June 15th, 2014
All of us have seen a wide variety of space stations and space cities many times in science fiction films. But they are all unrealistic. Brian Verstig from Spacehabs develops concepts based on real scientific principles space stations that one day it will actually be possible to build. One such settlement station is Kalpana One. More precisely, an improved, modern version of the concept developed in the 1970s. Kalpana One is a cylindrical structure with a radius of 250 meters and a length of 325 meters. Approximate population level: 3,000 citizens.
Let's take a closer look at this city...
Photo 2. 
“The Kalpana One Space Settlement is the result of research into the very real limits of the structure and form of huge space settlements. Since the late 60s and up to the 80s of the last century, mankind has absorbed the idea of those shapes and sizes of possible space stations of the future, which have been shown all this time in science fiction films and in various pictures. However, many of these forms had some design flaws, as a result of which in reality such structures would suffer from insufficient stability during rotation in space conditions. Other forms did not effectively use the ratio of structural and protective mass to create habitable areas,” says Verstig.
Photo 3. 
“While searching for the form that would make it possible to create a living and habitable area under the influence of overloads and have the necessary protective mass, it was found that the oblong shape of the station would become the most suitable choice. Due to the sheer size and design of such a station, very little effort or adjustment would be needed to keep it from oscillating.”
Photo 4. 
“With the same radius of 250 meters and a depth of 325 meters, the station will make two complete revolutions around itself per minute and create the feeling that a person, being in it, will experience the same feeling as if he were in the conditions of earth's gravity. And this is very important aspect, since gravity will allow us to live longer in space, because our bones and muscles will develop in the same way as they would develop on Earth. Since such stations in the future may become permanent place habitation for people, it is very important to create conditions on them that are as close as possible to the conditions on our planet. Make it so that people can not only work on it, but also relax. And relax with frills.
Photo 5. 
“Although the physics of hitting or throwing, say, a ball will be very different in such an environment from the earth, the station will definitely offer a wide variety of sports (and not only) activities and entertainment.”
Photo 6. 
Brian Verstig is a concept designer focused on working future technologies and space research. He has worked with numerous private space companies as well as printed publications, to whom he demonstrated the concepts of what humanity will use in the future to conquer space. The Kalpana One project is one such concept.
Photo 7. 
Photo 8. 
Photo 9. 
Photo 10. 
Photo 11. 
And here are some more old concepts:
Scientific base on the moon. 1959 concept
Image: Youth Technique Magazine, 1965/10
Toroidal colony concept
Image: Don Davis/NASA/Ames Research Center
Developed by the NASA aerospace agency in the 1970s of the last century. As planned, the colony would have been intended for the life of 10,000 people. The design itself was modular and would allow new compartments to be connected. It would be possible to move in them on a special transport, called ANTS.
Image and presentation: Don Davis/NASA/Ames Research Center
Spheres Bernal
Image: Don Davis/NASA/Ames Research Center
Another concept was developed at NASA Ames Research Center in the 1970s. Population: 10,000. The main idea behind the Bernal Sphere is the spherical living quarters. The populated zone is located in the center of the sphere, it is surrounded by zones for agricultural and agricultural production. Used as lighting for residential and agricultural areas sunlight, which is redirected to them by a system of solar mirror batteries. Residual heat is emitted into space by special panels. Factories and docks for spaceships are located in a special long tube in the center of the sphere.
Image: Rick Guides/NASA/Ames Research Center
Image: Rick Guides /NASA/Ames Research Center
Cylindrical colony concept developed in the 1970s
Image: Rick Guides/NASA/Ames Research Center
Designed for a population of over one million people. The idea of the concept belongs to the American physicist Gerard K. Oneil.
Image: Don Davis/NASA/Ames Research Center
Image: Don Davis/NASA/Ames Research Center
Image and presentation: Rick Guides/NASA/Ames Research Center
1975 View from inside the colony, the idea of the concept belongs to Oneil. Agricultural sectors with various types vegetables and plants are located on terraces, which are installed at each level of the colony. Light for the harvest is provided by mirrors that reflect the sun's rays.
