Types of artistic expression. Expressive means of language

The figurative and expressive means of the language allow not only to convey information, but also to clearly and convincingly convey thoughts. Lexical expressive means make the Russian language emotional and colorful. Expressive stylistic means are used when an emotional impact on listeners or readers is necessary. It is impossible to make a presentation of oneself, a product, a company without the use of special language tools.

The word is the basis of figurative expressiveness of speech. Many words are often used not only in the direct lexical meaning. The characteristics of animals are transferred to a description of the appearance or behavior of a person - clumsy like a bear, cowardly like a hare. Polysemy (polysemy) - the use of a word in various meanings.

Homonyms are a group of words in the Russian language that have the same sound, but at the same time carry a different semantic load, serve to create a sound game in speech.

Types of homonyms:

• homographs - words are spelled the same, they change meaning depending on the stress set (lock - lock);
• homophones - words when written differ in one or more letters, but are perceived the same way by ear (the fruit is a raft);
• Homoforms are words that sound the same but refer to different parts speech (flying in an airplane - I'm flying a runny nose).

Puns - used to give speech a humorous, satirical meaning, betray sarcasm well. They are based on the sound similarity of words or their ambiguity.

Synonyms - describe the same concept from different angles, have a different semantic load and stylistic coloring. Without synonyms, it is impossible to build a vivid and figurative phrase; speech will be oversaturated with tautology.

Synonym types:

• full - identical in meaning, used in the same situations;
• semantic (semantic) - designed to give shade to words (conversation-conversation);
• stylistic - have same value, but they are related to different styles speech (finger-finger);
• semantic-stylistic - have a different shade of meaning, refer to different styles of speech (do - bungled);
• contextual (author's) - used in the context used for a more colorful and multifaceted description of a person or event.

Antonyms - words have opposites lexical meaning belong to the same part of speech. Allows you to create bright and expressive phrases.

Tropes are words in Russian that are used in a figurative sense. They give speech and works imagery, expressiveness, are designed to convey emotions, vividly recreate the picture.

Trail definition

Metaphor is a hidden comparison, the use of nouns and verbs in a figurative sense. There is always no object of comparison in it, but there is something with which they are compared. There are short and extended metaphors. The metaphor is aimed at external comparison objects or events.

Metonymy is a hidden comparison of objects by internal similarity. This distinguishes this trope from a metaphor.

Syntactic means of expression

Stylistic (rhetorical) - figures of speech are designed to enhance the expressiveness of speech and works of art.

Types of stylistic figures

Tropes, figures of speech, stylistic means of expression, phraseological statements make speech convincing and vivid. Such turnovers are indispensable in public speaking, election campaigns, rallies, presentations. in scientific publications and official business speech such means are inappropriate - accuracy and persuasiveness in these cases is more important than emotions.

Means of speech expressiveness- these are speech turns, the main function of which is to give the language beauty and expressiveness, versatility and emotionality.
Phonetic (sound), lexical (associated with the word), syntactic (associated with the phrase and sentence) means are distinguished.
Phonetic means of expression
1. Alliteration- repetition in the text of consonant or identical consonant sounds.
For example: G about R od g R abil, g R fuck, g R abastal.
2. Assonance- repetition of vowels. For example:
M e lo, m e lo to sun e th e mle
Sun e limits.
St e cha gore e la on the table e,
St e cha burned ... (B. Pasternak)

3. Onomatopoeia- Reproduction of natural sound, imitation of sound. For example:
How do they wear drops of news about the ride,
And all through the night everyone clatters and rides,
Knocking a horseshoe on one nail
Here, then there, then in that entrance, then in this one.

Lexical means of expression (tropes)
1. Epithet- A figurative definition characterizing a property, quality, concept, phenomenon
For example: golden grove, cheerful wind
2. Comparison- Comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have a common feature.
For example: And the birches stand like big candles.
3. Metaphor- figurative meaning of the word based on similarity.
For example: The chintz of the sky is blue.
4. Personification- the transfer of human properties to inanimate objects.
For example: Sleeping bird cherry in a white cape.
5. Metonymy- replacement of one word by another based on the adjacency of two concepts.
For example: I ate three bowls.
6. Synecdoche- replacement of the plural by the singular, use of the whole instead of the part (and vice versa).
For example: Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts...

7. Allegory- allegory; the image of a particular concept in artistic images (in fairy tales, fables, proverbs, epics).
For example: A fox- an allegory of cunning, hare- cowardice
8. Hyperbole- exaggeration.
For example: I haven't seen you in two hundred years.
9. Litota- an understatement.
For example: Wait 5 seconds.
10. Paraphrase- paraphrase, a descriptive phrase containing an assessment.
For example: King of beasts (lion).
11. Pun- a play on words, a humorous use of polysemy of words or homonymy.
For example:
Sitting in a taxi, DAKSA asked:
"What is the TAX for the fare?"
And the driver: "Money from TAX
We don't take it at all. That's SO-S!"
12. Oxymoron- a combination of opposite words.
For example: ringing silence, hot snow
13. Phraseologisms- stable combinations of words.
For example: bury talent in the ground.
14. Irony- subtle mockery, use in a sense opposite to the direct one.
For example: Have you been singing? This is the case: so come on, dance.
Syntactic means of expression (stylistic figures)
1. Inversion- violation of the direct word order
For example: We have been waiting for you for a long time.
2. Ellipsis- omission of any member of the sentence, more often the predicate.
For example: We sat down - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows.
3. Default- interrupted statement, giving the opportunity to speculate, reflect.
For example: I suffered... I wanted an answer... I didn't wait... I left...
4. Interrogative sentence- syntactic organization of speech, which creates a manner of conversation.
For example: How to earn a million?
5. Rhetorical question- a question that contains a statement.
For example: Who can't catch up with him?

