As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, as well as the most important component of its artistic means. Correct use Vocabulary largely determines the expressiveness of speech.
In the context, the word is a special world, a mirror of the author's perception and attitude to reality. It has its own, metaphorical, accuracy, its own special truths, called artistic revelations, the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.
The individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is, first of all, the self-expression of an individual. The literary fabric is woven from metaphors that create an exciting and emotional image of this or that artwork. Additional meanings appear in words, a special stylistic coloring that creates a kind of world that we discover for ourselves while reading the text.
Not only in literary, but also in oral, we use, without hesitation, various techniques artistic expressiveness to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, figurativeness. Let's see what artistic techniques are in the Russian language.
The use of metaphors especially contributes to the creation of expressiveness, so let's start with them.
Metaphor
Artistic devices in literature cannot be imagined without mentioning the most important of them - a way to create a linguistic picture of the world based on the meanings already existing in the language itself.
The types of metaphors can be distinguished as follows:
- Fossilized, worn, dry or historical (bow of a boat, eye of a needle).
- Phraseological units are stable figurative combinations of words that have emotionality, metaphor, reproducibility in the memory of many native speakers, expressiveness (death grip, vicious circle, etc.).
- A single metaphor (for example, a homeless heart).
- Unfolded (heart - "porcelain bell in yellow China" - Nikolai Gumilyov).
- Traditional poetic (morning of life, fire of love).
- Individually-author's (hump of the sidewalk).
In addition, a metaphor can simultaneously be an allegory, personification, hyperbole, paraphrase, meiosis, litote and other tropes.
The word "metaphor" itself means "transfer" in Greek. In this case, we are dealing with the transfer of the name from one subject to another. For it to become possible, they must certainly have some kind of similarity, they must be related in some way. A metaphor is a word or expression used in figurative meaning due to the similarity of two phenomena or objects on some basis.
As a result of this transfer, an image is created. Therefore, metaphor is one of the most striking means of expressiveness of artistic, poetic speech. However, the absence of this trope does not mean the absence of expressiveness of the work.
Metaphor can be both simple and detailed. In the twentieth century, the use of expanded in poetry is revived, and the nature of simple changes significantly.
Metonymy
Metonymy is a type of metaphor. Translated from Greek, this word means "renaming", that is, it is the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of a certain word by another on the basis of the existing adjacency of two concepts, objects, etc. This is an imposition on the direct meaning of a figurative one. For example: "I ate two plates." The confusion of meanings, their transfer is possible because the objects are adjacent, and the adjacency can be in time, space, etc.
Synecdoche
Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Translated from Greek, this word means "correlation". Such a transfer of meaning takes place when a smaller one is called instead of a larger one, or vice versa; instead of a part - a whole, and vice versa. For example: "According to Moscow".
Epithet
Artistic techniques in literature, the list of which we are now compiling, cannot be imagined without an epithet. This is a figure, trope, figurative definition, phrase or word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action with a subjective
Translated from Greek, this term means "attached, application", that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.
Epithet from simple definition distinguished by its artistic expressiveness.
Permanent epithets are used in folklore as a means of typification, and also as one of the most important means of artistic expression. In the strict sense of the term, only those of them belong to tropes, the function of which is played by words in a figurative sense, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed by words in a figurative sense. direct meaning(red berry, beautiful flowers). Figurative are created by using words in a figurative sense. Such epithets are called metaphorical. The metonymic transfer of the name can also underlie this trope.
An oxymoron is a kind of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, which form combinations with definable nouns that are opposite in meaning to words (hating love, joyful sadness).
Comparison
Comparison - a trope in which one object is characterized through comparison with another. That is, this is a comparison of various objects by similarity, which can be both obvious and unexpected, distant. Usually it is expressed using certain words: "exactly", "as if", "like", "as if". Comparisons can also take the instrumental form.
personification
Describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention personification. This is a kind of metaphor, which is the assignment of the properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. Often it is created by referring to similar natural phenomena as conscious living beings. The personification is also the transfer of human properties to animals.
Hyperbole and litote
Let us note such methods of artistic expressiveness in literature as hyperbole and litotes.
Hyperbole (in translation - "exaggeration") is one of the expressive means of speech, which is a figure with the meaning of exaggeration of what is being discussed.