Image: NASA/Ames Research Center
Image: Youth Technique Magazine, 1977/4
Huge orbital farms like this one in the picture will produce enough food for space settlers
Image: Delta, 1980/1
Mining colony on an asteroid
Image: Delta, 1980/1
Toroidal space colony of the future. 1982
Space base concept. 1984
Image: Les Bosinas/NASA/Glenn Research Center
Moon base concept. 1989
Image: NASA/JSC
The concept of a multifunctional Martian base. 1991
Image: NASA/Glenn Research Center
1995 Moon
Earth's natural satellite appears to be a great place to test equipment and prepare people for missions to Mars.
The special gravitational conditions of the Moon will be an excellent place for sports competitions.
Image: Pat Rawlings/NASA
1997 Ice mining in the dark craters of the lunar south pole opens up opportunities for human expansion inside solar system. In this unique location, people from the solar-powered space colony will produce fuel to send spacecraft from the lunar surface. Water from potential ice sources, or regolith, will flow inside the dome cells and prevent exposure to harmful radiation.
Image: Pat Rawlings/NASA
Once again, Hollywood pushed humanity to space exploration: after the film "The Martian" was shown, probably every second gardener wanted to grow his own potatoes on the surface of the Red Planet. And after Interstellar, many schoolchildren and students became eager toengage in the exploration of boundless space for the benefit of mankind. Well, such dreams are getting closer to reality!
Space exploration starts on Mars
One can endlessly criticize the governments of countries for the fact that we still have not been fully engaged in space exploration and have not moved to Mars, because if there were no wars and confrontations dividing peoples and scientists, humanity would have gone far ahead, but this is a controversial judgment .
Space exploration began and developed due to the rivalry between the USSR and the USA over the years. Now that the Cold War is over, the need for such projects as, say, relocation to Mars is being called into question. In search of funding for their projects, scientists must go through bureaucratic hell, conduct a lot of research and calculations, and most importantly, present to the sponsor (be it a state, corporation or individual) the commercial or defense prospects of their project.
Space exploration is the concern of the commonwealth of countries
Nevertheless, space exploration does not stand still, but rather attracts new participants to its endless expanses of opportunities and discoveries. In addition to veterans of this field, such as the USSR, the USA, China and the European Union, India, Japan, Spain and the famous private company Elon Musk - SpaceX.
The main stages of future space projects for space exploration
Roscosmos is looking for life on Mars
Let's talk about the plans of the largest participants, the first of which will be Roskosmos. The object of undying interest of researchers is the Red Planet. Despite the landing failure of the Schiaparelli lander ( Schiaparelli) October 19, 2016, the ExoMars project continues to function. Its main task remains the search for life on Mars. The second phase of the program is planned to be implemented in 2020. During the six-month journey of the rover, equipped with a unique drilling rig, it is planned to take rock samples at a depth of up to 2 meters.
Europe conducts space exploration jointly with Russia
The ExoMars program, as well as the equipment of the rover, is international. As René Pischel, Head of the Representative Office of the European Space Agency in Russia, noted, joint work is necessary condition successful missions. Until 2020, it is planned to deliver the Spektr-RG space observatory, consisting of 2 telescopes of Russian and German production, into the Earth's orbit.
Roscosmos, having ordered the relevant research, once again revived the idea of landing a man on the moon by 2030, however, as company representative Igor Burenkov noted, while maintaining such low funding, this project will not be implemented. In total, more than 12 launch vehicles are planned to be launched in 2017.
The second major participant in the joint exploration of space is NASA. Naturally, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration could not stay away from the study of the Red Planet. Just like Roscosmos, NASA plans to launch its own rover in 2020. It should be noted right away that the advantage of his programs lies in the competitive selection of instruments for missions, and competition, as we know from the course of economics, contributes to raising quality.
NASA plans to launch its telescope, called TESS, this year, 2017. Its main task will be the discovery of previously unknown exoplanets. Special place In the plans of the Office is the study of Europa - a satellite of Jupiter. At this object, covered with ice, scientists plan to find signs of life.
