Art style as a functional style finds application in fiction, which performs figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic functions. To understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, thinking that determines the specifics artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific method of cognition, which determines character traits scientific speech.
Literature, like other forms of art, is inherent in concrete representation of life in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. For artwork characteristic perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality , the author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, their understanding and comprehension of this or that phenomenon.
For the artistic style of speech is typical attention to the particular and the accidental followed by typical and general. Remember "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and all together they were the "face" of Russia contemporary to the author.
World fiction - this is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in artistic text we see not only the writer's world, but also the writer's in the artistic world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful versatility of the artistic style of speech.
The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. . The number of words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style includes, first of all, the figurative means of Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.
In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is very widely used. , which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.
Come to the fore in a literary text emotionality and expressiveness of the image . Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech - as concrete-sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, that is, a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem "Everything I see is Pavlovsk is hilly ...". Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to the general plan.
In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible due to artistic actualization., i.e., the allocation by the author of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.
In terms of diversity, richness and expressive possibilities of language means, the artistic style stands above other styles, is the most complete expression of the literary language.
As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system figurative forms expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, performs a nominative-pictorial function.
Linguistic features of the artistic style of speech
1. Heterogeneity of the lexical composition: a combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, colloquial, dialect, etc.
The feather grass has matured. The steppe was clad in swaying silver for many versts. The wind accepted it resiliently, swooping in, roughening it, bumping it, driving gray-opal waves first to the south, then to the west. Where a flowing air stream ran, the feather grass inclined prayerfully, and for a long time a blackening path lay on its gray ridge.
Various herbs bloomed. On the crests of the nikla is a joyless, burnt-out wormwood. The nights faded quickly. At night, in the charred-black sky, innumerable stars shone; month - the Cossack sun, darkening with a damaged sidewall, shone sparingly, white; the spacious Milky Way intertwined with other stellar paths. The tart air was thick, the wind was dry and wormwood; the earth, saturated with the same bitterness of the all-powerful wormwood, yearned for coolness.(M.A. Sholokhov)
2. Use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to realize an aesthetic function.
Daria hesitated for a minute and refused:
- No, no, I'm alone. There I am alone.
Where "there" - she did not even know close and, going out of the gate, went to the Angara. (V. Rasputin)
3. Activity of polysemantic words
all styles of speech.
The river boils all in a lace of white foam.
On the velvet of the meadows poppies are reddening.
Frost was born at dawn.
(M. Prishvin).
4. Combinatorial increments of meaning
(B.Larin)
Words in an artistic context receive a new semantic and emotional content, which embodies the figurative thought of the author.
I dreamed of catching the departing shadows,
The fading shadows of the fading day.
I went up the tower. And the steps trembled.
And the steps trembled under my foot
(K. Balmont)
5. Greater preference for the use of specific vocabulary and less - abstract.
Sergei pushed the heavy door. The steps of the porch barely audible sobbed under his foot. Two more steps and he is already in the garden.
The cool evening air was filled with the intoxicating aroma of flowering acacia. Somewhere in the branches, a nightingale chirped its trills, iridescently and subtly.
6. A minimum of generic concepts.
One more important piece of advice for a prose writer. More specificity. The imagery is the more expressive, the more precisely, more specifically the object is named.
You: " Horses chew corn. The peasants are preparing morning food”, “noisy birds"... In the artist's poetic prose, which requires visible clarity, there should be no generic concepts, if this is not dictated by the very semantic task of the content ... oats better than grain. Rooks more appropriate than birds(Konstantin Fedin)
7. Wide use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.
Rosehip, probably, since spring, has still made its way along the trunk to a young aspen, and now, when the time has come for the aspen to celebrate its name day, it all flared up with red fragrant wild roses.(M. Prishvin).
The New Time was located in Ertelev Lane. I said "fit". This is not the right word. Reigned, ruled.(G. Ivanov)
8. Verbal speech
The writer calls each movement (physical and / or mental) and change of state in stages. Forcing verbs activates reader tension.
