Space debris: problems and solutions. The global problem of peaceful space exploration

Pavlyukhina Daria

The problem of space debris is still not solved all over the world.

But what to do?

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SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE

MOU "Secondary School No. 24"

Space debris: problems and solutions.

Student 8 "A" class

Pavlyukhina Daria

Work manager:

biology teacher

Staselko E.O.

Bratsk, 2011

I. Introduction ............................................... ................................................. .................

II. Space exploration: prospects and problems .............................................. ...........

1.Characteristics of space debris .............................................. .........................

2. Space debris in Orbit .............................................. ...................................

3. Problems of space debris ............................................... .................................

4. The impact of space rocket launches on the near-Earth environment ..............................................

5. Solutions ............................................................... ................................................. .............

III. Conclusion .................................................. ................................................. ..............

IV. References ............................................................... ................................................. ..

Introduction

Mankind has always had an inherent desire to explain the various deviations of the weather from the "norm", or simply speaking, from certain average weather conditions observed over a very limited period of time on a historical scale.

Naturally, for such explanations, some new types of human activity, large-scale and visibly included in our lives. It is appropriate to recall that in the past, very unflattering statements in connection with the possible influence on the weather were heard, for example, against the radio. In any case, it is known that in 1928 the English joint-stock company "Radio transmission" was forced to apply to the English Meteorological Society with a request "... to refute the confidence among the general public that radio causes weather deterioration, and to remove from radio broadcasts a grave accusation of involvement in bad weather this summer.

Nowadays, in a crowd of people hurrying about their business in the next rain, no, no, and you can hear what was said, rather in jest than seriously: “Again, the satellite must have been launched - the weather was ruined.” In this regard, it should immediately be said that artificial satellites of the Earth have no effect on the weather. And if we are to discuss space flights in connection with the weather, then first of all we should talk about the most valuable meteorological information that is obtained with the help of satellites and during the work of astronauts on board orbital stations. We have become accustomed to satellite images of cloud cover, shown on Central Television in connection with the next weather forecast. It comes as no surprise that the astronauts working aboard the orbital station are directly approached by the television studio with the question of the likelihood of sunny weather over the coming weekend.

It must be said that anthropogenic impacts associated with the impact of human activities on weather, climate and, in a broader sense, on the natural environment, in some cases are now becoming comparable to the planetary scale of natural processes. , although still insignificant, changes in the composition of the atmosphere, etc. .

All this gives grounds to say that outer space will gradually become unique: a part of the human habitat and activities, the content of the concept of "environment" will expand to include near-Earth space in this concept. Thus, the process of greening the cosmos is already underway, which means “expanding the sphere of human habitation, its interaction with nature to cosmic scales, the expansion of the sphere of interaction between society and nature beyond the planet, the process of development, “socialization” of the Universe.”

On the other hand, space technology itself is also capable of causing certain perturbations in the surrounding space environment. This happens due to the release of rocket fuel combustion products into the atmosphere during spacecraft launches, due to the emissions of various gaseous, liquid and solid substances from spacecraft during their operation in orbits and when moving in outer space, etc. However, the available data show that that at present the total impact on the atmosphere associated with human space activity is much less than the impact due to its economic activity on Earth.

In order to study the problem of anthropogenic impacts on near-Earth space associated with human activities both on Earth and in space, in 1976, by decision of COSPAR (Committee on space research(International Council of Scientific Unions) established a commission to consider such possible harmful effects on the space environment. At the COSPAR conference in 1979, this commission reported on the main directions of ongoing research, and in 1982 some preliminary results of research on the problem of anthropogenic impacts on near-Earth outer space were published.

I am very interested in this question and I want to find an answer to it.

Objective: study the problems of space pollution.

Work tasks:

• get acquainted with the literature on this topic;
• analyze literary sources;
• identify the main problem of space debris;
• find ways to solve space debris problems

Space exploration: prospects and problems

At the dawn of the space age, in the 60s, several scientific symposiums were held, the participants of which tried to determine the prospects for the development of astronautics. Experts from various fields, diverging in the details of their views on specific ways of developing research and space exploration, were unanimous that in the conditions of the peaceful development of civilization, space exploration opens up fundamentally new opportunities for increasing the scientific and technical potential of mankind. In the 1970s, some fundamentally new ideas were put forward and new experimental data were obtained, which determined the paths for further exploration of outer space.

The main trend in the exploration of near-Earth space, which clearly manifested itself in the 1970s, was the solution of a wide range of applied problems using the most diverse space technology.

