II-2.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.30. When transporting shovels in transport packages, their formation must be carried out on pallets in accordance with GOST 9078-84.

Transport packages must be fastened with steel packing tape in accordance with GOST 3560-73 or steel wire in accordance with GOST 3282-74.

The dimensions of the transport package are 800 × 1200 × 900 mm.

Package weight - no more than 1000 kg.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.31. When sending products in universal containers in accordance with GOST 20435-75 and GOST 22225-76, packaging of bundles in transport package should not be carried out.

2.32. Packaging of products shipped to the Far North and remote areas - according to GOST 15846-79.

3. ACCEPTANCE

3.1. Acceptance and periodic tests should be carried out to verify the compliance of shovels with the requirements of this standard.

3.2. Shovels for acceptance are presented in batches. A batch is considered to be shovels made in one shift and presented for acceptance according to one document.

3.3. Acceptance tests should be carried out in the following scope: for compliance with the requirements of paragraphs. 2.4; 2.7; 2.12 - 2.19; 2.25 and 2.26 - 100% of products, for compliance with the requirements of paragraphs. 2.3 (before painting); 2.5; 2.6 (before painting); 2.9 - 2.11 (2.9 - before assembly with the handle); 2.20; 2.21; 2.24; 2.26 - 0.1% of shovels and 0.5% of cuttings from the accepted batch, but not less than 5 pcs. The results of the spot check shall be applied to the entire lot.

3.4. Periodic tests should be carried out at least once a quarter in the scope of acceptance tests with additional control of the requirements of paragraphs. 2.1; 2.2; 2.8; 2.22 and 2.24. For periodic testing select 1% of shovels from the batch, but not less than 10 pcs.

3.5. If unsatisfactory test results are obtained for at least one of the indicators, a re-test of a double number of shovels taken from the same batch should be carried out.

The results of the retest are final.

4. CONTROL METHODS

4.1. Appearance shovels and the strength of the connections (clauses 2.4; 2.7; 2.12 - 2.19; 2.25) should be checked visually by comparison with standard samples.

4.2. Checking the size of shovels limit deviations dimensions, taper angle and thickness of the cutting edge (clauses 2.1; 2.5; 2.6; 2.9 - 2.11) should be carried out with a universal measuring tool or templates.

Checking the deviation of the surface of blades of shovels from the nominal should be carried out in extreme points sections A-A indicated in hell. 2 - 16.

4.3. The hardness of the shovel blade (clause 2.3) should be determined according to GOST 9013-59 at 5 points 15–50 mm away from the blade edge and evenly spaced along the perimeter.

4.4. The strength of the shovel blade is checked in a fixture that clamps the blade at a distance of 115 mm from the cutting edge.

The shovel blade is subjected to a preload equal to 2/3 of the bending moment according to clause 2.8. After removing the load, the position of the handle is fixed at a distance of 700 mm from the clamping point.

After loading the web with a full bending moment and removing the load, the position of the handle is fixed at the same distance. The difference in measurements should not exceed 7 mm.

The transition zone of the tulle to the web (from the advance line to the end of the tulle or lining), as well as welded and riveted joints, are checked for strength in a device that ensures their loading with the bending moment specified in clause 2.8, while the lower support should be located on the advance line. The specified zone and connections must withstand a bending moment for 1 min.

(New edition, Rev. No. 1).

4.5. The strength of the handle should be checked in a device simulating a tulle by applying a bending moment in accordance with clause 2.23. After testing, the handle should not have cracks or delaminations.

(New edition, Rev. No. 1).

4.6. Knots should not exceed the dimensions specified by GOST 2695-83.

4.7. Checking the moisture content of wooden parts (clause 2.22) - according to GOST 16483.7-71 or according to GOST 16588-79.

4.8. The surface roughness of wooden parts should be determined according to GOST 15612-85 before applying the paintwork.

4.9. The tangential inclination of the fibers should be checked on lumber or blanks in accordance with GOST 2140-81.

5. TRANSPORT AND STORAGE

5.1. Transportation of shovels is carried out by transport of any kind in covered vehicles or universal containers in accordance with the transportation rules applicable to a particular mode of transport.

