System approach and its development. The main provisions of the system approach and the concept of the system

The essence of a systematic approach

In modern scientific literature, a systematic approach is most often perceived as a direction of methodology. scientific knowledge and social practice, which is based on the consideration of objects as systems.

The systematic approach orients researchers towards revealing the integrity of an object, revealing the diverse connections in it and bringing them together into a single theoretical picture.

The system approach is a form of application of the theory of knowledge and dialectics to the study of processes occurring in nature, society, and thinking. Its essence lies in the implementation of the requirements of the general systems theory, according to which each object in the process of its study should be considered as a large and a complex system and, at the same time, as an element of a more general system.

The essence of the system approach lies in the fact that relatively independent components are considered not in isolation, but in their interconnection, in development and movement. As one component of the system changes, others change as well. This makes it possible to reveal the integrative system properties and quality characteristics, which are absent from the elements that make up the system.

Based on the approach, the principle of consistency has been developed. The principle of the system approach is to consider the elements of the system as interconnected and interacting to achieve the global goal of the system functioning. A feature of the system approach is the optimization of the functioning of individual elements, but of the entire system as a whole.

The system approach is based on a holistic vision of the objects or processes under study and seems to be the most universal method for studying and analyzing complex systems. Objects are considered as systems consisting of regularly structured and functionally organized elements. A systematic approach is the systematization and unification of objects or knowledge about them by establishing significant links between them. The system approach assumes a consistent transition from the general to the particular, when the basis for consideration is a specific ultimate goal, for the achievement of which the given system is being formed. This approach means that each system is an integrated whole even when it consists of separate disparate subsystems.

Basic concepts of the system approach: ʼʼsystemʼʼ, ʼʼstructureʼʼ and ʼʼcomponentʼʼ.

ʼʼSystem - ϶ᴛᴏ a set of components that are in relationships and connections with each other, the interaction of which generates a new quality that is not inherent in these components separatelyʼʼ.

A component is understood as any objects connected with other objects in a complex complex.

The structure is interpreted as the order of registration of elements in the system, the principle of its structure; it reflects the shape of the arrangement of elements and the nature of the interaction of their sides and properties. The structure connects, transforms the elements, giving a certain commonality, causing the emergence of new qualities that are not inherent in any of them. An object is a system if it is to be broken down into interrelated and interacting components. These parts, in turn, have, as a rule, their own structure and, therefore, are presented as subsystems of the original, large system.

The components of the system form backbone connections.

The main principles of the systems approach are:

Integrity, which allows considering the system at the same time as a whole and at the same time as a subsystem for higher levels.

Hierarchy of the structure, that is, the presence of a set (at least two) of elements located on the basis of the subordination of elements of a lower level to elements of a higher level.

Structurization, which allows you to analyze the elements of the system and their relationships within a specific organizational structure. As a rule, the process of functioning of the system is determined not so much by the properties of its individual elements, but by the properties of the structure itself.

Multiplicity, which allows using a variety of cybernetic, economic and mathematical models to describe individual elements and the system as a whole.

For example, the education system is perceived as a system that includes the following components: 1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs different types, levels and (or) directions; 2) organizations that carry out educational activities, teaching staff students and parents (legal representatives) of underage students; 3) federal government bodies and bodies state power subjects Russian Federation implementing public administration in the field of education, and local self-government bodies exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them; 4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education; 5) associations legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

In turn, each component of the education system acts as a system. For example, the system of organizations engaged in educational activities includes the following components: 1) preschool educational organizations 2) general educational organizations 3) professional educational organizations higher education educational organizations 4) educational organizations of higher education.

Educational organizations higher education can also be considered as a system that includes the following components: institutes, academies, universities.

The presented hierarchy of systems included in the education system is located on the basis of the subordination of the components of the lower level to the components of the higher level; all components are closely interconnected, form a holistic unity.

The third level of methodology - concrete scientific - this is the methodology of a particular science, it is based on scientific approaches, concepts, theories, problems specific to scientific knowledge in a particular science, as a rule, these foundations are developed by scientists of this science (there are scientists of other sciences).

For pedagogy, this level of methodology is, first of all, pedagogical and psychological theories, concepts for private didactics (methods of teaching individual subjects) - theories in the field of didactics, for research in the field of education methods - basic concepts, theories of education. This level of methodology in a particular scientific study is most often its theoretical basis research.