Litota (in translation - "simplicity") - the opposite of hyperbole - an excessive understatement of what is at stake (a boy with a finger, a peasant with a fingernail).
Sarcasm, irony and humor
We continue to describe artistic techniques in literature. Our list will be supplemented by sarcasm, irony and humor.
- Sarcasm means "I tear meat" in Greek. This is an evil irony, a caustic mockery, a caustic remark. When using sarcasm, a comic effect is created, but at the same time, an ideological and emotional assessment is clearly felt.
- Irony in translation means "pretense", "mockery". It occurs when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is implied.
- Humor is one of the lexical means of expression, in translation meaning "mood", "temper". In a comical, allegorical manner, whole works can sometimes be written in which one feels a mockingly good-natured attitude towards something. For example, the story "Chameleon" by A.P. Chekhov, as well as many fables by I.A. Krylov.
The types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to you the following.
Grotesque
The most important artistic devices in literature include the grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "fancy". This artistic technique is a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in the work of, for example, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin ("Lord Golovlevs", "History of a City", fairy tales). This is an artistic technique based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of hyperbole.
Sarcasm, irony, humor, and the grotesque are popular artistic devices in literature. Examples of the first three are the stories of A.P. Chekhov and N.N. Gogol. The work of J. Swift is grotesque (for example, "Gulliver's Travels").
What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel "Lord Golovlevs"? Of course, grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, Kozma Prutkov are filled with humor. These artistic devices in literature, examples of which we have just given, as you can see, are very often used by Russian writers.
Pun
A pun is a figure of speech that is an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity that occurs when two or more meanings of a word are used in the context or when their sound is similar. Its varieties are paronomasia, false etymologization, zeugma and concretization.
In puns, word play is based on homonymy and ambiguity. Anecdotes emerge from them. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A.P. Chekhov.
Figure of speech - what is it?
The word "figure" itself is translated from Latin as "appearance, outline, image." This word has many meanings. What does this term mean in relation to artistic speech? Syntactic means of expression related to figures: questions, appeals.
What is a "trope"?
"What is the name of the artistic technique that uses the word in a figurative sense?" - you ask. The term "trope" combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoche, litote, hyperbole, personification and others. In translation, the word "trope" means "revolution". Artistic speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special phrases that decorate speech and make it more expressive. AT different styles different means of expression are used. The most important thing in the concept of "expressiveness" for artistic speech is the ability of a text, a work of art to provide aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, to create poetic pictures and vivid images.
We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them evoke positive emotions in us, while others, on the contrary, excite, alert, cause anxiety, soothe or induce sleep. Different sounds evoke different images. With the help of their combination, you can emotionally influence a person. Reading literary works of literature and Russian folk art, we are especially sensitive to their sound.
Basic techniques for creating sound expressiveness
- Alliteration is the repetition of similar or identical consonants.
- Assonance is the intentional harmonic repetition of vowels.
Often alliteration and assonance are used in works at the same time. These techniques are aimed at evoking various associations in the reader.
Reception of sound writing in fiction
Sound writing is an artistic technique, which is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a certain image, that is, the selection of words that imitate sounds real world. This technique in fiction is used both in poetry and in prose.
Sound types:
- Assonance means "consonance" in French. Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a specific sound image. It contributes to the expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in the rhythm, rhyme of poems.
- Alliteration - from This technique is the repetition of consonants in artistic text to create some sound image, in order to make poetic speech more expressive.
- Onomatopoeia - the transmission of special words, reminiscent of the sounds of the phenomena of the surrounding world, auditory impressions.
These artistic techniques in poetry are very common; without them, poetic speech would not be so melodic.
In the work of any author, expressive means play a huge role. And to create a good solid detective, with its forcing atmosphere, mysterious murders and even more mysterious and vivid characters, they are simply necessary. Expressive means serve to enhance the expressiveness of statements, to give "voluminousness" to the characters and sharpness of the dialogues. Using expressive means, the writer has the opportunity to more fully and beautifully express his thoughts, to fully bring the reader up to date.
Expressive means are divided into:
Lexical (archaisms, barbarisms, terms)
Stylistic (metaphor, personification, metonymy, hyperbole, paraphrase)
Phonetic (using the sound texture of speech)
Graphic (graphon)
Stylistic expressive means are a way of giving emotionality and expressiveness to speech.