Gregory went down to the Don, carefully climbed over through the wattle fence of the Astakhov base, came up to the shuttered window. He heard only frequent heartbeats ... Quietly knocked into the binding of the frame ... Aksinya silently approached to the window peered. He saw how she pressed hands to chest and heard an inarticulate moan escaped her lips. Gregory familiar showed so that she opened window, stripped off rifle. Aksinya opened wide sashes. He became on the mound, Aksinya's bare hands grabbed his neck. They are so trembled and fought on his shoulders, these native hands that tremble them transmitted and Gregory.(M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don")
The dominants of the artistic style are the imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (down to sounds). Hence the desire for freshness of the image, unhackneyed expressions, a large number of tropes, special artistic (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special, characteristic only for this style of expressive means of speech - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose a special harmonic organization of speech.
The artistic style of speech is distinguished by figurativeness, the wide use of figurative and expressive means of the language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it uses the means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of fiction, vernacular and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, jargon, rude words, professionally business turns of speech, journalism can be used. HOWEVER, ALL THESE MEANS IN the artistic style of speech ARE SUBJECT TO ITS MAIN FUNCTION - AESTHETIC.
If a colloquial style speech performs primarily the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official-business function of the message (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotionally aesthetic impact. All linguistic means included in a work of art change their primary function, obey the tasks of a given artistic style.
In literature, language occupies a special position because it is building material, that matter perceived by ear or sight, without which a work cannot be created. The artist of the word - the poet, the writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, "the only necessary placement is the only the right words", in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express an idea, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.
All this is accessible ONLY to the LANGUAGE OF ART LITERATURE, therefore it has always been considered the pinnacle of the literary language. The best in language, its strongest possibilities and the rarest beauty - in the works of fiction, and all this is achieved by the artistic means of the language.
Funds artistic expressiveness varied and numerous. You are already familiar with many of them. These are such tropes as epithets, comparisons, metaphors, hyperbole, etc.
trails- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in figurative meaning in order to achieve greater artistic expression. The path is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem to our consciousness to be close in some way. The most common types of tropes are allegory, hyperbole, irony, litote, metaphor, metomia, personification, paraphrase, synecdoche, simile, epithet.
For example: What are you howling about, the night wind, what are you complaining about insanely - personification. All flags will visit us - synecdoche. A man with a fingernail, a boy with a finger - litote. Well, eat a plate, my dear - metonymy, etc.
To expressive means languages are stylistic figures of speech or just figures of speech : anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, polyunion, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical address, silence, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poetry and prose), rhyme, intonation .
Artistic style - concept, types of speech, genres
All researchers talk about the special position of the style of fiction in the system of styles of the Russian language. But its selection in this common system perhaps, because it arises on the same basis as other styles.
The scope of the style of fiction is art.
The “material” of fiction is the national language.
He depicts in words thoughts, feelings, concepts, nature, people, their communication. Each word in a literary text is subject not only to the rules of linguistics, it lives according to the laws verbal art, in the system of rules and techniques for creating artistic images.
The form of speech is predominantly written, for texts intended to be read aloud, prior recording is required.
Fiction uses equally all types of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue.
Type of communication - public.
Genres of fiction known isnovel, short story, sonnet, short story, fable, poem, comedy, tragedy, drama, etc.
all elements of the artistic system of a work are subordinated to the solution of aesthetic problems. The word in a literary text is a means of creating an image, conveying the artistic meaning of a work.
These texts use the whole variety of linguistic means that exist in the language (we have already talked about them): means of artistic expression, and both means of the literary language and phenomena that stand outside the literary language can be used - dialects, jargon, means of other styles and etc. At the same time, the selection of language means is subject to the artistic intention of the author.
For example, the name of the hero can be a means of creating an image. This technique was widely used by writers of the 18th century, introducing “speaking names” into the text (Skotinins, Prostakova, Milon, etc.). To create an image, the author can use the possibilities of polysemy of a word, homonyms, synonyms and other linguistic phenomena within the same text.
(The one that, having sipped passion, only swallowed silt - M. Tsvetaeva).
