Why do you need to fill crushed stone with bitumen? The device of the crushed stone base according to the method of impregnation with bitumen Crushed stone impregnated with bitumen weight

So, in order, the information is confirmed by the test reports of the leading manufacturers of polystyrene concrete, I made a conclusion for myself and wrote at the end of the commentary. MOISTURE RESISTANCE and HYGROSCOPICITY This is the most important property of any building material, especially in areas with high humidity. The higher the moisture resistance of the material, the more durable, stable and warmer it is. Polystyrene concrete absorbs no more than 6% of moisture from the atmosphere, it can be under open sky almost unlimited time. STRENGTH Due to the super strong cement-polystyrene matrix, polystyrene concrete has unique strength characteristics. This material is so durable that a fall from the height of a five-story building will not cause significant damage to the block. FIRE RESISTANCE Polystyrene concrete does not burn, it is able to withstand the enormous temperatures caused by fire, due to its unique thermal conductivity coefficient, it does not allow heat to penetrate deep into the wall. Flammability class NG. Fire resistance class EI180. DURABILITY The service life of a house made of polystyrene concrete is at least 100 years. Over the years, the strength of polystyrene concrete only increases. FROST RESISTANCE Tests for frost resistance and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations from + 75°С to - 30°С were carried out on 150 freeze-thaw cycles without loss of integrity and heat-insulating ability. THERMAL INSULATION It has long been recognized that polystyrene (styrofoam) is the best heat insulator in the world, it is even warmer than wood! A house made of polystyrene concrete does not require insulation: it is cool in summer and warm in winter. NOISE INSULATION Polystyrene concrete provides best indicator on noise absorption, 18-20 cm extinguishes from 70 decibels of sound. Consequently, in a house made of polystyrene concrete, there is special comfort: noise from the street and inside from adjoining rooms and bathrooms. ECONOMY Cost per square meter finished wall cheaper than other materials. Due to the high level of heat retention, walls made of polystyrene concrete can be built 25% thinner than from alternative materials (aerated concrete and foam concrete) and 4 times thinner than brick. Savings on wall thickness lead to overall savings in the construction of the box (foundation, roof and walls) up to 50%. At the same time, the quality of the house will be even higher, and the house itself will be warmer. SEISMIC RESISTANCE Seismic resistance 9-12 points. Polystyrene concrete has not only compressive strength, but also the highest tensile and bending strength. Therefore, polystyrene concrete is considered the most reliable and earthquake-resistant material. LIGHTNESS A large-sized block 200x300x600 mm does not exceed the weight of 17 kg, which facilitates the work of a bricklayer and reduces the time for laying walls: it replaces 20 bricks in volume, and almost three times lighter in weight. ANTISEPTICITY The additive used in the manufacture of polystyrene concrete does not allow insects, rodents to start up in the walls, prevents the formation of mold and fungus, which negative impact on health. VAPOR PERMEABILITY Polystyrene concrete walls “breathe” similarly to wood walls, and there is no danger from condensation and waterlogging for them. This provides a comfortable environment in houses made of polystyrene concrete. PLASTICITY Plasticity is the only material made of cellular concrete that makes it possible to produce window and door lintels, its bending strength is 50-60% of the compressive strength, for concrete this parameter is 9-11%. CRACK RESISTANCE Polystyrene concrete, due to its elasticity, is incredibly resistant to cracking. And this guarantees a long period of preservation of interior decoration and durability of the whole house. MANUFACTURER High speed of erection wall structures due to the lightness and convenient geometry of the blocks. Easily sawn and chipped, the possibility of giving building material any geometric shape. ENVIRONMENTAL The International Building Code (IRC) classifies polystyrene as one of the most energy efficient and environmentally friendly insulation materials. Thus, polystyrene concrete has a lot of undeniable advantages over such materials as expanded clay concrete, autoclaved and non-autoclaved aerated concrete, foam concrete, wood concrete, etc. The disadvantages of polystyrene concrete appear only if its brand is incorrectly chosen and the technology of masonry and preparation for interior decoration. It can be said with absolute certainty that there is not a single significant advantage for materials such as aerated concrete and foam concrete over polystyrene concrete. At the same time, polystyrene concrete significantly surpasses them in key characteristics.

