By the way, do you know how long the Internet exists? When did the first website appear? ;) Do not know? Well then, congratulations on the holiday of Internet marketers and all marketers who joined them - guests of this site.
The concept of the "World Wide Web" was born in 1989 in Europe, within the walls of the European Council for Nuclear Research at CERN (fr. Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire, CERN). It was proposed by the famous British scientist Tim Berners-Lee, who within two years developed the HTTP protocol, the HTML language and URIs.
In 1989, the first connection to the Internet was recorded via a telephone line (the so-called "dialing" English Dialup access). But where did they "call"?
After digging around on the internet, I found...
The first computer page was created by CERN engineers in the same year. So, exactly 21 years ago, the first Internet resource appeared.
And already in August 1991, on the sixth day, a group of engineers created a computer page, and this page became the world's first Internet directory, as it contained a list of links to other sites. updated version this page is ( original name not preserved).
Briton Tim Berners-Lee for his invention was recognized as the founder of the Internet and was awarded the [B]Webby Award for his contribution to the development of the World Wide Web. The Internet came to us later. In Russia, the birthday of the Internet is celebrated on April 7, 1994.
“It is very important that the information passing through the Net is not controlled by anyone,” the founder of the Internet said at the anniversaries dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the event last year. Today, Tim Berners-Lee is the founder and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), whose mission is to create and promote common standards(HTML, XML, etc.).
Well, here is the holiday of this month and the occasion! But this is the official version...
However, back in 1957, the US Department of Defense considered that in the event of a war with us, a reliable information transmission system was needed. Defense Advanced Agency research projects The United States (DARPA) proposed to develop a computer network for this.
The development of such a network was entrusted to military scientists. The computer network being developed was named ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).
In 1969, the network brought together the University of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Center, the University of Utah, and the University of California at Santa Barbara as part of a project.
The network created by scientists, even with the money of the military, did not last long closed. ARPANET began to be used by scientists from different fields of science - as a means of communication between themselves and under the control of the military, of course. By 1971, the first program for sending e-mail over the network was developed, the program immediately became very popular.
And in 1973, the first foreign organizations from Great Britain and Norway were connected to the network via a transatlantic telephone cable: the network became international.
From 1971 to 1983, the network was mainly used for sending e-mail, at the same time the first mailing lists, newsgroups and message boards appeared, data transfer protocols began to flourish, which were standardized in 1982-83. It was in 1983 that the term "Internet" was assigned to the ARPANET.
In 1984, the Domain Name System (DNS) was developed.
And only in 1984, the ARPANET had a serious rival - the inter-university network NSFNet, which was composed of smaller networks (including the then-known Usenet and Bitnet networks) and had a much larger throughput than ARPANET. About 10,000 computers connected to this network in a year, the title of "Internet" began to gradually move to NSFNet.
In 1988, the Internet Relay Chat (IRC) protocol was invented, making real-time communication (chat) possible on the Internet. And only in 1989, within the walls of the European Council for Nuclear Research at CERN, the concept of the "World Wide Web" was born.
Well, now we know a lot and quite systematically about how the Internet appeared. Well, once again I congratulate Internet marketers on their professional holiday!
Do you know at what speed I went online for the first time? 32 kilobits per second. Those who are younger probably will not even be able to imagine this. I downloaded one song in MP3 for an hour; to go online, I waited a minute until the computer creaked through the phone (in literally there was a creak) will reach the world wide web; popular search engines were not Yandex or Google. In general, we plunge into history.
World Wide Web: common or draw?
The Internet is a world space, an association of a system of computer networks. There are countless computers connected to it all over the world. Communication in social networks and online games have become commonplace. So familiar that we consider them not worthy of attention.
Meanwhile, the history of the Internet is an amazing thing. And immediately the discovery: the age of the first website is twenty-five years! (for 2016), look at it info.cern.ch. The Internet is a global network, this is understandable: everyone uses it, from teenagers in Washington to shamans in Alaska.