The repetition of the word, which in scientific and official - business styles emphasizes the accuracy of the text, in journalism serves as a means of enhancing the impact, in artistic speech it can underlie the text, create the artistic world of the author
(cf .: S. Yesenin's poem “Shagane you are mine, Shagane”).
The artistic means of literature are characterized by the ability to “increase meaning” (for example, with information), which makes it possible different interpretations literary texts, its various assessments.
So, for example, many works of art were evaluated differently by critics and readers:
- drama by A.N. Ostrovsky called "Thunderstorm" "a ray of light in the dark kingdom", seeing in her main character - a symbol of the revival of Russian life;
- his contemporary saw in The Thunderstorm only "a drama in the family chicken coop",
- modern researchers A. Genis and P. Weil, comparing the image of Katerina with the image of Emma Bovary Flaubert, saw a lot in common and called The Thunderstorm "a tragedy of bourgeois life."
There are many such examples: the interpretation of the image of Shakespeare's Hamlet, Turgenev's, Dostoevsky's heroes.
The literary text has author's originality - the style of the author. These are the characteristic features of the language of the works of one author, consisting in the choice of heroes, compositional features text, language of characters, speech features the original text.
So, for example, for the style of L.N. Tolstoy is characterized by a technique that the famous literary critic V. Shklovsky called “removal”. The purpose of this technique is to return the reader to a living perception of reality and expose evil. This technique, for example, is used by the writer in the scene of Natasha Rostova’s visit to the theater (“War and Peace”): at first, Natasha, exhausted by separation from Andrei Bolkonsky, perceives the theater as an artificial life, opposed to her, Natasha’s, feelings (cardboard scenery, aging actors), then, after meeting Helen, Natasha looks at the scene through her eyes.
Another feature of Tolstoy's style is the constant division of the depicted object into simple constituent elements, which can manifest itself in the ranks of homogeneous members of the sentence; at the same time, such dismemberment is subordinated to a single idea. Tolstoy, struggling with the romantics, develops his own style, practically refuses to use the actual figurative means of the language.
In a literary text, we also encounter the image of the author, which can be presented as an image - a narrator or an image-hero, a narrator.
This is a conditional .
The author ascribes to him, "transfers" the authorship of his work, which may contain information about the personality of the writer, the facts of his life, which do not correspond to the actual facts of the writer's biography. By this, he emphasizes the non-identity of the author of the work and his image in the work.
- actively participates in the lives of heroes,
- included in the plot of the work,
- expresses his attitude to what is happening and characters
AT in general terms, the main linguistic features of the artistic style of speech include the following:
1. Heterogeneity of the lexical composition: a combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, vernacular, dialect, etc.
Let's turn to examples.
“The feather grass has matured. The steppe was clad in swaying silver for many versts. The wind accepted it resiliently, swooping in, roughening it, bumping it, driving gray-opal waves first to the south, then to the west. Where a flowing air stream ran, the feather grass inclined prayerfully, and a blackening path lay for a long time on its gray ridge.
“Different herbs have blossomed. On the crests of the nikla is a joyless, burnt-out wormwood. The nights faded quickly. At night, in the charred-black sky, innumerable stars shone; month - the Cossack sun, darkening with a damaged sidewall, shone sparingly, white; the spacious Milky Way intertwined with other stellar paths. The tart air was thick, the wind was dry and wormwood; the earth, saturated with the same bitterness of the all-powerful wormwood, yearned for coolness.
(M. A. Sholokhov)
2. The use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to implement the aesthetic function.
“Daria hesitated for a minute and refused:
No, no, I'm alone. There I am alone.
Where "there" - she did not even know close, and, going out of the gate, went to the Angara.
(V. Rasputin)
3. The activity of polysemantic words of all stylistic varieties of speech.
“The river boils all in a lace of white foam.
On the velvet of the meadows poppies are reddening.
Frost was born at dawn.
(M. Prishvin).
4. Combinatorial increments of meaning.
Words in an artistic context receive a new semantic and emotional content, which embodies the figurative thought of the author.
“I dreamed of catching the departing shadows,
The fading shadows of the fading day.
I went up the tower. And the steps trembled.