6. Rhetorical appeal- highlighting important semantic positions.
For example: O Sea! How I missed you!
7. Syntactic parallelism- similar, parallel construction of phrases, lines.
For example: To be able to ask for forgiveness is a sign of strength. To be able to forgive is an indicator of nobility.
8. Gradation- the location of synonyms according to the degree of increase or weakening of the sign.
For example: Silence covered, leaned, engulfed.
9. Antithesis- stylistic figure of contrast, comparison, opposition of opposite concepts.
For example: Long hair, short mind.
10. Anaphora- unanimity.
For example:
take care each other,
Kindness warm.
Take care of each other,
Let's not offend.

11. Epiphora- repetition of final words.
For example:
The forest is not the same!
The bush is not the same!
Thrush is not the same!

12. Parceling- division of the proposal into parts.
For example: A man has gone. AT leather jacket. Filthy. Smiled.

In every word - the abyss of images.
K. Paustovsky

Lexical means

Antonyms- (from the Greek "anti" - against and "onyma" - name) - words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (good - evil, powerful - powerless). The basis of antonymy is the association by contrast, reflecting the existing differences in the nature of objects, phenomena, actions, qualities and signs. The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which establishes the emotionality of speech:
He was weak in body but strong in spirit.

Contextual (or contextual) antonyms- these are words that are not opposed in the language in meaning and are antonyms only in the text:
Mind and heart - ice and fire - that's the main thing that distinguished this hero.

Hyperbola- a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression:
Snow fell from the sky in pounds.

Litotes- artistic understatement:
Man with nails.
Used to enhance the artistic impression.

Individual-author's neologisms (occasionalisms)- thanks to their novelty, they allow creating certain artistic effects, expressing the author's view on a topic or problems: ... how can we ourselves ensure that our rights are not expanded at the expense of the rights of others? (A. Solzhenitsyn)
The use of literary images helps the author to better explain any situation, phenomenon, other image:
Gregory was apparently native brother Ilyusha Oblomov.

Synonyms- (from the Greek "synonymos" - the same name) - these are words related to the same part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning: Love - love, friend - friend.

Contextual (or contextual) synonyms- words that are synonymous only in this text:
Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)

Stylistic synonyms- differ in stylistic coloring, scope of use:
He chuckled - giggled - laughed - neighed.

Syntactic synonyms- parallel syntactic constructions, having a different construction, but coinciding in their meaning:
Start preparing lessons - start preparing lessons.

Metaphor- (from the Greek "metaphor" - transfer) - a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.

In a metaphor, the author creates an image - an artistic representation of the objects, phenomena that he describes, and the reader understands what kind of similarity the semantic relationship between the figurative and direct meaning of the word is based on:
good people there were, are and, I hope, will always be more than bad and evil, otherwise disharmony would set in in the world, it would warp ... capsize and sink.

Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a kind of metaphor.

Expanded metaphor- a detailed transfer of the properties of one object, phenomenon or aspect of being to another according to the principle of similarity or contrast. Metaphor is particularly expressive. Possessing unlimited possibilities in bringing together a wide variety of objects or phenomena, metaphor allows you to rethink an object in a new way, reveal, expose its inner nature. Sometimes it is an expression of the individual author's vision of the world.

Non-traditional metaphors (Shop of antiquities - Grannies on a bench at the entrance; Red and Black - Calendar;)

Metonymy- (from the Greek "metonymy" - renaming) - the transfer of meanings (renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer:
a) from a person to his any external signs:
Is lunch coming soon? - asked the guest, referring to the quilted waistcoat;
b) from an institution to its inhabitants:
The entire boarding school recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev;
c) the name of the author on his creation (book, painting, music, sculpture):
Magnificent Michelangelo! (about his sculpture) or: Reading Belinsky...

Synecdoche- a technique by which the whole is expressed through its part (something less included in something more) A kind of metonymy.
"Hey beard! And how to get from here to Plyushkin? (N.V. Gogol)

Oxymoron- a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. This is a combination of logically incompatible concepts, sharply contradictory in meaning and mutually exclusive. This technique sets the reader to the perception of contradictory, complex phenomena, often - the struggle of opposites. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon:
The sad fun continues...

personification- one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is externally used by a person: The trees, bending down towards me, extended thin hands. Even more often, actions that are permissible only to people are attributed to an inanimate object:
The rain splashed bare feet along the paths of the garden.

Evaluative vocabulary- direct author's assessment of events, phenomena, objects:
Pushkin is a miracle.

Paraphrase(s)- use description instead own name or names; descriptive expression, turn of speech, replacement word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition:
The city on the Neva sheltered Gogol.