The specific scientific level of pedagogy methodology includes: personal, activity, ethno-pedagogical, axiological, anthropological approaches, etc.

Activity approach. It has been established that activity is the basis, means and factor of personality development. The activity approach involves consideration of the object under study within the framework of the system of its activities. It involves the inclusion of educators in various activities: teaching, work, communication, play.

Personal approach means orientation in design and implementation pedagogical process on personality as a goal, subject, result and main criterion its effectiveness. It urgently demands the recognition of the uniqueness of the individual, his intellectual and moral freedom, the right to respect. Within the framework of this approach, it is supposed to rely on the natural process of self-development of the inclinations and creative potential of the individual, and the creation of appropriate conditions for this.

The axiological (or value) approach means the implementation in research, in education of universal and national values.

The ethnopedagogical approach involves the organization and implementation of research, the process of education and training based on national traditions people, their culture, national and ethnic rituals, customs, habits. The national culture gives a specific flavor to the environment in which the child grows and develops, various educational institutions function.

Anthropological approach, which means the systematic use of data from all sciences about a person as a subject of education and their consideration in the construction and implementation of the pedagogical process.

To carry out the transformation, it is extremely important for a person to change the ideal way of his actions, the plan of activity. In this regard, he uses a special tool - thinking, the degree of development of which determines the degree of well-being and freedom of a person. It is a conscious attitude to the world that allows a person to realize his function as a subject of activity, actively transforming the world and himself on the basis of the processes of mastering the universal culture and cultural creation, self-analysis of the results of activity.

This, in turn, requires the use of a dialogic approach, which follows from the fact that the essence of a person is much richer, more versatile and more complex than his activity. The dialogical approach is based on faith in the positive potential of a person, in his unlimited creative possibilities of constant development and self-improvement. It is important that the activity of the individual, his needs for self-improvement are not considered in isolation. Οʜᴎ develop only in the conditions of relationships with other people, built on the principle of dialogue. The dialogical approach in unity with the personal and activity approach constitute the essence of the methodology of humanistic pedagogy.

The implementation of the above methodological principles is carried out in conjunction with the cultural approach. Culture is usually understood as a specific way human activity. Being universal characteristic activity, it, in turn, sets the socio-humanistic program and predetermines the direction of this or that type of activity, its value typological features and results. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the assimilation of culture by a personality presupposes its assimilation of the ways of creative activity.

A person, a child lives and studies in a specific socio-cultural environment, belongs to a certain ethnic group. In this regard, the culturological approach is transformed into an ethnopedagogical one. In such a transformation, the unity of the universal, national and individual is manifested.

One of the resurgent ones is the anthropological approach, which means the systematic use of data from all sciences about man as a subject of education and their consideration in the construction and implementation of the pedagogical process.

Tech level methodology make up the methodology and technique of research, ᴛ.ᴇ. a set of procedures that ensure the receipt of reliable experimental material and its primary processing, after which it can be included in the array scientific knowledge. This level includes research methods.

Methods pedagogical research- methods and techniques of cognition of the objective laws of education, upbringing and development.

Methods of pedagogical research are divided into groups:

1. Study methods pedagogical experience: observation, survey (conversation, interview, questioning), study of written, graphic and creative works of students, pedagogical documentation, testing, experiment, etc.

2. Theoretical methods of pedagogical research: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, generalization, work with literature (compilation of bibliography; summarizing; note-taking; annotation; citation), etc.

3. Mathematical methods: registration, ranking, scaling, etc.

The essence of the systematic approach is the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Essence of a systematic approach" 2017, 2018.

1. The concept of a systematic approach, its main features and principles……………….2

2. Organizational system : main elements and types…………………………3

3. Systems theory………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Basic concepts and characteristics of general systems theory
• Characteristics of open organizational systems

Example: a bank from a systems theory point of view

4. The value of a systematic approach to management …………………………………………...7
Introduction

As the industrial revolution unfolds, the rise of large organizational forms business has stimulated the emergence of new ideas about how enterprises function and how they should be managed. Today there is a developed theory that gives directions for achieving effective management. The first emerging theory is usually called the classical school of management, there are also the school of social relations, the theory of a systematic approach to organizations, the theory of probability, etc.

In my report, I want to talk about the theory of a systematic approach to organizations as ideas for achieving effective management.