Second amazing fact: The Internet does not belong to anyone! Separate local networks are connected by a worldwide network, and network providers maintain networks in working order. The bandwidth of the World Wide Web is limited, and the constant increase in the growth of media traffic, according to experts, can lead to its collapse.
It is “no one's” that has become a problem for many states: it is not possible to introduce censorship in the global network. True, the Internet has recently been equated with the media, but ... With the help of the Internet, information is transmitted. It turns out that the World Wide Web is something similar to paper or a telephone.
And how to apply censorship to paper? Sanctions can only be applied to individual sites. And no leader in the world is capable of limiting the Internet. So, the worldwide network is global freedom!
Birth
And the history of the Internet began in 1957 with the launch of an artificial satellite by the Soviet Union. In response, America decided to develop a computer network as a reliable data transmission system: in the event of a war, the United States decided to secure itself.
Leading universities of the country took up the development. The network they created was given the name ARPANET, short for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The computers of that time were too far from perfect, and the development progressed with great difficulty. The project was financed by the Ministry of Defense of the country. Scientific institutions-developers united in a network in 1969.
The first communication session took place between the Stanford Research Center and the University of Los Angeles, separated by a distance of 640 kilometers. True, only the second attempt was successful, but on this day, October 29, 1969, the Internet was born. The time of the first attempt is 21 hours, the second one is an hour and a half later.
Only in 1971 did the Pentagon manage to launch the exchange of information with scientists from the country's universities using e-mail. By 1973, ARPANET became international, and in 1983 the name given to the project became the prototype of the modern Internet. 1984 is known as the year of the introduction of domain names, and with the introduction of IRC, Internet Relay Chat or "irki", from 1988 real-time chatting became possible.
This file transfer protocol was developed in the 80s of the last century. Then the notorious Usenet was born. There was a semblance of a modern forum.
It took another ten years for the World Wide Web to cross the oceans. The idea of creating a global network appeared in Europe in 1989. The ARPANET project spread across industries. 1991 - creation of the first program for transmission over the e-mail network.
Tim John Berners-Lee: creator of web tools
And then came the time of the abbreviation www, World Wide Web. It is impossible to imagine the modern Internet without these letters. The world owes the appearance of the super-popular abbreviation to Tim Berners-Lee. The brilliant Englishman took hypertext with countless hyperlinks as the basis for organizing the storage and placement of information. After the transfer of developments to the global network, the success was tremendous: the first five years of work - the registration of more than fifty million users!
The invention led to the creation of the HTTP data transfer protocol and HTML hypertext markup. It became possible to store, transfer information and create websites. And again the problem: how to refer to documentary data? The solution was to develop URIs and URLs, Uniform Identifiers and Resource Identifiers.
Finally, a program was born for displaying network requests on a computer, that is, a browser: an old friend Internet Explorer, tested by Mozilla Firefox, reliable Google Chrome beloved, albeit aging Opera - there are not so many well-known and well-deserved "names". But the main assistants meet all our requirements. But there are more and more programs with which we access the worldwide network.
Timothy John Berners-Lee is the author of the grandiose creation, the main tools of the modern World Wide Web. The NCSA Mosaic browser for transmitting graphic information appeared later, in 1993. Thanks to the openness of the Internet standard, the browser has retained independence from commerce. And the global network with photos, videos and pictures immediately became a favorite delicacy of mankind. By 1997, approximately ten million computers were connected to the Internet!
Berners-Lee didn't make millions from his creation. Finances literally poured into this area much later. Billions are in the hands of the creators of Google and Yandex. About their history of creation, I wrote here.
I wonder if it occurred to the creators of the World Wide Web when they started working on the project that it would be possible to connect to the network through communication satellites, Cell phones and electrical wires and even televisions, that the term Runet will appear as part of the Internet?
Now there are national domains su, ru and rf. The birth of Russian networks occurred in 1990 thanks to domestic programmers and physicists. April 7, 1994 - registration of the first Russian domain ru. On May 12, 2010, the rf domain appeared. So Cyrillic entered the modern web.
The modern network cannot even be compared with what it used to be. And many of us are grateful to the creators of the Internet from the bottom of our hearts.
