1 Chechen began. History of the Chechen war

Ever since the beginning of the "perestroika" carried out by Gorbachev, nationalist groups began to "raise their heads" in many republics. For example, the National Congress of the Chechen people, which appeared in 1990. He set himself the task of achieving Chechnya's withdrawal from the Soviet Union. The primary goal was to create a completely independent state entity. The organization was headed by Dzhokhar Dudayev.

When the Soviet Union collapsed, it was Dudayev who announced the secession of Chechnya from Russia. At the end of October 1991, elections were held for the executive and legislative authorities. Dzhokhar Dudayev was elected President of Chechnya.

Internal divisions in Chechnya

Summer 1994 public education fighting began. On one side were troops who swore allegiance to Dudayev. On the other - the forces of the Provisional Council, which is in opposition to Dudayev. The latter received unofficial support from Russia. The parties were in a difficult position, the losses were huge.

The entry of troops

At a meeting of the Security Council of the Russian Federation at the end of November 1994, Russia decides to send troops to Chechnya. Then Minister Yegorov declared that 70% of the Chechen people would be for Russia in this matter.

On December 11, units of the Ministry of Defense and Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs entered Chechnya. Troops came from 3 sides at once. The key blow was from the western and eastern directions. The northwestern group advanced best of all. Already on December 12, she came close to settlements located just 10 kilometers from the city of Grozny. Other units of the Russian Federation advanced on initial stage successfully. They occupied the north of the republic almost without hindrance.

Assault on Grozny

The assault on the capital of Chechnya began a few hours before the chiming clock, which marked the beginning of the New Year 1995. About 250 pieces of equipment were involved. The problem was that:

• The troops were initially poorly trained.
• There was no coordination between departments.
• The soldiers did not have any combat experience.
• Maps and aerial photographs of the city are long outdated.

At first, armored vehicles were massively used, but then the tactics changed. The paratroopers went to work. Exhausting street battles began in Grozny. Only on March 6, the last detachment of separatists, led by Shamil Basayev, retreated from the city. A new pro-Russian administration was immediately formed in the capital. These were "elections on the bones", because the capital was completely destroyed.

Control over the plains and mountains

By April, federal troops occupied almost the entire flat territory of Chechnya. Because of this, the separatists switched to conducting sabotage and partisan attacks. In the mountainous regions, a number of the most important settlements were taken under control. It is noted that many separatists managed to escape. The militants often transferred part of their forces to other areas.

After the terrorist attack in Budyonnovsk, where he was injured and killed a large number of people from both sides, managed to achieve the introduction for an indefinite period of a moratorium on further fighting.

At the end of June 1995, we agreed:

• on the exchange of prisoners according to the formula "all for all";
• about the withdrawal of troops;
• about the holding of elections.

However, the truce was violated (more than once!). Throughout Chechnya, there were small local clashes, the so-called self-defense units were formed. In the second half of 1995, towns and villages passed from hand to hand. In mid-December, Russian-backed elections were held in Chechnya. Nevertheless, they were recognized as valid. The separatists boycotted everything.

In 1996, the militants not only attacked various cities and villages, but also made attempts to attack Grozny. In March of that year, they even managed to subjugate one of the districts of the capital. But the federal troops managed to beat off all attacks. True, this was done at the cost of the lives of many soldiers.

Liquidation of Dudayev

Naturally, from the very beginning of the conflict in Chechnya, the task of the Russian special services was to find and neutralize the leader of the separatists. All attempts to kill Dudayev were in vain. But the secret services got important information that he likes to talk on the satellite phone. On April 21, 1996, two Su-25 attack aircraft, having received coordinates thanks to the bearing of the telephone signal, fired 2 missiles at Dudayev's motorcade. As a result, he was eliminated. The militants were left without a leader.

Negotiating with separatists

As you know, in 1996 presidential elections were to be held in Russia itself. Yeltsin needed victories in Chechnya. Thus the war dragged on, it aroused distrust among the Russians. Our young soldiers were dying on "foreign" land. After the May negotiations, from June 1, a truce and an exchange of prisoners were announced.

As a result of consultations in Nazran:

• elections were to be held on the territory of Chechnya;
• detachments of militants were to be completely disarmed;
• federal troops will be withdrawn.

But this truce was broken again. Nobody wanted to give in. Attacks began again, blood flowed like a river.

New fights

After the successful re-election of Yeltsin, fighting in Chechnya resumed. In August 1996, the separatists not only fired at checkpoints, but also stormed Grozny, Argun and Gudermes. More than 2,000 Russian servicemen died in the battles for Grozny alone. How much more could be lost? Because of this, the authorities in the Russian Federation agreed to sign the famous agreements on the withdrawal of federal troops.

Khasavyurt agreements

August 31 was the last day of summer and the last day of hostilities. In the Dagestan city of Khasavyurt, sensational armistice agreements were signed. The final decision on the future of the republic was shelved. But the troops had to be withdrawn.

Results

Chechnya remained an independent republic, but no one legally recognized it as a state. The ruins were as they were. The economy was extremely criminalized. Due to the ongoing ethnic cleansing and active fighting, the country was "crucified". Almost the entire civilian population left the republic. There was not only a crisis in politics and the economy, but also an unprecedented growth of Wahhabism. It was he who served as the reason for the invasion of militants in Dagestan, and then to the beginning of a new war.