1. The concept of a systematic approach, its main features and principles

In our time, an unprecedented progress in knowledge is taking place, which, on the one hand, has led to the discovery and accumulation of many new facts, information from various areas of life, and thus confronted humanity with the need to systematize them, to find the general in the particular, the constant in the changing. There is no unambiguous concept of a system. In the most general form, a system is understood as a set of interrelated elements that form a certain integrity, a certain unity.

The study of objects and phenomena as systems caused the formation of a new approach in science - a systematic approach.

The system approach as a general methodological principle is used in various branches of science and human activity. The epistemological basis (epistemology is a branch of philosophy, studying the forms and methods of scientific knowledge) is the general theory of systems, the beginning of the cat. put by the Australian biologist L. Bertalanffy. In the early 1920s, the young biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy began to study organisms as certain systems, summarizing his view in the book Modern Theory of Development (1929). In this book, he developed a systematic approach to the study of biological organisms. In the book "Robots, people and consciousness" (1967), he transferred the general theory of systems to the analysis of processes and phenomena. public life. 1969 - "General theory systems". Bertalanffy turns his theory of systems into a general disciplinary science. He saw the purpose of this science in the search for the structural similarity of the laws established in various disciplines, based on which general system regularities can be deduced.

Let's define traits systems approach :

1. Syst. approach - a form of methodological knowledge, connected. with the study and creation of objects as systems, and applies only to systems.

2. Hierarchy of knowledge, requiring a multi-level study of the subject: the study of the subject itself - "own" level; the study of the same subject as an element of a wider system - a "superior" level; the study of this subject in relation to the elements that make up this subject is a “subordinate” level.

3. The system approach requires considering the problem not in isolation, but in unity of links with environment, to comprehend the essence of each connection and individual element, to make associations between general and particular goals.

In view of what has been said, we define the concept of a systematic approach :

Syst. an approach- this is an approach to the study of an object (problem, phenomenon, process) as a system, in a cat. the elements, internal and external relations, which most significantly affect the results of its functioning under study, and the goals of each of the elements, based on the general purpose of the object, are highlighted.

It can also be said that the systems approach - this is such a direction of the methodology of scientific knowledge and practical activity, which is based on the study of any object as a complex integral socio-economic system.

Let's turn to history.

Before becoming at the beginning of the XX century. management science rulers, ministers, commanders, builders, making decisions were guided by intuition, experience, traditions. Acting in specific situations, they sought to find the best solutions. Depending on experience and talent, a manager could expand the spatial and temporal boundaries of the situation and spontaneously comprehend his object of management more or less systematically. However, until the 20th century management was dominated by a situational approach, or management by circumstances. The defining principle of this approach is the adequacy of the managerial decision regarding a particular situation. Adequate in this situation is the decision that is the best from the point of view of changing the situation, immediately after the appropriate managerial impact has been exerted on it.

Thus, the situational approach is an orientation to the nearest positive result("And then we'll see..."). It is thought that "next" will again be the search for the best solution in the situation that arises. But the solution is this moment the best may turn out to be completely different as soon as the situation changes or unaccounted for circumstances are revealed in it.

The desire to respond to each new turn or turn (change in vision) of the situation in an adequate way leads to the fact that the manager is forced to make more and more new decisions that run counter to the previous ones. He actually ceases to control events, but swims with their flow.

This does not mean that ad hoc management is ineffective in principle. A situational approach to decision-making is necessary and justified when the situation itself is extraordinary and the use of previous experience is obviously risky, when the situation changes quickly and in an unpredictable way, when there is no time to take into account all the circumstances. So, for example, rescuers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations often have to look for best solution within a particular situation. Nevertheless, in the general case, the situational approach is not effective enough and must be overcome, replaced or supplemented by a systematic approach.

1. Integrity, allowing to consider at the same time the system as a whole and at the same time as a subsystem for higher levels.

2. hierarchical structure, those. the presence of a plurality (at least two) of elements located on the basis of the subordination of elements of a lower level to elements of a higher level. The implementation of this principle is clearly visible in the example of any particular organization. As you know, any organization is an interaction of two subsystems: managing and managed. One is subordinate to the other.

3. Structurization, allowing to analyze the elements of the system and their interrelationships within a specific organizational structure. As a rule, the process of functioning of the system is determined not so much by the properties of its individual elements, but by the properties of the structure itself.

4. multiplicity, allowing the use of many cybernetic, economic and mathematical models to describe individual elements and the system as a whole.

2. Organizational system: main elements and types

Any organization is considered as an organizational and economic system that has inputs and outputs and a certain number of external links. The term "organization" should be defined. There have been various attempts throughout history to identify this concept.