In the future, flexible robots will fly to the planets
The difficulty is the development of a special apparatus capable of deep and long immersion in an unfavorable environment. At the moment, in the long-term plans for the future there is a project to develop a special flexible robot, resembling an eel in shape, which will receive energy for its work from magnetic fields. A plan for using the robot for its intended purpose has not yet been developed, because it still needs to prove its suitability on Earth.
Long March 2F rocket (Chang Zheng 2F) from the Shenzhou-8 manned spacecraft at the launch pad of the Jiuquan Cosmodrome. Center.DLR / wikimedia.org (CC BY 3.0 DE)
China - hidden space dragon
China does not intend to stop at such significant successes in the economy, now its goal is space. China's space program, which started back in 1956, can't boast of significant success, but it certainly has ambitions. Since 2011, the program for launching the first Chinese multi-module space station Tiangong-3 into orbit has been systematically carried out.
Currently launched basic module Tiangong-1 and space laboratory Tiangong-2, whose main task is to conduct tests and prepare the output of the Tiangong-3 modules. Can the Chinese space project it will be possible to find out in 2022 that it will be possible to compare with the Mir station and the ISS (where China, by the way, is not represented due to US opposition).
Japan will produce solar energy in space
Japan, despite the failure of the mission to clear the Earth's orbit of space debris in December 2016 and the fall of the smallest launch vehicle in January 2017, plans to implement one of the largest and most significant programs - the creation of an orbiting satellite by 2030. Thanks to photocells that convert photons into electricity, it will be able to collect and send solar energy to Earth.
According to the ideas of the futurists, he must have large quantity solar panels. Naturally, while maintaining a significant amount of orbital debris, the implementation of this project will face a number of problems related to the strength and durability of the structure.
Mask's ships always return
A new, but already declared, participant in space exploration is SpaceX, led by billionaire Elon Musk. The first three launches of the Falcon-1 rocket could put an end to the history of the company, but already in 2015 it received a contract to supply the necessary supplies to the ISS, for which it developed the Dragon spacecraft capable of returning to Earth.
floating spaceport
SpaceX also successfully implemented a project to land the first stage of a launch vehicle on a floating platform. This should reduce the cost of space launches. The company is also actively developing space tourism, the money from which goes to further development. Of particular interest is the development of an interplanetary transport system, which will allow in the future to transport people and cargo to Mars.
From inflating space ambitions to working together for everyone
At the moment, there are no ambitious programs to create a "Death Star" or "terraforming" (the formation of conditions suitable for human habitation) the surface of nearby planets, but space exploration is moving at its own pace. One cannot but rejoice at the fact that private companies are included in the process, capable of dispersing blood through the veins of the old space guard, and the development of excursion private flights, which can open the way for additional financial flows in the field of research of the boundless "Black Sea".
If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.