Pavel Yamb was with you, subscribe to updates, write comments. Until we meet again, and a fair wind in sailing through the expanses of the Internet!
The Internet can be compared to the global information space, it is like a unified system of computer networks. An incredible number of computers all over the world are connected to the Internet. And who could create such a basis for a certain "information society"? Who Invented the Internet?
Who Invented the Internet
It all started with Soviet Union launched in 1957 artificial satellite Earth. As a result, America decided to secure itself in case of war and find a reliable system for transmitting information. There was a proposal to develop a computer network. Its development was entrusted immediately to the University of California at Los Angeles, the University of Utah, the University of California at Santa Barbara and the Stanford Research Center. That's who invented the Internet, it turns out. The created computer network was named ARPANET. This abbreviation in English means Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. And already in 1969, these 4 scientific institutions united in the network. Funding for the project came from the US Department of Defense. The first communication session was held between the University of California Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute, which were located at a distance of 640 km from each other. The first attempt was not completely successful, but after the connection was restored on the same day, the second attempt was successful! If you're ever asked what year the internet was invented. You can safely name the date of his birth: October 29, 1969. The time of the first attempt was at 21:00, and the second - at 22:30.
The development of the ARPANET computer network has already extended to scientists in various fields of science. And in 1971, the first program for sending e-mail over the network was created. The popularity of such a program immediately increased. In 1973 ARPANET became international. 1983 was a significant year. The ARPANET transitioned from NCP to TCP/IP. This protocol is still used today to connect networks. And it was in 1983 that the Internet was invented as the name of the ARPANT network. Domain names were introduced in 1984. Real-time chatting on the Internet became possible in 1988 with the invention of the Internet Relay Chat (IRC) protocol.
It was only in 1989 that the idea of creating the World Wide Web appeared in Europe. We should be grateful to the scientist Tim Berners-Lee, who later created the HTTP protocol, developed the HTML language and URI. The researcher Robert Kaillialu worked with this scientist, the World Wide Web project was in development. The Internet became public in 1991. The famous NCSA Mosaic browser appeared in 1993. The open technical standards of the Internet made it independent of commercial companies and businesses. In 1997, there were about 10 million computers connected to the Internet. The exchange of information via the Internet has become very polarized.
Did those who invented the Internet think that by now it would be possible to connect to the network via communication satellites, Cell Phones, televisions, radio channels, electrical wires. Now many simply cannot imagine life without the Internet. On the this moment You can hear the term Runet, which is the Russian-speaking part of the World Wide Web. That is, there are national domains su, ru and rf. Modern Russian networks gave rise to programmers and physicists in 1990. The first Russian domain ru was registered on April 7, 1994. Cyrillic, namely the rf domain, first appeared quite recently on May 12, 2010. To date, there are many browsers, that is, web programs with which we access the Internet. Today's web is certainly not comparable to what it was before, but many of us are grateful to those who invented the Internet.
In May 1961, Kleinrock published an article titled "The Flow of Information in Broad Communication Networks". In 1962, the American scientist Licklider became the first director technical office information processing (IPTO) and offered his vision of the network. The ideas of Kleinrock and Licklider were supported by Robert Taylor. He also proposed the idea of creating a system that later became known as Arpanet.
This computer network became the prototype of the modern World Wide Web.
First steps
In the late 60s of the 20th century, the Internet began to develop. Summer 1968 working group under the chairmanship of Elmer Shapiro, discussed questions regarding how host computers can communicate with each other.
In December 1968, Elmer Shapiro, along with the Stanford Research Institute, published under the title "Studying the Design Parameters of a Computer Network". This work was used by Lawrence Roberts and Barry Wessler to create the final version of the Specialized Mini Computer (IMP).
Later, BBN Technologies received a grant to design and build a computer subnet.
In July 1969, the creation of the Internet became known to the general public when the University of California, Los Angeles issued a press release.
In 1969, the first switchboard was sent to the University of California, Los Angeles, and with it the first dedicated minicomputer. In the same year, the first signal is sent from the switch to the computer.