5.2. Storage of packed shovels - according to group C GOST 15150-69.

6. MANUFACTURER WARRANTY

6.1. The manufacturer must ensure that the manufactured shovels comply with the requirements of this standard, subject to the conditions of transportation, storage and operation.

6.2. The warranty period for the operation of shovels is 12 months from the date of sale through retail trading network, and for shovels of off-market consumption - from the moment of receipt by the consumer.

APPENDIX. (Deleted, Rev. No. 1).

INFORMATION DATA

1. DESIGNED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry ferrous metallurgy of the USSR

PERFORMERS

E.A. Ants, cand. tech. sciences (topic leader); A.S. Mylnikov, cand. tech. sciences; V.A. Rabovsky; N.S. Cheremnykh; V.M. eidenson, cand. tech. sciences; A.I. Seletkov, cand. tech. sciences; V.V. corrol, cand. tech. Sciences

2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated July 21, 1987 No. 3141

3. REPLACE GOST 3620-76, GOST 19596-74

4. DATE OF VERIFICATION - 1992

5. REFERENCE REGULATIONS AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS

In this article, the reader will learn what is the importance of a shovel handle, how to choose a finished product, and get acquainted with the manufacturing technology of this part of the tool.
What master would deny the indispensability of such a simple tool as a shovel in Everyday life, and, especially in the process of construction - repair work? When the base of the shovel is strong, the tool does its job properly, and few people pay attention to defects in the handle. But if the cutting suddenly turns out to be too long / short, shaky, and threatens to dry out, then it becomes completely impossible to work.

Brief recommendations for choosing a wooden handle for a bayonet shovel

The mistake of many craftsmen is that often in a hurry, they buy the first factory handle that comes across and try to attach it to an existing bayonet. The result is not always positive. In order not to spoil the tool, it would be nice to know that ordinary shovels are divided into 3 types: type P, type B and type U. Naturally, metal sheet and overlays, differ in thickness, size and require different cuttings. Knowing the type of your bayonet shovel, you can safely go to the store where they will pick you up desired type cutting.

Small tips will be better remembered if they tell you not about how a quality cutting should look like, but about how it should not be. So, on the surface are not allowed:

• cracks,
• wormholes
• chipping,
• chipped,
• knots,
• flakes,
• rot

The product must have a uniform uniform color and a smooth surface. Varnish is allowed.

A few words to the summer resident and gardener

As for hoes, weeders and cultivators, things are easier with them. This category of tools is manufactured in accordance with GOST 19598-74, so the length of the shovel handle is strictly regulated. There are 3 types of hoes: hilling, weeding and universal. The handle length for each type is 1200, 1300, and 1400 mm, respectively. Weeders are also classified into looped (PP), with a zigzag blade (ZL), with a straight blade (PL), and combined (K). The length of the cuttings for PP and PL will be 1200 -1400 mm, for ZL and K - 1100 mm. And finally, the cutting for cultivators, it is most convenient to make a length of 1200 mm. Now that the technical details are over, it will be much easier to get a cutting for your garden assistant.

With soviet family

Scoop shovels, due to their specialization, are required to withstand significant loads. They are not suitable for working in the ground, but they do an excellent job with bulk materials: sand, gravel, coal. Sometimes this type of shovels is used for snow removal. Among shovels, you can most often find aluminum cuttings for shovels. Snow removal tools are often made of lightweight, durable plastic. This species has another feature. If bayonet and garden shovels are usually straight, then shovels have curved cuttings and cuttings with a handle at the end.

Do-it-yourself shovel handle

And so, we come to the part of the article that the most creative readers have been waiting for. We dare to assure that the process of manufacturing cuttings for shovels is not particularly difficult and laborious. With a certain perseverance and skill, to make such necessary thing even a novice master can.
At your disposal should be: a solid board or slab, a circular saw, an electric plane, a hand planer, a screwdriver, a self-tapping screw.
From what you read above, you already know what defects should not be in the finished cutting, so you can get an idea of ​​​​what board to take for the future product.
Via circular saw and an electric planer, we process the board to the state of a rectangular rail.