In connection with the creation of modular long-term orbital stations of a new generation and the need to build other large-sized space structures (for example, multi-purpose space platforms, orbital radio astronomy complexes, etc.), construction and installation work in space is becoming increasingly important.

It seems promising to use (for example, in space construction) materials of extraterrestrial origin. At a certain stage, this may turn out to be more cost-effective compared to the delivery of materials from the Earth. As a raw material for the production of space building materials considered mineral resources Moon and some asteroids. In this regard, real work is already underway various projects lunar settlements, on the basis of which mining complexes and processing enterprises can be created in the future.

It is planned to use a nuclear reactor to provide power to lunar settlements, it is planned to create closed life support systems, transparent domes for growing crops, etc. Of course, the industrial development of the Moon is associated with the need to solve many complex technical problems and will be carried out in stages over decades.

It must be said that forecasting the ways of development of astronautics in the conditions of its rapid progress, the constant emergence of new scientific and technical information, new ideas, projects and developments, of course, is extremely tricky business. Before our eyes, over the past few years, many major space projects have been radically re-evaluated.

But regardless of the specific ways of further development of astronautics, the expansion of the scale economic activity man in space in the future may require solving the problems of the ecology of near-Earth space, which are to a certain extent characteristic of the terrestrial ecology: the problems of the impact of space vehicles on near-Earth space and the problems of its pollution with emissions of gaseous, liquid and solid waste from space industrial complexes.

Of course, the aggravation of these problems can be expected, apparently, only in the next century, but it is very important now to deeply and carefully study all types of anthropogenic impacts on the space environment, to analyze the environmental prospects for activities in space, since neglect of the requirements of ecology and environmental protection can ultimately nullify the fruits of technological progress.

Speaking about the problems associated with the pollution of outer space, one cannot fail to mention the projects being put forward to send highly toxic and radioactive waste from ground-based industrial enterprises. Although it would seem that the removal of such waste into space is more favorable for the Earth's biosphere than their burial in mines or in the depths of the ocean (provided, of course, that the operation of sending waste from Earth is guaranteed to be absolutely safe and reliable), such projects require careful environmental management. examinations.

The near-Earth space as a whole is a very dynamic and unstable system, which, under the influence of external influences, can go into an unstable state.

Characteristics of space debris

What is space debris?

space junk-these are satellites that have failed, but remained in orbit, the upper stages and upper stages of launch vehicles, dropped fuel tanks, fragments of destroyed space objects, as well as springs, bolts, nuts, plugs and similar trifles. Space debris refers to all artificial objects and their fragments in space that are already out of order, do not function and can never again serve any useful purpose, but are dangerous factor impact on functioning spacecraft, especially manned ones. In some cases, large objects of space debris or those containing hazardous (nuclear, toxic, etc.) materials on board can pose a direct danger to the Earth as well - in case of their uncontrolled de-orbit, incomplete combustion during the passage of dense layers of the Earth's atmosphere and the fallout of debris on settlements, industrial facilities, transport communications, etc.

The problem of space debris

We habitually associate the concept of “borderless” with the cosmos, but in a certain sense, the tightness in space is already really beginning to be felt, and here again the analogy with the earthly environmental issues. Just as with a small number of cars a few decades ago, the issue of their air pollution was not an acute issue. exhaust gases and the danger of car collisions with each other was very insignificant, so the relatively small number of spacecraft launches so far does not yet cause serious concerns about space "traffic accidents".

However, in the future - during the construction and operation of near-Earth industrial complexes, during the industrial exploration of the Moon - the situation may change dramatically. The organization of large-scale cargo transportation on the Earth-space route will be required, large-sized objects will appear in orbits, and the number of artificial objects in near-Earth outer space will noticeably increase. Therefore, the basics rational decision future space transport problems, including their environmental aspect, should be laid down now.

Modern powerful launch vehicles, when putting into orbit a payload weighing several tens of tons, consume fuel 20-30 times more than the mass of the payload. For example, the launch mass of the American Saturn-5 rocket was 2900 tons, while its payload was about 100 tons. As a result, hundreds of tons of combustion products were released into the atmosphere with each launch of a powerful rocket.

By burning fuel different types on Earth, more than 20 billion tons enter the atmosphere annually carbon dioxide and over 700 million tons of other gaseous compounds and solid particles, including about 150 million tons of sour gas. The latter, combining with atmospheric moisture, forms sulfuric acid, which can lead to the so-called acid rain, which negatively affects the flora and fauna.

It is clear that on a global scale, the atmospheric emissions created by launching even more powerful rockets during the year are negligible compared to industrial emissions.

