The assumption that the chimpanzee is the closest relative of man was first proposed by Charles Darwin. Despite its adventurous nature, this hypothesis aroused keen interest among scientists. Well, how could it be otherwise, because both humans and chimpanzees have so much in common. It's about nutrition, brain size, DNA structure, social aspects, language and facial expressions, sexual habits, body structure. Of course, despite the huge number of common points, there are opposites that cannot be ignored. But the fact remains, which means that we can assume that both humans and chimpanzees had a common ancestor.
To begin with, both humans and chimpanzees are members of the family of the most highly developed primates, called hominids. Despite the fact that a person is singled out here as a separate species of "Homo sapiens", scientists have not yet come to a consensus about its origin. Who was our ancestor, we still do not know. Although, if you do not get into the wilds, then you can agree that both humans and chimpanzees belong to the same species, since both are fertile. True, chimpanzees, unlike humans, have two subspecies - ordinary and dwarf. But this does not give us the right to doubt that the ancestor of both them and us was common. Scientists even agree that he was Sahelontrop, who lived on earth seven million years ago.
The common origin is also evidenced by the fact that human and chimpanzee DNA have almost the same structure. The difference is only one percent. As for genetics, it is, of course, different. Plus, genes can mutate. But even in this case, we have about 90% of common genes. This, of course, is debatable. The thing is that most of the DNA is directly involved in the construction of the cell. They are the same for all living beings. Believe it or not, even a banana peel has DNA molecules similar to human ones. However, this does not mean that we have something in common with this vegetable. So it turns out that such a high percentage of coincidence still does not mean anything. In addition, chimpanzees have two more chromosomes than humans. However, scientists have found an answer to this fact. In their opinion, as a result of human evolution, its two pairs of chromosomes were able to join together, forming one pair. This has led to the fact that the variation of the genes of modern man turned out to be extremely poor, and does not allow for inbreeding. Chimpanzees are clearly winning in this regard.
The volume of the human brain can range from 900 to 1350 milliliters. In chimpanzees, it is much smaller, and is only 370 milliliters. Although, as studies have shown, the volume factor has a minimal effect on mental ability. The IQ level of ordinary person depends on the structure of individual parts of the brain, and their organization. If we compare the brains of chimpanzees and humans, we will find significant differences in the area of the cerebral surface and the number of convolutions. In humans, these indicators are disproportionately higher, which means that he is much smarter and more organized, and besides, he has logic and abstract thinking.
In the course of the evolutionary process, a person has developed features that are not characteristic of other representatives of the animal world.
These differences are perceived most clearly at the organismic level, that is, when considering the organism as a whole. Let us characterize some of them when comparing a person with a gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan and gibbon.
1. Comparison of anatomy
In terms of body weight, a person occupies a position between a chimpanzee and an orangutan. A human is 3 times lighter than a gorilla and more than 10 times the weight of a gibbon. According to the shape of the chest (the ratio of its transverse size to the anteroposterior), a person does not differ from a chimpanzee (shape index - 129% in both cases), is close to an orangutan (126%), narrower chested than a gorilla (135-146%) and broader chested, than the gibbon (118%). In relation to the circumference of the chest to the length of the body, a human (162%) ranks between the gibbon (149%) and the chimpanzee (176%). They are outnumbered by the orangutan (185%) and the gorilla (207-223%). In relation to the length of the upper limb to the length of the lower, a person (88%) differs significantly from all great apes: gorilla - 137-140%, chimpanzee - 137%, orangutan - 170%, gibbon - 162%. In terms of the ratio of the length of the lower limb to the length of the body, a person (171%) is superior to anthropoids - a gorilla (112-131%), a chimpanzee (128%), an orangutan (119%), a gibbon (147%).
Thus, the ratios of the longitudinal dimensions of the body serve as the most distinguishing man from anthropoids; a person is characterized by a greater relative length of the lower limbs (long-legged) and a relative shortening of the upper limbs.
For a person who occupies an intermediate position between anthropoids in the shape of the hand and foot (the ratio of their width to length), a large length of the thumb is characteristic in relation to the length of the hand and foot.
Comparison of the skeletons of a woman and a gibbon
The human face is characterized by brow ridges varying in size (in all anthropoids, except for the orangutan, they are well developed), protruding nasal bones (their weak protrusion is typical only for gorillas), and a well-defined chin (in all anthropoids it is absent).
Of the other features of the skeletal system, we should mention the presence in humans of lumbar lordosis (in anthropoids it is only slightly outlined), an expanded and flattened shape of the pelvis (in anthropoids it is narrowed and high).
2. Hairline
Humans are characterized by less development of body hair than anthropoids. So, for the skin of the chest, the number of hairs per 1 cm2 is 1 (human) - 5 (gorilla) - 21 (chimpanzee) - 107 (orangutan) -499 (gibbon). On the back, the corresponding series of values revealed no lesser differences: 0–127–48–176–1727. On the head, the differences are less pronounced: 312-440-112-158-2035.