Syntactic expressive means is the use of syntactic constructions for stylistic purposes, for the semantic highlighting (underlining) of any words or sentences, giving them the desired color and meaning.
Lexical means of expression are special usage words (often in their figurative meaning) in figures of speech.
Phonetic expressive means is the use of the sound texture of speech in order to increase expressiveness.
Graphic - show deviations from the norms of speech.
Lexical expressive means.
Archaisms.
Archaisms are words and expressions that have gone out of everyday use and are felt as outdated, reminiscent of a bygone era. From the Great Soviet Encyclopedia: “Archaism is a word or expression that is outdated and has ceased to be used in ordinary speech. Most often used in literature as a stylistic device to give solemnity to speech and to create realistic coloring when depicting antiquity. Whilome - formerly, to trow - to think - these are obsolete words that have analogues in modern English. There are also words that have no analogue, for example: gorget, mace. You can also give an example from John Galsworthy's book:
“How thou art sentimental, maman!”.
Foreign words (Foreign words).
Foreign words in stylistics are words and phrases borrowed from foreign language and not subjected to grammatical and phonetic transformations in the borrowing language.
Terms (Terms) - words and phrases denoting scientific concepts, which reflect the properties and characteristics of the object. Here is an example from Theodore Dreiser's The Financier:
“There was a long conversation - a long wait. His father came back to say I was doubtful whether they could make the loan. Eight per cent, then being secured for money, was a small rate of interest; considering its need. For ten per cent Kugel might make a call-loan."
Stylistic means of expression.
Periphrase (Periphrasis) is the use of a proper name as a common noun, or, conversely, the use of a descriptive phrase instead of a proper name. For example, instead of the word "readers" A.S. Pushkin in his poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" says "Friends of Lyudmila and Ruslan!". "He is Napoleon of crime" (Conan Dole).
Epithet (Epithet) - a figurative definition of an object, usually characterized by an adjective. Examples are good, bed, cold, hot, green, yellow, big, small, etc.
Hyperbole (Hyperbole) - the use of a word or expression that exaggerates the actual degree of quality, the intensity of the feature or the scale of the subject of speech. Hyperbole deliberately distorts reality, enhancing the emotionality of speech. Hyperbole is one of the oldest expressive means, and it is widely used in folklore and epic poetry of all times and peoples. Hyperbole has become so firmly established in our lives that we often do not perceive it as hyperbole. For example, hyperbole includes such everyday expressions as: a thousand apologies, a million kisses, I haven "t seen you for ages, I beg a thousand pardons. "He heard nothing. He was more remote them the stars" (S. Chaplin) .
Metaphor (Metaphor) - a type of trope (trope - a poetic turn, the use of a word in a figurative sense, a departure from literal speech), a figurative meaning of a word based on likening one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast. Like hyperbole, metaphor is one of the oldest expressive means, and this can be exemplified by ancient Greek mythology, where the sphinx is a cross between a man and a lion, and a centaur is a cross between a man and a horse.
"Love is a star to every wandering bark" (from Shakespeare's sonnet). We see that the reader is given the opportunity to compare such concepts as "star" and "love".
In Russian, we can find such examples of metaphor as "iron will", "bitterness of separation", "warmth of the soul" and so on. Unlike simple comparison, in the metaphor there are no words "as", "as if", "as if".
Metonymy (Metonymy) - establishing a connection between phenomena or objects by contiguity, transferring the properties of an object to the object itself, with the help of which these properties are discovered. In metonymy, the effect can be replaced by the cause, the content by the capacity, the material from which the thing is made can replace the designation of the thing itself. The difference between metonymy and metaphor is that metonymy deals only with those connections and combinations that exist in nature. So, in Pushkin, the "hiss of foamy glasses" replaces the foaming wine itself, poured into glasses. At A.S. Griboedov, Famusov recalls: "Not on silver, on gold." In English, there are such examples of metonymy as:
She has a quick pen. Or:
"The stars and stripes invaded Iraq". In the first case, in the example of metonymy, the characteristic is transferred from the girl herself to her writing pen, and in the second, the color and pattern of the flag replaces the name of the country.
Gradation (Climax) is a stylistic figure in which definitions are grouped according to the increase or decrease in their emotional and semantic significance. This is a gradual strengthening or weakening of the images used to build up the effect. Example:
I do not regret, do not call, do not cry,
Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees. (S.A. Yesenin).