A special study was also made of the question of possible pollution of the atmosphere by the combustion products of satellites that cease to exist in the dense layers of the atmosphere. True, calculations show that even with the planned expansion of space activities in the coming decades, the combustion of satellites and other spacecraft in the dense layers of the atmosphere should not lead to its strong pollution. For example, the expected increase in the content of nitrogen oxide in the upper atmosphere is no more than 0.05%. No significant accumulation of various toxic compounds in the atmosphere due to such combustion is also expected.

One can, of course, assume the possibility of local pollution of the atmosphere (and even the earth's surface, if the combustion products reach it), although such effects have not been observed. Nevertheless, one of the requirements for spacecraft materials is the release of a minimum amount of toxic substances during combustion in the atmosphere.

Impact of space rocket launches on the near-Earth environment

Already in the 1960s, researchers who observed the ionosphere during launches of powerful launch vehicles drew attention to unusual phenomena in the ionosphere: after launch, the ionosphere seemed to disappear near the rocket’s wake, but after an hour or two, the picture of the normal ionosphere was restored. It has been suggested that the gases ejected into the ionosphere during the flight of a rocket "push out" the rarefied ionospheric plasma. As a result, a region with a reduced plasma density is formed in the ionosphere - a "hole", which, after the spreading of the gas cloud, is again tightened.

The impetus for further research into the phenomena in the ionosphere accompanying rocket launches was the discovery of the so-called "Skylab effect", which was revealed during the launch in May 1973 of the powerful Saturn-5 launch vehicle, which launched the Skylab station into space. The launch vehicle engines operated up to altitudes of 300-400 km, i.e., in the F-region of the ionosphere, where the maximum ionization of the ionosphere is located. Comparison of the data on the concentration of electrons in the ionosphere during the launch of the Skylab station and the day before showed that this concentration after the launch of the launch vehicle decreased by 50%, and the area of ​​disturbance in the ionosphere, according to the observations of radio beacons, reached approximately 1 million square meters. km.

Data on ionospheric disturbances during launches of powerful launch vehicles have confirmed the need for a thorough and comprehensive study of the impacts of existing and future transport space systems on the near-Earth environment. To date, a number of experimental studies and model evaluations of the impact that emissions from propulsion systems of these systems have on chemical composition atmosphere.

Thus, aerosol particles ejected by launch vehicle engines can exist in the stratosphere for up to a year or more, which can affect thermal balance atmosphere. In addition, combustion products such as chlorine, nitrogen, and hydrogen compounds catalyze reactions involving ozone molecules and their role in the ozone photochemical cycle is significant, despite their relatively low concentrations in the stratosphere.

The ionosphere is “contaminated” not only by rocket launches. During flights of large spacecraft, such as orbital stations, as a result of microflows and gas separation of materials, as well as the operation of various onboard systems, the already mentioned own atmosphere of spacecraft is formed, the parameters of which can differ significantly from the characteristics of the environment. According to measurements of environmental parameters near the Skylab station and MTKK, an increase in pressure near these spacecraft by 3-4 orders of magnitude was recorded compared to the pressure in the surrounding atmosphere. Noticeable changes were also noted in the neutral and ionic composition, due to the outgassing of station materials, in electromagnetic radiation, and charged particle fluxes.

official status on international level it received after the report of the UN Secretary-General entitled "The impact of outer space activities on environment» December 10, 1993, where it was specifically noted that the problem is of an international, global nature: there is no contamination of the national near-Earth space, there is a contamination of the Earth's outer space, which equally negatively affects all countries directly or indirectly participating in its development.

Contribution to the creation of space debris by country:

China - 40%; USA - 27.5%; Russia - 25.5%; other countries - 7%.

The need for measures to reduce the intensity of technogenic space pollution becomes clear when considering possible scenarios for space exploration in the future. Thus, there are estimates of the so-called “cascade effect”, which in the medium term may arise from the mutual collision of objects and particles of “space debris”, when extrapolating the existing clogging conditions in low Earth orbits (LEO), even taking into account measures to reduce the number of orbital orbits in the future. explosions (42% of all space debris) and other measures to reduce man-made clogging, can in the long term lead to a catastrophic increase in the number of orbital debris objects in LEO and, as a result, to the practical impossibility of further space exploration. It is assumed that "after 2055, the process of self-propagation of the remnants of human space activity will become a serious problem"

Russian cosmonautics is increasingly acquiring international significance. More than half of the world's spacecraft are launched into orbit by Russian rockets. Cosmonautics today is a social phenomenon. It is no coincidence that the attention of the Russian leadership is to the space industry.