3. Nervous system
Thus, not only at the organismic level, but also at the systemic level (skeletal system, integuments of the body), the differences between a person and the most biologically close representatives of the animal world - anthropoid apes (anthropoids) are established. Morphological differences are even more distinct when comparing humans with other animal species. These differences exist at the organ level. This is best established for the organs of the musculoskeletal system (due to their more frequent consideration than others by anthropologists and primatologists). However, differences in the structure of organs are known nervous system: for example, differences in the branching of the facial nerve in humans and anthropoids (among the latter, the chimpanzee is distinguished by a greater wealth of branching of this nerve than the gorilla) or differences in the sources of the formation of the brachial plexus. Humans are known to differ from anthropoids and other primates in the structure of internal organs, branching of blood vessels, etc.
4. DNA
Molecular biologists today have also studied the features of the carrier of hereditary information - the DNA molecule in humans and anthropoids. Only minor differences were found. So, between humans and chimpanzees, they do not exceed 2% of the amino acid composition of the molecules. On this basis, an original interpretation of the paths of pre-hominid evolution and the chronology of its individual stages is proposed.
5. Aging
A person differs significantly from other biological species, including such close ones as anthropoids, in the dynamics of ontogeny, that is, in the phenotypic implementation of the genetic program of growth and development. In other biological species, growth activity changes after birth with age rather smoothly and gradually, in humans it changes abruptly. Two rises - growth spurts occur at the end of the first and middle of the second decades of life. The second jump is timed to puberty. Differently than in other biological species, a person's post-reproductive period of life proceeds. Its shortening in animal biology led to judgments about the genetic non-programming of the aging process. Man is a biological species whose representatives do not lose their social significance even in the post-reproductive age. This allows us to consider the genetic program for the development of aging in the human body as not coinciding with the program for the development of the animal body.
So, human biology is specific and not reducible to the features of the structure, functioning and inheritance of living primates. It would not be a serious mistake to transfer this position to fossil primates, one of whose species served as an ancestor for modern man.
Drying cabinets for clothes and shoes are produced by many companies. Most of the Russian market is occupied by manufacturers from our country. Here we will consider two brands "KUBAN" (Amparo) and "RShS" from the Moscow plant Rubin. The Moscow production association "Rubin" produces both traditional drying cabinets and infrared ones. The production is certified, the products have been on the market for 23 years. ...
Drying cabinets for clothes and shoes
0 390
MAXANTO invites you to watch a video about how a serf talks about the eccentricities of a Hindu master and the mysterious and incomprehensible Samsara! ...
Theater of one actor: a serf, a Hindu master and Samsara
0 423
They say that actors are people who reveal human essence. Emotions overflowing, pantomime on the verge of a foul. It's all in the video that MAXANTO posted right below this text. ...
Who are you in fact? You have changed?
0 468
Annie Veitch is an artist from Ontario (Canada). Her oil paintings feature female figures. She explores and presents us with the simple beauty of the body, and also tries to convey the range of complex human emotions. ...
Pictures of sleep on the canvases of Canadian Annie Veitch
0 905
The history of the emergence and development of Urdu is extremely interesting. In the ninth century, with the advent of Muslim conquerors in India, the North Indian Hindu language, a developed language with a rich folklore, began to be enriched with many Persian and Arabic words and adopted a somewhat modified Arabic script. ...
India: Urdu (Hindustani)
0 790
When the time comes for the documents to be ready for connecting gas, you need to start choosing a gas boiler. There are a lot of brands of boilers, and in this variety of equipment, you need to choose a boiler that would meet all your requirements. Conversations with neighbors who have had gas connected for a long time, as a rule, do not give anything definite. Everyone tells their stories, who praises the boiler, and who has the third one, and the last one is very good. ...
How to choose a gas boiler, boiler, system remote access etc.
0 528
Now there are many companies on the Internet that offer their customers a wide range of various products. In this article, we will talk about popular online stores that sell cleaning equipment and machinery. So, top 5: ...
Overview of online stores where you can buy cleaning equipment
0 549
The construction of the Tupden Shedudling temple complex in Otradnoye is going on as usual. The Stupa of Enlightenment has already been built next to the Temporary Stupa. ...
Stupa of Enlightenment of the Tupden Shedubling Temple Complex - Moscow
0 837
The groundlessness of thought haunts me. Radiant boys sing their speeches from YouTube channels, gathering millions of subscribers. Catching my breath, I realized that I did not envy them, but somewhere I even admired them. Just imagine how many people want to learn business and become a "Big Boss". ...
Trainings: how to study so as not to leave disappointed?
0 839
Instructions on how to connect a combined boiler indirect heating to the gas boiler heating system. ...
Connecting a combined indirect heating boiler (BKN) to the heating system of a gas boiler
0 1296
The procedure and terms for processing documents and performing work on connecting gas. Provided that there is a gas pipeline near your house. ...
Supplying gas to a private house in the Moscow region, in TSN.