And the steps under my foot trembled.
(K. Balmont)
5. Greater preference for the use of specific vocabulary and less - abstract.
“Sergey pushed the heavy door. The steps of the porch barely audible sobbed under his foot. Two more steps and he is already in the garden.
“The cool evening air was filled with the intoxicating aroma of flowering acacia. Somewhere in the branches, a nightingale chimed and subtly trilled.
(M. A. Sholokhov)
6. A minimum of generic concepts.
“Another essential piece of advice for a prose writer. More specificity. The imagery is the more expressive, the more precisely, more specifically the object is named.
“You have: “Horses chew grain. Peasants prepare “morning food”, “birds rustled”… In the artist’s poetic prose, which requires visible clarity, there should be no generic concepts, if this is not dictated by the very semantic task of the content… Oats are better than grain. Rooks are more appropriate than birds."
(Konstantin Fedin)
7. Widespread use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.
“The dogrose, probably, has still made its way along the trunk to the young aspen since spring, and now, when the time has come for the aspen to celebrate its name day, it all flared up with red fragrant wild roses.”
(M. Prishvin).
“New time” was located in Ertelev Lane. I said "fit". This is not the right word. reigned, ruled."
(G. Ivanov)
8. Verbal speech.
The writer calls each movement (physical and / or mental) and change of state in stages. Forcing verbs activates reader tension.
“Grigory went down to the Don, carefully climbed over the fence of the Astakhov base, went to the shuttered window. He heard only frequent heartbeats... He tapped softly on the frame's binding... Aksinya went silently to the window and peered. He saw how she pressed her hands to her chest and heard her indistinct moan escape her lips. Grigory motioned for her to open the window and took off his rifle. Aksinya opened the doors. He stood on the mound, Aksinya's bare hands grabbed his neck. They trembled and beat on his shoulders so, these native hands, that their trembling was transmitted to Grigory.
(M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don")
The dominants of the artistic style are the imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (down to sounds). Hence the desire for freshness of the image, unhackneyed expressions, a large number of tropes, special artistic (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special expressive means of speech characteristic only for this style - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose a special harmonic organization of speech.
The artistic style of speech is distinguished by figurativeness, the wide use of figurative and expressive means of the language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it uses the means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of fiction, vernacular and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, jargon, rude words, professionally business turns of speech, journalism can be used. Means in the artistic style of speech are subject to its main function - aesthetic.
As I. S. Alekseeva notes, “if the colloquial style of speech performs primarily the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official-business function of communication (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotional and aesthetic impact. All linguistic means included in a work of art change their primary function, obey the tasks of a given artistic style.
In literature, language occupies a special position, since it is that building material, that matter perceived by ear or sight, without which a work cannot be created.
The artist of the word - the poet, the writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, "the only necessary placement of the only necessary words" in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express the thought, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.
All this is available only to the language of fiction, so it has always been considered the pinnacle of the literary language. The best in language, its strongest possibilities and the rarest beauty - in the works of fiction, and all this is achieved by the artistic means of the language. The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. First of all, these are trails.
Tropes - a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The path is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem to our consciousness to be close in some way.
one). An epithet (Greek epitheton, Latin appositum) is a defining word, mainly when it adds new qualities to the meaning of the word being defined (epitheton ornans is a decorating epithet). Wed Pushkin: "ruddy dawn"; Special attention theorists give an epithet with a figurative meaning (cf. Pushkin: “my harsh days”) and an epithet with the opposite meaning - the so-called. an oxymoron (cf. Nekrasov: "wretched luxury").
2). Comparison (Latin comparatio) - revealing the meaning of a word by comparing it with another according to some common ground(tertium comparisonis). Wed Pushkin: "Youth is faster than a bird." The disclosure of the meaning of a word by determining its logical content is called interpretation and refers to figures.
3). Periphrasis (Greek periphrasis, Latin circumlocutio) is a method of presentation that describes a simple subject through complex turns. Wed Pushkin has a parodic paraphrase: "The young pet of Thalia and Melpomene, generously endowed by Apollo." One of the types of paraphrase is euphemism - a replacement by a descriptive turn of a word, for some reason recognized as obscene. Wed in Gogol: "get by with a handkerchief."