Not so long ago, an event occurred in orbit that forced the crew of the International Space Station to leave work at the station and take refuge in the Soyuz descent vehicle. The danger of rendezvous with space debris passed, and the crew did not have to leave the station and return to Earth. But this situation has again sharpened attention to the problem of space debris.

The problem with debris in space is quite acute. Pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of Russia Fyodor Yurchikhin in the studio of the TV channel "Vesti" asked questions on this topical topic of the space field to Igor Evgenievich Molotov, a senior researcher at the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics - the leading organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences on space debris problems.

The situation on the ISS is an untimely forecast of a dangerous approach. Why?

Because this time the dangerous encounter was with an object that was approaching in a highly elliptical orbit. This is an orbit that is difficult to observe from one side, so it is not very well controlled.

Ways to solve space debris.

To solve this problem you need:

• formation of technologies and designs leading to waste minimization;
• development of space equipment designs, including service systems and scientific equipment, adapted for use in space after the expiration of its resource;
• selection of the most effective directions for the use in space flight of waste generated as a result of the operation of the equipment and the life of the crew;
• it is necessary to think over in advance measures for the elimination of space debris;
• it is important to reduce the number of vehicles launched into space and the use of multi-purpose satellites;
• after the resource is exhausted, take them to the dense layers of the atmosphere, where they will burn out, or to less “populated” orbits;
• formation of the interior of living compartments, formation of additional means of radiation protection, formation of equipment used on other celestial bodies.

Conclusion:

First - forests, lakes and rivers, then - the atmosphere, seas and oceans... Mankind does not treat its native planet too carefully, otherwise the problem of environmental pollution would not be so acute today. But if our Earth still has a limited size, then the Universe is infinite, and, it would seem, you can’t fill it up with garbage. No matter how! The laws of gravity cause most space debris to accumulate in near-Earth space. Meanwhile, although less than half a century has passed since the beginning of space exploration, which by the standards of the Universe is a vanishingly small period of time, humanity has short term not only managed to make more than 4 thousand launches of carrier rockets, but also managed to pretty clog outer space. If we do not take care of the environment, then everything around us and people may die. Space also requires care.

Bibliography:

1.http://ru.wikipedia.org

2.http://forumru.

3.http://www.rian.ru

4.http://news.mail.ru

5.http://www.ufolove.ru

6.http://www.ntpo.com

7.http://www.3dnews.ru

8.http://www.vesti.ru

9.http://www.kommtrans.ru

10.http://www.dw-world.de

11.http://mai607.ru

12.http://readings.gmik.ru

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Space debris: problems and solutions.

The purpose of the work: To study the problems of space pollution.

Tasks of the work: To get acquainted with the literature on this topic. Analyze literary sources. Identify the main problem of space pollution. Find ways to solve problems.

Space junk?

Space debris in orbit. Contribution to the creation of space debris by country: China - 40%; USA - 27.5%; Russia - 25.5%; other countries - 7%.

Problems of space debris. "A French spy satellite has fallen victim to 'stellar debris' that has accumulated in the vicinity of our planet," is the first space accident! Space debris reduces the accuracy of weather forecasts. At the end of March, the new communication satellite Express-AM11 stopped its work, in connection with which television broadcasting was interrupted in the eastern regions of Russia and serious interruptions began in the Internet. Junkyard in the sky - trouble on Earth

Ways to solve space debris. It is necessary to think over in advance measures for the elimination of space debris. It is important to reduce the number of vehicles launched into space and the use of multi-purpose satellites. After the resource is exhausted, take them to the dense layers of the atmosphere, where they will burn out, or to less "populated" orbits.

Conclusion: If we do not take care of the environment, then everything around us and people may die. Space also requires care.

References: http://ru.wikipedia.org http://forumru. http://www.rian.ru http://news.mail.ru http://www.ufolove.ru http://www.ntpo.com http://www.3dnews.ru http://www .vesti.ru http://www.kommtrans.ru http://www.dw-world.de http://mai607.ru http://readings.gmik.ru

The topicality of posing this problem is quite obvious. Human flights in near-Earth orbits have helped us to form a true picture of the surface of the Earth, many planets, the earth's firmament and ocean expanses. They gave a new idea of the globe as the hearth of life and the understanding that man and nature are an inseparable whole. Cosmonautics provided real opportunity to solve important national economic problems: the improvement of international communication systems, long-term weather forecasting, the development of maritime and air transport navigation.