In English, you can find such examples of gradation:
"Little by little, bit by bit, day by day, he stayed of her." Or a sequential enumeration of signs in ascending order: clever, talented, genius.
Oxymoron (Oxymoron) - a special kind of antithesis (opposition), based on the combination of contrasting quantities. An oxymoron is a direct correlation and combination of contrasting, seemingly incompatible signs and phenomena. An oxymoron is often used to achieve the desired effect when describing a person's character, indicating a certain inconsistency of human nature. So, with the help of the oxymoron “splendor of shamelessness”, a capacious characterization of a woman of easy virtue in W. Faulkner’s novel “The City” is achieved. The oxymoron is also widely used in the titles of works ("Young lady-peasant", "Living corpse", etc.). Among English authors, oxymoron is widely used by William Shakespeare in his tragedy Romeo and Juliet:
Oh brawling love! O loving hate!
Oh anything! of nothing first create.
O heavy lightness! serious vanity!
(1 act, scene 1).
Comparisons (Simile) is a rhetorical figure close to metaphor, revealing a common feature when comparing two objects or phenomena. Comparison differs from metaphor in that it contains the words "like", "as if", "as if". Comparison is widely used both in literature and in everyday speech. For example, everyone knows such expressions as: “plow like an ox”, “hungry like a wolf”, “stupid as a cork”, etc. We can observe examples of comparisons in A.S. Pushkin in the poem "Anchar":
Anchar, like a formidable sentry,
Worth - alone in the entire universe.
In English, there are such comparisons as: fresh as rose, fat as a pig, to fit like a glove. An example of a comparison can be cited from Ray Bradbury's short story "A sound of thunder" ("And Thunder Rang"):
"Like a stone idol, like a mountain avalanche, Tyrannosaurus fell"
Personification is the endowment of objects and phenomena of inanimate nature with the features of living beings. Personification helps the writer to more accurately convey his feelings and impressions of the surrounding nature.
How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth,
Stoln of wing my three and twen teeth year! (classical poetry of the 17th-18th centuries)
Antithesis (Antithesis) - artistic opposition. This is a method of enhancing expressiveness, a way of conveying life's contradictions. According to the writers, the antithesis is especially expressive when it is made up of metaphors. For example, in G.R. Derzhavin’s poem “God”: “I am a king - I am a slave, I am a worm - I am a god!” Or A.S. Pushkin:
They agreed. Water and stone
Poetry and prose, ice and fire
Not so different among themselves ... ("Eugene Onegin")
Also, many artistic oppositions are contained in proverbs and sayings. Here is an example of a common English saying:
"To err is human and to forget is divine." Or here is such a vivid example of antithesis:
"The music professor"s lessons were light, but his fees were high".
Also, stylistic expressive means include the use of slang and neologisms (words formed by the author himself). Slang can be used both to create the appropriate color and to enhance the expressiveness of speech. The authors resort to neologisms, as a rule, when they cannot get by with the traditional set of words. For example, with the help of the neologism "loud-boiling cup", F.I. Tyutchev creates a vivid poetic image in the poem "Spring Thunderstorm". Examples from English are the words headful - a head full of ideas; handful - a handful.
Anaphora - unity of command. This is a technique that consists in the fact that different lines, stanzas, sentences begin with the same word.
"Not a little thing like that! Not a butterfly! cry Eckels".
Epiphora is the opposite of anaphora. Epiphora is the repetition at the end of a segment of the text of the same word or phrase, a single ending of phrases or sentences.
I woke up alone, I walked alone and returned home alone.
Syntactic expressive means.
Syntactic expressive means include, first of all, the author's arrangement of signs, designed to highlight any words and phrases, as well as to give them the desired color. Syntactic means include inversion (inversion) - incorrect word order (You know him?), Unfinished sentences (I don "t know ...), italicization of individual words or phrases.
phonetic means of expression.
Phonetic expressive means include onomitopia (Onomethopea) - the use by the author of words whose sound texture resembles any sounds. In Russian, you can find many examples of onomitopy, for example, the use of the words rustles, whispers, crunches, meows, crows, and so on. In English, words such as moan, scrabble, bubbles, crack, scream belong to onomitopy. Onomitopia is used to convey sounds, manners of speech, partly the voice of the hero.