The most popular use of bitumen, in which crushed stone is impregnated with a binder, is the installation of asphalt pavement. Another application of this technology is the foundation waterproofing device.

There are two main types of bitumen: natural and artificially created oil.

If necessary additional protection foundation, you can use materials such as bitumen and crushed stone. Consistency (a product of oil refining) is different, liquid and solid. Other nuances of its application and required flow on the impregnation of crushed stone, we will consider further.

Table of physical and mechanical properties of bitumen.

Before highlighting the question of what consumption is necessary for the impregnation of crushed stone, let's find out what bitumen is. This product is a substance of solid or resinous consistency. Species Required uPVC pipes? follow the link Types of PVC pipes

It consists of various complex mixtures of hydrocarbons and its derivatives. Most often, this is a combination of a hydrocarbon with sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen. It is impossible to identify all its components.

This name in Latin means "mountain resin".

Bitumens are characterized by an amorphous structure; they do not have a certain degree of melting.

Resistance to acid, alkaline, saline solutions of an aqueous nature has been proven more than once. But organic solvents, such as gasoline, turpentine, acetone and others, perform their function quite well when exposed to bitumen;
Another property is such an indicator as hydrophobicity. In other words, they are not exposed to water, do not let it through, as they have a dense structure and zero porosity.

Scheme for the preparation of bitumen emulsions.

It is in connection with these qualities that they remain impervious to water and resistant to low temperatures. Due to these properties, bitumen is a fairly popular material in construction (roofing, waterproofing) and device pavement(for rubble). Using this impregnation, you will provide reliable waterproofing foundation.

There are two main types depending on their origin:

natural character;
artificially created oil.

Natural bitumen is found in fossil fuels. Their extraction is carried out most often by a quarry method (or mine), the further process of extracting bitumen from the rock is carried out using an organic solvent or by boiling out.

An artificial analogue (technical) is produced from the remains of oil refining products, the coal industry and shale, which have similar compositions to bitumen of natural origin.

The purpose is divided for construction, roofing and road purposes.

Characteristics

Characteristic table

All types have a special marking, which has the following decoding:

For example, BNK - oil roofing. The first number in the marking indicates the temperature regime at which bitumen softens, the second - penetration. This is the depth to which bitumen penetrates with a special needle, when temperature regime at 25 degrees and a degree of load of 100 g (indicated in tenths of a millimeter);
Such a type as construction is a combustible substance, in which the flash point is from 220 to 240 degrees, and the autoignition temperature is 368 degrees. Such bitumen is produced in the process of oxidation of oil distillation products (as well as its mixtures);
The use of construction bitumen (BN50/50; BN70/30, BN90/10) is especially in demand in construction waterproofing works;
Bitumen for roofing has a flash point of at least 240 degrees, and a self-ignition temperature of 300 degrees. Produced by the same method as the construction. Its application, in accordance with the name, is various roofing materials: glassine, roofing material and others.

There is also such a view as a modified one. It differs from the usual improved, due to the addition of specialized additives (polymers), qualities.

Now let's look at such an indicator as consumption.

Table for assessing the adhesion of crushed stone and bitumen.

Bitumen consumption will also depend on the purpose for which bitumen is used. For example, when waterproofing with bitumen, it needs to be heated to a liquid consistency. The recommended application layer is from 1.5 to 2.5 millimeters, while the consumption will be from 1 to 1.5 kg per square meter.

When making a road surface using bitumen, its bottling (BND90/130) is carried out at a heating temperature of about 150 degrees, using an asphalt distributor over the entire width of the existing coating.

The surface of the layer is pre-cleaned from dirt and dust. The consumption of the substance corresponds to the following ratio, from 1 to 1.1 l/sq.m per cm of impregnating layer thickness, additional impregnation, i. consumption, from 1.5 to 2 l / sq.m for the coating device.

In order to reduce consumption, asphalt concrete pavements containing activated powder are used. In this case, bitumen consumption is reduced by about 25%.