In contrast to the paths listed here, which are built on the enrichment of the unmodified main meaning of the word, the following paths are built on shifts in the main meaning of the word.
four). Metaphor (Latin translatio) - the use of a word in a figurative sense. Classic example, cited by Cicero - "murmur of the sea." The confluence of many metaphors forms an allegory and a riddle.
5). Synecdoche (Latin intellectio) - the case when the whole thing is recognized by a small part or when a part is recognized by the whole. The classic example given by Quintilian is "stern" instead of "ship".
6). Metonymy (Latin denominatio) is the replacement of one name of an object by another, borrowed from related and close objects. Wed Lomonosov: "read Virgil".
7). Antonomasia (Latin pronominatio) -- replacement own name another, as if from the outside, a borrowed nickname. The classic example given by Quintilian is "destroyer of Carthage" instead of "Scipio".
eight). Metalepsis (Latin transumptio) - a replacement representing, as it were, a transition from one path to another. Wed in Lomonosov - "ten harvests have passed ...: here, through the harvest, of course, summer, after summer - a whole year."
Such are the paths built on the use of the word in a figurative sense; theorists also note the possibility of the simultaneous use of a word in a figurative and literally, the possibility of confluence of contradictory metaphors. Finally, a number of tropes stand out in which it is not the basic meaning of the word that changes, but one or another shade of this meaning. These are:
9). Hyperbole is an exaggeration brought to the point of "impossibility". Wed Lomonosov: "running, speedy wind and lightning."
ten). Litotes is an understatement expressing, through a negative turnover, the content of a positive turnover (“a lot” in the meaning of “many”).
eleven). Irony is the expression in words of the opposite meaning to their meaning. Wed Lomonosov's characterization of Catiline by Cicero: “Yes! He is a fearful and meek person ... ".
The expressive means of the language also include stylistic figures of speech or simply figures of speech: anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, polyunion, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, silence, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poetry and prose), rhyme, and intonation.
artistic speech stylistics Russian
The specificity of the artistic style of speech, as a functional one, lies in the fact that it finds application in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. In contrast, for example, to the abstract, objective, logical-conceptual reflection of reality in scientific speech, fiction is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life. A work of art is characterized by the perception through feelings and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks, first of all, to convey his personal experience, his understanding or understanding of a particular phenomenon. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, and the like. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.
The main goal of the artistic style is the development of the world according to the laws of beauty, the satisfaction of the aesthetic needs of both the author of the work of art and the reader, the aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.
The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. The words that form the basis of this style, first of all, include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.
The artistic style differs from other functional styles in that it uses the language tools of all other styles, but these tools (which is very important) appear here in a modified function - in an aesthetic one. In addition, not only strictly literary, but also extra-literary means of language can be used in artistic speech - colloquial, slang, dialect, etc., which are also used not in the primary function, but are subject to an aesthetic task.
The word in a work of art, as it were, doubles: it has the same meaning as in the general literary language, as well as an additional, incremental, associated with the artistic world, content of this work. Therefore, in artistic speech, words acquire a special quality, a certain depth, begin to mean more than what they mean in ordinary speech, remaining outwardly the same words.
This is how the transformation of ordinary language into artistic language takes place, such, one might say, is the mechanism of action of the aesthetic function in a work of art.
The peculiarities of the language of fiction include an unusually rich, diverse vocabulary. If the vocabulary of scientific, official business and colloquial speech is relatively limited thematically and stylistically, then the vocabulary of artistic style is fundamentally unlimited. Here, the means of all other styles can be used - both terms, and official expressions, and colloquial words and turns, and journalism. Of course, all these various means undergo aesthetic transformation, perform certain artistic tasks, and are used in unique combinations. However, there are no fundamental prohibitions or restrictions regarding vocabulary. Any word can be used, as long as it is aesthetically motivated, justified.
It can be said that in the artistic style all linguistic means, including neutral ones, are used to express the poetic thought of the author, to create a system of images of a work of art.