Graphic expressive means.
Graphon (Graphon) - non-standard spelling of words, emphasizing the features of the character's speech. An example of a graphon is an excerpt from Ray Bradbury's story "The sound of thunder":
“His mouth trembled, asking: “Who-who won the presidential election yesterday?”.
The use of expressive means by the author makes his speech more saturated, expressive, emotional, vivid, individualizes his style and helps the reader to feel the position of the author in relation to the characters, moral standards, historical figures and era.
Means of expression in Russian can be divided into:
- Lexical means
- Syntactic means
- Phonetic means
Lexical means: trails
| Allegory - Themis (woman with scales) - justice. | Replacing an abstract concept with a concrete image. |
| Hyperbole -Bloomers as wide as the Black Sea(N. Gogol) | Artistic exaggeration. |
| irony - Where, smart, you're shaking your head. (Fable of I. Krylov). | Subtle mockery, use in a sense opposite to the direct one. |
| Lexical repetition -Lakes all around, deep lakes. | Repetition in the text of the same word, phrase |
| Litota -Man with nails. | Artistic understatement of the described object or phenomenon. |
| Metaphor - Sleepy lake of the city (A. Blok) | Figurative meaning of a word based on similarity |
| Metonymy - The class was noisy | Replacing one word with another based on the adjacency of two concepts |
| Occasionalisms -The fruits of education. | Artistic means formed by the author. |
| personification -It's raining. Nature rejoices. | The endowment of inanimate objects is endowed with the properties of living things. |
| Paraphrase -Lion = king of beasts. | Replacing a word with a similar one lexical meaning expression. |
| Sarcasm -The works of Saltykov-Shchedrin are full of sarcasm. | A caustic subtle mockery, the highest form of irony. |
| Comparison -He says a word - the nightingale sings. | In comparison, there is what is being compared, and then what is being compared to. Unions are often used: like, like, like. |
| Synecdoche -Every a penny brings (money) into the house. | Transfer of value by quantitative attribute. |
| Epithet -"ruddy dawn", "golden hands", "silver voice". | A colorful, expressive definition based on implicit comparison. |
| Synonyms -1) run - run. 2)Noise (rustling) of leaves. | 1) Words that are different in spelling but similar in meaning. 2) Contextual synonyms - words that come close in meaning in the same context |
| Antonyms - original - fake, stale - responsive | Words that have opposite meanings |
| Archaism -eyes - eyes, cheeks - cheeks | Obsolete word or phrase |
Syntactic means
| Anaphora -The storm was not in vain. | The repetition of words or combinations of words at the beginning of sentences or lines of poetry. |
| Antithesis -The hair is long - the mind is short;. | Contrasting. |
| Gradation -I came, I saw, I conquered! | The arrangement of words, expressions in increasing (ascending) or decreasing (descending) significance. |
| Inversion -There lived a grandfather and a woman. | Reverse word order. |
| Compositional joint (lexical repetition) -It was a wonderful sound. It was the best voice I have heard in years. | The repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of words from the previous sentence, usually ending it. |
| Polyunion -The ocean was moving before my eyes, and swaying, and thundering, and sparkling, and fading away. | Intentional use of a repeating conjunction. |
| Oxymoron -Dead Souls. | A combination of incompatible words. |
| Parceling -He saw me and froze. Surprised. Stopped talking. | Intentional division of a sentence into semantic meaningful segments. |
| Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal -What a summer, what a summer! Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters, who hasn't scolded them? Citizens, let's make our city green and cozy! | Expression of the statement in interrogative form; to attract attention; increased emotional impact. |
| Rows, pair connection homogeneous members - Nature helps to fight loneliness, overcome despair, impotence, forget enmity, envy, deceit of friends. | Using homogeneous members for greater artistic expressiveness of the text |
| Syntax parallelism -Knowing how to speak is an art. Listening is culture.(D. Likhachev) | Similar, parallel construction of phrases, lines. |
| Default -But listen: if I owe you... I own a dagger, / I was born near the Caucasus. | The author intentionally does not say something, interrupts the hero’s thoughts so that the reader himself can think about what he wanted to say. |
| Ellipsis -Men - for axes! (Missed the word "taken") | The omission of some member of the sentence, which is easily recovered from the context |
| Epiphora -I have been going to you all my life. I have believed in you all my life. | Same ending for multiple sentences. |
Phonetic means: sound writing
Solve the exam in the Russian language with answers.
