Recommendations for the repair of road surfaces with crushed stone impregnated with bitumen. Pouring the base of the road with bitumen Crushed stone with impregnation

The most popular use of bitumen, in which crushed stone is impregnated with a binder, is the installation of asphalt pavement. Another application of this technology is the foundation waterproofing device.

There are two main types of bitumen: natural and artificially created oil.

If necessary additional protection foundation, you can use materials such as bitumen and crushed stone. Consistency (a product of oil refining) is different, liquid and solid. Other nuances of its application and required flow on the impregnation of crushed stone, we will consider further.

Table of physical and mechanical properties of bitumen.

Before highlighting the question of what consumption is necessary for the impregnation of crushed stone, let's find out what bitumen is. This product is a substance of solid or resinous consistency. Species Required uPVC pipes? follow the link Types of PVC pipes

It consists of various complex mixtures of hydrocarbons and its derivatives. Most often, this is a combination of a hydrocarbon with sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen. It is impossible to identify all its components.

This name in Latin means "mountain resin".

Bitumens are characterized by an amorphous structure; they do not have a certain degree of melting.

Resistance to acid, alkaline, saline solutions of an aqueous nature has been proven more than once. But organic solvents, such as gasoline, turpentine, acetone and others, perform their function quite well when exposed to bitumen;
Another property is such an indicator as hydrophobicity. In other words, they are not exposed to water, do not let it through, as they have a dense structure and zero porosity.

Scheme for the preparation of bitumen emulsions.

It is in connection with these qualities that they remain impervious to water and resistant to low temperatures. Due to these properties, bitumen is a fairly popular material in construction (roofing, waterproofing) and device pavement(for rubble). Using this impregnation, you will provide reliable waterproofing foundation.

There are two main types depending on their origin:

natural character;
artificially created oil.

Natural bitumen is found in fossil fuels. Their extraction is carried out most often by a quarry method (or mine), a further process of extracting bitumen from rock carried out using an organic solvent or by boiling.

An artificial analogue (technical) is produced from the remains of oil refining products, the coal industry and shale, which have similar compositions to bitumen of natural origin.

The purpose is divided for construction, roofing and road purposes.

Characteristics

Characteristic table

All types have a special marking, which has the following decoding:

For example, BNK - oil roofing. The first number in the marking indicates the temperature regime at which bitumen softens, the second - penetration. This is the depth to which bitumen penetrates with a special needle, when temperature regime at 25 degrees and a degree of load of 100 g (indicated in tenths of a millimeter);
Such a type as construction is a combustible substance, in which the flash point is from 220 to 240 degrees, and the autoignition temperature is 368 degrees. Such bitumen is produced in the process of oxidation of oil distillation products (as well as its mixtures);
The use of construction bitumen (BN50/50; BN70/30, BN90/10) is especially in demand in construction waterproofing works;
Bitumen for roofing has a flash point of at least 240 degrees, and a self-ignition temperature of 300 degrees. Produced by the same method as the construction. Its application, in accordance with the name, is various roofing materials: glassine, ruberoid and others.

There is also such a view as a modified one. It differs from the usual improved, due to the addition of specialized additives (polymers), qualities.

Now let's look at such an indicator as consumption.

Table for assessing the adhesion of crushed stone and bitumen.

Bitumen consumption will also depend on the purpose for which bitumen is used. For example, when waterproofing with bitumen, it needs to be heated to a liquid consistency. The recommended application layer is from 1.5 to 2.5 millimeters, while the consumption will be from 1 to 1.5 kg per square meter.

When making a road surface using bitumen, its bottling (BND90/130) is carried out at a heating temperature of about 150 degrees, using an asphalt distributor over the entire width of the existing coating.

The surface of the layer is pre-cleaned from dirt and dust. The consumption of the substance corresponds to the following ratio, from 1 to 1.1 l/sq.m. per cm of impregnating layer thickness; consumption, from 1.5 to 2 l / sq.m for the coating device.

To reduce consumption, use asphalt concrete pavements containing activated powder. In this case, bitumen consumption is reduced by about 25%.

In addition to saving the bitumen component, there is a significant decrease in such quality as plasticity, and this circumstance directly contributes to an increase in the degree of stability of the resulting coating to deformation changes in the form of shear.