In addition to saving the bitumen component, there is a significant decrease in such quality as plasticity, and this circumstance directly contributes to an increase in the degree of stability of the resulting coating to deformation changes in the form of shear.

The device of asphalt concrete pavements

Scheme of the device of asphalt concrete pavements.

Any asphalt coating is made using a hot bituminous mixture, crushed stone (gravel), sand and mineral powder. The technological order of operations includes the following steps:

applying a primer mixture, the layer of which is 1 mm on the concrete surface;
laying an asphalt concrete mixture (it can be rigid or cast) and its subsequent compaction.

Asphalt concrete pavement requires a hard mix and subsequent compaction with a mechanical roller. Seal manually poured asphalt concrete is allowed only when the amount of work to be done is not very large or hard-to-reach places for a mechanical roller are subject to compaction.

clutch table road bitumen with gravel surface.

Asphalt concrete, or rather its cast mixtures, are laid during the coating with strips no more than two meters wide, limited by slats that act as beacons when performing asphalt work, which will allow not to exceed the material consumption.

It is necessary to align mixtures using a rule. You need to move it along the beacons (rails), applying further compaction with a roller equipped with electric heater and weighing 70 kg;
The end of tamping of cast asphalt concrete is expedient in case of elimination of its mobility under the influence of a roller;
Each compacted layer, or rather its maximum thickness, cannot be more than 25 mm. Sometimes in hard-to-reach places rollers are used to compact the mixture;
If there was a break in the work on the asphalt pavement, then the edge of the previously compacted area is heated. The seams must be carefully tamped until they become invisible. Areas with marriage (cracks, shells) are subject to cutting and smearing with a hot mixture.

As for the cases when crushed stone is used for the coating device, then it is necessary to use parts of natural origin that are identical in strength.

Crushed stone, or rather its size, should correspond to a value from 25 to 75 millimeters. The main thing is not to exceed 0.7% of the thickness of the covering layer. On the initial stage crushed stone (its layer) is processed using a wedge with a size of 15 to 25 millimeters, or pebbles no more than 15 mm.

Crushed stone is laid in layers from 80 to 200 mm. Do not forget that each of its layers must be trimmed, and then rammed with a roller. When performing tamping operations, crushed stone must be treated with water. After the mobility of the crushed stone has completely disappeared, and the traces of the roller have become invisible, compaction can be completed.

As noted above, crushed stone, or rather its layer, is covered with wedges, then with small pebbles, as well as sand no larger than 5 millimeters. After applying the above materials, the surface is moistened with water and rammed with a 12-tonne roller. Please note that if no marks remain after passing through the roller, compaction can be completed.

In a similar way, a coating of crushed stone impregnated in the form of bitumen is performed. Before impregnation, the gravel must be dry. If it is wet, it must be dried. In this case, the material consumption does not change, but this is how it should be according to technology.

Most often, the bitumen grade BN11 is used for impregnation. Impregnation is carried out by pouring hot bitumen in a uniform layer on crushed stone three times (over the entire area).

Bitumen during the spill should have a temperature of 150 to 170 degrees. After spilling for the first time, it is necessary to immediately carry out the sprinkling with a wedge. After the second and third layers of bitumen, small stones are scattered in compliance with the ratio of 1 cubic meter per 100 square meters of surface. Do not forget about the even distribution of the stone between the pieces of rubble;
The coating made in this way (with impregnation) has good strength, roughness and easily withstands traffic with an intensity of about 1000 cars per day.

As a disadvantage, one can note the high consumption of the bitumen component and the not always uniform distribution of the binder between the parts of the crushed stone. If you use bitumen in in large numbers, then the appearance of shifts and undulating bulges is possible.

And an insufficient amount affects the quality of cohesion of crushed stone and, as a result, contributes to the rapid destruction of the road surface. Therefore, it is advisable to comply with the consumption recommended by experts.

Standard Requirements

Table of requirements for crushed stone and bitumen.