The means of artistic expression are so numerous and varied that one cannot do without dry mathematical calculations.
Wandering through the back streets of the metropolis of literary theory, it is not surprising to get lost and not reach the most important and interesting. So, remember the number 2. Two sections need to be studied: the first is paths, and the second is stylistic figures. In turn, each of them branches into many lanes, and we don’t have the opportunity to go through all of them now. Trope - a derivative of the Greek word "turn", denotes those words or phrases that have a different, "allegorical" meaning. And thirteen paths-lanes (the most basic). Or rather, almost fourteen, because here, too, art bypassed mathematics.
First section: trails
1. Metaphor. Find similarities and transfer the name of one object to another. For example: tram-worm, trolleybus-bug. Metaphors are often monosyllabic.
2. Metonymy. Also transfer of the name, but according to the principle of adjacency, for example: read Pushkin(instead of the name "book" we have "author", although the body of the poet was also read by many young ladies).
2a. Synecdoche. Suddenly - 2a. This is a kind of metonymy. Concept substitution. And by plural. "Save your penny"(Gogol) and" Sit down, light"(Mayakovsky) - this is according to concepts, instead of money and the sun." Retraining as a manager"(Ilf and Petrov) - this is by numbers, when singular is replaced by plural (and vice versa).
3. Epithet. Figurative definition of an object or phenomenon. Examples of a wagon (already an example - instead of "a lot"). It is expressed by almost any part of speech or phrase: leisurely spring, beautiful spring, smiled like spring etc. The means of artistic expression of many writers are completely exhausted by this path - varied, canal.
4. Comparison. Always binomial: the object of comparison is the image of similarity. The most commonly used conjunctions are "like", "as if", "as if", "exactly", as well as prepositions and other lexical means. Shout beluga; like lightning; silent like a fish.
5. Personification. When inanimate objects are endowed with a soul, when violins - sing, trees - whisper; Moreover, completely abstract concepts can also come to life: calm down, melancholy; even talk to me, seven-string guitar.
6. Hyperbole. Exaggeration. Forty thousand brothers.
7. Litota. Understatement. A drop in the sea.
8. Allegory. Through specifics - into abstraction. The train left It means that the past cannot be returned. Sometimes there are very, very long texts with one detailed allegory.
9. Paraphrase. Beating around the bush, describing the unnamed word. " Our everything", for example, or " Sun of Russian poetry". And just say - Pushkin, not everyone will be able to do it with such success.
10. Irony. Subtle mockery when words with the opposite meaning are used .
11. Antithesis. Contrast, opposition. Rich and poor. Winter and summer.
12. Oxymoron. A combination of incompatibilities: living Dead, hot Snow, silver bast shoes.
13. Antonomasia. Similar to metonymy. Only here a proper name necessarily appears instead of a common noun. Croesus instead of "rich".
Second section: Stylistic figures, or Turns of speech, enhancing the expressiveness of the utterance
Here we memorize 12 branches from the main avenue:
1. Gradation. The arrangement of words is step by step - in importance, in ascending or descending order. Crescendo or diminuendo. Remember how Koreiko and Bender smiled at each other.
2. Inversion. A phrase that breaks the normal word order. Especially often adjacent to irony. " Where, smart, are you wandering your head"(Krylov) - there is also irony.
3. Ellipsis. From his inherent expressiveness, he "swallows" some words. For example: " I am going home instead of "I'm going home".
4. Parallelism. The same construction of two or more sentences. For example: " Now I go and sing, then I stand on the edge".
5. Anaphora. Monogamy. That is, each new construction begins with the same words. Remember Pushkin's "Green oak near the seashore", there is a lot of this goodness.
6. Epiphora. Repeating the same words already at the end of each construction, and not at the beginning. " If you go to the left, you will die, if you go to the right, you will die, and if you go straight, you will definitely die, but there is no turning back."