1. The first attempt was based on the idea of ​​expediency. Organization is an expedient arrangement of parts of the whole, which has a specific purpose.

2. Organization - a social mechanism for the implementation of goals (organizational, group, individual).

3. Organization - harmony, or correspondence, of parts between themselves and the whole. Any system develops on the basis of the struggle of opposites.

4. Organization - a whole that is not reduced to a simple arithmetic sum its constituent elements. This is a whole that is always greater or less than the sum of its parts (it all depends on the effectiveness of the connections).

5. Chester Bernard (in the West is considered one of the founders of modern theory management: when people come together and formally decide to join forces to achieve common goals, they create an organization.

It was a retrospective. Today an organization can be defined as social community, which unites a certain set of individuals to achieve a common goal, which (individuals) act on the basis of certain procedures and rules.

Based on the previously given definition of the system, we define the organizational system.

Organizational system- this is a certain set of internally interconnected parts of the organization, forming a certain integrity.

The main elements of the organizational system (and hence the objects of organizational management) are:

·production

marketing and sales

·finance

·information

·staff, human resources- have a system-forming quality, the efficiency of the use of all other resources depends on them.

These elements are the main objects of organizational management. But the organizational system has another side:

People. The task of the manager is to promote the coordination and integration of human activities.

Goals and tasks. Organizational goal - yes ideal project the future state of the organization. This goal contributes to the unification of the efforts of people and their resources. Goals are formed on the basis of common interests, so the organization is a tool for achieving goals.

The system as a subject of a systematic approach

The key concept that defines the entire system methodological direction is the concept of a system as a specific subject. scientific research. It has already been noted above that its interpretation is too broad, making it meaningless to use any special research approaches.

So, the system as a subject of the system approach is a composite object of a different nature with the following properties:

• the system is a collection of its elements and components. Element - the primary indivisible part of the system (brick, atom). Component - a broader concept, including both elements and components of the system - subsystems;
• system components have their own internally conditioned activity (non-deterministic behavior) and are in interaction with each other;
• the concept of entropy is applicable to the system - a measure of organization, orderliness of the system. Entropy is the main parameter of the state of the system;
• the state of the system is characterized by a probability distribution.
• the system is self-organizing, that is, it is able to reduce or maintain its entropy at a certain level.
• the properties of a system are not reduced to the sum of the properties of its components.

Such systems are found in matter at the molecular, quantum levels, in technology, computer science. A biological organism, social groups and society as a whole are such systems.

The most important features are self-organization and irreducibility of the properties of the system to the properties of its components.

Self-organization is the process of spontaneous ordering in the system due to internal factors, without external specific influence.

The concept of a systematic approach

A person perceives the world around him through his sense organs, each of which has limitations in sensitivity. The human mind also has limited ability to comprehend the information received from the senses.

Therefore, the main scientific method of cognition was and always will be analysis. Analysis allows you to bring the research problem to a solvable form.

Analysis (ancient Greek ἀνάλυσις - decomposition, dismemberment) is the operation of mental or real dismemberment of the object under study into its component parts, elucidation of the properties of these parts and the subsequent derivation of the properties of the whole from the properties of the parts (synthesis).

When examining a composite object, its components are analyzed, and the properties of the entire object are derived from their properties.

But if we are faced with a composite object, the components of which have non-deterministic behavior, are in interaction with each other, and in general the object shows signs of self-organization, then we understand that the properties of such an object are not reduced to the sum of the properties of its components. We say: "Stop, analysis is not applicable to such an object. We must apply some other research methods."

This is the systematic approach.

Strictly speaking, we end up applying analysis anyway. But, applying a systematic approach, we do not divide the composite object into the components of which it consists, but differentiate according to some other features (grounds). For example, for many research purposes, a social group can (and should) be considered to consist not of people, but of a set of social roles. This is a systematic approach.

In this way,

A systematic approach is the fundamental methodological orientation of research, the point of view from which the object of study is considered, as well as the principle that guides the overall research strategy.

The system approach consists, first of all, in the realization that the object to be studied is a system - a composite object, the properties of which are not reduced to the sum of the properties of its parts.

The system approach makes us stop expressing the properties of the system through the properties of its components, and look for definitions of the properties of the system as a whole.