Proverbs and sayings, used by the author, make speech figurative, label, expressive.

Comparison- one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, create whole artistic pictures, give a description of objects. In comparison, one phenomenon is shown and evaluated by comparing it with another phenomenon.

Comparison is usually joined by unions: like, as if, as if, exactly, etc. but it serves for a figurative description of the most diverse features of objects, qualities, and actions.
For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of a color:
Like the night, his eyes are black.

Often there is a form of comparison expressed by a noun in instrumental:
Anxiety snaked its way into our hearts.
There are comparisons that are included in the sentence using the words: similar, similar, reminiscent:
... butterflies are like flowers.
Comparison can also represent several sentences related in meaning and grammatically. There are two types of comparisons:
1) A detailed, branched comparison-image, in which the main, initial comparison is specified by a number of others:
The stars are out in the sky. With thousands of curious eyes they rushed to the ground, thousands of fireflies lit the night.
2) Expanded parallelism (the second part of such comparisons usually begins with the word like this):
The church trembled. This is how a person taken by surprise shudders, this is how a trembling doe takes off from its place, not even realizing what has happened, but already sensing the danger.

Phraseologisms- (from the Greek "phrasis" - expression) - these are almost always bright expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.:
People like my hero have a divine spark.

Quotes from other works they help the author to prove any thesis, the position of the article, show his passions and interests, make the speech more emotional, expressive:
A.S. Pushkin, "like first love", will not be forgotten not only by "Russia's heart", but also by world culture.

Epithet- (from the Greek "epiteton" - application) - a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition for another:
1) noun: magpie talker.
2) adjective: fatal hours.
3) adverb and participle: eagerly peers; listens frozen;
But most often epithets are expressed using adjectives used in a figurative sense:
The eyes are half asleep, tender, in love.

Metaphorical epithet- a figurative definition that transfers the properties of another object to one object.

allusion- a stylistic figure, a hint at a real literary, historical, political fact that is supposed to be known.

Reminiscence- features in a work of art that are reminiscent of another work. As an artistic device, it is designed for the memory and associative perception of the reader.

Syntactic means

Author's punctuation- this is a punctuation mark that is not provided for by punctuation rules. Author's signs convey the additional meaning invested in them by the author. Most often, a dash is used as copyright marks, which emphasizes or contrasts:
Born to crawl - can't fly
or emphasizes the second part after the sign:
Love is the most important thing.
Copyright exclamation points serve as a means of expressing joyful or sad feelings, moods.

Anaphora, or monogamy- this is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. It is used to strengthen the expressed thought, image, phenomenon:
How to describe the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul at this moment?
Antithesis – stylistic device, which consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of a sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.

exclamation particles- a way of expressing the emotional mood of the author, a method of creating an emotional pathos of the text:
Oh, how beautiful you are, my land! And how good are your fields!

exclamatory sentences express the emotional attitude of the author to the described (anger, irony, regret, joy, admiration):
Disgraceful attitude! How can you save happiness!
Exclamatory sentences also express a call to action:
Let's save our soul as a shrine!

gradation- a stylistic figure, which concludes in the consequent injection or, conversely, the weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech:
For the sake of your child, for the sake of the family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!
Gradation is ascending (strengthening of the feature) and descending (weakening of the feature).

Inversion – reverse order words in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent definition after it, the addition after the control word, the modifier of the mode of action before the verb: Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in emotional, excited speech:
Beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!

Composite joint- this is the repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of a word or words from the previous sentence, usually ending it:
The Motherland did everything for me. Motherland taught me, raised me, gave me a start in life. A life I'm proud of.

polyunion- a rhetorical figure, consisting in the deliberate repetition of coordinating conjunctions for the logical and emotional highlighting of the enumerated concepts:
And the thunder did not strike, and the sky did not fall on the earth, and the rivers did not overflow from such grief!

Parceling- a technique for dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its purpose is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation:
The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale.

Repeat- the conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:
Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.

Connecting structures- the construction of the text, in which each subsequent part, continuing the first, main one, is separated from it by a long pause, which is indicated by a dot, sometimes an ellipsis or a dash. This is a means of creating emotional pathos of the text:
Belorussky railway station on Victory Day. And a crowd of greeters. And tears. And the bitterness of loss.

Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations- a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position.
Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters, who hasn't scolded them? Who in a moment of anger did not demand from them fatal book in order to fit into it his useless complaint of oppression, rudeness and malfunction? Who does not revere them as monsters of the human race, equal to the deceased clerks, or at least the Murom robbers?
What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!

Syntax parallelism- the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author seeks to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea:
Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.

A combination of short simple and long complex or complicated sentences with a variety of turnovers helps to convey the pathos of the article, the emotional mood of the author.
“Binoculars. Binoculars. People want to be closer to Gioconda. Consider the pores of her skin, eyelashes. Glare pupils. They seem to feel the breath of Mona Lisa. They, like Vasari, feel that “the eyes of the Gioconda have that brilliance and that moisture that are usually seen in a living person ... and in the deepening of the neck, with a careful look, you can see the beating of the pulse ... And they see and hear it. And it's not a miracle. Such is the skill of Leonardo."
“1855. The zenith of Delacroix's glory. Paris. Palace of Fine Arts ... in the central hall of the exposition - thirty-five paintings of the great romantic.