In Chechnya, Russian troops fought under the tsars, when the Caucasus region was only part of Russian Empire. But in the nineties of the last century, a real massacre began there, the echoes of which have not subsided so far. Chechen War in 1994-1996 and in 1999-2000 - two catastrophes of the Russian army.

Background of the Chechen Wars

The Caucasus has always been a very difficult region for Russia. Questions of nationality, religion, culture have always been raised very sharply and were solved by far from peaceful means.

After it collapsed in 1991 Soviet Union, in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, on the basis of national and religious hostility, the influence of the separatists increased, as a result of which the Republic of Ichkeria was self-proclaimed. She entered into a confrontation with Russia.

In November 1991, Boris Yeltsin, then President of Russia, issued a decree "On the introduction of a state of emergency on the territory of the Chechen-Ingush Republic." But this decree was not supported in the Supreme Council of Russia, due to the fact that most of the seats there were occupied by opponents of Yeltsin.

In 1992, on March 3, Dzhokhar Dudayev announced that he would only negotiate when Chechnya gained full independence. A few days later, on the twelfth, the Chechen parliament adopted new constitution, self-proclaiming the country a secular independent state.

Almost immediately, all government buildings, all military bases, all strategically important objects were captured. The territory of Chechnya completely came under the control of the separatists. From that moment on, legitimate centralized power ceased to exist. The situation got out of control: the trade in weapons and people flourished, drug trafficking passed through the territory, bandits robbed the population (especially Slavic).

In June 1993, soldiers from Dudayev's bodyguard seized the parliament building in Grozny, and Dudayev himself proclaimed the emergence of "sovereign Ichkeria" - a state that he completely controlled.

A year later, the First Chechen War (1994-1996) will begin, which will mark the beginning of a whole series of wars and conflicts that have become, perhaps, the most bloody and cruel in the entire territory of the former Soviet Union.

First Chechen: the beginning

In 1994, on the eleventh of December, Russian troops three groups entered the territory of Chechnya. One entered from the west, through North Ossetia, another - through Mozdok, and the third group - from the territory of Dagestan. Initially, the command was entrusted to Eduard Vorobyov, but he refused and resigned, citing the complete unpreparedness of this operation. Later, the operation in Chechnya will be headed by Anatoly Kvashnin.

Of the three groups, only the Mozdok group was able to successfully reach Grozny on December 12 - the other two were blocked in different parts Chechnya local residents and partisan detachments militants. A few days later, the remaining two groups of Russian troops approached Grozny and blocked it from all sides, with the exception of the southern direction. Up to the start of the assault from this side, access to the city will be free for the militants, this later influenced the siege of Grozny by federal waxes.

Assault on Grozny

On December 31, 1994, the assault began, which claimed many lives of Russian soldiers and remained one of the most tragic episodes in Russian history. About two hundred units of armored vehicles entered Grozny from three sides, which were almost powerless in the conditions of street fighting. Communication between the companies was poorly established, which made it difficult to coordinate joint actions.

Russian troops are stuck on the streets of the city, constantly falling under the crossfire of militants. The battalion of the Maykop brigade, which advanced the farthest towards the center of the city, was surrounded and was almost completely destroyed along with its commander, Colonel Savin. The battalion of the Petrakuvsky Motorized Rifle Regiment, which went to the rescue of the "Maikopians", according to the results of two days of fighting, consisted of about thirty percent of the original composition.

By the beginning of February, the number of stormers was increased to seventy thousand people, but the assault on the city continued. Only on February 3, Grozny was blocked from the south side and taken into the ring.

On March 6, part of the last detachments of Chechen separatists were killed, the other left the city. Grozny remained under the control of Russian troops. In fact, little was left of the city - both sides actively used both artillery and armored vehicles, so Grozny practically lay in ruins.

On the rest, there were continuous local battles between Russian troops and militant groups. In addition, the militants prepared and conducted a series (June 1995), in Kizlyar (January 1996). In March 1996, the militants made an attempt to recapture Grozny, but the assault was repelled by Russian soldiers. And Dudayev was liquidated.

In August, the militants repeated their attempt to take Grozny, this time it was a success. Many important objects in the city were blocked by the separatists, the Russian troops suffered very big losses. Together with Grozny, the militants took Gudermes and Argun. On August 31, 1996, the Khasavyurt Agreement was signed - the First Chechen War ended with huge losses for Russia.

Human losses in the First Chechen War

The data varies depending on which side is counting. Actually, this is not surprising and it has always been so. Therefore, all options are provided below.

Losses in the Chechen war (table No. 1 according to the headquarters of the Russian troops):

The two figures in each column, where the losses of Russian troops are indicated, are two headquarters investigations that were carried out with a difference of a year.

According to the Committee of Soldiers' Mothers, the consequences of the Chechen war are completely different. Some of those killed there are called about fourteen thousand people.

Losses in the Chechen war (table No. 2) of militants according to Ichkeria and a human rights organization:

Among the civilian population, "Memorial" put forward a figure of 30-40 thousand people, and the Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation A.I. Lebed - 80,000.