Nuclear power plant for a Russian spacecraft
The problem of manned deep space flights has so far been virtually unsolvable. The liquid propellant rocket engines used at this stage are completely unsuitable for |
Interstellar warp drive
Modern astronautics, unfortunately, can offer not much more opportunities than half a century ago. This is primarily due to the lack of the necessary power plants, |
Into deep space on ion engines
Ion thruster is a type of electric rocket motor. Its working body is ionized gas. The principle of operation of the engine is to ionize the gas and accelerate it with electrostatic |
Gym in space
Flights into outer space have become commonplace in our lives. Cosmonauts stay at international orbital stations for several months. However, the usual human |
Thermonuclear rocket engine - first tests
Rocket engines that use the energy of nuclear fission have long been the subject of research by Russian and American scientists. This is not surprising, since in the case |
Ship teleportation: fiction and reality
Man has always strived for the stars, but they are extremely far from us. If the flight to them one day takes place, then the spacecraft on which it will be |
3d printing technology: rocket engine
It's no secret that modern flights into space are extremely expensive, and a significant part of the cost is directly the process of manufacturing components of launch vehicles. NASA experienced a revolutionary |
Russian super heavy rocket
For a number of years now, among specialists, the question of what should be the super-heavy rocket of Russia has been seriously discussed. At this stage, the question has moved to |
artificial gravity station
In Russia, it was decided to create a private space station, which will have compartments based on artificial gravity. All stages of its construction are planned to be completed by 2032. |
space jump suit
Currently, the parachute is perceived as something familiar and self-evident. Of course, the main idea of a parachute is to save a person in case of an accident. |
Baikal system
The undisputed leader of the space section of the 44th Air and Space Salon in Le Bourget was the technological model of the Russian reusable booster (MRU) "Baikal", which is the first stage of the launch vehicle |
Russian 5th generation spacesuit
One of the distinguishing features of the MAKS-2013 aerospace show was the 5th-generation Russian spacesuit Orlan-MKS presented there. The development is owned by Zvezda Research and Production Enterprise, a traditional developer |
Russian plasma rocket engine will open the way to Mars
In 2016, NPO Energomash and NRC Kurchatov Institute announced their intention to implement a project of an electrodeless plasma rocket engine. Considering the intention of the leading space powers |
Metal glass robot
Metallic glass is a relatively new material that combines the structural features of metal and glass. The essence of the technology lies in the formation of an alloy from strictly defined |
EmDrive rocket engine: flight without a propellant
News agencies spread a message about the successful testing of EmDrive rocket engine by NASA specialists. Detailed Description the principle of operation of this engine is not given, however, only about |
Launch vehicle "Angara"
Back in 1995, Russia approved a project to create a new generation of carriers for launching into space various cargoes with masses from 1.5 |
Project MRKS-1
Aerospace industry experts are unanimous in their opinion that the existing launch vehicles as a means of delivery to orbit have practically exhausted themselves. Fundamentally new approaches are required |
Project ”Spiral”
In response to the work begun by the United States on the creation of a space plane in the 60s of the XX century, the leadership Soviet Union decided to start similar developments. So |
Project "Prometheus"
The idea of using the energy of the atomic nucleus for space flights was expressed by Tsiolkovsky. However, during his lifetime, no one yet imagined how to extract |
Project MAKS
In 1982, even before the flight of the Buran-Energy system, the General Designer of NPO Molniya, Gleb Lozino-Lozinsky, analyzed the prospects for creating aerospace systems. He summarized his experience |
Orion ship project
Project Orion is an ambitious idea to build a spacecraft that would be driven by explosions. nuclear bomb. This idea was developed in |
The Buran project: the future that has not come
The Buran project started in 1976. In the United States, the program of heavy rockets and orbital stations was then closed and the Space Shuttle was hastily created. Scared like this |
Project An-325
Those who understand aircraft will probably want to correct us from the very beginning and say that no An-325 exists and never existed, |
The truth about UFOs
An unidentified flying object, often abbreviated as a UFO or UFO, is an unusual, apparent anomaly in the sky that is difficult for an observer to identify. UFO is technically |
Flight into space - space elevator
Space flights are still extremely expensive, dangerous and destructive for environment. Rockets with chemical engines do not allow to radically change the situation, and |
Flight to Mars in 2021
A group of young specialists from Russia made a sensational announcement announcing that by 2021 they will be able to provide a manned flight to Mars and Venus. In this |
Why is Leonov's quantum engine not being implemented?
Notes periodically appear in the press about the unknown development of the Bryansk scientist Vladimir Semenovich Leonov. The author of the Super Unification Theory essentially proposed a project for an anti-gravity engine called |
Plasma thruster for interplanetary spacecraft
As part of the exploration of the Moon, Mars and other objects of interplanetary space, the Russian cosmonautics were tasked with creating spacecraft using qualitatively new energy |
Prospects for the Angara rocket
The new Russian heavy launch vehicle Angara-A5 launched on December 23 from the Plesetsk cosmodrome. It will put into geostationary orbit a cargo model of a spacecraft weighing two tons. Program |
Prospects for aerospace technology
Relatively recently, the interests of specialists in the field of aviation space technology began to concentrate on the concept of using an aerospace aircraft (VKS). Some researchers believe that a certain type is completely |
Black Bamboo Hollow
Mayan sacred well
Combat lasers in space
black giant
Crystal Skull from the City of Fallen Stones
Anomalous Zone Paper Clearing
The paper clearing in the Metrogorodok area on the territory of the Eastern Administrative District runs along National park Elk Island. It's incredibly long...