One-part, incomplete sentences make the author's speech more expressive, emotional, enhance the emotional pathos of the text:
Gioconda. A human babble. Whisper. The rustle of dresses. Quiet steps ... Not a single stroke, - I hear the words. - No smears. How alive.

Epiphora- the same ending of several sentences, reinforcing the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:
I have been going to you all my life. I have believed in you all my life. I have loved you all my life.

Words and expressions used in a figurative sense and creating figurative representations of objects and phenomena are called paths(from the Greek "tropos" - a figurative expression).
In fiction, the use of tropes is necessary in order to give the image plasticity, imagery and liveliness.
Tropes include: epithet, comparison, metaphor, personification, metonymy, allegory, etc.

euphemisms- (Greek "euphemismos" - I speak well) - words or expressions used instead of words or expressions of direct meaning ("Where the legs grow from", "Keeper of the hearth").

Euphemism is a powerful means of enriching thought, a catalyst for fantasy and associative thinking. Let us note that euphemism, among other things, plays the role of a synonym, but it is not legalized by the linguistic tradition, but a newly invented author's synonym.

Allegory- (from the Greek "allegory" - allegory) - expressions of abstract concepts in specific artistic images. In fables and fairy tales, stupidity and stubbornness - a donkey, cunning - a fox, cowardice - a hare.
____________________________________________
We all look at Napoleons (A.S. Pushkin) - antonomasia

Winter was soft and damp on the roofs. (K. Paustovsky) - metaphor

Hey beard! And how to get from here to Plyushkin? (N.V. Gogol) - metonymy

He laughed out loud, oxymoron

How courteous! Of good! Mila! Simple! - parceling

Full, juicy, precise, vivid speech best conveys thoughts, feelings and assessments of the situation. Hence the success in all endeavors, because a well-formed speech is very precision tool beliefs. It briefly outlines which expressivenesses a person needs in order to achieve the desired result from the world around him every day, and which ones in order to replenish the arsenal of expressiveness of speech from literature.

Special expressiveness of language

A verbal form that can attract the attention of a listener or reader, make a vivid impression on him through novelty, originality, unusualness, with a departure from the usual and everyday - this is linguistic expressiveness.

Any tool works well here. artistic expressiveness, in literature, for example, metaphor, sound writing, hyperbole, personification and many others are known. It is necessary to master special techniques and methods in combinations of both sounds in words and phraseological units.

Vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical structure and phonetic features play a huge role. Each means of artistic expression in literature works at all levels of language proficiency.

Phonetics

The main thing here is sound recording, a special one based on the creation of sound images by means of sound repetitions. You can even imitate sounds real world- chirping, whistling, rain noise, etc., in order to evoke associations with those feelings and thoughts that need to be evoked in the listener or reader. This is the main goal that the means of artistic expression must achieve. Most of the literary lyrics contain examples of onomatopoeia: Balmont's "Sometimes at Midnight ..." is especially good here.

Almost all poets of the Silver Age used sound writing. Fine lines were left by Lermontov, Pushkin, Boratynsky. Symbolists, on the other hand, have learned to evoke both auditory and visual, even olfactory, gustatory, tactile representations in order to move the reader's imagination to experience certain feelings and emotions.

There are two main types that most fully reveal the sound-writing means of artistic expression. Blok and Andrei Bely have examples, they extremely often used assonance- repetition of the same vowels or similar in sound. The second kind - alliteration, which is often found already in Pushkin and Tyutchev, is a repetition of consonant sounds - the same or similar.

Vocabulary and phraseology

The main means of artistic expression in literature are tropes that expressively depict a situation or object using words in their figurative meaning. The main types of trails: comparison, epithet, personification, metaphor, paraphrase, litote and hyperbole, irony.

In addition to tropes, there are simple and effective means of artistic expression. Examples:

• antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, paronyms;
• phraseological units;
• stylistically colored vocabulary and limited use vocabulary.

The last point includes both slang and professional jargon, and even vocabulary that is not accepted in a decent society. Antonyms are sometimes more effective than any epithets: How clean you are! - baby swimming in a puddle. Synonyms enhance the brilliance and accuracy of speech. Phraseologisms please with the fact that the addressee hears the familiar and quickly makes contact. These linguistic phenomena are not a direct means of artistic expression. The examples are rather non-special, suitable for a specific action or text, but can significantly add brightness to the image and to the impact on the addressee. The beauty and liveliness of speech completely depends on what means of creating artistic expression are used in it.

Epithet and comparison

Epithet - application or addition in translation from Greek. Marks an essential feature that is important in this context, using a figurative definition based on a hidden comparison. More often it is an adjective: black melancholy, gray morning, etc., but it can be an epithet of a noun, adverb, gerund, pronoun and any other part of speech. It is possible to divide the used epithets into general language, folk poetic and individual author's means of artistic expression. Examples of all three types: deathly silence, good fellow, curly twilight. It can be divided differently - into pictorial and expressive: in the fog blue, nights crazy. But any division, of course, is very conditional.

Comparison is a comparison of one phenomenon, concept or object with another. Not to be confused with a metaphor, where the names are interchangeable; in comparison, both objects, signs, actions, etc. should be named. For example: glow, like a meteor. You can compare in various ways.