Second Chechen: main events

Even after the signing of the peace agreements, things did not become calmer in Chechnya. The militants ran everything, there was a brisk trade in drugs and weapons, people were kidnapped and killed. On the border between Dagestan and Chechnya, it was alarming.

After a series of kidnappings of major businessmen, officers, journalists, it became clear that the continuation of the conflict in a more acute phase is simply inevitable. Moreover, since April 1999, small groups of militants began to probe weak spots defense of Russian troops, preparing the invasion of Dagestan. The invasion operation was led by Basayev and Khattab. The place where the militants planned to strike was in the mountainous zone of Dagestan. There, the small number of Russian troops was combined with the inconvenient location of the roads, along which you could not transfer reinforcements very quickly. On August 7, 1999, the militants crossed the border.

Home striking force the bandits were mercenaries and Islamists from al-Qaeda. For almost a month there were battles with varying success, but, finally, the militants were driven back to Chechnya. Along with this, the bandits carried out a number of terrorist attacks in different cities Russia, including Moscow.

As a response, on September 23, a heavy shelling of Grozny began, and a week later, Russian troops entered Chechnya.

Casualties in the Second Chechen War among Russian servicemen

The situation had changed, and Russian troops now played a dominant role. But many mothers never waited for their sons.

Losses in the Chechen war (table No. 3):

In June 2010, the commander-in-chief of the Ministry of Internal Affairs gave the following figures: 2,984 killed and about 9,000 wounded.

Losses of militants

Losses in the Chechen war (table No. 4):

Civilian casualties

According to official data, as of February 2001, more than a thousand civilians had died. In the book by S.V. Ryazantsev “Demographic and migration portrait of the North Caucasus”, the losses of the parties in the Chechen war are five thousand people, although speech goes already about 2003

Judging by the assessment of the organization Amnesty International, which calls itself non-governmental and objective, there were about twenty-five thousand dead among the civilian population. They can count for a long time and diligently, only to the question: "How many actually died in the Chechen war?" - hardly anyone will give an intelligible answer.

Outcomes of the war: peace conditions, restoration of Chechnya

While the Chechen war was going on, the loss of equipment, enterprises, land, any resources and everything else was not even considered, because people always remain the main ones. But then the war ended, Chechnya remained part of Russia, and the need arose to restore the republic from practically ruins.

Enormous money was allocated to Grozny. After several assaults, there were almost no whole buildings left there, and on this moment it is a big and beautiful city.

The economy of the republic was also raised artificially - it was necessary to give time for the population to get used to the new realities, so that new factories and farms were rebuilt. Roads, communication lines, electricity were needed. Today we can say that the republic is almost completely out of the crisis.

Chechen wars: reflection in films, books

Dozens of films have been made based on the events that took place in Chechnya. Many books have been released. Now it is no longer possible to understand where the fiction is, and where the real horrors of war are. The Chechen war (as well as the war in Afghanistan) claimed too many lives and went through a "skating rink" for a whole generation, so it simply could not remain unnoticed. Russia's losses in the Chechen wars are colossal, and, according to some researchers, the losses are even greater than in ten years of war in Afghanistan. Below is a list of films that most deeply show us the tragic events of the Chechen campaigns.

• documentary film from five episodes "Chechen trap";
• "Purgatory";
• "Cursed and forgotten";
• "Prisoner of the Caucasus".

Many fiction and journalistic books describe the events in Chechnya. For example, the now famous writer Zakhar Prilepin, who wrote the novel "Pathology" about this war, fought as part of the Russian troops. Writer and publicist Konstantin Semyonov published a series of stories "Grozny Tales" (about the storming of the city) and the novel "The Motherland Betrayed Us". The storming of Grozny is dedicated to the novel by Vyacheslav Mironov "I was in this war."

Video recordings made in Chechnya by rock musician Yuri Shevchuk are widely known. He and his DDT group performed more than once in Chechnya in front of Russian soldiers in Grozny and at military bases.

Conclusion

The State Council of Chechnya published data showing that between 1991 and 2005 almost one hundred and sixty thousand people died - this figure includes militants, civilians, and Russian soldiers. One hundred sixty thousand.

Even if the figures are overestimated (which is quite likely), the amount of losses is still simply colossal. Russia's losses in the Chechen wars are a terrible memory of the nineties. The old wound will hurt and itch in every family that lost a man there, in the Chechen war.

The second Chechen war had and official name- counter-terrorist operation in the North Caucasus, or CTO for short. But it is the common name that is more known and widespread. The war affected almost the entire territory of Chechnya and the adjacent regions of the North Caucasus. It began on September 30, 1999 with the entry of the Armed Forces Russian Federation. The most active phase can be called the years of the second Chechen war from 1999 to 2000. This was the peak of the attacks. In subsequent years, the second Chechen war took on the character of local skirmishes between separatists and Russian soldiers. 2009 was marked by the official abolition of the CTO regime.
The second Chechen war brought a lot of destruction. The photographs taken by journalists testify to this in the best possible way.

background

The first and second Chechen wars have a small time gap. After the Khasavyurt agreement was signed in 1996, and Russian troops were withdrawn from the republic, the authorities expected calm to come. However, peace has not been established in Chechnya.
Criminal structures have significantly stepped up their activities. They did an impressive business on such a criminal act as kidnapping for ransom. Their victims were Russian journalists and official representatives and members of foreign public, political and religious organizations. The bandits did not disdain the kidnapping of people who came to Chechnya for the funeral of loved ones. So, in 1997, two citizens of Ukraine were captured, who arrived in the republic in connection with the death of their mother. Businessmen and workers from Turkey were regularly captured. Terrorists profited from the theft of oil, drug trafficking, production and distribution of counterfeit money. They committed acts of violence and kept the civilian population in fear.