The advent of email
First electronic message was posted in 1971 by programmer Ray Tomlinson. The first message was transmitted between two cars standing literally side by side. After successfully sending the message, Ray Tomlinson sent emails to his colleagues explaining how to send such messages.
The instruction for sending e-mail was that the "dog" sign separated the username and the name of the computer from which the message was being written.
So Ray Tomlinson became the creator of e-mail.
Other inventions
After the creation of email, scientists continued to come up with new inventions.
In 1974, a commercial version of Aparnet appeared, called Telenet.
In 1973, engineer Bob Metcalfe proposed the idea of creating Ethernet.
In 1977, Dennis Hayes and Dale Hatherington released the first modem. Modems are becoming popular among Internet users.
Tim Berners-Lee made a great contribution to the development of the modern Internet. In 1990, he invented the HTML code, which greatly influenced appearance the Internet.
Most modern internet browsers are descended from the Mosaic browser. It is the first graphical browser used on the World Wide Web and was created in 1993. Its authors are Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina.
Until now, in the history of mankind there have been only two information revolutions that have brought radical qualitative changes to the process of dissemination of knowledge. The first of these was the emergence of writing, the second the invention of printing. Now we can observe the beginning of the third information revolution, primarily associated with the emergence of the global computer network Internet, which is considered one of the most serious achievements of modern technical thought. The essence of this breakthrough is that any person can instantly access the knowledge accumulated by humanity throughout its existence.
The Internet was formed in the last two decades of the 20th century. as a result of combining many local and territorial computer networks. The appearance of the first local networks refers to the 60s of the last century. Each such network included computers of an organization located in one or more neighboring buildings and connected using cables through which information was exchanged. Several local networks, united into one, constituted a territorial network.
Immediately after the first artificial Earth satellite was launched in the USSR in 1957, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was created as a division of the US Department of Defense, responsible for developing new technologies for use in the military. The task of the agency was to create reliable system transmission of information in case of hostilities. In 1961, MIT student Leonard Kleinrock described a technology that could break files apart and transfer them from one computer to another. Two years later, John Licklider, head of the ARPA Computer Lab, proposed the first detailed concept of a computer network.
It was decided to link the ARPA computers into a network. The computer network was developed by the Stanford Research Center, the University of Utah and the University of California. The network was called ARPANET (English Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), in 1969 it united these scientific institutions.
In September 1969, the first ARPANET server was installed on a Honeywell DP-516 computer at the University of California. On October 29 of the same year, it was possible to establish a communication session between two nodes of the ARPANET network, located at a distance of 640 km in Stanford research institute and at the University of California. This date is considered the birthday of the Internet. The big advantage of the ARPANET system was that it could provide smooth operation computers even in the event of a nuclear strike.
Initially, the network only connected scientists with remote computer centers, but soon it became possible to send e-mail through it and exchange information. By 1971, the first program for sending e-mail over the network had been developed. Its creator was Ray Tomlinson, a programmer computer firm Bolt Beranek and Newman. ARPANET began to actively grow and develop, but it was mainly used by scientists associated with the military departments. In 1973, the first foreign organizations from Great Britain and Norway were connected to the network via a transatlantic telephone cable, and the network became international. And a year later, the first commercial version of ARPANET, the Telenet network, was launched.
University of California.
Schematic map of the ARPANET computer network. 1973
In the early years, the network was used primarily for correspondence e-mail, then came mailing lists, message boards, and newsgroups. However, at that time only networks built on the same technical standards could interact with each other. In 1982-1983 various communication protocols that appeared by the end of the 1970s were standardized, after which the ARPANET network switched to the TCPIP protocol, which is still used to interconnect networks.
Back in the late 1970s, following the example of ARPANET, several other national computer networks were created connecting various societies, groups and organizations (for example, CSNET, which brings together researchers in the field of computer science and programming). In 1983, ARPANET split into two networks, ARPANET and MULNET. MULNET was reserved for the military, ARPANET was used mainly for scientific purposes. A system for the exchange of information between them was envisaged. It was the APRANET network that was later called the Internet. Gradually, all national computer networks in the US were connected to the Internet.