Wide range in use speech means is explained by the fact that, unlike other functional styles, each of which reflects one specific side of life, the artistic style, being a kind of mirror of reality, reproduces all areas human activity, all phenomena public life. The language of fiction is fundamentally devoid of any stylistic isolation, it is open to any styles, any lexical layers, any linguistic means. Such openness determines the diversity of the language of fiction.
In general, the artistic style is usually characterized by figurativeness, expressiveness, emotionality, the author's individuality, the specificity of the presentation, the specificity of the use of all linguistic means.
It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, possibilities different styles, characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, concreteness of speech. The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial everyday style, since the emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function.
A broader concept is the language of fiction: the artistic style is usually used in the author's speech, and other styles, such as colloquial, can be present in the speech of the characters.
The language of fiction is a kind of mirror of the literary language. Literature is rich, which means that the literary language is also rich. Great poets and writers create new forms of literary language, which are then used by their followers and all who speak and write in this language. Artistic speech appears as the pinnacle of language achievement. It has possibilities national language presented in their most complete and pure development.
The stylistic stratification of speech is its characteristic feature. This stratification is based on several factors, of which the main one is the sphere of communication. The sphere of individual consciousness - everyday life - and the informal atmosphere associated with it give rise to a conversational style, spheres public consciousness with their accompanying formality nourish bookish styles.
The difference in the communicative function of language is also significant. For leading is for book styles- message function.
Among book styles, the artistic style of speech stands out. So, his language is not only (and maybe not so much) but also a means of influencing people.
The artist generalizes his observations with the help of a specific image, by skillful selection of expressive details. He shows, draws, depicts the subject of speech. But you can show, draw only what is visible, concrete. Therefore, the requirement of concreteness is the main feature of the artistic style. However, a good artist will never describe, say, spring forest directly, so to speak, in the forehead, in the manner of science. He will select a few strokes, expressive details for his image, and with their help he will create a visible image, a picture.
Speaking about figurativeness as a leading stylistic feature of artistic speech, one should distinguish between “an image in a word”, i.e. figurative meanings of words, and "image through words". Only by combining both, we get the artistic style of speech.
In addition, the artistic style of speech has the following characteristic features:
1. Scope of use: works of art.
2. Tasks of speech: create a living picture depicting what the story is about; convey to the reader the emotions and feelings experienced by the author.
3. Characteristics artistic style of speech. The expression is basically:
Figurative (expressive and lively);
Specific (this person is described, and not people, in general);
Emotional.
Specific words: not animals, but wolves, foxes, deer and others; did not look, but paid attention, looked.
Often words are used in a figurative sense: the ocean of smiles, the sun sleeps.
The use of emotional-evaluative words: a) having diminutive suffixes: bucket, swallow, little white; b) with the suffix -evat- (-ovat-): loose, reddish.
Use of verbs perfect look having a prefix for-, indicating the beginning of the action (the orchestra began to play).
Use of present tense verbs instead of past tense verbs (Went to school, suddenly I see ...).
The use of interrogative, motivating, exclamatory sentences.
Use in the text of sentences with homogeneous members.
Speeches can be found in any fiction book:
She shone with forged damask steel
The rivers are a cold stream.
Don was terrible
horses snored,
And the backwater foamed with blood ... (V. Fetisov)
Quiet and blissful December night. The village slumbers peacefully, and the stars, like guards, vigilantly and vigilantly watch that there is harmony on earth, so that troubles and strife, God forbid, do not disturb unsteady consent, do not move people to new quarrels - the Russian side is already well fed with them ( A. Ustenko).
Note!
It is necessary to be able to distinguish between the artistic style of speech and the language of a work of art. In it, the writer resorts to various functional styles using language as a means speech characteristics hero. Most often, the conversational style of speech is reflected in the replicas of the characters, but if the task of creating an artistic image requires it, the writer can use both scientific and business in the character’s speech, and Non-distinguishing between the concepts of “artistic style of speech” and “language of a work of art” leads to the perception of any passage from a work of art as an example of the artistic style of speech, which is a gross mistake.