At the same time, astronautics still has great potential opportunities. According to many scientists, astronautics is able to help in solving the global energy problem by creating space devices that receive and process solar energy, as well as by taking too energy-intensive industries into space. Astronautics opens up considerable opportunities for building a global geophysical information system, which can be used to develop a model of the Earth and general theory processes occurring on its surface, in the atmosphere and near-Earth space. There are many other tempting areas of application of the achievements of astronautics.

A number of reputable scientists in the field of astronautics advocate the immediate "settlement" of space. At the same time, as an argument, they recall that the existence of our planet is threatened by many asteroids and comets scurrying around the Earth.

An important component of the global problem of space exploration is the presence in the near-Earth space of fragments of satellites and launch vehicles that threaten not only space flights, but also, if they fall to the Earth, its inhabitants. Still international law, which provides for the free use of outer space by all states, does not regulate the problem of space debris in any way.

As a result, today "low" orbits (between 150 and 2000 km), which are used for observing the Earth, and geostationary (36,000 km) used for telecommunications, resemble a kind of "space dump". The United States of America is primarily to blame for this, behind which (in 1994) there were 2676 items, Russia (2359) and Western Europe, though to a lesser extent (500).

One of the ways to clean up near-Earth orbits is to transfer spent rockets and satellites to “sidings”. AT technical terms their return to Earth is also possible, but at this stage such operations are excluded due to their high cost. Sooner or later, all objects in space themselves return to Earth. In past years, several wrecks of American and Russian ships fell on our planet, fortunately, there were no casualties. (There are known cases of affected countries presenting financial accounts to the owners of the debris.) Finally, the development of especially strong shields is underway that can protect new spacecraft from various troubles in the event of a collision with flying objects.

Before the beginning of the first space flights, all near-Earth space, and even more so "distant" space, the universe, were considered something unknown. And only later they began to recognize that between the Universe and the Earth - this smallest particle of it - there is an inextricable relationship and unity. Earthlings began to consider themselves participants in all processes taking place in outer space. The close interaction of the Earth's biosphere with the space environment gives grounds to assert that the processes occurring in the Universe have

impact on our planet. Developing space activities, it is necessary to make an ecological orientation of astronautics, since the absence of the latter can lead to irreversible consequences.

It should be noted that already at the birth of the foundations of theoretical astronautics, environmental aspects played an important role, and, above all, in the works of K.E. Tsiolkovsky. In his opinion, the very exit of man into space is the development of a completely new ecological "niche", different from the earthly one.

Near space (or near-Earth space) is the gaseous envelope of the Earth, which is located above the surface atmosphere, and whose behavior is determined by the direct influence of solar ultraviolet radiation, while the state of the atmosphere is mainly influenced by the Earth's surface.

Until recently, scientists believed that the exploration of near space has almost no effect on the weather, climate and other living conditions on Earth. Therefore, it is not surprising that space exploration was carried out without regard to ecology. The emergence of ozone holes made scientists think. But, as studies show, the problem of preserving the ozone layer is only a small part of a much more general problem of protecting and rationally using near-Earth space, and, above all, that part of it that forms the upper atmosphere and for which ozone is only one of its components. According to the relative strength of the impact on the upper atmosphere, the launch space rocket similar to the explosion of an atomic bomb in the earth's atmosphere.

Space is a new environment for man, not yet inhabited. But here, too, the age-old problem of clogging the environment arose, this time the space one. There is also the problem of pollution of near-Earth space by debris from spacecraft. Moreover, there is a distinction between observable and unobservable space debris, the amount of which is unknown. Space debris appears during the operation of orbital spacecraft, their subsequent deliberate elimination. It also includes spent spacecraft, upper stages, detachable structural elements such as pyrobolt adapters, covers, fairings, the last stages of launch vehicles, and the like.

According to modern data, there are 3,000 tons of space debris in near space, which is about 1% of the mass of the entire upper atmosphere above 200 kilometers. Growing space debris poses a serious threat to space stations and manned flights. Already today, the creators of space technology are forced to take into account the troubles that they themselves have created. Space debris is dangerous not only for astronauts and space technology, but also for earthlings. Experts have calculated that out of 150 pieces of spacecraft that have reached the surface of the planet, one is very likely to seriously injure or even kill a person. Thus, if effective measures are not taken by mankind in the very near future to combat space debris, then the space age in the history of mankind may end ingloriously in the near future.

Outer space is not under the jurisdiction of any state. This is in its purest form an international object of protection. Thus, one of the important problems that arise in the process of industrial space exploration is to determine the specific factors of the permissible limits of anthropogenic impact on the environment and near-Earth space. It is impossible not to admit that today there is a negative impact of space technology on the environment (destruction of the ozone layer, contamination of the atmosphere with oxides of metals, carbon, nitrogen, and near space with parts of used spacecraft). Therefore, it is very important to study the consequences of its influence from the point of view of ecology.