Its cross section will be approximately 3 x 4 cm. At this stage, there is one interesting point- you can leave the handle rectangular. For some types of work, cutting rectangular section may be more convenient. Unlike a round handle, it does not slip in the hands so much and does not strive to "get out". If you do not lean towards the first option, we round the corners with a hand planer, and gradually sharpen the end of the handle. From time to time you need to apply this pointed end to the bayonet. It is better to remove less wood and then sharpen the handle a little, than to make it too thin and "screw up" the whole work.

We continue to sharpen the bar until it can enter the bayonet by half the groove. In the process of work, you have already noticed that the groove is at an angle and has an unequal depth. We remove the chips from the handle in accordance with this unevenness.

The end of the handle also needs to be beveled towards the blade of the shovel, otherwise it will prevent the tool from entering the ground. How to put a shovel on a handle? If you have sharpened the bar correctly, there will be no problems with this, the handle will go into the shovel by two-thirds without much effort. It remains to drive it to the end of the groove strong blows on a hard surface.

The result, for reliability, must be fixed with a self-tapping screw. In the absence of such, you can use a regular nail. Now you can enter final touch. Let's take another look at our creation. sandpaper we process all the irregularities, cover the stalk clear varnish. The universal helper in the household is ready. If desired, you can attach a handle to the other end of the handle.

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS

Moscow

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR

Valid from 01.01.89

until 01.01.94

Non-compliance with the standard is punishable by law

This standard applies to shovels intended for the production of construction, gardening and loading and unloading operations.

1. CLASSIFICATION, TYPES AND BASIC DIMENSIONS

1.1. Shovels by type are divided into:

construction;

horticultural;

loading and unloading.

1.2. Shovels (fig. 1), depending on the purpose, are made the following types indicated in Table. one.

Designation of elements of shovels

1 - canvas; 2 - Tuleika; 3 - cutting

Table 1

1.3. According to the design of the canvas, shovels are made:

solid stamped;

prefabricated (with a laid on tuleyka).

1.4. The main dimensions of shovels (without cuttings) and their maximum deviations must correspond to those indicated in Fig. 2 - 16.

Unspecified limit deviations for blades of shovels ± in accordance with GOST 25346-82.

Shovel digging pointed, LKO

Weight - no more than 0.98 kg

Rectangular digging shovel, paintwork

Weight - no more than 1.05 kg

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

Chopping shovel, LP

Weight - no more than 1.2 kg

Chopping faceted shovel, LPG

Weight - no more than 1.6 kg

Mortar shovel, LR

Weight - no more than 1.3 kg

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

Shovel horticultural digging, LOP

Weight - no more than 1.2 kg

Garden and garden digging shovel, LOV

Weight - no more than 1.5 kg

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

Sand shovel, LSP

Weight - no more than 0.98 kg

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

Grain shovel, LSZ

Weight - no more than 0.75 kg

Coal shovel, LU

Weight - no more than 1.64 kg

Metallurgical shovel, LM

Dimensions, mm

Weight - no more than 1.4 kg

Breed shovel, decision maker

Weight - no more than 1.29 kg

Mining shovel, LGR

Weight - no more than 1.17 kg

Snow shovel, LSU

Weight - no more than 1.4 kg

1.5. Shovel cuttings are made in 5 types (Fig. 17):

1 - with a forked handle;

2 - with a T-shaped handle;

3 - with a ball head;

4 - with a hemispherical head;

5 - with a ball head with a metal rod.

1.6. The main dimensions of the cuttings and their use by types of shovels must correspond to those indicated in the drawing. 17.

Unspecified limit deviations for shovel handles ± IT17 according to GOST 6449.1-82.

Dimensions of the landing part of the cuttings, mm

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

Notes:

1. It is allowed to produce cuttings for garden shovels with a diameter of 35 mm.

2. For blades of LOW and LOU types, it is allowed to manufacture cuttings without a conical part.

3. It is allowed to produce conical seats for cuttings for garden shovels with 2 angles of inclination.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

An example of a symbol for a shovel of the LKO type, with a type 4 handle, 1300 mm long:

The same, LOU type, version 1, 210 mm wide, with type 1 handle:

2. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

2.1. Shovels should be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to working drawings and standard samples approved in the prescribed manner.