Psychography - automatic writing
When asked if there is life after death, religion answers in the affirmative. And science - denies this fact, since it is reliable ...
The fastest plane in the world
The X-43A has a wingspan of 1.5 meters and a length of 3.6 meters. The scramjet engine installed on it is an experimental supersonic combustion ramjet engine. ...
Tanzania is an East African country
Tanzania is a country located in East Africa, was founded in 1964. It is here that the highest mountain of the continent is located - Kilimanjaro, ...
High-quality cosmetics for skin rejuvenation
Probably, most of all, many women are afraid of old age. After all, as soon as old age sets in, the body begins to change for the worse. First, many...
Suburbs of Paris
Paris-Paris! It is also called the "City-State", a perfect combination of romanticism and elegance. No less beautiful and fascinating are the famous Parisian...
Venera-11
The Venera-11 spacecraft was launched on September 9, 1978 at 03:25:39 UTC from the Baikonur cosmodrome. using the Proton launch vehicle. ...
Secrets of the Library of Alexandria
Some moments of history attract more attention than others. This is caused by many factors. Interest in the secrets of the Library of Alexandria is caused by her...
It's funny, but a man has a tail. Until a certain period. It is known...
People are already accustomed to space flights of automatic and manned vehicles. Today, fifteen years after the release of mankind into space, they cease to be a sensation. Indeed, after the creation of the first manned orbital station, the flights of the Soyuz series spacecraft of various types, photographing the Moon and Mars with the help of interplanetary automatic stations, direct research of the atmosphere of Venus, walks on the Moon by American cosmonauts, triumphant raids of automatic stations "Luna-16 ”, “Luna-17” and “Luna-20” and, finally, the implementation of a soft landing of spacecraft on the surfaces of Venus and Mars, it seems that there is no longer such a spectacular task in space exploration that would now capture the attention of mankind. Now, if the astronauts flew away for years and far, far away, somewhere, say, to Mars, to Saturn or to the satellites of Jupiter, then this, apparently, would again strike the imagination of earthlings.
And yet, isn't the tone in the assessment too casual? modern level space exploration? How could people two hundred, one hundred and even fifteen years ago imagine what events would disturb the world in the early seventies of our century? After all, we have achieved what our ancestors dreamed of, who created legends and fairy tales about flights to the sky, to the moon, and also to the nearest planets.
Practical accomplishments, as we see it today, outstripped their boldest forecasts, which even yesterday seemed unrealistic to us. This is the heroism of our everyday life. Or rather, heroism and everyday life are inseparable. And so today, astronautics needs to be looked at both through the prism of history, analyzing the chain of achievements on the way to it, and through the prism of the future. Then our labor today will appear before us in its true grandeur. A time of enthusiastic surprise at cosmic exploits is replaced by occasional serious reflections on the cosmic future of our century. We are talking less and less about records and more and more about how space flights will help us, earthlings, in our most difficult and longest business: the knowledge of the nature around us.