Conclusion

Environmental pollution, depletion of natural resources and disruption of ecological links in ecosystems have become global problems. And if humanity continues to follow the current path of development, then its death, according to the leading ecologists of the world, is inevitable in two or three generations.

The earth is like a library. It should remain in the same state even after we have nourished our minds by reading all her books and enriching ourselves with the ideas of new authors. Life is the most valuable book. We must treat her with love, but try not to tear a single thing out of her.

pages to pass it - with new remarks - into the hands of those who can decipher the language of the forefathers, hoping to honor the world that they will leave to their sons and daughters.

The world of science in relation to astronautics, despite small successes in this area, has been practically stagnant for the past 50 years. Although huge funds are spent on the research sphere, this does not bring practical results to mankind. This indicates a deep systemic crisis in the global space industry. Why? This situation is primarily due to the fact that the world society is in a state of cultural, moral and spiritual systemic crisis, in the thinking of modern man dominated by a consumer attitude to life. Scientific funding has moved from the stage of “benefiting people” to the track “it is prestigious that they are doing this in our country”, and in fact there is a scientific stagnation.

This state of affairs also applies to the field of space exploration. There are too many unsolved problems facing the world of science, such as meteorite hazard, astronaut health in outer space, cosmic radiation (radiation), etc.

Unexpected meeting spaceship with a meteorite can end tragically for the aircraft. The speed of the meteorites that we see in the night sky, like “shooting stars”, is on average 50 times higher than the speed of a bullet. Also of considerable danger are artificial space objects, the so-called space debris, for example, lost satellites, fragments of exploded rockets, bolts, cables that revolve around the earth. The littering of space and the unwillingness of people to jointly solve these problems creates a threat of deepening confrontation between countries. For example, a unique orbit, the only one for all actively operating communication satellites, is the geostationary orbit. However, today, out of 1200 objects located on it, only a few hundred are actively working satellites, the rest is the “space debris” of civilization. This suggests that in the next 20 years, while maintaining the same intensity of launching satellites into geostationary orbit, the unique resource will eventually be exhausted and competition for the required place in this orbit will increase many times over.

The inability of the human physical body to adapt to the conditions of outer space. Experimental flights have shown that the absence of gravity adversely affects human health. A year on Earth does not remove the consequences of the flight, because in conditions of weightlessness, bone mass is lost, fat metabolism is disturbed, muscles weaken, and a person, returning to normal conditions of existence, cannot stand on his feet, and consciousness, sometimes, unable to withstand the drop, simply turns off. Experts say that the consequences of a long stay in space can be very sad for a person: this is not only a problem with memory, but also the possible loss of some body functions associated with the reproductive process, the occurrence of cancerous tumors and much more.

High level of radioactive emissions. The particles that are on the way out into outer space have a huge energy charge of more than 10 20 eV, which is millions more than available for production, for example, in the Large Hadron Collider. And all this happens because the conditions in which elementary particles are found on Earth and in space have significant differences. At modern science too few answers regarding the behavior and properties of elementary particles.

Launch into space. Today, cosmonautics still, as it did 52 years ago, relies on rocket technology, that is, humanity can go into space so far only with the help of rocket launches. Now cosmonautics does not have promising carriers capable of making a new evolutionary leap in the development of this industry.

But society is capable of solving any problems if the development of a person is transferred from the vector of selfish consumption to the vector of spiritual creation. Everything in the world consists of elementary particles. But absolute, precise knowledge about what exactly elementary particles consist of and how to control them is necessary. Only with the help of such knowledge can one create the necessary conditions to achieve the desired results, reproduce the processes in the required quality and quantity. Already now, thanks to the knowledge of the PRIMORDIALALLATRA PHYSICS, ongoing Scientific research in many areas, including the latest technologies for space exploration.

prepared by the international research group ALLATRA SCIENCE: "Knowledge of PRIMORDIAL ALLATRA PHYSICS opens access to an inexhaustible source of energy that is everywhere, including in outer space. This is a renewable energy, thanks to which elementary particles are created, they move and interact. The ability to receive it and transfer it from one state to another opens up a new, safe, easily accessible source of alternative energy for every person.” Given that the visible world consists of elementary particles, knowing their combinations can be artificially created in required quantity, food, water, air, necessary protection from radiation and so on, thereby solving not only the problem of human survival in space, but also the exploration of other planets.