2.2. Shovel parts must be made of the following materials:

canvas and tuleyka - rolled thin-sheet steel grades 30HGS according to GOST 4543-71, 45, 50 according to GOST 1050-74, Bst5, Bst6 according to GOST 380-88 or other grades according to physical and mechanical indicators not lower than those indicated;

fork and tuleyka - rolled sheet steel of grades 10, 15, 20 according to GOST 1050-174 or Bst2, Bst3 according to GOST 380-88;

rod - steel Bst0, Bst2, Bst3 according to GOST 380-88;

shank and handle - hardwood lumber of the 1st grade: birch, ash, maple according to GOST 2695-83.

Notes:

1. It is allowed to manufacture plastic handles and forks in accordance with GOST 16338-85.

2. It is allowed to manufacture cuttings, except for type 5 cuttings, from other materials in accordance with the requirement of clause 2.23.

3. Rolled sheets made of steel grades Bst5, Bst6, 10, 15, 20, 45 and 50 must comply with the requirements of GOST 16523-70, 30HGS according to TU 14-1-4118-86.

4. Permissible deviations in the thickness of sheet metal must comply with the requirements of GOST 19903-74 and GOST 19904-74.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.3. Blades of shovels for at least 90% of the length from the cutting edge must be heat-treated to a hardness of 37 ... 53 HRC e for shovels of LKO, LKP, LOP, LOV, LOU types and 35 ... 51 HRC e - for other types of shovels .

Shovels, except for types LKO, LKP, LOP, LOV and LOW, are allowed to be manufactured without heat treatment.

2.4. The surfaces of the metal parts of the shovels must be free of cracks, captivity, delamination and burrs. Shells and dents with a depth greater than the tolerance value for the thickness of rolled products are not allowed.

2.5. Deviations of the surface of blades from the nominal ±6 mm, garden shovels ±3 mm, for blades of shovels made without heat treatment ±4 mm.

2.6. Blades of shovels of types LKO, LGR, LPG, LP, LKP, LOV, LOP and LOU must have a cutting edge. The sharpening angle of the cutting edge should be no more than 20°, the thickness of the cutting edge - no more than 0.5 mm.

2.7. On the cutting edges of the blades of shovels there should be no blockages, notches and crumbled places.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.8. Blades of shovels must withstand the force of the bending moment in accordance with the standards specified in Table. 2, while the welded or riveted connection should not be destroyed.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

table 2

Note. Shovels with a blade width of 150 mm must withstand a bending moment force during a blade test of 160 Nm. Tuleika at the point of transition to the blade of shovels with a handle diameter of 35 mm must withstand a bending moment of 300 N × m.

(Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 1).

2.9. The shovels should have a taper from 1:30 to 1:20. By agreement with the consumer, it is allowed to manufacture shovels of LOW and LOU types with a cylindrical body.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.10. For blades of blades of LKO and LKP types, heat-treated for 90% of the blade length before the step, a stiffening rib with a height of at least 8 mm and a length of at least 100 mm must be made in the step zone.

2.11. Tolerance of the symmetry of the shell relative to the canvas - 3 mm.

2.12. The conical part of the shells of one-piece stamped blades of shovels must be welded or riveted.

2.13. Lack of penetration and burn-through of the weld are not allowed.

2.14. By agreement with the consumer, it is allowed to manufacture shovels without cuttings.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.15. The cuttings must be fixed in the sleeves and forks with rivets in accordance with GOST 10299-80 or screws with a diameter of at least 4 mm in accordance with GOST 1144-80. Garden shovels can be secured with steel tension rings and screws.

2.16. The connection of the cuttings with the tuleys and handles must be tight, play is not allowed.

2.17. The handles of the forked handles must not rotate at the attachment points.

2.18. The handle of a shovel type LR must have a steel rod with a diameter of 6 mm, a length of at least 320 mm, installed in the longitudinal groove of the handle. The lower end of the rod should be pointed, bent at an angle of 90° and driven into the handle to a depth of 8-10 mm. The upper end of the rod must be attached to the handle with a screw in accordance with GOST 1145-80.