• instrumental case (youth nightingale flew by);
• comparative degree of an adverb or adjective (eyes greener seas);
• unions as if, as if etc. ( like a beast the door creaked);
• the words similar to, like etc. (your eyes look like two fogs);
• comparative subordinate clauses(golden foliage swirled in the pond, like a flock of butterflies flies to a star).

In folk poetry, negative comparisons are often used: That is not a horse top ..., poets, on the other hand, often build works that are quite large in volume, using this one means of artistic expression. In the literature of the classics, this can be seen, for example, in the poems of Koltsov, Tyutchev, Severyanin, the prose of Gogol, Prishvin and many others. Many have used it. This is probably the most sought-after means of artistic expression. It is ubiquitous in the literature. In addition, it serves both scientific, journalistic, and colloquial text with the same zeal and success.

Metaphor and personification

Another very widely used means of artistic expression in literature is a metaphor, which means transfer in Greek. The word or sentence is used in a figurative sense. The basis here is the unconditional similarity of objects, phenomena, actions, etc. Unlike comparison, metaphor is more compact. It cites only that with which this or that is compared. Similarity can be based on shape, color, volume, purpose, feel, and so on. (a kaleidoscope of phenomena, a spark of love, a sea of ​​letters, a treasury of poetry). Metaphors can be divided into ordinary (general language) and artistic: skillful fingers and stars diamond thrill). Scientific metaphors are already in use: ozone hole, solar wind etc. The success of the speaker and the author of the text depends on what means of artistic expression are used.

A kind of trope, similar to a metaphor, is personification, when the signs of a living being are transferred to objects, concepts or natural phenomena: lay down sleepy fog, autumn day faded and faded the personification of natural phenomena, which happens especially often, less often the objective world is personified - see Annensky's "Violin and Bow", Mayakovsky's "Cloud in Pants", Mamin-Sibiryak with his " good-natured and cozy physiognomy of the house"and much more. Even in everyday life, we no longer notice personifications: the device says, the air heals, the economy stirred etc. There are hardly any ways better than this means of artistic expression, the painting of speech is more colorful than personification.

Metonymy and synecdoche

Translated from Greek, metonymy means renaming, that is, the name is transferred from subject to subject, where the basis is adjacency. The use of means of artistic expression, especially such as metonymy, decorates the narrator very much. Adjacency relationships can be as follows:

• content and content: eat three bowls;
• author and work: scolded Homer;
• action and its tool: doomed to swords and fires;
• object and material of the object: ate on gold;
• place and characters: the city was noisy.

Metonymy complements the means of artistic expressiveness of speech, with it clarity, accuracy, imagery, clarity and, like no other epithet, laconicism are added. It is not in vain that both writers and publicists use it; it is filled with all strata of society.

In turn, a kind of metonymy - synecdoche, translated from Greek - correlation, is also based on replacing the meaning of one phenomenon with the meaning of another, but there is only one principle - the quantitative relationship between phenomena or objects. You can transfer it like this:

• less to more (to him the bird does not fly, the tiger does not walk; have a drink glass);
• part to whole ( Beard, why are you keeping silent? Moscow did not approve the sanctions).

Paraphrase, or paraphrase

Description, or descriptive sentence, translated from Greek - a turnover used instead of a word or combination of words, is paraphrase. For example, Pushkin writes "Peter's Creation", and everyone understands that he meant Petersburg. Paraphrase allows us the following:

• identify the main features of the subject that we depict;
• avoid repetitions (tautologies);
• vividly evaluate the depicted;
• give the text a sublime pathos, pathos.

Paraphrases are not allowed only in a business and official style, in the rest there are as many as you like. In colloquial speech, it most often coexists with irony, merging together these two means of artistic expression. The Russian language is enriched by the confluence of different tropes.

Hyperbole and litote

With exorbitant exaggeration of a sign or signs of an object, action or phenomenon - this is hyperbole (translated from Greek as an exaggeration). Litota - on the contrary, an understatement.

Thoughts are given unusual shape, bright emotional coloring, persuasiveness of the assessment. They are especially good at creating comic images. They are used in journalism as the most important means of artistic expression. In literature, these tropes are also indispensable: rare bird at Gogol will fly only to the middle of the Dnieper; tiny cows Krylov and the like have a lot in almost every work of any author.

irony and sarcasm

Translated from Greek, this word means pretense, which is quite consistent with the use of this trope. What means of artistic expression are needed for mockery? The statement must be the opposite. literal sense, when a completely positive evaluation hides mockery: clever mind- an appeal to the Donkey in Krylov's fable is an example of this. " Unsinkable Hero"- irony used within the framework of journalism, where quotation marks or brackets are most often placed. The means of creating artistic expression are not exhausted by it. unmerciful, sharp exposure - his handwriting: I usually argue about the taste of oysters and coconuts only with those who have eaten them.(Zhvanetsky). The algorithm of sarcasm is a chain of such actions: a negative phenomenon gives rise to anger and indignation, then a reaction occurs - the last degree of emotional openness: well-fed pigs are worse than hungry wolves. However, sarcasm should be used as carefully as possible. And not often, if the author is not a professional satirist. The carrier of sarcasm most often considers himself smarter than others. However, not a single satirist managed to get love out of it. She herself and her appearance always depend on what means of artistic expression are used in the evaluating text. Sarcasm is a deadly powerful weapon.