In March 1999, G. Shpigun, an authorized representative of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs for Chechnya, was captured at the Grozny airport. This egregious case showed the complete inconsistency of the President of the CRI, Maskhadov. federal center It was decided to strengthen control over the republic. On the North Caucasus elite operational units were sent, the purpose of which was the fight against bandit formations. From the side of the Stavropol Territory, a number of rocket launchers were put up, designed to deliver pinpoint ground strikes. An economic blockade was also introduced. The flow of cash injections from Russia has sharply decreased. In addition, it has become increasingly difficult for bandits to smuggle drugs abroad and take hostages. Gasoline produced in clandestine factories had nowhere to sell. In mid-1999, the border between Chechnya and Dagestan turned into a militarized zone.

Bandit formations did not abandon attempts to unofficially seize power. Groups under the leadership of Khattab and Basayev made forays into the territory of Stavropol and Dagestan. As a result, dozens of servicemen and police officers were killed.

On September 23, 1999, Russian President Boris Yeltsin officially signed a decree on the creation of the United Group of Forces. Its goal was to conduct a counter-terrorist operation in the North Caucasus. Thus began the second Chechen war.

The nature of the conflict

The Russian Federation acted very skillfully. with the help of tactics (luring the enemy into a minefield, sudden raids on small settlements), significant results were achieved. After the active phase of the war passed, the main goal of the command was to establish a truce and attract former leaders of gangs to their side. The militants, on the contrary, relied on giving the conflict an international character, calling for participation in it of representatives of radical Islam from all over the world.

By 2005, terrorist activity had dropped significantly. Between 2005 and 2008, no major attacks on civilians or clashes with official troops were recorded. However, in 2010 there were a number of tragic terrorist acts (explosions in the Moscow metro, at Domodedovo airport).

Second Chechen War: Beginning

On June 18, CRI carried out two attacks at once on the border in the direction of Dagestan, as well as on a company of Cossacks in Stavropol. After that, most of the checkpoints to Chechnya from Russia were closed.

On June 22, 1999, an attempt was made to blow up the building of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of our country. This fact was noted for the first time in the entire history of the existence of this ministry. The bomb was located and promptly defused.

On June 30, the Russian leadership gave permission to use military weapons against gangs on the border with the CRI.

Attack on the Republic of Dagestan

On August 1, 1999, the armed detachments of the Khasavyurt region, as well as the citizens of Chechnya supporting them, announced that they were introducing Sharia rule in their region.

On August 2, militants from the CRI provoked a violent clash between Wahhabis and riot police. As a result, several people died on both sides.

On August 3, a shootout took place between policemen and Wahhabis in the Tsumadinsky district of the river. Dagestan. There were no losses. Shamil Basayev, one of the leaders of the Chechen opposition, announced the creation of an Islamic shura that had its own troops. They established control over several districts in Dagestan. The local authorities of the republic are asking the center for the issuance of military weapons to protect the civilian population from terrorists.

The next day, the separatists were driven back from the regional center of Aghvali. More than 500 people dug in in positions that had been prepared in advance. They did not put forward any demands and did not enter into negotiations. it became known that they were holding three policemen.

At noon on August 4, on the road of the Botlikh region, a group of armed militants opened fire on a line of police officers who were trying to stop a car for an inspection. As a result, two terrorists were killed, and there were no casualties among the security forces. By locality Kekhni was hit by two powerful missile and bomb strikes by Russian attack aircraft. It was there, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, that a detachment of militants stopped.

On August 5, it becomes known that a major terrorist act is being prepared on the territory of Dagestan. 600 militants were going to penetrate the center of the republic through the village of Kekhni. They wanted to seize Makhachkala and sabotage the government. However, representatives of the center of Dagestan denied this information.

The period from August 9 to 25 was remembered by the battle for the Donkey Ear height. The militants fought with paratroopers from Stavropol and Novorossiysk.

Between September 7 and 14, large groups invaded from Chechnya under the leadership of Basayev and Khattab. The devastating battles continued for about a month.

Bombing of Chechnya from the air

On August 25, Russian armed forces attacked terrorist bases in the Vedeno Gorge. More than a hundred militants were destroyed from the air.

In the period from 6 to 18 September, Russian aviation continues a massive bombardment of separatist gathering places. Despite the protest of the Chechen authorities, the security forces say they will act as necessary in the fight against terrorists.

On September 23, Grozny and its environs are bombarded by central aviation forces. As a result, power plants, oil refineries, the center of mobile communications, building radio and television.

On September 27, VV Putin rejected the possibility of a meeting between the presidents of Russia and Chechnya.