7. Non-union or asyndeton. Swede, Russian, it goes without saying that he cuts, stabs, cuts.
8. Polyunion or polysyndeton. Yes, it's also clear: and boring, you know, and sad, and no one.
9. Rhetorical question. A question that does not expect an answer, on the contrary, implies one. Have you heard?
10. Rhetorical exclamation. Raises emotional intensity even writing. The poet is dead!
11. Rhetorical appeal. Conversation not only with inanimate objects, but also with abstract concepts: " What are you standing, swinging...", "Hello joy!"
12. Parceling. Also very expressive syntax: Well, everything. I'm done, yes! This article.
Now about the topic
The theme of a work of art, as the basis of the subject of knowledge, directly lives on the means of artistic expression, since anything can be the subject of creativity.
telescope of intuition
The main thing is that the artist must consider thoroughly, looking through the telescope of intuition, what he is going to tell the reader about. All phenomena of human life and the life of nature, the animal and plant world, as well as material culture, lend themselves to the image. Fantasy is also a great subject for research, from there gnomes, elves and hobbits fly to the pages of the text. But the main theme is still a characteristic of the peculiarities of human life in its social essence, no matter what terminators and other monsters frolic in the vastness of the work. And no matter how the artist runs away from actual public interests, he will not be able to break ties with his time. The idea, for example, of "pure art" is also an idea, right? All changes throughout the life of society are necessarily reflected in the themes of the works. The rest depends on the author's intuition and dexterity - what means of artistic expression he chooses for the most complete disclosure of the chosen topic.
The concept of the Grand style and the style of the individual
Style is, first of all, a system that incorporates creative style, features of the verbal system, plus subject representation and composition (plot composition).
big style
The totality and unity of all pictorial and figurative means, the unity of content and form is the formula of style. Eclecticism does not convince to the end. Great style is the norm, expediency, traditions, it is the hit of the author's feeling during the Great Time. Such as the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Classicism.
According to Hegel: three types of Grand style
1. Strict - from harsh - with the highest functionality.
2. Ideal - from harmony - filled with balance.
3. Pleasant - from household - light and flirtatious. Hegel, by the way, wrote four thick volumes only about style. In a nutshell, it is simply impossible to describe such a topic.
Individual style
Buy individual style much easier. This is both a literary norm and deviations from it. The style is especially visible fiction by attention to detail, where all components are poured into a system of images, and a poetic synthesis takes place (again, a silver bast shoe on the table of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov).
According to Aristotle: Three steps to style
1. Imitation of nature (discipleship).
2. Manner (we sacrifice truthfulness for the sake of artistry).
3. Style (fidelity to reality while maintaining all individual qualities). Perfection and completeness of style are distinguished by works that have historical truthfulness, ideological orientation, depth and clarity of problems. To create a perfect form, corresponding to the content, the writer needs talent, ingenuity, skill. He must rely on the achievements of his predecessors, choose forms that correspond to the originality of his artistic ideas, and for this he needs both literary and general cultural horizons. The classical criterion and the spiritual context are the best way and the main problem in acquiring style in current Russian literature.
Lesson - workshop in Russian for grade 11
"Means of artistic expression".
Goals:
Systematization and generalization of work with the taskAT 8 (preparation for the exam)
Development logical thinking ability to prove their point of view and defend it.
Education of communication skills, ability to work in groups.
Task number 1.
Students are divided into multi-level groups of 4 people.
When working, students take turns commenting on the text, finding all the paths and figures of speech.
Each student must take part in the analysis of the text.
If someone has difficulties, the rest help the student to understand the topic.
All members of the group should get the same work, the assessment is set one for all.
The work uses the memo "Paths and figures of speech"
The following text is proposed for work:
GREAT JOY...
The city was asleep. Silence stopped the vain chaotic molecular movement. The darkness was palpably viscous, and even the standard joyful pre-New Year's illumination did not help illuminate this impenetrability.
And he walked, ran, flew ... Where to? What for? What's there? He did not know. Yes, it was not so important! The main thing is that they were waiting for him there.
A series of dull, monotonous school days suddenly turned into festive fireworks, into the sweet agony of waiting for each new day, when one day SHE entered the class .. Entered. She sat down next to her and, famously clicking a pink bubble inflated from chewing gum, said “Hi” with a smile. This simple word turned his whole gray life upside down! Small, boyishly angular, fragile, with huge eyes the color of the sky and a red explosion of naughty small curls on her head, she instantly drove the entire male population of the class crazy. The school buzzed every time this amazing creature swept along the long corridor like a fiery torch.