As already known, for the arrangement of the road surface, such a component as crushed stone is used. It is obtained by crushing rock. Depending on the method of construction and the type of road surface, one or another brand of crushed stone is chosen.

I would like to note that, when making a road surface using impregnation, lamellar grains can be contained in crushed stone, not exceeding a value of 35%.

With regard to binders, the following options can be used for paving:

viscous road oil in accordance with GOST 22245-76;
liquid road oil bitumen with slow and average speed thickening (GOST 11955-74);
road coal tar, corresponding to GOST 4641-74;
other organic binders.

The choice of brand and type is directly dependent on what kind of coating is supposed to be done, the purpose of the layer, the method of performing work and other important factors.

crushed stone impregnation

If you are planning to build a house with basement and ground floor, then you can not do without a waterproofing device. This is very milestone in construction.

If you take care of the device high-quality waterproofing, then in the future avoid problems with high level ground water and inadequate foundation strength.

Therefore, take our advice and take care of the installation of a waterproofing layer at the stage of foundation construction. In any case, this will only increase the life of your building and get rid of dampness in the premises of the house.

About what consumption is most appropriate, it was said above. Next, you can get acquainted with the technological procedure for carrying out waterproofing work.

Additional protection of the foundation is carried out using bitumen. They carry out the pouring of crushed stone intended for the foundation layer. First, you need to fill the crushed stone into the prepared pit of the future basement;
Experts recommend using larger gravel. The filling of the remaining empty spaces is carried out by adding smaller parts of rubble;
A mandatory action when building a foundation is to compact the rubble, as a result, its height should be about 40 millimeters. Now pouring is possible.

The layer is poured with hot bitumen, as a result of which an even more reliable seal is obtained. All voids not filled with small stones must be filled with an astringent.

Such a spill will provide reliable protection against moisture. After the impregnation of crushed stone is completed, it is necessary to fill it with a concrete mixture.

APPROVED by Glavdortekh (letter N GPTU-1-2/332 dated 26.05.87)

The initial stage of violation of the evenness of the roadway are single potholes. To prevent their development, timely current (patching) repair of road surfaces is necessary. Repair work is difficult in the conditions of the cold wet period of the year, when the destruction of coatings occurs and progresses most intensively. A method for patching coatings by the simplest means under adverse weather conditions is proposed.

Recommendations for repair were developed taking into account the author's certificate N 834303 based on research conducted at the Rostov Civil Engineering Institute. The recommendations were confirmed during the performance of pilot work and implemented in the practice of road repair in the DRSU production management Rostovavtodor, the North Caucasian Highway and other organizations of the country.

The recommendations were developed in accordance with the research plan of the Minavtodor of the RSFSR on the topic SD-02-76 "Improving the technology and organization of work on the repair and maintenance highways"in the development and addition of the" Technical rules for the repair and maintenance of roads "(VSN 24-75 *) / Minavtodor of the RSFSR - M .: "Transport", 1976 in terms of organizing and performing current repairs of road surfaces.

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* Here and below. There are "Methodological recommendations for the repair and maintenance of public roads" . - Note "CODE".

Recommendations developed by associate professor, candidate technical sciences Matrosov A.P. with the participation of engineers Shostenko N.G. and Zolotareva K.V.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. The areas of single destruction and deformation of the roadway are subject to current (patching) repair of road surfaces: potholes, subsidence, breaches, secrecy, wide cracks, collapse of edges. In order to prevent intensive violation of the evenness of coatings, the current repair of destruction and deformation should be carried out at an early stage of their development. Untimely (late) maintenance leads to an increase in the labor and material costs necessary for repair, reduces the service life of coatings, reduces the speed and increases the cost of road transport, and adversely affects the provision of amenities and traffic safety.

1.2. Most of the destruction and deformation of road surfaces occurs in the cold, wet autumn-spring period of the year, when the current repair of pavements with heating or cutting out defective areas and filling the cuttings with asphalt concrete mixtures is difficult due to adverse weather conditions for the production of work and the preparation of repair materials.