The device of asphalt concrete pavements

Scheme of the device of asphalt concrete pavements.

Any asphalt coating is made using a hot bituminous mixture, crushed stone (gravel), sand and mineral powder. The technological order of operations includes the following steps:

applying a primer mixture, the layer of which is 1 mm on the concrete surface;
laying an asphalt concrete mixture (it can be rigid or cast) and its subsequent compaction.

Asphalt concrete pavement requires a hard mix and subsequent compaction with a mechanical roller. Seal manually poured asphalt concrete is allowed only when the amount of work to be done is not very large or hard-to-reach places for a mechanical roller are subject to compaction.

clutch table road bitumen with gravel surface.

Asphalt concrete, or rather its cast mixtures, are laid during the coating with strips no more than two meters wide, limited by slats that act as beacons when performing asphalt work, which will allow not to exceed the material consumption.

It is necessary to align mixtures using a rule. You need to move it along the beacons (rails), applying further compaction with a roller equipped with electric heater and weighing 70 kg;
The end of tamping of cast asphalt concrete is expedient in case of elimination of its mobility under the influence of a roller;
Each compacted layer, or rather its maximum thickness, cannot be more than 25 mm. Sometimes in hard-to-reach places rollers are used to compact the mixture;
If there was a break in the work on the asphalt pavement, then the edge of the previously compacted area is heated. The seams must be carefully tamped until they become invisible. Areas with marriage (cracks, shells) are subject to cutting and smearing with a hot mixture.

As for the cases when crushed stone is used for the coating device, then it is necessary to use parts of natural origin that are identical in strength.

Crushed stone, or rather its size, should correspond to a value from 25 to 75 millimeters. The main thing is not to exceed 0.7% of the thickness of the covering layer. On the initial stage crushed stone (its layer) is processed using a wedge with a size of 15 to 25 millimeters, or pebbles no more than 15 mm.

Crushed stone is laid in layers from 80 to 200 mm. Do not forget that each of its layers must be trimmed, and then rammed with a roller. When performing tamping operations, crushed stone must be treated with water. After the mobility of the crushed stone has completely disappeared, and the traces of the roller have become invisible, compaction can be completed.

As noted above, crushed stone, or rather its layer, is covered with wedges, then with small pebbles, as well as sand no larger than 5 millimeters. After applying the above materials, the surface is moistened with water and rammed with a 12-tonne roller. Please note that if no marks remain after passing through the roller, compaction can be completed.

In a similar way, a coating of crushed stone impregnated in the form of bitumen is performed. Before impregnation, the gravel must be dry. If it is wet, it must be dried. In this case, the material consumption does not change, but this is how it should be according to technology.

Most often, the bitumen grade BN11 is used for impregnation. Impregnation is carried out by pouring hot bitumen in a uniform layer on crushed stone three times (over the entire area).

Bitumen during the spill should have a temperature of 150 to 170 degrees. After spilling for the first time, it is necessary to immediately carry out the sprinkling with a wedge. After the second and third layers of bitumen, small stones are scattered in compliance with the ratio of 1 cubic meter per 100 square meters of surface. Do not forget about the even distribution of the stone between the pieces of rubble;
The coating made in this way (with impregnation) has good strength, roughness and easily withstands traffic with an intensity of about 1000 cars per day.

As a disadvantage, one can note the high consumption of the bitumen component and the not always uniform distribution of the binder between the parts of the crushed stone. If you use bitumen in in large numbers, then the appearance of shifts and undulating bulges is possible.

And an insufficient amount affects the quality of cohesion of crushed stone and, as a result, contributes to the rapid destruction of the road surface. Therefore, it is advisable to comply with the consumption recommended by experts.

Standard Requirements

Table of requirements for crushed stone and bitumen.

As already known, for the arrangement of the road surface, such a component as crushed stone is used. It is obtained by crushing rock. Depending on the method of construction and the type of road surface, one or another brand of crushed stone is chosen.

I would like to note that, when making a road surface using impregnation, lamellar grains can be contained in crushed stone, not exceeding a value of 35%.