In 1984, the ARPANET had a serious competitor. The US National Science Foundation (NSF) established an extensive intercollegiate network, NSFNet, which included smaller networks, including the well-known Usenet and Bitnet, and had much greater bandwidth than the ARPANET.
More than 10,000 computers connected to NSFNet in just one year, with five high-speed supercomputers located in research centers carrying out routing.
In 1989, the European Council for Nuclear Research adopted the concept of the World Wide Web, a system that provides access to interconnected documents located on various computers connected to the Internet. It was proposed by the British scientist Timothy Berners-Lee, and the “three pillars” of the web are also indebted to him: the HTTP hypertext transfer protocol, the HTML hypertext markup language, and URI resource identifiers. Now the World Wide Web has become public.
The first connection to the Internet via a telephone line (the so-called dialup English dialup access) using a special modem device was made in 1990. At the same time, the ARPANET, which had completely lost its position, ceased to exist. Two years later, the first web browser appeared, the famous web browser under operating system Microsoft Windows NCSA Mosaic, developed by Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina. The introduction of the user interface has become a kind of watershed between the Internet for professionals and the Internet for everyone.
The NeXT computer used by T. Berners-Lee as the first web server.
T. Berners-Lee.
Since 1995, organization's network providers providing access to Internet services have taken over routing. To develop and implement uniform technological standards, the World Wide Web Consortium was formed, headed by Berners-Lee. By the mid-1990s, the Web had become the primary provider of information on the Internet, surpassing the FTP file transfer protocol in terms of traffic. And although initially the Internet was understood as a technological support for communication between computers, and the World Wide Web was a system for distributing information, soon these two concepts were confused.
Over the last decade of the last century, the vast majority of local and territorial computer networks have joined the Internet, although some, such as Fidonet, have remained separate. Due to the lack of unified leadership and censorship, as well as openness technical standards such an association looked extremely attractive, in addition, the networks were independent of business and specific companies. By the beginning of the XXI century. More than 10 million computers have already been connected to the global network. Internet technologies, in particular the TCP IP protocol, also began to be used to create networks of "intranets" of isolated corporate networks with or without access to the Internet.
If in the first years of the XXI century. Since the main type of mass Internet access was an inconvenient modem connection that occupies a telephone line, it is now considered obsolete. The modem was replaced first by a dedicated telephone line with ADSL technology (English Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line "asymmetric digital subscriber line"), then connection via cable television networks, fiber optic lines, via radio channels and communication satellites. Connecting to the network using cellular communications is becoming increasingly popular, not only through stationary and laptop computers, but also through mobile phones.
The Internet is an object with a positive feedback, i.e. the more information and physical resources become available, the more people and companies aspire to access these resources. The Internet successfully copes with the information and educational function, and every year it occupies an increasingly important position in the field of communication. With its help, you can contact an interlocutor located anywhere on Earth and even outside it (in 2010, the ISS crew received direct access to the Internet), as well as see and hear him. Moreover, the Internet allows you to communicate in real time with unlimited number people at the same time.
As they say, there is no evil without good, but good without evil is a miracle. The main drawback of the Internet, which at the same time is its advantage, is the complete lack of control over the information posted on the network by users. Internet addiction is also a serious danger, which affects big number people completely out of touch with reality. And yet there is no doubt that in the future the Internet will permeate the vast majority of aspects of human existence.
International space station ISS.
internet wizard
According to sociologists and computer network experts, by 2012, approximately 1.9 billion people (30% of the total population of our planet) were connected to the Internet, and in the future, the volume of IP traffic will double every two years.
The Internet "reaches out" to the most remote corners of the planet. Yes, in early XXI in. The Internet began to be used by representatives of the Eskimo tribes living far from civilization. When the term “Internet” needed to be translated into one of their Inuit languages, the experts chose the word ikiaqqivik, which translates to “travel through layers.” Previously, this word was used to describe the actions of a shaman who, falling into a trance, "passed" through time and space and communicated with the spirits of dead or far-living people.