2.19. The metal parts of the shovels must be coated with NTs-type nitro paints, bright-colored enamels in terms of quality not lower than Pf-115 enamel according to GOST 6465-76 or, in agreement with the consumer, BT-577 varnish according to GOST 5631-79.

For construction and handling shovels, other anti-corrosion coatings are allowed upon agreement with the consumer.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.20. On the surface of wooden parts there should be no cracks, flakes, wormholes, chips and other defects.

It is allowed to have no more than three healthy blind knots or plugs with a diameter of up to 10 mm, located 1/3 of the length from the upper part of the handle, and no more than two - with a diameter of St. 8 mm - on the rest of the cutting.

The plugs must be made from the same species of wood as the cuttings and installed with moisture resistant glue. The diameter of the plugs should not exceed the diameter of the respective knots by more than 20%.

It is allowed to make cuttings glued along with moisture-resistant glue.

2.21. The tangential slope of the wood fibers of the cuttings should not be more than 20 mm per 1 m of the length of the cutting.

2.22. The moisture content of wood should not exceed 14%.

2.23. Shanks with a diameter of 40 mm must withstand a bending moment of 440 Nm, and cuttings with a diameter of 35 mm - 300 Nm.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.24. The roughness parameter of the surfaces of the cuttings and handles, except for the seats, Rm max £ 63 microns according to GOST 7016-82 for wood and Ra£ 0.8 µm according to GOST 2789-73 for plastic.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.25. The wooden parts of the shovels must be coated with NTs-221 or NTs-222 varnish according to GOST 4976-83, or PF-115 enamel according to GOST 6465-76, or NTs-132 P enamel according to GOST 6631-74, or enamels and varnishes of other brands according to quality indicators are not lower than indicated.

It is allowed to cover the wooden parts of shovels (with the exception of gardening shovels) with drying oil in accordance with GOST 7931-76.

2.26. Paint coatings of shovels parts must comply with class V in accordance with GOST 9.032-74. Operating conditions of paint and varnish coatings - according to group I GOST 9.104-79.

2.27. Each shovel must be clearly marked with the following:

trademark of the manufacturer;

price (in the manufacture of shovels for retail sale).

2.28. Shovels must be packed in paper in accordance with GOST 8273-75 in bundles of no more than 5 pcs.

Cloths of shovels of the same type and size without cuttings, 5 - 10 pcs. must be tied with steel wire according to GOST 3282-74, or steel tape according to GOST 3560-73, or fastened with heat-shrink film according to GOST 25951-83.

Shovel handles without blades should be packed in bundles, while the fasteners should be packed in separate bags and attached to the bunch of handles. The mass of the bundle must not exceed 15 kg gross.

It is allowed to pack shovels, cloths and cuttings in shrink film without paper wrapping.

By agreement with the consumer, other packaging is allowed, which ensures the safety of shovels from mechanical damage and corrosion during transportation and storage.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.29. Bundles of cuttings must be packed in wooden crates according to GOST 12082-82, types II-3 and II-4 or boxes according to GOST 2991-85, type II-2.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.30. When transporting shovels in transport packages, their formation must be carried out on pallets in accordance with GOST 9078-84.

Transport packages must be fastened with steel packing tape in accordance with GOST 3560-73 or steel wire in accordance with GOST 3282-74.

Transport package dimensions - 800´1200´900 mm.

Package weight - no more than 1000 kg.

(Revised edition, Rev. No. 1).

2.31. When sending products in universal containers in accordance with GOST 20435-75 and GOST 22225-76, bundles should not be packed in an overpack.

2.32. Packaging of products shipped to the Far North and remote areas - according to GOST 15846-79.

3. ACCEPTANCE

3.1. Acceptance and periodic tests should be carried out to verify the compliance of shovels with the requirements of this standard.

3.2. Shovels for acceptance are presented in batches. A batch is considered to be shovels made in one shift and presented for acceptance according to one document.