A systematic approach requires the application of special research methods and tools to the system - systemic, functional, correlation analysis, etc.

conclusions

The system as a subject of the system approach is a composite object of a different nature, the components of which have their own internally conditioned activity (non-deterministic behavior) and interact with each other, as a result of which the behavior of the system has a probabilistic nature, and the properties of the system are not reduced to the sum of the properties of its components. All such systems of natural origin have the properties of self-organization.

A systematic approach is the fundamental methodological orientation of the study, which consists in stating that analysis is not applicable to such an object, and that its study requires the use of special research methods.

General characteristics of a systematic approach

The concept of a systematic approach, its principles and methodology

System analysis is the most constructive direction used for practical applications of systems theory to control problems. The constructiveness of system analysis is due to the fact that it offers a methodology for carrying out work that allows not to lose sight of the significant factors that determine the construction effective systems management in specific conditions.

Principles are understood as the basic, initial provisions, some general rules cognitive activity that indicate the direction of scientific knowledge, but do not give an indication of a specific truth. These are developed and historically generalized requirements for the cognitive process, which play the most important regulatory roles in cognition. Substantiation of principles - the initial stage of building a methodological concept

To essential principles systems analysis should include the principles of elementarism, universal connection, development, integrity, consistency, optimality, hierarchy, formalization, normativity and goal setting. System analysis is represented as an integral of these principles.

Methodological approaches in system analysis combine a set of techniques and methods of implementation that have developed in the practice of analytical activity. system activity. The most important among them are systemic, structural-functional, constructive, complex, situational, innovative, targeted, activity, morphological and program-targeted approaches.

The most important, if not main part methodologies of system analysis advocate methods. Their arsenal is quite large. The approaches of the authors in their selection are also varied. But the methods of system analysis have not yet received a sufficiently convincing classification in science.

System approach in management

2.1 The concept of a systematic approach to management and its meaning

The systems approach to management considers the organization as a whole various kinds activities and elements that are in contradictory unity and in interconnection with external environment, involves taking into account the influence of all factors affecting it, and focuses on the relationships between its elements.

Management actions do not just functionally flow from each other, they influence each other. Therefore, if changes occur in one link of the organization, then they inevitably cause changes in the rest, and ultimately the organization (system) as a whole.

So, a systematic approach to management is based on the fact that any organization is a system consisting of parts, each of which has its own goals. The leader must proceed from the fact that in order to achieve the overall goals of the organization, it is necessary to consider it as single system. At the same time, it is necessary to strive to identify and evaluate the interaction of all its parts and combine them on such a basis that will allow the organization as a whole to effectively achieve its goals. The value of a systems approach is that, as a result, managers can more easily align their specific work with the work of the organization as a whole, if they understand the system and their role in it. This is especially important for CEO, because the systems approach encourages him to maintain the necessary balance between the needs of individual departments and the goals of the entire organization. The systems approach makes him think about the flow of information passing through the entire system, and also emphasizes the importance of communications.

Modern leader must have systems thinking. Systems thinking not only contributes to the development of new ideas about the organization (in particular, Special attention paid attention to the integrated nature of the enterprise, as well as the paramount importance and importance of information systems), but also provides the development of useful mathematical tools and techniques that greatly facilitate management decision-making, the use of more advanced planning and control systems.

Thus, a systematic approach allows a comprehensive assessment of any production and economic activity and the activity of the management system at the level of specific characteristics. This helps analyze any situation within a given system, revealing the nature of input, process, and output problems. The application of a systematic approach allows the best way organize the decision-making process at all levels of the management system.

2.2 System structure with control

The control system includes three subsystems (Fig. 2.1): control system, control object and communication system. Systems with control, or purposeful, are called cybernetic. These include technical, biological, organizational, social, economic systems. Control system together with the communication system forms a control system.

The main element of the organizational technical systems management is a decision maker (DM) - an individual or a group of individuals who have the right to make final decisions on the choice of one of several control actions.

Rice. 2.1. Controlled system

The main groups of functions of the control system (CS) are:

decision-making functions - content transformation functions;

· information ;

· routine functions of information processing ;

· functions of information exchange .

Decision-making functions are expressed in the creation new information in the course of analysis, planning (forecasting) and operational management (regulation, coordination of actions).

Functions cover accounting, control, storage, search,

display, replication, transformation of the form of information, etc. This group of information transformation functions does not change its meaning, i.e. these are routine functions not related to meaningful information processing.