He understood that the chances were zero, but his heart and reason were clearly out of tune! It rustled with a crazy whisper, stirring balls in the soul with hope ... And he took a chance. The note, which she had suffered in sleepless nights, went into her notebook. Time stopped. Freeze. Gone. He waited. The days dragged on like thick raspberry syrup. Two. Five. Ten... Hope dies last. And he waited.
The night call woke him up, breaking off her long, wonderful kiss. "I'm in the hospital, come." The whisper of rustling leaves, the rattle of a strong, fragile, iridescent ice crust underfoot simply tore the brain. Her throat was beating: “She is sick. She needs me. She called me."
And he walked. Ran. Flew. Without looking at the road. not noticing the cold and uninvited peas of tears on the cheeks. My heart was bursting with thousands of emotions. Where? Why?... There... Then...
5. Summing up.
6. Homework.
Create your own text by analogy with the work done, complicating it as much as possible.
THEORETICAL MATERIALS TO HELP.
1. Antonyms – different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (kind - evil, mighty - powerless). The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which establishes the emotionality of speech: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit.
2. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms - these are words that are not opposed in the language in meaning and are antonyms only in the text: Mind and heart - ice and fire - this is the main thing that distinguished this hero.
3. Hyperbole - a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. It is used to enhance the artistic impression.: Snow fell from the sky in pounds.
4. Litota - an artistic understatement: a man with a fingernail. Used to enhance the artistic impression.
5. Synonyms - these are words related to one part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning: Love - love, friend - friend.
6. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms - words that are synonymous only in this text: Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)
7. Stylistic synonyms - differ in stylistic coloring, scope of use: grinned - giggled - laughed - neighed.
8. Syntactic synonyms – parallel syntactic constructions having a different structure, but coinciding in their meaning: start preparing lessons - start preparing lessons.
9.Metaphor - a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.
good people there were, are and, I hope, will always be more than bad and evil, otherwise disharmony would set in in the world, it would warp ... capsize and sink. Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a kind of metaphor.
10. Expanded metaphor - a detailed transfer of the properties of one object, phenomenon or aspect of being to another according to the principle of similarity or contrast. Metaphor is particularly expressive. Possessing unlimited possibilities in bringing together a wide variety of objects or phenomena, metaphor allows you to rethink an object in a new way, reveal, expose its inner nature. Sometimes it is an expression of the individual author's vision of the world.
11. Metonymy – transfer of values (renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer:
a) from a person to his any external signs: Is lunch coming soon? - asked the guest, referring to the quilted waistcoat;
b) from the institution to its inhabitants: The entire boarding house recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev;
12. Synecdoche - a technique by which the whole is expressed through its part (something less included in something more) A kind of metonymy. "Hey beard! And how to get from here to Plyushkin?
13. Oxymoron - a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon: The sad fun continued ...
14. Personification - one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is externally used by a person: Trees, bending down towards me, extended their thin arms.
15. Comparison - one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, create whole artistic pictures, give a description of objects. Comparison is usually joined by unions: like, as if, as if, exactly, etc. but it serves for a figurative description of the most diverse features of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of the color: Like the night, his eyes are black.
16. Phraseologisms - these are almost always bright expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.: people like my hero have a spark of God.
17. Epithet - a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinguishing feature. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition for another:
1) noun: magpie talker.
2) adjective: fatal hours.
3) Adverb and participle: eagerly peers; listens frozen; but most often epithets are expressed with the help of adjectives used in a figurative sense: sleepy, tender, loving eyes.
SYNTAXIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION.
1. Anaphora - this is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. Used to enhance the expressed thought, image, phenomenon: How to talk about the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul at this moment?
2. Antithesis – stylistic device, which consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of a sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.
3. Gradation - a stylistic figure that consists in the consistent injection or, conversely, the weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech: For the sake of your child, for the family, for the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!
4 Inversion – reverse order words in a sentence. At direct order the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent attribute after it, the object after the control word, the adverb of the mode of action before the verb: Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. It's strong means of expression used in an emotional, excited speech: Beloved homeland, my native land, should we protect you!
5. Parceling - a technique for dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its goal is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation: The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale.
6.Repeat - the conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.
7. Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations - a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position.
What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!
8. Syntactic parallelism - the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author strives to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.