1.3. The method proposed by these recommendations for the current (patching) repair of coatings with crushed stone with reverse impregnation bitumen is applicable for improved coatings of lightweight and capital types and is expedient at low positive air temperatures both in dry and wet weather using the simplest mechanization and working equipment.

1.4. Mainly small-sized (up to 0.5-1.5 m) destructions and deformations, mainly with steep edges, with a traffic intensity of less than 5-7 thousand cars per day, are subject to repair. With greater traffic intensity, the proposed method of repair should be considered as a temporary repair measure, followed, if necessary, by repeated repairs under favorable weather conditions using known methods provided for " technical rules repair and maintenance of roads" (VSN 24-75), including the use of special road repair machines such as DE-5, DE-5A, MTRDT, MTRD, road repairer 5320, road foreman 4101, etc.

1.6.* Reverse impregnation of crushed stone with bitumen (from bottom to top, as opposed to impregnation from top to bottom) is based on the foaming effect that occurs when hot bitumen interacts with the cold wet (natural moisture) surface of the repair crushed stone and the repaired coating. Foaming of bitumen is accompanied by a partial displacement of moisture from the surface of the coating and mineral material, which contributes to the adhesion of the binder material to them.
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* The numbering corresponds to the original. - Note "CODE".

1.7. Reverse impregnation allows the use of ordinary stone material, unsuitable for impregnation from top to bottom, where clean one-dimensional crushed stone is needed.

1.8. The service life of sections repaired by reverse impregnation depends on the materials used, the intensity and composition of traffic and exceeds 2-5 years. The cost of repairing coatings with crushed stone with reverse impregnation with bitumen is on average 1 rub. per 1 m (Appendix 1).

2. MATERIALS USED

2.1. For the repair of coatings with crushed stone with reverse impregnation with a binder, it is advisable to use oil road viscous bitumen: BND 130/200; BND 90/130. In the absence of bitumen, as an exception, coal tar and tar are used (the experience of Rostovavtodor).

The temperature of bitumen during its pouring onto the repaired coating in order to increase the intensity of foaming should be close to the upper limit of the operating temperature (180-200 ° C).

2.2. As a mineral material, crushed stone should be used, obtained by crushing massive rocks, boulder stone, coarse gravel and non-degradable metallurgical slag. The grade of crushed stone should be at least 600 in terms of crushability, not lower than I-IV in terms of wear in the shelf drum, and not less than Mrz 50 in terms of frost resistance.

2.3. Crushed stone can be one-dimensional with a fraction size of 5-15; 10-15; 15-20 mm. You can use crushed stone mixtures of optimal granulometric composition, designed for porous asphalt concrete with a crushed stone size of not more than 20 mm. In the absence of these materials, in some cases, it is allowed to use ordinary crushed stone, no larger than 20 mm, with a content of dust and clay particles in an amount of less than 3% by weight. The crushed stone used does not need to be dried, but it should not be wet, containing free water.

2.4. With a shortage of high-quality mineral materials, as an exception, it is possible to use sand and gravel materials (the experience of Rostovavtodor).

2.5. For the repair of roads with a traffic intensity exceeding 7 thousand vehicles per day, it is advisable to use durable blackened crushed stone with a fraction size of 15-20 mm (experiment of Sevkavavtodorogi).

3. MECHANIZATION AND LABOR TOOLS

3.1. A truck with a three-seat cab or a special repair vehicle is equipped with a bituminous thermos boiler, a bunker or compartment for mineral material, and a place for tools. Working equipment can be placed on a trailer to a transport vehicle. The bitumen boiler can be installed on a separate trailer.

3.2. The boiler, filled with hot bitumen at the base, is equipped with a gas or liquid fuel nozzle for heating the binder. Heating is possible using a dropper and a flame tube built into the boiler (rational proposal of the Salsky DRSU of Rostovavtodor). It is also possible to use a tarmacerator.

3.3. The distribution hose with a nozzle for pouring bitumen, and in its absence a distribution watering can, is placed in a hot chamber built into the boiler tank.