Ground operation

Since September 6, martial law has been in effect in Chechnya. Maskhadov calls on his citizens to declare gazavat to Russia.

On October 8, in the village of Mekenskaya, a militant Ibragimov Akhmed shot 34 people of Russian nationality. Of these, three were children. At the gathering of the village of Ibragimov, they beat him to death with sticks. Mulla forbade his body to be buried in the earth.

The next day they occupied a third of the CRI territory and moved on to the second phase of hostilities. The main goal is the destruction of gangs.

On November 25, the President of Chechnya appealed to Russian soldiers to surrender and go into captivity.

In December 1999, Russian combat forces liberated almost all of Chechnya from militants. About 3,000 terrorists dispersed over the mountains, and also hid in Grozny.

Until February 6, 2000, the siege of the capital of Chechnya continued. After the capture of Grozny, massive battles came to naught.

Situation in 2009

Despite the fact that the counter-terrorist operation was officially terminated, the situation in Chechnya did not become calmer, but, on the contrary, became aggravated. Cases of explosions became more frequent, militants became more active again. In the autumn of 2009, a number of operations were carried out aimed at the destruction of gangs. The militants respond with major terrorist acts, including in Moscow. By mid-2010, the conflict was escalating.

Second Chechen War: results

Any hostilities cause damage to both property and people. In spite of good reasons the second Chechen war, the pain from the death of loved ones cannot be appeased and not forgotten. According to statistics, 3684 people were lost on the Russian side. 2178 representatives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation were killed. The FSB lost 202 of its employees. More than 15,000 people were killed among the terrorists. The number of civilians who died during the war is not exactly established. According to official figures, it is about 1000 people.

Movies and books about the war

The fighting did not leave indifferent and artists, writers, directors. Dedicated to such an event as the second Chechen war, photographs. Exhibitions are held regularly, where you can see works that reflect the destruction left after the battles.

The second Chechen war still causes a lot of controversy. The film "Purgatory", based on real events, perfectly reflects the horror of that period. The most famous books were written by A. Karasev. These are "Chechen stories" and "Traitor".

The reasons: On September 6, 1991, an armed coup was carried out in Chechnya - the Supreme Council of the CHIASSR was dispersed by armed supporters of the Executive Committee of the National Congress of the Chechen People. The fact that on August 19, 1991, the party leadership in Grozny, unlike the Russian leadership, supported the actions of the State Emergency Committee was used as a pretext.

With the consent of the leadership of the Russian parliament, from a small group of deputies of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR and representatives of the OKChN, a Provisional Supreme Council was created, which was recognized by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation as the highest authority on the territory of the republic. However, less than 3 weeks later, the OKCHN dissolved it and announced that it was taking over full power.

On October 1, 1991, by decision of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the Chechen-Ingush Republic was divided into the Chechen and Ingush Republics (without borders).

At the same time elections were held for the parliament of the Chechen Republic. According to many experts, all this was just a staging (10-12% of voters participated, voting took place only in 6 out of 14 districts of the CHIASSR). In some areas, the number of voters exceeded the number of registered voters. At the same time, the OKCHN executive committee announced a general mobilization of men aged 15 to 65 and put its National Guard on full alert.

The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR officially announced the non-recognition of these elections, as they were held with violations of the current legislation.

By his first decree, on November 1, 1991, Dudayev proclaimed the independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (ChRI) from the RSFSR, which was not recognized by either the Russian authorities or any foreign states.

Effects

On December 1, 1994, a decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On certain measures to strengthen law and order in the North Caucasus” was issued, which ordered all persons who illegally own weapons to voluntarily surrender them to law enforcement agencies in Russia by December 15.

December 11, 1994, on the basis of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin "On measures to suppress the activities of illegal armed groups on the territory of the Chechen Republic," units of the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia entered the territory of Chechnya.

On August 16, 1996, Zelimkhan Yandarbiev and Alexander Lebed in the village of Novye Atagi announced the creation of an observation commission to monitor the implementation of the ceasefire conditions, as well as an observation board, which was to include the secretaries of the Security Councils of Dagestan, Ingushetia and Kabardino-Balkaria.

On August 31, 1996, the Khasavyurt agreements between the Russian Federation and the CRI were concluded, according to which the decision on the status of the CRI was postponed until 2001. It was also supposed to exchange prisoners on the principle of "all for all", about which human rights activists discretely said that "this condition was not respected by the Chechens."

In 1997, Aslan Maskhadov was elected president of the CRI.

2nd company:

It began in 1999 and actually lasted until 2009. The most active combat phase occurred in 1999-2000

RESULTS

Despite the official cancellation of the counterterrorist operation, the situation in the region has not become calmer, rather the opposite. The militants leading the guerrilla war have become more active, and cases of terrorist acts have become more frequent. Since the autumn of 2009, a number of major special operations have been carried out to eliminate gangs and militant leaders. In response, a series of terrorist attacks were carried out, including, for the first time in a long time, in Moscow. Combat clashes, terrorist attacks and police operations are taking place not only in Chechnya, but also in Ingushetia, Dagestan, and Kabardino-Balkaria. In some territories, the CTO regime was repeatedly temporarily introduced.

Some analysts believed that the escalation could develop into a "third Chechen war."