With regard to binders, the following options can be used for paving:

viscous road oil in accordance with GOST 22245-76;
liquid road oil bitumen with slow and average speed thickening (GOST 11955-74);
road coal tar, corresponding to GOST 4641-74;
other organic binders.

The choice of brand and type is directly dependent on what kind of coating is supposed to be done, the purpose of the layer, the method of performing work and other important factors.

crushed stone impregnation

If you are planning to build a house with basement and ground floor, then you can not do without a waterproofing device. This is very milestone in construction.

If you take care of the device high-quality waterproofing, then in the future avoid problems with high level ground water and inadequate foundation strength.

Therefore, take our advice and take care of the installation of a waterproofing layer at the stage of foundation construction. In any case, this will only increase the life of your building and get rid of dampness in the premises of the house.

About what consumption is most appropriate, it was said above. Next, you can get acquainted with the technological procedure for carrying out waterproofing work.

Additional protection of the foundation is carried out using bitumen. They carry out the pouring of crushed stone intended for the foundation layer. First, you need to fill the crushed stone into the prepared pit of the future basement;
Experts recommend using larger gravel. The filling of the remaining empty spaces is carried out by adding smaller parts of rubble;
A mandatory action when building a foundation is to compact the rubble, as a result, its height should be about 40 millimeters. Now pouring is possible.

The layer is poured with hot bitumen, as a result of which an even more reliable seal is obtained. All voids not filled with small stones must be filled with an astringent.

This spill will provide reliable protection from moisture. After the impregnation of crushed stone is completed, it is necessary to fill it with concrete mix.

For insulation work, we recommend using this method for "safety net" basement or basement floors, as well as road surfaces. To do this, you need to purchase bitumen and crushed stone. Further in the article we will tell you more about this technique and its nuances.

Technology Description

This work is carried out at the very first stage of the construction of the building. Let's take a closer look at all the operations:

Conditions for the operation

In accordance with SNiP 3.04.01-87 - "Finishing and insulation work":

Temperature in the air from 5 ° C and above at the floor level and only after the laying of crushed stone;
Impregnation with hot bitumen should be carried out by pouring over the entire area evenly in three layers;
Consumption should be between 6 and 8 liters per square meter on the first layer, on the second and third layers - from 2.5 to 3 liters per square meter. The number of degrees of hot mountain resin varies from 150 to 170 degrees.

These two materials bonded together provide excellent waterproofing. Next, the concrete mixture is poured - the base of the room is formed. It is important to clearly calculate the consumption for 1m2 of crushed stone and carry out the process in strict accordance with GOST.

Consumption of bitumen for pouring crushed stone

In accordance with SNiP 3.06.03-85 - "Motorways", clause 10.17, bottling is carried out in the following ratio:

on a crushed stone base - 0.8 l / m2;
on the milled surface - 0.5 l/m2;
between layers of asphalt concrete pavement - 0.3 l/m2.

There are two main types of bitumen: natural and artificially created oil.

If additional protection is required for the foundation, materials such as bitumen and crushed stone can be used. Consistency (a product of oil refining) is different, liquid and solid. The rest of the nuances of its application and the necessary expense for the impregnation of crushed stone will be considered further.

Types and features

Table of physical and mechanical properties of bitumen.

Before highlighting the question of what consumption is necessary for the impregnation of crushed stone, let's find out what bitumen is. This product is a substance of solid or resinous consistency.

This name in Latin means "mountain resin".

Bitumens are characterized by an amorphous structure; they do not have a certain degree of melting.

Resistance to acid, alkaline, saline solutions of an aqueous nature has been proven more than once. But organic solvents, such as gasoline, turpentine, acetone and others, perform their function quite well when exposed to bitumen;
Another property is such an indicator as hydrophobicity. In other words, they are not exposed to water, do not let it through, as they have a dense structure and zero porosity.

Scheme for the preparation of bitumen emulsions.

It is in connection with these qualities that they remain impervious to water and resistant to low temperatures. Due to these properties, bitumen is a fairly popular material in construction (roofing, waterproofing) and paving (for crushed stone). Using this impregnation, you will ensure reliable waterproofing of the foundation.

There are two main types depending on their origin:

natural character;
artificially created oil.