How does the development of astronautics look like in the near future? Answering this question, Academician B.N. Petrov, in his article “Looking into the Future”, in particular, wrote: “The main tasks of the study of near-Earth space will remain the further study of the Earth’s upper atmosphere, magnetosphere, solar-terrestrial relations, cosmic rays, extragalactic sources of radiation and other issues of interest to modern science. The practical aspects of the use of space technology will play an increasingly important role. Space communications and television will begin to develop rapidly. Over time, there will also be a worldwide system of space meteorology with effective means processing information from wide application computer science. In the more distant future, at least partial control of the weather will undoubtedly become a reality. Earth navigation satellites will yield important practical results. »
Thousands of scientists, engineers and technicians are already today looking for new solutions, laying the foundations of spacecraft, which in a few years will replace those already plowing the Universe.
www.electrosad.ru
Launch of Glonass satellites in Pacific Ocean due to underfilling of fuel, once again shows that the factor of power supply plays a crucial role in the exploration of near and far space, so the next 10-20 years will be spent on the development and search for new engines and energy sources without which flight within the solar system with a guaranteed return just unreal.
So far, technology and technology allow us to explore only near space within the orbit of the moon. And then, the existing equipment has severe restrictions on the masses of transported goods.
Now, and in the future, the power supply is the first sign of the level of development of civilization. In everyday life it is comfort, information. In production, these are new materials, new industrial products and Appliances. But not only. If you think about it, these are also successes in the exploration of near and far space and other planets.
The first flower blossomed in space - the astronaut placed such a caption under a photograph of a blooming aster-zinnia flower.
An experiment on growing vegetables and plants in space has been carried out aboard the ISS for about a year now. The first cabbage sprouts were successfully grown and frozen at the station last year, after which they were sent back to Earth in October 2014. After scientists made sure that space cabbage is safe for the human body, NASA approved another experiment - for the first time they ate a crop grown in space.
The Veggie plant is a set of special capsules with seeds of cabbage and other crops, soil and special blue, green and red LED lights that stimulate plant growth in zero gravity and in the absence of visible light.
This time, not edible vegetables were grown in Veggie, but ornamental plants- asters-zinnias. The crew of the ISS will observe how the aster flowers bloom, and also try to check if they are capable of pollination in space conditions and if they can give offspring.
Sources: futurocosmos.ucoz.ru, otradnoe-2.narod.ru, www.electrosad.ru, vk.com, galspace.spb.ru
stonehenge
noise mountain
Phantom of the Opera
angkor wat temple
Fire without pain
human memory abilities
Our memory is able to encode. keep. store and subsequently recall information and experience. This is the sum of what we remember and gives us...
Does magic really exist
Controversy does not subside over the existence of magic in society. Does magic exist? Adherents of materialism say that it is not ...
Armament Su - 24M
The attack by Turkish fighters on the Russian Su-24M bomber was prepared in advance and carried out from an ambush in the air. This was stated by the Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace ...
Obninsk places to visit
Many of us, most likely, will not be able to find a city like Obninsk on the map. Meanwhile, this small town in...
Secrets of Oriental Medicine
There is no science that is closer to the life of every person and at the same time more complex, constantly developing and therefore not always...
Aliens from parallel worlds and the New World Order
The last 30 years of human development (starting from the 80s of the XX century) were marked by a radical change public consciousness. From TV screens more and more ...
Plasmoids
Plasmoids are clots of plasma - a special state of matter. Row modern theories claims that ball lightning is a plasmoid. Fireball is an object...
All of us have seen a wide variety of space stations and space cities many times in science fiction films. But they are all unrealistic. Brian Verstig of Spacehabs uses real scientific principles to develop space station concepts that one day can actually be built. One such settlement station is Kalpana One. More precisely, an improved, modern version of the concept developed in the 1970s. Kalpana One is a cylindrical structure with a radius of 250 meters and a length of 325 meters. Approximate population level: 3,000 citizens.
Let's take a closer look at this city...
“The Kalpana One Space Settlement is the result of research into the very real limits of the structure and form of huge space settlements. Since the late 60s and up to the 80s of the last century, mankind has absorbed the idea of those shapes and sizes of possible space stations of the future, which have been shown all this time in science fiction films and in various pictures. However, many of these forms had some design flaws, as a result of which in reality such structures would suffer from insufficient stability during rotation in space conditions. Other forms did not effectively use the ratio of structural and protective mass to create habitable areas,” says Verstig.