A group of functions is associated with bringing the generated impacts to the control object (CO) and the exchange of information between decision makers (access restriction, receipt (collection), transmission of information on management in text, graphic, tabular and other forms by telephone, data transmission systems, etc. .).

2.3 Ways to improve systems with control

The improvement of systems with control is reduced to reducing the duration of the control cycle and improving the quality of control actions (solutions). These requirements are contradictory. For a given performance of the control system, reducing the duration of the control cycle leads to the need to reduce the amount of information processed, and, consequently, to a decrease in the quality of decisions.

Simultaneous satisfaction of requirements is possible only on condition that the performance of the control system (CS) and the communication system (CC) for the transmission and processing of information will be increased, and the increase in productivity

both elements must be consistent. This is the starting point for addressing issues of improving management.

The main ways to improve systems with control are as follows.

1. Optimization of the number of managerial personnel.

2. The use of new ways of organizing the work of the control system.

3. Application of new methods for solving managerial problems.

4. Changing the structure of the SU.

5. Redistribution of functions and tasks in the US.

6. Mechanization of managerial work.

7. Automation.

Let's take a quick look at each of these paths:

1. The management system is, first of all, people. The most natural way to raise productivity is to intelligently increase the number of people.

2. The organization of the work of managerial personnel must be constantly improved.

3. The way of applying new methods for solving managerial problems is somewhat one-sided, since in most cases it is aimed at obtaining better solutions and requires more time.

4. With the complication of the CO, as a rule, the simple structure of the RS is replaced with a more complex, most often hierarchical type, with the simplification of the CO - vice versa. The introduction is also considered a change in the structure feedback into the system. As a result of the transition to a more complex structure, management functions are distributed between a large number elements of the control system and the performance of the control system increases.

5. If the subordinate CA can solve independently only a very limited range of tasks, then, consequently, the central governing body will be overloaded, and vice versa. An optimal compromise between centralization and decentralization is needed. It is impossible to solve this problem once and for all, since the functions and tasks of management in systems are constantly changing.

6. Since information always requires a certain material carrier where it is recorded, stored and transmitted, then, obviously, physical actions are necessary to ensure the information process in the control system. The use of various means of mechanization can significantly increase the efficiency of this side of management. The means of mechanization include means for performing computational work, transmitting signals and commands, documenting information and reproducing documents. In particular, the use of a PC as a typewriter refers to mechanization, not automation.

management.

7. The essence of automation lies in the use

Computer to enhance the intellectual capabilities of decision makers.

All the paths considered earlier lead in one way or another to an increase in the productivity of the SS and SS, but, which is fundamental, they do not increase the productivity of mental labor. This is their limitation.

2.4 Rules for applying a systematic approach to management

A systematic approach in management is based on deep research into causal relationships and patterns of development of socio-economic processes. And since there are connections and patterns, then there are certain rules. Consider the basic rules for applying the system in management.

Rule 1 It is not the components themselves that constitute the essence of the whole (system), but, on the contrary, the whole as the primary generates the components of the system during its division or formation - this is the basic principle of the system.

Example. The firm as a complex open socio-economic system is a collection of interrelated departments and production units. First, the company should be considered as a whole, its properties and relations with the external environment, and only then - the components of the company. The firm as a whole does not exist because, say, a pattern maker works in it, but, on the contrary, the pattern maker works because the firm functions. In small simple systems there may be exceptions: the system functions thanks to an exceptional component.

Rule 2. The number of system components that determine its size should be minimal, but sufficient to achieve the goals of the system. The structure of, for example, a production system is a combination of organizational and production structures.

Rule 3. The structure of the system must be flexible, with the smallest number rigid connections, capable of quickly readjusting to perform new tasks, provide new services, etc. The mobility of the system is one of the conditions for its rapid adaptation (adaptation) to market requirements.

Rule 4. The structure of the system should be such that changes in the connections of the system components have a minimal impact on the functioning of the system. To do this, it is necessary to justify the level of delegation of authority by the subjects of management, to ensure optimal autonomy and independence of management objects in socio-economic and production systems Oh.

Rule 5. In the context of the development of global competition and international integration, one should strive to increase the degree of openness of the system, provided that its economic, technical, informational, and legal security is ensured.

Rule 6 To increase the justification of investments in innovative and other projects, one should study the dominant (predominant, strongest) and recessive features of the system and invest in the development of the first, most effective ones.

Rule 7 When forming the mission and goals of the system, priority should be given to the interests of a higher level system as a guarantee of solving global problems.