Non-special means of language vocabulary

Synonyms help to give speech the subtlest emotional shades and expression. For example, you can use the word "rush" instead of "run" for more expressive power. And not only for her:

• clarification of the thought itself and the transfer of the smallest semantic shades;
• assessment of the depicted and the author's attitude;
• intense enhancement of expression;
• deep disclosure.

Antonyms are also a good means of expression. They clarify the thought, playing on contrasts, more fully characterize this or that phenomenon: glossy waste paper flood, but genuinely fiction- brook. From antonyms there is also a reception widely demanded by writers - antithesis.

Many writers, and even just noteworthy wits, willingly play with words that coincide in sound and even spelling, but have different meanings: cool guy and boiling water, as well as steep coast; flour and flour; three in the diary and three carefully stain. And an anecdote: Listen to the authorities? Well, thank you... And they fired me. homographs and homophones.

Words that are similar in spelling and sound, but with completely different meanings, are also often used as puns and have sufficient expressive power when used skillfully. History is hysteria; meter - millimeter etc.

It should be noted that such non-primary means of artistic expression as synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and homonyms are not used in official and business styles.

Phraseologisms

Otherwise, idioms, that is, phraseologically ready-made expressions, also add eloquence to the speaker or writer. Mythological imagery, high or colloquial, with an expressive assessment - positive or negative ( small fry and apple of the eye, lather the neck and sword of Damocles) - all this enhances and decorates the visual imagery of the text. Salt of phraseological units - special group- aphorisms. The deepest thoughts in the shortest execution. Easy to remember. Often used, like other means of expression, proverbs and sayings can also be included here.

1. Lead.

2. Expressive means language

3. Conclusion

4. References

Introduction

The word is the subtlest touch to the heart; it can become both a delicate, fragrant flower, and living water, restoring faith in goodness, and sharp knife, who have picked at the delicate fabric of the soul, and with red-hot iron, and clods of dirt ... A wise and kind word brings joy, a stupid and evil, thoughtless and tactless - brings trouble, a word can kill - and revive, wound - and heal, sow confusion and hopelessness - and spiritualize, dispel doubts - and plunge into despondency, create a smile - and cause tears, give rise to faith in a person - and instill distrust, inspire work - and numb the strength of the soul.

V.A. Sukhomlinsky

Expressive means of language

The lexical system of the language is complex and multifaceted. The possibilities of constant renewal in speech of principles, methods, signs of association within the whole text of words taken from various groups hide in themselves the possibility of updating speech expressiveness and its types.

The expressive possibilities of the word are supported and enhanced by the associativity of the reader's figurative thinking, which largely depends on his previous life experience and psychological features work of thought and consciousness in general.

The expressiveness of speech refers to such features of its structure that maintain the attention and interest of the listener (reader). A complete typology of expressiveness has not been developed by linguistics, since it would have to reflect the entire diverse range of human feelings and their shades. But we can quite definitely talk about the conditions under which speech will be expressive:

The first is the independence of thinking, consciousness and activity of the author of the speech.

The second is his interest in what he is talking about or writing about. The third is a good knowledge of the expressive possibilities of the language. Fourth - systematic conscious training of speech skills.

The main source of enhancing expressiveness is vocabulary, which gives a number of special means: epithets, metaphors, comparisons, metonymy, synecdoches, hyperbole, litotes, personifications, paraphrases, allegory, irony. Syntax, the so-called stylistic figures of speech, have great opportunities to enhance the expressiveness of speech: anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion (reverse word order), polyunion, oxymoron, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, silence, ellipsis, epiphora.

The lexical means of a language that enhance its expressiveness are called tropes in linguistics (from the Greek tropos - a word or expression used in a figurative sense). Most often, the paths are used by the authors of works of art when describing nature, the appearance of heroes.

These figurative and expressive means are of the author's nature and determine the originality of the writer or poet, help him to acquire the individuality of style. However, there are also general language tropes that arose as author's, but over time became familiar, entrenched in the language: “time heals”, “battle for the harvest”, “military thunderstorm”, “conscience spoke”, “curl up”, “like two drops water ".

In them, the direct meaning of words is erased, and sometimes completely lost. Their use in speech does not give rise to an artistic image in our imagination. The trail can turn into speech stamp if used too often. Compare expressions that determine the value of resources using figurative meaning the words "gold", - "white gold" (cotton), "black gold" (oil), "soft gold" (furs), etc.

Epithets (from the Greek epitheton - application - blind love, foggy moon) artistically define an object or action and can be expressed by a full and short adjective, noun and adverb: “Do I wander along noisy streets, enter a crowded temple ...” (A.S. Pushkin)

“She is anxious, like sheets, she, like a harp, is multi-stringed ...” (A.K. Tolstoy) “The frost-voivode patrols his possessions ...” (N. Nekrasov) “Uncontrollably, uniquely, everything flew far and past ... "(S. Yesenin). Epithets are classified as follows:

1) permanent (characteristic of oral folk art) - "kind
well done”, “beautiful girl”, “green grass”, “blue sea”, “dense forest”
"mother cheese earth";

2) pictorial (visually draw objects and actions, give
the opportunity to see them as the author sees them) -

“a crowd of motley-haired fast cat” (V. Mayakovsky), “the grass is full of transparent tears” (A. Blok);

3) emotional (transmit feelings, mood of the author) -

“Evening drew black eyebrows ...” - “A blue fire swept up ...”, “Uncomfortable, liquid moonlight ...” (S. Yesenin), “... and the young city ascended magnificently, proudly” (A. Pushkin ).