PRIMORDIAL ALLATRA PHYSICS is based on universal moral principles, it is able to give comprehensive answers and solve not only these problems. This is a science leading to evolutionary space breakthroughs, this is a huge potential for creating new research and scientific directions. Knowledge of PRIMORDIAL ALLATRA PHYSICS gives a fundamentally new understanding of the answers to the questions: “What to fly on?”, “How far can you fly?”, “In what conditions to fly and how to create artificial gravity close to earth conditions on board a spaceship?”, "Howlive autonomously in space?”, “How to protect the ship from cosmic radiation?”. They also reveal an understanding of the essence of the Universe itself, which is a natural "laboratory" of elementary particles and sets up "experiments" in conditions that are impossible on Earth.

Yana Semyonova

Our Motherland was the first in the history of mankind to open the way to space. The space age of the planet began with the launch first artificial satellite Earth launched by the USSR $4$ October $1957$ and the world's first cosmonaut - Yu.A. Gagarin. The satellite of the country of the Soviets measured the density of the upper atmosphere, received data on the propagation of radio signals in the ionosphere, made it possible to work out the issues of launching into orbit, etc. It was an aluminum sphere, the diameter of which was only $58$ cm. The mass of the satellite with four whip antennas was $83.6$ kg. The length of the antennas was $2.4$-$2.9$ m. The equipment and power supplies were located inside the satellite.

Second Soviet satellite entered orbit $3 $November. It was not just a satellite, in its separate pressurized cabin there was a passenger - the dog Laika and a telemetry system that recorded the behavior of the dog in weightlessness.

In response to the launch of Soviet satellites $6$ December $1957$, the United States attempted to launch its own satellite " Vanguard-1". The satellite was supposed to be delivered to low Earth orbit by a launch vehicle developed by research laboratory Navy. Rising above the launch pad, a second later the rocket fell, exploding on impact. The experiment ended unsuccessfully.

In the next $1958$, the Americans launched a satellite into orbit " Explorer-1". With a length of less than $1 meter, a diameter of $15.2 cm, and a mass of $4.8 kg, the satellite was not at all a candidate for champions. Together with the launch vehicle that put it into orbit, the mass increased to $14$ kg. The satellite was equipped with sensors to determine the external and internal temperatures, erosion and impact sensors to determine the flows of micrometeorites, as well as a Geiger-Muller counter, which made it possible to register penetrating cosmic rays.

The second attempt to put into orbit " Vanguard-1”In February $1958$, like the first one, ended in failure, and only $17$March the satellite was put into orbit. To put the Avangard-1 into orbit, the Americans made $11$ attempts from December $1957$ to September $1959$. Only three attempts were successful. Thanks to satellites, space science has received new data on density upper layers atmosphere, accurate mapping of islands in the Pacific Ocean has been obtained.

USA in August $1958$ from Cape Canaveral tried to launch in the vicinity of the Moon probe with scientific equipment, but the launch vehicle exploded after flying $77$ km.

The second attempt to launch a lunar probe " Pioneer-1»In October $1958$ also failed. Subsequent launches were also unsuccessful.

Only " Pioneer-4”, launched in March $ 1959 $, managed to partially fulfill the task - it flew past the Moon at a distance of $ 60 $ thousand km instead of the planned $ 24 $ thousand.

It turns out that the priority in the launch first probe also belonged to the USSR. The Americans sought to overtake the USSR in space exploration, and after the failure to launch an artificial satellite of the Earth, their eyes were turned to the moon. The Decree of the Soviet Government on launching stations to the Moon was issued in September $1958$.

First launch launch vehicle " Vostok-L"was carried out in January $1959$. The rocket put an automatic interplanetary station (AMS) on a flight path to the Moon" Luna-1". After passing at a distance of $ 6 $ thousand km from the lunar surface, Luna-1 entered the heliocentric orbit and became the first spacecraft in the world to reach the second space velocity, overcoming the earth's gravity, and becoming an artificial satellite of the Sun. The main goal, which was to fly from one celestial body to another, was not achieved, but, nevertheless, it was a huge breakthrough in space exploration. Science has received practical information in the field of space flights to other celestial bodies. All this was taken into account.

And from the Baikonur Cosmodrome $12$ September $1959$ an automatic interplanetary station was launched " Luna-2”, which already $14 September reached the surface of the moon, making the first ever flight from one celestial body to another. A pennant was delivered to the lunar surface, on which was inscribed " USSR».