Natural bitumen is found in fossil fuels. Their extraction is carried out most often by a quarry method (or mine), the further process of extracting bitumen from the rock is carried out using an organic solvent or by boiling out.

An artificial analogue (technical) is produced from the remains of oil refining products, the coal industry and shale, which have similar compositions to bitumen of natural origin.

The purpose is divided for construction, roofing and road purposes.

Characteristics

Characteristic table

All types have a special marking, which has the following decoding:

For example, BNK - oil roofing. The first number in the marking indicates the temperature regime at which bitumen softens, the second - penetration. This is the depth to which bitumen penetrates with a special needle, at a temperature of 25 degrees and a load of 100 g (indicated in tenths of a millimeter);
Such a type as construction is a combustible substance, in which the flash point is from 220 to 240 degrees, and the autoignition temperature is 368 degrees. Such bitumen is produced in the process of oxidation of oil distillation products (as well as its mixtures);
The use of construction bitumen (BN50/50; BN70/30, BN90/10) is especially in demand in construction waterproofing works;
Bitumen for roofing has a flash point of at least 240 degrees, and a self-ignition temperature of 300 degrees. Produced by the same method as the construction. Its application, in accordance with the name, is various roofing materials: glassine, roofing material and others.

There is also such a view as a modified one. It differs from the usual improved, due to the addition of specialized additives (polymers), qualities.

Now let's look at such an indicator as consumption.

Table for assessing the adhesion of crushed stone and bitumen.

When making a road surface using bitumen, its bottling (BND90/130) is carried out at a heating temperature of about 150 degrees, using an asphalt distributor over the entire width of the existing coating.

In order to reduce consumption, asphalt concrete pavements containing activated powder are used. In this case, bitumen consumption is reduced by about 25%.

Scheme of the device of asphalt concrete pavements.

Any asphalt coating is made using a hot bituminous mixture, crushed stone (gravel), sand and mineral powder. The technological order of operations includes the following steps:

applying a primer mixture, the layer of which is 1 mm on the concrete surface;
laying an asphalt concrete mixture (it can be rigid or cast) and its subsequent compaction.

Asphalt concrete pavement requires a hard mix and subsequent compaction with a mechanical roller. Manual compaction of poured asphalt concrete is permitted only when the amount of work to be done is not very large or hard-to-reach places for a mechanical roller are to be compacted.

Table of adhesion of road bitumen to the surface of crushed stone.

It is necessary to align mixtures using a rule. You need to move it along the beacons (rails), applying further compaction with a roller equipped with an electric heater and weighing 70 kg;
The end of tamping of cast asphalt concrete is expedient in case of elimination of its mobility under the influence of a roller;
Each compacted layer, or rather its maximum thickness, cannot be more than 25 mm. Rollers are sometimes used to compact the mixture in hard-to-reach places;
If there was a break in the work on the asphalt pavement, then the edge of the previously compacted area is heated. The seams must be carefully tamped until they become invisible. Areas with marriage (cracks, shells) are subject to cutting and smearing with a hot mixture.

As for the cases when crushed stone is used for the coating device, then it is necessary to use parts of natural origin that are identical in strength.

Crushed stone, or rather its size, should correspond to a value from 25 to 75 millimeters. The main thing is not to exceed 0.7% of the thickness of the covering layer. At the initial stage, crushed stone (its layer) is processed using a wedge with a size of 15 to 25 millimeters, or pebbles no larger than 15 mm.

Crushed stone is laid in layers from 80 to 200 mm. Do not forget that each of its layers must be trimmed, and then rammed with a roller. When performing tamping operations, crushed stone must be treated with water. After the mobility of the crushed stone has completely disappeared, and the traces of the roller have become invisible, compaction can be completed.

Most often, the bitumen grade BN11 is used for impregnation. Impregnation is carried out by pouring hot bitumen in a uniform layer on crushed stone three times (over the entire area).

Bitumen during the spill should have a temperature of 150 to 170 degrees. After spilling for the first time, it is necessary to immediately carry out the sprinkling with a wedge. After the second and third layers of bitumen, small stones are scattered in compliance with the ratio of 1 cubic meter per 100 square meters of surface. Do not forget about the even distribution of the stone between the pieces of rubble;
The coating made in this way (with impregnation) has good strength, roughness and easily withstands traffic with an intensity of about 1000 cars per day.