Comparison is a comparison (parallelism) or

opposition (negative parallelism) of two objects on one or more common grounds: “Your mind is as deep as the sea. Your spirit is as high as mountains"

(V. Bryusov) - “It’s not the wind that rages over the forest, it’s not the streams that run from the mountains - the governor’s frost patrols his possessions” (N. Nekrasov). Comparison gives the description a special clarity, descriptiveness. This trope, unlike others, is always binomial - both juxtaposed or opposed objects are named in it. 2 In comparison, three necessary existing elements are distinguished - the object of comparison, the image of comparison and the sign of similarity.

1 Dantsev D.D., Nefedova N.V. Russian language and speech culture for technical universities. - Rostov n / D: Phoenix, 2002. p. 171

2 Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / ed. V.I. Maksimova - M.: 2000 p. 67.

For example, in M. Lermontov’s line “Whiter than snowy mountains, clouds go to the west ...” the object of comparison is clouds, the image of comparison is snowy mountains, a sign of similarity is the whiteness of clouds - The comparison can be expressed:

1) comparative turnover with unions “as”, “as if”, “as if”, “as
as if", "exactly", "than ... by that": "Crazy years of extinct fun

It's hard for me, like a vague hangover, "But, like wine - sadness past days In my soul, the older, the stronger” (A. Pushkin);

2) comparative degree adjective or adverb: “there is no beast worse than a cat”;

3) a noun in the instrumental case: “A white snowdrift rushes along the ground like a snake ...” (S. Marshak);

“Dear hands - a pair of swans - dive in the gold of my hair ...” (S. Yesenin);

“I looked at her with might and main, as children look ...” (V. Vysotsky);

“I can’t forget this fight, the air is saturated with death.

And stars fell from the firmament like silent rain” (V. Vysotsky).

“These stars in the sky are like fish in ponds ...” (V. Vysotsky).

“Like an eternal flame, the peak sparkles during the day emerald ice..." (AT.

Vysotsky).

Metaphor (from Greek metaphora) means transferring the name of an object

(actions, qualities) on the basis of similarity, this is a phrase that has the semantics of a hidden comparison. If the epithet ~ is not a word in a dictionary, but a word in speech, then the statement is all the more true: metaphor ~ is not a word in a dictionary, but a combination of words in speech. You can drive a nail into the wall. You can hammer thoughts into your head ~ a metaphor arises, rude, but expressive.

There are three elements in a metaphor: information about what is being compared; information about what it is compared to; information about the basis of comparison, i.e., about a feature that is common in the compared objects (phenomena).

Speech actualization of the semantics of metaphor is explained by the need for such guessing. And the more effort a metaphor requires in order for consciousness to turn a hidden comparison into an open one, the more expressive, obviously, the metaphor itself. Unlike a two-term comparison, in which both what is being compared and what is being compared is given, a metaphor contains only the second component. This gives character and

trail compactness. Metaphor is one of the most common tropes, since the similarity between objects and phenomena can be based on a wide variety of features: color, shape, size, purpose.

The metaphor may be simple, expanded and lexical (dead, erased, petrified). A simple metaphor is built on the convergence of objects and phenomena according to one common ground- “the dawn is burning”, “the voice of the waves”, “the sunset of life”.

An expanded metaphor is built on various associations by similarity: “Here the wind embraces a flock of waves with a strong hug and throws them on a grand scale in wild anger on the rocks, breaking emerald bulks into dust and spray” (M. Gorky).

Lexical metaphor - a word in which the initial transfer is no longer perceived - "steel pen", "clock hand", "door handle", "sheet of paper". Metonymy is close to the metaphor (from the Greek metonymia - renaming) - the use of the name of one object instead of the name of another on the basis of external or intercom between them. Communication can be

1) between the object and the material from which the object is made: “Amber smoked in his mouth” (A. Pushkin);

3) between the action and the instrument of this action: “The pen is his revenge
breathes"

5) between the place and the people in this place: “The theater is already full, the boxes are shining” (A. Pushkin).

A variety of metonymy is synecdoche (from the Greek synekdoche - co-implying) - the transfer of meaning from one to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them:

1) a part instead of a whole: “All flags will visit us” (A. Pushkin); 2) a generic name instead of a specific one: “Well, why, sit down, luminary!” (V. Mayakovsky);

3) a specific name instead of a generic one: “Most of all, take care of a penny” (N. Gogol);

4) singular instead of plural: “And it was heard before
dawn, as the Frenchman rejoiced” (M. Lermontov);

5) plural instead of the only one: “A bird does not fly to him, and
the beast does not come” (A. Pushkin).