The problem of space debris

Definition 1

All faulty artificial objects and their parts that are a dangerous factor influencing spacecraft, including manned ones, are called space debris

Space debris poses an immediate and direct danger to the Earth in the form of debris falling onto settlements, industrial facilities, transport communications, etc.

Around our planet at a tremendous speed, sometimes $27 thousand km/h, idle satellites, spacecraft and their fragments, spent rocket stages, various technical rubbish, etc. rotate along their own trajectory.

Garbage in the Earth's orbit began to appear since the late $1950s, this is the time when the first rockets and artificial satellites were launched, and it is hard to imagine how much of it has accumulated over almost $60$ years of near-Earth space exploration. This, originally theoretical problem mine official status received in December 1993 $ after the report of the UN Secretary-General entitled "The impact of space activities on the environment." The problem of space debris has a global character, because there can be no clogging of the national near-Earth space, there is a clogging of the outer space of the planet. The catastrophic growth of orbital debris can lead to the impossibility of further space exploration. The data of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs give a figure of $300,000 man-made objects with a total weight of up to $5,000 tons. The number of such objects, with a diameter of more than $1$ cm, can reach $100$ thousand, and a small part of them have been discovered.

All discovered objects are included in catalogs For example, the US Strategic Command catalog of such objects for $2013 contained $16.6 thousand, most of which was created by the USSR, the USA, and the PRC. In the Russian catalog for $2014$, $15.8 thousand space debris objects were recorded. Their high speed poses a threat of collision with active spacecraft. And there are such examples when two artificial satellites collided - Kosmos $2251$ and Iridium $33$. The collision occurred on $10 February $2009$. The satellites were completely destroyed and formed more than $600$ of debris.

Different countries contribute to the creation of space debris:

1. Chinese space debris - $40$%;
2. USA gives $27.5%;
3. Russia clutters space by $25.5%;
4. The rest of the countries account for $7$%.

There are estimates for 2014:

1. Russia – $39.7%;
2. USA - $28.9%;
3. China - $22.8%.

If space debris is more than $1$ cm across, then effective measures there is no protection against them, therefore, in order to ensure a solution to the problem of space debris, international cooperation is developing in priority areas.

They are as follows:

1. Mandatory environmental monitoring of near-Earth space - monitoring of debris and maintaining a catalog of space debris objects;
2. The use of mathematical modeling and the creation of international information systems for the purpose of predicting contamination;
3. Development of means and methods for protecting spacecraft from the effects of space debris;
4. Implementation of measures aimed at reducing the contamination of near-Earth space.
5. In the near future, attention should be paid to control measures that would exclude its formation.

Peaceful space exploration

The era of space exploration requires the implementation of space programs, which means that many countries must concentrate their technical, economic, intellectual efforts, so the second half of the XX$ century has become an arena of multilateral international cooperation. Space exploration is another global problem. In the $70s, the international organization Intersputnik was created, headquartered in Moscow. Today, more than $100$ of private and state companies of the countries of the world use space communications through this system. Astronomers around the world take part in observations at modern orbital observatories. So far, there are space solar power plants in the projects, which they plan to place in a heliocentric orbit. All the latest achievements in science and technology, production and management underlie space exploration. Modern technology makes it possible to photograph distant planets and their satellites, conduct research and transmit important data to Earth.

Remark 1

Peaceful space exploration means, first of all, the rejection of military programs.

In $1963, more than $100 $countries of the world signed in Moscow the Treaty Banning Tests in Space, Atmosphere, and Underwater Nuclear Weapons. Space does not belong to anyone, which means that its peaceful development is a common task and problem for all countries. Mankind has gone beyond the boundary of the Earth's atmosphere and has begun to explore outer space.

One of the areas of use of outer space is space production. This direction includes the development of new materials, alternative sources energy, space technologies. They are necessary in order to obtain new alloys, grow crystals, create medicines, carry out assembly and welding work, etc.

Mankind is obliged to make space not a battlefield, but foundation for the new Coming One. For many years, outer space has been a space for military-political rivalry, but today it must be turned into an arena of peaceful cooperation. It is very important for all mankind that the exploration of outer space be exclusively peaceful. Russia's strategic priority is the comprehensive expansion and deepening of work in space. The country has a unique space potential, especially in long-term space flights. In March of this year, the head of Roscosmos, A. Perminov, at a meeting with the President of Russia, spoke about the challenges facing the space industry in Russia.

The tasks are as follows:

1. Russia must maintain its leading position in cosmonautics;
2. Provide the country's economy, defense, security, science with the necessary space information;
3. Join the global space sector;
4. Provide independent access to outer space from its own territory.