In September 2009, Russian Interior Minister Rashid Nurgaliyev said that over 700 militants had been neutralized in the North Caucasus in 2009. . The head of the FSB, Alexander Bortnikov, said that almost 800 militants and their accomplices were detained in the North Caucasus in 2009.

Starting from May 15, 2009, Russian power structures stepped up operations against militant groups in the mountainous regions of Ingushetia, Chechnya and Dagestan, which caused a reciprocal intensification of terrorist activity on the part of the militants.

Artillery and aviation are periodically involved in operations.

Culture of the USSR at the turn of the 1980s-1990s.

Culture and perestroika. At the turn of the 80-90s, there were changes in government policy in the spiritual life of society. This was expressed, in particular, in the refusal of the bodies of culture management from the administrative methods of managing literature, art, and science. The periodical press - the newspapers Moskovskiye Novosti, Argumenty i Fakty, and the magazine Ogonyok - became the arena of heated discussions among the public. The authors of the published articles attempted to understand the causes of the "deformations" of socialism, to determine their attitude to the perestroika processes. The disclosure of previously unknown facts of Russian history of the post-October period caused a polarization of public opinion. A significant part of the liberal-minded intelligentsia actively supported the reformist course of MS Gorbachev. But many groups of the population, including specialists and scientists, saw in the ongoing reforms "treason" to the cause of socialism and actively opposed them. Different attitudes towards the transformations taking place in the country led to conflicts in the governing bodies of creative associations of the intelligentsia. In the late 1980s, several Moscow writers formed an alternative committee to the Writers' Union of the USSR, "Writers in Support of Perestroika" ("April"). An identical association was formed by the Leningrad writers ("Commonwealth"). The creation and activities of these groups led to a split in the Writers' Union of the USSR. The Union for the Spiritual Revival of Russia, created on the initiative of scientists and writers, declared support for the democratic transformations taking place in the country. At the same time, some members of the intelligentsia reacted negatively to the course towards perestroika. The views of this part of the intelligentsia were reflected in an article by N. Andreeva, a teacher at one of the universities, “I cannot compromise my principles,” published in March 1988 in the newspaper Sovetskaya Rossiya. The beginning of "perestroika" gave rise to a powerful movement for the liberation of culture from ideological pressure.

The desire for a philosophical understanding of the past touched the art of cinema (T. Abuladze's film "Repentance"). Numerous studio theaters sprang up. New theater groups tried to find their way in art. Exhibitions were organized by artists little known to a wide range of spectators of the 80s - P. N. Filonov, V. V. Kandinsky, D. P. Shterenberg. With the collapse of the USSR, all-Union organizations of the creative intelligentsia ceased their activities. The results of perestroika for the national culture turned out to be complex and ambiguous. Cultural life has become richer and more diverse. At the same time, the perestroika processes for science and the education system turned out to be significant losses. Market relations began to penetrate into the sphere of literature and art.

Ticket number 6

Relations between the Russian Federation and the European Union at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century.

On June 25, 1988, an agreement on trade and cooperation between the EEC and the USSR was signed, and on June 24, 1994, a bilateral agreement on partnership and cooperation between the European Union and Russia (entered into force on December 1, 1997). The first meeting of the EU-Russia Cooperation Council was held in London on 27 January 1998.

In 1999-2001 The European Parliament adopted a series of critical resolutions on the situation in Chechnya.

The most terrible war in the history of the Russian Federation began in 1994. On December 1, 1994, Russian troops entered the territory of the Chechen Republic. It was after these actions that the war in Chechnya began. The first Chechen war lasted 3 years, from 1994 to 1996.

Despite the fact that the war in Chechnya has not left the newspapers and television screens for 3 years, many Russians still do not understand what led to this bloody conflict. Although many books have been written about the war in Chechnya, the reasons for the start of the conflict in Chechnya remain rather vague. After the hostilities in Chechnya ended, the Russians gradually ceased to be interested in this problem.

The beginning of the war in Chechnya, the causes of the conflict

After the collapse of the USSR, a presidential decree was issued, according to which Chechnya received state sovereignty, which could allow it to secede from the Russian Federation. Despite the desire of the people, Chechnya failed to secede from the Russian Federation, since already in 1992 Dudayev seized power, who was very popular among the Chechen people.

Dudayev's popularity was due to his politics. The goals of the Chechen leader were quite simple and appealed to the common people:

1. Unite the entire Caucasus under the flag of the Mountain Republic;
2. Achieve full independence for Chechnya.

Since after the collapse of the USSR, various ethnic groups living in Chechnya began to openly conflict with each other, the people joyfully welcomed their new leader, whose political program promised to stop all these troubles.

During the 3 years of Dudayev's rule, the republic rolled back decades in development. If 3 years ago there was a relative order in Chechnya, then since 1994, such bodies as the police, courts and the prosecutor's office have completely disappeared in the republic. All this provoked the growth of organized crime. After 3 years of Dudayev's rule, almost every second criminal in Russia was a resident of the Chechen Republic.