“While looking for a shape that would create a living and habitable area under the influence of overloads and have the necessary protective mass, it was found that the oblong shape of the station would be the most suitable choice. Due to the sheer size and design of such a station, very little effort or adjustment would be needed to keep it from oscillating.”
“With the same radius of 250 meters and a depth of 325 meters, the station will make two complete revolutions around itself per minute and create the feeling that a person, being in it, will experience the same feeling as if he were in the conditions of earth's gravity. And this is a very important aspect, since gravity will allow us to live longer in space, because our bones and muscles will develop in the same way as they would develop on Earth. Since such stations in the future may become a permanent habitat for people, it is very important to create conditions on them that are as close as possible to the conditions on our planet. Make it so that people can not only work on it, but also relax. And relax with frills.
“Although the physics of hitting or throwing, say, a ball will be very different in such an environment from the earth, the station will definitely offer a wide variety of sports (and not only) activities and entertainment.”
Brian Verstig is a concept designer focused on the work of future technologies and space exploration. He has worked with a number of private space companies as well as print media to demonstrate concepts of what humanity will use in the future to conquer space. The Kalpana One project is one such concept.
And here are some more old concepts:
Scientific base on the moon. 1959 concept
The concept of a cylindrical colony in the view Soviet people. 1965
Image: Youth Technique Magazine, 1965/10
Toroidal colony concept
Image: Don Davis/NASA/Ames Research Center
Developed by the NASA aerospace agency in the 1970s of the last century. As planned, the colony would have been intended for the life of 10,000 people. The design itself was modular and would allow new compartments to be connected. It would be possible to move in them on a special transport, called ANTS.
Image and presentation: Don Davis/NASA/Ames Research Center
Spheres Bernal
Image: Don Davis/NASA/Ames Research Center
Another concept was developed at NASA Ames Research Center in the 1970s. Population: 10,000. The main idea behind the Bernal Sphere is the spherical living quarters. The populated zone is located in the center of the sphere, it is surrounded by zones for agricultural and agricultural production. Solar light is used as lighting for residential and agricultural areas, which is redirected to them through a system of solar mirror arrays. Residual heat is emitted into space by special panels. Factories and docks for spaceships are located in a special long tube in the center of the sphere.
Image: Rick Guides/NASA/Ames Research Center
Image: Rick Guides /NASA/Ames Research Center
Cylindrical colony concept developed in the 1970s
Image: Rick Guides/NASA/Ames Research Center
Designed for a population of over one million people. The idea of the concept belongs to the American physicist Gerard K. Oneil.
Image: Don Davis/NASA/Ames Research Center
Image: Don Davis/NASA/Ames Research Center
Image and presentation: Rick Guides/NASA/Ames Research Center
1975 View from inside the colony, the idea of the concept belongs to Oneil. Agricultural sectors with various types of vegetables and plants are located on the terraces, which are installed on each level of the colony. Light for the harvest is provided by mirrors that reflect the sun's rays.
Image: NASA/Ames Research Center
Soviet space colony. 1977
Image: Youth Technique Magazine, 1977/4
Huge orbital farms like this one in the picture will produce enough food for space settlers
Image: Delta, 1980/1
Mining colony on an asteroid
Image: Delta, 1980/1
Toroidal colony of the future. 1982
Space base concept. 1984
Image: Les Bosinas/NASA/Glenn Research Center
Moon base concept. 1989
Image: NASA/JSC
The concept of a multifunctional Martian base. 1991
Image: NASA/Glenn Research Center
1995 Moon
Image: Pat Rawlings/NASA
Earth's natural satellite appears to be a great place to test equipment and prepare people for missions to Mars.
The special gravitational conditions of the Moon will be an excellent place for sports competitions.
Image: Pat Rawlings/NASA
1997 Ice mining in the dark craters of the lunar south pole opens up opportunities for human expansion inside the solar system. In this unique location, people from the solar-powered space colony will produce fuel to send spacecraft from the lunar surface. Water from potential ice sources, or regolith, will flow inside the dome cells and prevent exposure to harmful radiation.
Image: Pat Rawlings/NASA