As a disadvantage, one can note the high consumption of the bitumen component and the not always uniform distribution of the binder between the parts of the crushed stone. If bitumen is used in large quantities, then shifts and undulating bulges may appear.

Standard Requirements

Table of requirements for crushed stone and bitumen.

I would like to note that, when making a road surface using impregnation, lamellar grains can be contained in crushed stone, not exceeding a value of 35%.

With regard to binders, the following options can be used for paving:

viscous road oil in accordance with GOST 22245-76;
liquid road oil bitumen with a slow and medium thickening rate (GOST 11955-74);
road coal tar, corresponding to GOST 4641-74;
other organic binders.

The choice of brand and type is directly dependent on what kind of coating is supposed to be done, the purpose of the layer, the method of performing work and other important factors.

crushed stone impregnation

If you are planning to build a house with a basement and a basement, then you cannot do without a waterproofing device. This is a very important stage in construction.

If you take care of the device of high-quality waterproofing, then in the future you will avoid problems with a high level of groundwater and with inadequate foundation strength.

About what consumption is most appropriate, it was said above. Next, you can get acquainted with the technological procedure for carrying out waterproofing work.

Additional protection of the foundation is carried out using bitumen. They carry out the pouring of crushed stone intended for the foundation layer. First, you need to fill the crushed stone into the prepared pit of the future basement;
Experts recommend using larger gravel. The filling of the remaining empty spaces is carried out by adding smaller parts of rubble;
A mandatory action when building a foundation is to compact the rubble, as a result, its height should be about 40 millimeters. Now pouring is possible.

The layer is poured with hot bitumen, as a result of which an even more reliable seal is obtained. All voids not filled with small stones must be filled with an astringent.

Such a spill will provide reliable protection against moisture. After the impregnation of crushed stone is completed, it is necessary to fill it with a concrete mixture.

SECTION 2. CONSTRUCTION OF BASES AND PAVEMENTS

See WPSs per device subgrade and pavement (General part)

Technological map N 13

DEVICE OF CRUSHED STONE COVERING (BASE) OF ROADS BY METHOD OF IMPREGNATION WITH BITUMEN

1 AREA OF USE

1.1. The technological map was developed for the installation of a crushed stone coating (base) with a thickness of 20 cm and a width of 9 m according to the method of impregnation with viscous bitumen to a depth of 10 cm using a distributor of road building materials DS-54 (for the main fraction of crushed stone) and DS-49 (for subsequent fractions rubble).

For a coating (base) with a thickness of 20 cm, crushed stone of the fraction is used: 40-70 mm (main), 20-40 mm, 10-20 mm and 5-10 mm.

Crushed stone must meet the requirements of GOST 8267-93.

Bitumen must meet the requirements of GOST and GOST.

1.2. The design of the cover (base) was adopted in accordance with the album "Typical building construction, products and components" series 3.503-71 / 88 "Road clothes for highways common use"Issue 0. Materials for design".

1.3. When arranging a crushed stone coating according to the impregnation method, following works: transportation and distribution of a layer of crushed stone; compaction of the crushed stone layer; pouring bitumen on the surface of the layer; distribution of the wedging fraction of crushed stone; compaction of the wedging fraction of crushed stone.

1.4. Works on the device of a crushed stone coating (base) by the impregnation method are carried out in dry weather at an air temperature of at least +5 °C.

1.5. In all applications technological map it is necessary to link it to local working conditions, taking into account the availability of road construction machines and mechanisms, clarifying the scope of work and calculating labor costs.

2. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORKS

2.1. Before installing a crushed stone coating (base) according to the method of impregnation, it is necessary:

Ensure the readiness of the subgrade (or the underlying layer of pavement) in accordance with the requirements of current building codes and regulations;

Prepare temporary access roads for the delivery of materials to the work site;

Perform layout works to ensure compliance with the design thickness, width of the base (cover) and transverse slopes;

Provide drainage.