Since, after the collapse of the USSR, many republics decided to break with Russia and follow their own path of development, the Chechen Republic also declared its desire to secede from Russia. Under pressure from the Kremlin elite, Russian President Boris Yeltsin decided to overthrow Dudayev's regime, which was recognized as criminal and openly gangster. On December 11, 1994, Russian soldiers entered the territory of the Chechen Republic, marking the beginning of the Chechen war.

According to forecasts Russian minister on affairs of nationalities, the entry of Russian troops into Chechen territory was to take place with the support of 70 percent of the local population. The fierce resistance of the Chechen people came as a complete surprise to Russian government. Dudayev and his supporters managed to convince Chechen people that the invasion of Russian troops will bring only enslavement to the republic.

Most likely, the negative attitude of the Chechen people towards the Russian military was formed back in 1944, when the Chechen people were subjected to mass repression and deportations. Practically in every Chechen family there were dead. People died of cold and hunger, and most never returned to their homeland. The old people still remembered the executions that the Stalinist regime was famous for, and set up the youth to resist to the last drop of blood.

Based on all of the above, one can understand what the essence of the war in Chechnya was:

1. The criminal regime of Dudayev was not satisfied with restoring order in the republic, since the bandits would inevitably have to curtail their activities;
2. Chechnya's decision to secede from the Russian Federation did not suit the Kremlin elite;
3. The desire of the Chechen "top" to create an Islamic state;
4. The protest of Chechens against the entry of Russian troops.

Naturally, oil interests were not in last place.

First Chechen War, chronicles

The first Chechen war began with the fact that Dudayev's militants received reinforcements from those from whom Russia expected help for itself. All Chechen groups that were in opposition to the Dudayev regime suddenly united in the fight against the Russian military. Thus, the operation, which was planned as a short-term one, turned into the first Chechen war, which ended only in 1996.

Chechen fighters were able to offer the Russian army a very worthy resistance. Since after the output Soviet troops a lot of weapons remained on the territory of the republic, almost all residents of Chechnya were armed. In addition, the militants had well-established channels for the delivery of weapons from abroad. History remembers many cases when the Russian military sold weapons to the Chechens, which they used against them.

The Russian military command had information that Dudayev's Chechen army consisted of only a few hundred militants, but they did not take into account that more than one participant would act from the Chechen side. Dudayev's army was constantly replenished with opposition members and volunteers from the local population. Modern history has come to the conclusion that about 13 thousand militants fought on the side of Dudayev, not counting the mercenaries who constantly replenished the ranks of their troops.

The first Chechen war began extremely unsuccessfully for Russia. In particular, an operation was undertaken to storm Grozny, as a result of which the war in Chechnya was supposed to end. This attack was undertaken extremely unprofessionally, the Russian command simply threw all its forces into the assault. As a result of this operation, the Russian troops lost almost all available armored vehicles ( total number which was 250 units). Although Russian troops captured Grozny after three months of fierce fighting, this operation showed that Chechen fighters are a serious force to be reckoned with.

First Chechen war after the capture of Grozny

After Grozny was captured by Russian troops, the war in Chechnya in 1995-1996 moved to the mountains, gorges and villages. The information that the Russian special forces are massacring entire villages is hardly true. Civilians fled to the mountains, and abandoned cities and villages turned into fortifications of militants, who often disguised themselves as civilians. Often, women and children were used to deceive the special forces, who were released towards the Russian troops.

The summer of 1995 was marked by relative calm, as Russian forces took control of the mountainous and lowland regions of Chechnya. In the winter of 1996, the militants made an attempt to recapture the city of Grozny. The war resumed with renewed vigor.

In April, Russian forces were able to locate the militant leader, Dudayev, along with his motorcade. Aviation immediately responded to this information, and the cortege was destroyed. The inhabitants of Chechnya did not believe for a long time that Dudayev had been destroyed, but the remnants of the separatists agreed to sit down at the negotiating table, as a result of which the Khasavyurt agreements were reached.

On August 1, 1996, a document was signed that marked the end of the first Chechen war. The end of the military conflict left devastation and poverty in its wake. Chechnya after the war was a republic in which it was almost impossible to make money by peaceful means. Legally, the Chechen Republic gained independence, although the new state was not officially recognized by any world power, including Russia.

After the Russian troops were withdrawn, Chechnya was covered by the post-war crisis:

1. No one restored the destroyed cities and villages;
2. Regular purges were carried out, as a result of which all representatives of non-Chechen nationality were destroyed or expelled;
3. The economy in the republic was completely destroyed;
4. Gang formations gained actual power in Chechnya.

This state of affairs lasted until 1999, when Chechen fighters decided to invade Dagestan to help the Wahhabis set up an Islamic republic there. This invasion provoked the beginning of the second Chechen campaign, since the creation of an independent Islamic state posed a great danger to Russia.

Second Chechen War

The counterterrorist operation in the North Caucasus, which lasted for 10 years, is unofficially called the second Chechen war. The impetus for the start of this war was the introduction of Russian armed forces on the territory of the Chechen Republic. Although large-scale hostilities lasted only about a year, combat skirmishes continued until 2009.