3.3. Acceptance tests should be carried out in the following scope: for compliance with the requirements of paragraphs. 2.4; 2.7; 2.12 - 2.19; 2.25 and 2.26 - 100% of products, for compliance with the requirements of paragraphs. 2.3 (before painting); 2.5; 2.6 (before painting); 2.9 - 2.11 (2.9 - before assembly with the handle); 2.20; 2.21; 2.24; 2.26 - 0.1% of shovels and 0.5% of cuttings from the accepted batch, but not less than 5 pcs. The results of the spot check shall be applied to the entire lot.

3.4. Periodic tests should be carried out at least once a quarter in the scope of acceptance tests with additional control of the requirements of paragraphs. 2.1; 2.2; 2.8; 2.22 and 2.24. For periodic testing, 1% of shovels from the batch are selected, but not less than 10 pieces.

3.5. If unsatisfactory test results are obtained for at least one of the indicators, a re-test of a double number of shovels taken from the same batch should be carried out.

The results of the retest are final.

4. CONTROL METHODS

4.1. The appearance of the blades and the strength of the connections (clauses 2.4; 2.7; 2.12 - 2.19; 2.25) should be checked visually by comparison with standard samples.

4.2. Checking the dimensions of shovels, maximum deviations of dimensions, the angle of sharpening and the thickness of the cutting edge (clauses 2.1; 2.5; 2.6; 2.9 - 2.11) should be carried out with a universal measuring tool or templates.

Checking the deviation of the surface of the blades of shovels from the nominal should be carried out at the extreme points of the section A-A indicated in Fig. 2 - 16.

4.3. The hardness of the shovel blade (clause 2.3) should be determined according to GOST 9013-59 at 5 points 15–50 mm away from the blade edge and evenly spaced along the perimeter.

4.4. The strength of the shovel blade is checked in a fixture that clamps the blade at a distance of 115 mm from the cutting edge.

The shovel blade is subjected to a preload equal to 2/3 of the bending moment according to clause 2.8. After removing the load, the position of the handle is fixed at a distance of 700 mm from the clamping point.

After loading the web with a full bending moment and removing the load, the position of the handle is fixed at the same distance. The difference in measurements should not exceed 7 mm.

The transition zone of the tulle to the web (from the advance line to the end of the tulle or lining), as well as welded and riveted joints, are checked for strength in a device that ensures their loading with the bending moment specified in clause 2.8, while the lower support should be located on the advance line. The specified zone and connections must withstand a bending moment for 1 min.

(New edition, Rev. No. 1).

4.5. The strength of the handle should be checked in a device simulating a tulle by applying a bending moment in accordance with clause 2.23. After testing, the handle should not have cracks or delaminations.

(New edition, Rev. No. 1).

4.6. Knots should not exceed the dimensions specified by GOST 2695-83.

4.7. Checking the moisture content of wooden parts (clause 2.22) - according to GOST 16483.7-71 or according to GOST 16588-79.

4.8. The surface roughness of wooden parts should be determined according to GOST 15612-85 before applying the paintwork.

4.9. The tangential slope of the fibers should be checked on lumber or blanks in accordance with GOST 2140-81.

5. TRANSPORT AND STORAGE

5.1. Shovels are transported by any type of transport in covered vehicles or universal containers in accordance with the transportation rules applicable to a particular type of transport.

5.2. Storage of packed shovels - according to group C GOST 15150-69.

6. MANUFACTURER WARRANTY

6.1. The manufacturer must ensure that the manufactured shovels comply with the requirements of this standard, subject to the conditions of transportation, storage and operation.

6.2. The warranty period for the operation of shovels is 12 months from the date of sale through the retail trade network, and for shovels of non-market consumption - from the moment of receipt by the consumer.

APPENDIX. (Deleted, Rev. No. 1).

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR

PERFORMERS

E.A. Ants, cand. tech. sciences (topic leader); A.S. Mylnikov, cand. tech. sciences; V.A. Rabovsky; N.S. Cheremnykh; V.M. eidenson, cand. tech. sciences; A.I. Seletkov, cand. tech. sciences; V.V. corrol, cand. tech. Sciences