Rule 8 Of all the quality indicators of systems, priority should be given to their reliability as a combination of the manifested properties of reliability, durability, maintainability and persistence.

Rule 9. The effectiveness and prospects of the system is achieved by optimizing its goals, structure, management system and other parameters. Therefore, the strategy for the functioning and development of the system should be formed on the basis of optimization models.

Rule 10. When formulating the goals of the system, the uncertainty of information support should be taken into account. The probabilistic nature of situations and information at the stage of predicting goals reduces the real effectiveness of innovations.

Rule 11. When formulating a system strategy, it should be remembered that the goals of the system and its components in semantic and quantitative terms, as a rule, do not coincide. However, all components must perform a specific task to achieve the purpose of the system. If without any component it is possible to achieve the goal of the system, then this component is superfluous, contrived, or it is the result of poor-quality structuring of the system. This is a manifestation of the emergence property of the system.

Rule 12. When constructing the structure of the system and organizing its functioning, it should be taken into account that almost all processes are continuous and interdependent. The system functions and develops on the basis of contradictions, competition, a variety of forms of functioning and development, and the system's ability to learn. The system exists as long as it functions.

Rule 13 When forming the strategy of the system, it is necessary to ensure the alternative ways of its functioning and development based on forecasting various situations. The most unpredictable fragments of the strategy should be planned according to several options, taking into account different situations.

Rule 14 When organizing the functioning of the system, it should be taken into account that its efficiency is not equal to the sum of the efficiencies of the functioning of subsystems (components). When the components interact, a positive (additional) or negative effect synergy. For getting positive effect synergy is necessary high level organization (low entropy) of the system.

Rule 15 In conditions of rapidly changing parameters of the external environment, the system must be able to quickly adapt to these changes. The most important tools increasing the adaptability of the functioning of the system (company) are the strategic segmentation of the market and the design of goods and technologies on the principles of standardization and aggregation.

Rule 16 The only way to develop organizational, economic and production systems is innovative. The introduction of innovations (in the form of patents, know-how, R&D results, etc.) in the field of new products, technologies, methods of organizing production, management, etc. serves as a factor in the development of society.

3. An example of the application of system analysis in management

The manager of a large administrative building received an increasing stream of complaints from employees who worked in this building. Complaints indicated that it took too long to wait for the elevator. The manager asked for help from a company specializing in lifting systems. The engineers of this firm conducted timing, which showed that the complaints are well founded. It was found that the average waiting time for an elevator exceeds accepted norms. The experts informed the manager that there were three possible ways solving the problem: increasing the number of elevators, replacing existing elevators with high-speed ones and introducing a special operating mode for elevators, i.e. transfer of each elevator to serve only certain floors. The manager asked the firm to evaluate all of these alternatives and provide him with estimates of the estimated costs for implementing each of the options.

After some time, the company complied with this request. It turned out that the implementation of the first two options required costs that, from the point of view of the manager, were not justified by the income generated by the building, and the third option, as it turned out, did not provide a sufficient reduction in waiting time. The manager was not satisfied with any of these proposals. He postponed further negotiations with this firm for some time to consider all options and make a decision.

When a manager is faced with a problem that seems to him insoluble, he often finds it necessary to discuss it with some of his subordinates. The team approached by our manager included a young psychologist who worked in the hiring department maintaining and repairing this large building. When the manager presented the essence of the problem to the assembled employees, this young man was very surprised at the very posing of it. He said he couldn't understand why office workers, who were known to waste a lot of time every day, were unhappy about having to wait minutes for an elevator. Before he had time to express his doubt, the thought flashed through him that he had found an explanation. Although employees often uselessly waste their working hours, they are busy at this time with something, albeit unproductive, but pleasant. But waiting for the elevator, they just languish from idleness. At this guess, the face of the young psychologist lit up, and he blurted out his proposal. The manager accepted it, and a few days later the problem was solved at the most minimal cost. The psychologist suggested hanging on each floor near the elevator large mirrors. These mirrors, of course, gave the women waiting for the elevator something to do, but the men, who were now absorbed in looking at the women, pretended not to pay any attention to them, ceased to be bored.

No matter how true the story is, but the point it illustrates is extremely important. The Psychologist was looking at exactly the same problem as the engineers, but he approached it from a different perspective, determined by his education and interests. In this case, the approach of the psychologist proved to be the most effective. Obviously, the problem was solved by changing the goal, which was reduced not to reduce the waiting time, but to create the impression that it had become less.