The essence of personification consists in attributing to inanimate objects and abstract concepts the qualities of living beings - “I will whistle, and bloodied villainy will obediently, timidly creep in to me, and will lick my hand, and look into my eyes, they are a sign of my, reading will” (A. Pushkin); “And the heart is ready to run from the chest to the top ...” (V. Vysotsky).

Hyperbole (from Greek hyperbole - exaggeration) - stylistic

a figure consisting in a figurative exaggeration - “they swept a haystack above the clouds”, “wine flowed like a river” (I. Krylov), “At one hundred and forty suns the sunset burned” (V. Mayakovsky), “The whole world in the palm of your hand ...” (V Vysotsky). Like other tropes, hyperbolas can be authorial and general language. AT everyday speech we often use such general language hyperbole - I saw (heard) a hundred times, “be scared to death”, “strangle in my arms”, “dance until you drop”, “repeat twenty times”, etc. The opposite of hyperbole is a stylistic device - litote (from Greek litotes - simplicity, thinness) - a stylistic figure, consisting in an underlined understatement, humiliation, reticence: “a boy with a finger”, “... You need to bow your head to a thin blade of grass ...” (N. Nekrasov).

Litota is a kind of meiosis (from the Greek meiosis - decrease, decrease).

MEIOSIS is a trope of understatement

intensity of properties (features) of objects, phenomena, processes: “wow”, “will do”, “decent *, “tolerant” (about good), “unimportant”, “hardly suitable”, “leaving much to be desired” (about bad ). In these cases, meiosis is a mitigating option for the ethically unacceptable direct naming: cf. " old woman"- "a woman of Balzac's age", "not the first youth"; "ugly man" - "hard to call handsome." Hyperbole and litotes characterize the deviation in one direction or another of the quantitative assessment of the subject and can be combined in speech, giving it additional expressiveness. In the comic Russian song “Dunya the Thin-Spinner” it is sung that “Dunyushka spun a kudelyushka for three hours, spun three threads”, and these threads are “thinner than a knee, thicker than a log”. In addition to the author's, there are also general language litotes - "the cat cried", "at hand", "not to see beyond one's own nose".

A periphrasis (from the Greek periphrasis - from around and I say) is called

a descriptive expression used instead of a particular word (“who writes these lines” instead of “I”), or a trope, consisting in replacing the name of a person, object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their characteristic features (“the king of animals is a lion” , "foggy Albion" - England, "Northern Venice" - St. Petersburg, "the sun of Russian poetry" - A. Pushkin).

Allegory (from the Greek. allegoria - allegory) consists in the allegorical depiction of an abstract concept with the help of a specific, life image. In literature, allegories appear in the Middle Ages and owe their origin to ancient customs, cultural traditions and folklore. The main source of allegories is animal tales, in which the fox is an allegory of cunning, the wolf is malice and greed, the ram is stupidity, the lion is power, the snake is wisdom, etc. From ancient times to our time, allegories are most often used in fables, parables, and other humorous and satirical works. In Russian classical literature, allegories were used by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, A.S. Griboyedov, N.V. Gogol, I.A. Krylov, V.V. Mayakovsky.

Irony (from the Greek eironeia - pretense) - a trope, which consists in the use of a name or a whole statement in an indirect sense, directly opposite to the direct one, this is a shift in contrast, in polarity. Most often, irony is used in statements containing a positive assessment that the speaker (writer) rejects. “From where, smart, are you wandering, head?” - asks the hero of one of the fables of I.A. Krylov at the Donkey. Praise in the form of reprimand can also be ironic (see A.P. Chekhov's story "Chameleon", characterization of the dog).

Anaphora (from the Greek anaphora -ana again + phoros bearing) - monotony, repetition of sounds, morphemes, words, phrases, rhythmic and speech structures at the beginning of parallel syntactic periods or poetic lines.

Storm-blown bridges

A coffin from a blurry cemetery (A.S. Pushkin) (repetition of sounds) ... A black-eyed girl, a black-maned horse! (M.Yu. Lermontov) (repetition of morphemes)

The winds did not blow in vain,

The storm was not in vain. (S.A. Yesenin) (repetition of words)

I swear by odd and even

I swear by the sword and the right fight. (A.S. Pushkin)

Conclusion

In conclusion of this work, I would like to note that the expressive means, stylistic figures that make our speech expressive, are diverse, and it is very useful to know them. The word, speech is an indicator of the general culture of a person, his intellect, his speech culture. That is why mastering the culture of speech, its improvement, especially at the present time, is so necessary for the current generation. Each of us is obliged to cultivate in ourselves a respectful, reverent and caring attitude towards mother tongue, and each of us should consider it his duty to contribute to the preservation of the Russian nation, language, culture.

List of used literature

1. Golovin I.B. Fundamentals of speech culture. St. Petersburg: Slovo, 1983.

2. Rosenthal D.E. practical style. Moscow: Knowledge, 1987.

3. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B. Secrets of Stylistics: Rules for Good Speech, Moscow: Knowledge, 1991.

4. Farmina L.G. We learn to speak correctly. M.: Mir, 1992.

5. Dantsev D.D., Nefedova N.V. Russian language and speech culture for technical universities. - Rostov n / D: Phoenix, 2002.

6. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / ed. V.I. Maksimova - M.: Gardariki, 2000.

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