3.4. The crushed stone compartment or bin is installed so as to provide good access to the material.

3.5. Hand tools are placed in the body of the machine: scrapers, brooms, shovels, trowels, a rammer, a rail, a ruler-probe, as well as signal barriers (two signs 1.23 "Roadworks", a barrier with signs fixed on it 3.24 "Maximum speed limit" and 4.22 "Avoiding obstacles"). To ensure fire safety, the car is equipped with an additional fire extinguisher, and for the purposes of labor protection - with an additional first-aid kit.

4. TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF WORK

4.1. When repairing coatings with crushed stone impregnated with bitumen, the following technological operations are performed: cleaning the defective area from dust, dirt and free water; pouring bitumen heated to the upper limit of operating temperature; distribution of mineral material; additional pouring of bitumen and scattering of crushed stone (if necessary); seal.

4.2. The work is performed by a link consisting of three people: the driver of the car and two road workers moving in the cab of the car.

4.3. The technological scheme of repair provides for a short-term stop of the link at the place being repaired, indicated to the driver by the link worker with the obligatory installation of signal fencing means.

4.4. After preparing the equipment, materials and tools, the defective area is cleaned of dust, dirt and free water with a scraper and a broom. By means of a manual distributor, and in its absence, a watering can, the first worker (link) pours hot bitumen onto the repaired surface at the rate of 1-1.2 l/m per 1 cm of the depth of unevenness. Pouring is carried out along the edge of a pothole or subsidence so that the bitumen flows into its deep part.

The second worker, immediately after pouring the bitumen with a shovel, fills the unevenness with crushed stone in the amount of 0.012 m / m per 1 cm of depth. Then the crushed stone is leveled (if necessary) with a trowel and compacted with a manual rammer. If at the same time the bituminous foam has not risen to the surface of the crushed stone, the bitumen is re-bottled at the rate of up to 0.5 l / m, covered with a thin layer of crushed stone and compacted. Consolidation is also possible with the wheel of the vehicle used for the work.

SECTION 2. CONSTRUCTION OF BASES AND PAVEMENTS

See WPSs per device subgrade and pavement (General part)

Technological map N 13

DEVICE OF CRUSHED STONE COVERING (BASE) OF ROADS BY METHOD OF IMPREGNATION WITH BITUMEN

1 AREA OF USE

1.1. The technological map was developed for the installation of a crushed stone coating (base) with a thickness of 20 cm and a width of 9 m according to the method of impregnation with viscous bitumen to a depth of 10 cm using a distributor of road building materials DS-54 (for the main fraction of crushed stone) and DS-49 (for subsequent fractions rubble).

For a coating (base) with a thickness of 20 cm, crushed stone of the fraction is used: 40-70 mm (main), 20-40 mm, 10-20 mm and 5-10 mm.

Crushed stone must meet the requirements of GOST 8267-93.

Bitumen must meet the requirements of GOST and GOST.

1.2. The design of the pavement (base) was adopted in accordance with the album "Typical building structures, products and assemblies" of the series 3.503-71 / 88 "Pavements for highways common use"Issue 0. Materials for design".

1.3. When arranging a crushed stone coating according to the impregnation method, following works: transportation and distribution of a layer of crushed stone; compaction of the crushed stone layer; pouring bitumen on the surface of the layer; distribution of the wedging fraction of crushed stone; compaction of the wedging fraction of crushed stone.

1.4. Works on the device of a crushed stone covering (base) by the impregnation method are carried out in dry weather at an air temperature not lower than +5 °C.

1.5. In all applications technological map it is necessary to link it to local working conditions, taking into account the availability of road construction machines and mechanisms, clarifying the scope of work and calculating labor costs.

2. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORKS

2.1. Before installing a crushed stone coating (base) according to the method of impregnation, it is necessary:

Ensure the readiness of the subgrade (or the underlying layer of pavement) in accordance with the requirements of current building codes and regulations;

Prepare temporary access roads for the delivery of materials to the work site;

Perform layout works to ensure compliance with the design thickness, width of the base (cover) and transverse slopes;

Provide drainage.

2.2. Crushed stone is delivered to the site by dump trucks in the amount necessary for the installation of a structural layer of a given thickness, taking into account the safety factor for compaction of 1.25.