Thus, we need to simplify systems, operations, decision-making procedures, etc. But this simplicity is not so easy to achieve. This is the hardest task. The old saying, "I'm writing you a long letter because I don't have time to make it short" can be paraphrased as "I'm making it complicated because I don't know how to make it simple."

CONCLUSION

The system approach, its main features, as well as its main features in relation to management are briefly considered.

The paper describes the structure, ways of improvement, rules for applying a systematic approach and some other aspects encountered in the management of systems, organizations, enterprises, the creation of management systems for various purposes.

The application of systems theory to management allows the manager to "see" the organization in the unity of its constituent parts, which are inextricably intertwined with the outside world.

The value of a systems approach for the management of any organization includes two aspects of the work of a leader. Firstly, it is the desire to achieve the overall effectiveness of the entire organization and not to allow the private interests of any one element of the organization to damage the overall success. Secondly, the need to achieve this in an organizational environment that always creates conflicting goals.

The expansion of the application of a systematic approach in making managerial decisions will help to increase the efficiency of the functioning of economic and social various objects.

Systems approach- the direction of the methodology of scientific knowledge, which is based on the consideration of an object as a system: an integral complex of interrelated elements (I. V. Blauberg, V. N. Sadovsky, E. G. Yudin); sets of interacting objects (L. von Bertalanffy); sets of entities and relations (Hall A. D., Fagin R. I., late Bertalanffy)

Speaking of a systematic approach, we can talk about some way of organizing our actions, one that covers any kind of activity, identifying patterns and relationships in order to use them more effectively. At the same time, a systematic approach is not so much a method of solving problems as a method of setting problems. As they say, "That's right. question asked is half the answer. This is a qualitatively higher, rather than just objective, way of knowing.

Basic principles of the systems approach

Integrity, which allows to consider the system simultaneously as a whole and at the same time as a subsystem for higher levels.

Hierarchy of the structure, that is, the presence of a set (at least two) of elements located on the basis of the subordination of elements of a lower level to elements of a higher level. The implementation of this principle is clearly visible in the example of any particular organization. As you know, any organization is an interaction of two subsystems: managing and managed. One is subordinate to the other.

Structuring, which allows you to analyze the elements of the system and their relationships within a specific organizational structure. As a rule, the process of functioning of the system is determined not so much by the properties of its individual elements, but by the properties of the structure itself.

Plurality, which allows using a variety of cybernetic, economic and mathematical models to describe individual elements and the system as a whole.

Consistency, the property of an object to have all the features of the system.

Features of a systematic approach

Systems approach- this is an approach in which any system (object) is considered as a set of interrelated elements (components) that has an output (goal), input (resources), communication with the external environment, feedback. This is the most difficult approach. The system approach is a form of application of the theory of knowledge and dialectics to the study of processes occurring in nature, society, and thinking. Its essence lies in the implementation of the requirements of the general theories systems, according to which each object in the process of its study should be considered as a large and complex system and at the same time as an element of a more general system.

A detailed definition of a systematic approach also includes the obligatory study and practical use of the following eight aspects:

- system-element or system-complex, which consists in identifying the elements that make up this system. In all social systems, one can find material components (means of production and consumer goods), processes (economic, social, political, spiritual, etc.) and ideas, scientifically conscious interests of people and their communities;

- system-structural, which consists in clarifying the internal connections and dependencies between the elements of a given system and allowing you to get an idea of ​​​​the internal organization (structure) of the system under study;

- system-functional, involving the identification of functions for the performance of which corresponding systems have been created and exist;

system-target, meaning the need for a scientific definition of the goals and sub-goals of the system, their mutual linking with each other;

- system-resource, which consists in carefully identifying the resources required for the functioning of the system, for solving a particular problem by the system;

- system integration, consisting in determining the totality of the qualitative properties of the system, ensuring its integrity and peculiarity;

- system communication, meaning the need to identify the external relations of this system with others, that is, its relations with the environment;

- system-historical, allowing to find out the conditions at the time of the emergence of the system under study, the stages it has passed, the current state, as well as possible development prospects.

Almost all modern sciences built on a systematic basis. An important aspect of the systematic approach is the development of a new principle of its use - the creation of a new, unified and more optimal approach (general methodology) to knowledge, to apply it to any cognizable material, with the guaranteed goal of obtaining the most complete and holistic view of this material.