Although the Khasavyurt agreements at the time of signing suited both sides, peace did not come in the Chechen Republic. As before, Chechnya was ruled by bandits who did business in kidnapping people. Moreover, these kidnappings were massive. The media of those years regularly reported that Chechen gangs had taken hostages for ransom. The bandits did not understand who to capture. The hostages were both Russians and foreigners who worked or covered events in Chechnya. The bandits grabbed everyone:

1. Journalists who were lured with promises to give sensational reports;
2. Red Cross employees who came to help the Chechen people;
3. Religious figures and even those who came to Chechnya for the funeral of their relatives.

In 1998, a French citizen was abducted, who spent 11 months in captivity. In the same year, bandits kidnapped four employees of the company from the UK, who were brutally murdered three months later.

Bandits earned in all areas:

1. Sale of oil stolen from wells and overpasses;
2. Sale, production and transportation of drugs;
3. Making counterfeit banknotes;
4. Act of terrorism;
5. Predatory attacks on neighboring regions.

The main reason for the outbreak of the second Chechen war was the huge number of training camps that trained militants and terrorists. The core of these schools were Arab volunteers who learned military science from professional instructors in Pakistan.

These schools tried to "infect" with the ideas of separatism not only the Chechen people, but also the regions neighboring Chechnya.

The last straw for the Russian government was the kidnapping of the plenipotentiary representative of the Russian Interior Ministry in Chechnya, Gennady Shpigun. This fact became a signal that the Chechen authorities are not able to fight terrorism and banditry, which have spread throughout the republic.

The situation in Chechnya on the eve of the second Chechen war

Before starting hostilities, and not wanting a second Chechen war to break out, the Russian government took a number of measures that were supposed to cut off the flow of money for Chechen bandits and militants:

1. Throughout the territory of the Chechen Republic, self-defense units were created, which received weapons;
2. All militia units were reinforced;
3. Operational officers of the department for combating ethnic crimes were sent to the Caucasus;
4. Several firing points were set up, equipped with rocket launchers designed to deliver pinpoint strikes against a concentration of militants;
5. Severe economic sanctions were adopted against Chechnya, which led to problems with the conduct of criminal business;
6. Border control was strengthened, which affected drug trafficking;
7. Gasoline made from stolen oil has become impossible to sell outside of Chechnya.

In addition, a serious struggle was launched against the criminal groups that financed the militants.

The invasion of Chechen fighters into the territory of Dagestan

Deprived of their main sources of funding, Chechen fighters, under the leadership of Khattab and Basayev, were preparing to seize Dagestan. Beginning in August 1999, they carried out several dozen military operations of a reconnaissance nature, although dozens of military and civilians were killed during these operations. Reconnaissance in force showed that the militants did not have enough strength to break the resistance of the federal troops. Realizing this, the militants decided to strike at the mountainous part of Dagestan, where there were no troops.

On August 7, 1999, Chechen fighters, reinforced by Khattab's Arab mercenaries, invaded the territory of Dagestan. Shamil Basayev, who led the operation along with field commander Khattab, was confident that Chechen fighters, assisted by professional mercenaries associated with al-Qaeda, would easily manage to carry out this invasion. However, the local population did not support the militants, but, on the contrary, resisted them.

While the federal troops of Ichkeria were holding back Chechen fighters, the Russian leadership proposed holding a joint military operation against Islamists. In addition, the Russian side offered to take on the problem of destroying all the bases and warehouses of militants that were located on the territory of Chechnya. President of the Chechen Republic Aslan Maskhadov assured the Russian authorities that he knew nothing about such underground bases on the territory of his country.

Although the confrontation between the federal troops of Dagestan and Chechen fighters lasted a whole month, in the end, the bandits had to retreat to the territory of Chechnya. Suspecting the Russian authorities of military assistance to Dagestan, the militants decided to take revenge.

In the period from 4 to 16 September in several Russian cities, including Moscow, explosions residential buildings. Taking these actions as a challenge, and realizing that Aslan Maskhadov is not able to control the situation in the Chechen Republic, Russia decides to conduct a military operation, the purpose of which was the complete destruction of illegal gangs.

On September 18, Russian troops completely blocked the Chechen borders, and on September 23, the President of Russia signed a decree on the creation of a joint group of troops to conduct a large-scale anti-terrorist operation. On the same day, Russian troops began the bombardment of Grozny, and on September 30 they invaded the territory of the republic.

Features of the second Chechen war

During the second Chechen war, the Russian command took into account the mistakes made in 1994-1996 and no longer relied on brute force. The military made bets on military tricks, luring militants into various traps (including minefields), introducing agents into the militants' environment, and so on.

After the main pockets of resistance were broken, the Kremlin began to lure the elite of Chechen society and former authoritative field commanders to its side. The militants relied on gangs of non-Chechen origin. These actions set the Chechen people against them, and when the leaders of the militants were destroyed (closer to 2005), the organized resistance of the militants ceased. In the period from 2005 to 2008, not a single significant terrorist act took place, although after the end of the second Chechen war (in 2010), the militants committed several major terrorist acts.

Heroes and veterans of the Chechen war

The first and second Chechen campaigns were the bloodiest military conflicts in history new Russia. Most of all in this war, reminiscent of the war in Afghanistan, the Russian special forces distinguished themselves. Many, giving their soldier's duty, did not return home. Those military personnel who participated in the hostilities of 1994-1996 were given the status of a veteran.