Bitumen is brought to the place of bottling by an asphalt distributor, and by the time of distribution it is brought to the required temperature.

2.3. Works on the device of crushed stone coating according to the method of impregnation (Fig. 1) are carried out by the in-line method on two grippers 200 m long each (Fig. 2).

Fig.1. Pavement design

Fig.2. Technological flow plan for the device of crushed stone

coating layer (10 cm thick) according to the method of impregnation with viscous bitumen

2.4. On the first bite the following technological operations are performed:

Delivery of the main fraction of crushed stone (40-70 mm) for the installation of the base (covering) by dump trucks KAMAZ 55118;

Distribution of crushed stone of the main fraction by the universal distributor DS-54;

Consolidation of a layer of crushed stone of fraction 40-70 mm.

With a total thickness of the crushed stone base (coating) according to the impregnation method of 20 cm, a layer from the main fraction of crushed stone should be taken into account with a coefficient of 0.9 to the design thickness of the base (coating) and an increase in the volume of crushed stone fraction by 1.25 times for its compaction.

Crushed stone is delivered to the place of laying by a KamAZ-55118 dump truck and distributed by a universal distributor DS-54.

To ensure the evenness of the edges and the specified width of the coating (base), temporary stops are installed in the form of curbs, beams, etc. The height of the stops should correspond to the thickness of the layer.

The distributor, equipped with a hinged working body of the crushed stone paver, provides the necessary evenness of the laid layer and preliminary compaction of crushed stone with a vibrating plate. Before starting work, the dampers of the distributor hopper must be located above the starting point for laying the crushed stone. The distributor blade is set to the working position, taking into account the thickness of the laid layer and the safety factor for compaction (1.25).

When the distributor is stationary, the dump truck drives onto special ladders and unloads the crushed stone into the receiving hopper. After unloading and leaving the ramps of the dump truck, the distribution of the material in strips 3 m wide begins.

As the spreader moves, the crushed stone enters the plow-type blade, which distributes it evenly over the entire width of the strip being laid, ensuring a given layer thickness. When leaving the dump, the crushed stone is compacted by vibrating plates.

After crushed stone is distributed over the entire width of the base, it is prepared for rolling. Correct, if necessary, the edges of the laid layer, carefully align the mating of the coating strips (base).

Due to the fact that the crushed stone is pre-compacted by vibrating plates of the crushed stone paver, rolling with light rollers is excluded, and crushed stone is compacted with heavy rollers with smooth rollers DU-98 weighing 10.5 tons.

Rolling of crushed stone starts from the shoulder to the axis of the road with overlapping of the previous track from the skating rink by 1/3 of its width in 5 passes along one track. After two or three passes of the rink, the places of subsidence are eliminated, crushed stone is poured, leveled and left for further compaction.

At the beginning of the compaction, when creating the necessary rigidity of the crushed stone layer due to the jamming of the crushed stone, the speed of the roller should be 1.5-2 km/h, at the end of the compaction it can be increased to a maximum speed (6.5 km/h), at which performance is increased and the motor is not overloaded.

To ensure better compaction, crushed stone should be watered at an air temperature above 20 °C. The amount of water should be 8-10 l/m. In this case, bitumen should be poured only after the crushed stone has dried.

A sign of complete compaction is the absence of crushed stone mobility, the cessation of wave formation in front of the roller and the absence of a trace from the roller. In this case, the crushed stone laid on the surface of the layer should be crushed (in case of insufficient compaction, it is pressed into the layer).

2.5. On the second grip the following technological operations are performed (Table 1):

Delivery of crushed stone of wedging fractions by ZIL-MMZ dump truck;

Delivery and bottling of viscous bitumen with asphalt distributor SD-203;

Distribution of crushed stone of wedging fractions by a stone fines distributor;

Compaction of the spreading layer of crushed stone with heavy rollers.

Table 1

Technological sequence of processes with the calculation of the scope of work and the required resources

Source justification-

production standards (ENiRs and calculations)

Description of workflows in their order technological sequence with the calculation of the scope of work

change-

number of works