2.2. Crushed stone is delivered to the site by dump trucks in the amount necessary for the installation of a structural layer of a given thickness, taking into account the safety factor for compaction of 1.25.

Bitumen is brought to the place of bottling by an asphalt distributor, and by the time of distribution it is brought to the required temperature.

2.3. Works on the device of crushed stone coating according to the method of impregnation (Fig. 1) are carried out by the in-line method on two grippers 200 m long each (Fig. 2).

Fig.1. Pavement design

Fig.2. Technological flow plan for the device of crushed stone

coating layer (10 cm thick) according to the method of impregnation with viscous bitumen

2.4. On the first bite the following technological operations are performed:

Delivery of the main fraction of crushed stone (40-70 mm) for the installation of the base (covering) by dump trucks KAMAZ 55118;

Distribution of crushed stone of the main fraction by the universal distributor DS-54;

Consolidation of a layer of crushed stone of fraction 40-70 mm.

With a total thickness of the crushed stone base (coating) according to the impregnation method of 20 cm, a layer from the main fraction of crushed stone should be taken into account with a coefficient of 0.9 to the design thickness of the base (coating) and an increase in the volume of crushed stone fraction by 1.25 times for its compaction.

Crushed stone is delivered to the place of laying by a KamAZ-55118 dump truck and distributed by a universal distributor DS-54.

To ensure the evenness of the edges and the specified width of the coating (base), temporary stops are installed in the form of curbs, beams, etc. The height of the stops should correspond to the thickness of the layer.

The distributor, equipped with a hinged working body of the crushed stone paver, provides the necessary evenness of the laid layer and preliminary compaction of crushed stone with a vibrating plate. Before starting work, the dampers of the distributor hopper must be located above the starting point for laying the crushed stone. The distributor blade is set to the working position, taking into account the thickness of the laid layer and the safety factor for compaction (1.25).

When the distributor is stationary, the dump truck drives onto special ladders and unloads the crushed stone into the receiving hopper. After unloading and leaving the ramps of the dump truck, the distribution of the material in strips 3 m wide begins.

As the spreader moves, the crushed stone enters the plow-type blade, which distributes it evenly over the entire width of the strip being laid, ensuring a given layer thickness. When leaving the dump, the crushed stone is compacted by vibrating plates.

After crushed stone is distributed over the entire width of the base, it is prepared for rolling. Correct, if necessary, the edges of the laid layer, carefully align the mating of the coating strips (base).

Due to the fact that the crushed stone is pre-compacted by vibrating plates of the crushed stone paver, rolling with light rollers is excluded, and crushed stone is compacted with heavy rollers with smooth rollers DU-98 weighing 10.5 tons.

Rolling of crushed stone starts from the shoulder to the axis of the road with overlapping of the previous track from the skating rink by 1/3 of its width in 5 passes along one track. After two or three passes of the rink, the places of subsidence are eliminated, crushed stone is poured, leveled and left for further compaction.

At the beginning of the compaction, when creating the necessary rigidity of the crushed stone layer due to the jamming of the crushed stone, the speed of the roller should be 1.5-2 km/h, at the end of the compaction it can be increased to a maximum speed (6.5 km/h), at which performance is increased and the motor is not overloaded.

To ensure better compaction, crushed stone should be watered at an air temperature above 20 °C. The amount of water should be 8-10 l/m. In this case, bitumen should be poured only after the crushed stone has dried.

A sign of complete compaction is the absence of crushed stone mobility, the cessation of wave formation in front of the roller and the absence of a trace from the roller. In this case, the crushed stone laid on the surface of the layer should be crushed (in case of insufficient compaction, it is pressed into the layer).

2.5. On the second grip the following technological operations are performed (Table 1):

Delivery of crushed stone of wedging fractions by ZIL-MMZ dump truck;

Delivery and bottling of viscous bitumen with asphalt distributor SD-203;

Distribution of crushed stone of wedging fractions by a stone fines distributor;

Compaction of the spreading layer of crushed stone with heavy rollers.

Table 1

Technological sequence of processes with the calculation of the scope of work and the required resources

Source justification-

production standards (ENiRs and calculations)

Description of workflows in their order technological sequence with the calculation of the scope of work

change-

number of works