0 722
As soon as the conductor bows to the audience, waves his baton, at the wave of which the red theater curtains swing open and the orchestra enters, you understand: this is Imre Kalman. His music, solemn and eternal, takes you to wonderful world Viennese operettas, even now they are called musicals. ...
Princess of the Circus of the Moscow Musical Theater
0 1168
New clip of Queen with vocals by Freddie Mercury for the song All Dead, All Dead from the album News of the world. ...
New clip of Queen with vocals by Freddie Mercury
0 1729
On October 12, 2017, the Central Bank of Russia presented banknotes, whose face value is 200 and 2000 rubles. ...
The Central Bank introduced new banknotes of 200 and 2000 rubles
0 1542
Scientists believe that the first clock was created and made public property by the ancient Greeks. In order for the townspeople who lived in ancient Athens not to feel out of time, special people scurried through the streets of the city, for a small fee, reporting where the shadow mark is currently located sundial. ...
Who Invented the Clock? Invention history
0 1437
"The bath heals the soul", so they said in Russia, and they were right. You can remember how in the film "Midshipmen", the Frenchman, who decided to go to the Russian steam room, shouted obscenities in his own language and fled in disgrace from the walls of the holy place. For a Russian, a bath is a part of his life. In the bath, a person cleanses the body and soul after a week of work. ...
Bath for body and soul
0 889
Sleepwalking, sleepwalking is a special state of sleep, observed more often in children and adolescents. With sleepwalking, a disorder of consciousness is noted, accompanied by automatic complex actions during a night's sleep. ...
Sleepwalking
0 1178
Traditionally, in the northern countries, a stove was used to heat the house in cold weather, while in the south they were content with fireplaces. So it was until recently, when some manufacturers created a symbiosis of a stove with a fireplace, which combined the aesthetics of an open fire and the warmth of a real stove. We will talk about Swedish manufacturer KEDDY, which for the third decade now, has been releasing a whole range of stoves with supercassettes - glass-enclosed fireboxes through which you can watch the fire devour the wood. ...
Swedish stoves-fireplaces Keddy Maxette
0 1324
Registration of a land plot and a country house in ownership on a plot intended for the construction of housing (if it is not a garden or summer partnership) From 01/01/2017, instead of a certificate of registration of land rights, a new document has been introduced, called "extract from the USRN" (single state register of real estate). The composition of the extract from the USRN includes: an extract from the USRR (rights) and the state real estate cadastre. ...
Registration of a land plot and a country house in ownership
0 734
After watching the show Just the Same, where Gennady Khazanov acts as a judge, one gets a painful impression. Looking at him, you can decide that the era of acting is over. That is why the MAXANTO correspondent was wary of the performance of the Anton Chekhov Theater "Dinner with a Fool"; what was his surprise when he delivered a verdict that Khazanov, perhaps, was the only one who "inherited" the enchanting manner of playing with strokes, a little bit, characteristic of Arkady Raikin. And he not only inherited it, but carried it through the thickness of decades, without spilling the liquid from this precious vessel at all. ...
Dinner with a Fool - Gennady Khazanov
0 986
There is such an anecdote when a monk knocked on the door of a woman for the night. The woman set a condition for the overnight stay: drink with her, eat meat or spend the night. The monk refused, but there was little choice, otherwise he would have frozen at night, as he was in the mountains, where there was snow. And the monk agreed to drink some wine with her. And only after drinking, he ate meat, and after that he had already slept with her. ...
Confessions of a vegetarian or how I started eating meat again
0 1220
Moscow. The Red Square. How much has been said, how much has been written. Military parades have been and are taking place on Red Square, people are going to meet Lenin in the mausoleum. Still, a miracle, what if they remove it soon? ...
Moscow. The Red Square. Summer 2017.
0 1563
On May 31, on the eve of summer, a MAXANTO correspondent attended a club meeting held by Andrey Veselov on the topic: " Strategic changes: awaken the power of 5P!" ...
Strategic Changes: Awaken the Power of 5P
0 1821
Those who are used to looking at their feet in the summer know that in nature, and in the urban jungle, a lot of different beetles crawl on the ground. At the same time, sometimes we don’t even somehow think about the fact that some species are listed in the Red Book ... One of the endangered species is the Caucasian ground beetle ...
Caucasian ground beetle - a beetle from the Red Book
0 5903
Many people think about building a country house. What to pay special attention to during its construction and installation engineering communications? Where to begin? ...
Mistakes in the construction of a country house
0 1515
A plant is being built in Kaliningrad, where it is planned to produce automatic boxes. According to the business plan, the area production area will be 80 thousand square meters, and the planned production volume should reach 30 thousand ACP per year. ...
KATE: Russian automatic transmissions
0 4640
Elon Musk proposes a radical solution - the construction of new subway lines specifically for cars. At first glance, this looks futuristic and not feasible. But let's digress for a moment and remember that Elon Musk's other equally plausible project - Hyperloop (the construction of pipes in which trains will move at speeds of over 1200 km / h) is already being implemented. Therefore, let's see how the developers see the underground for cars. ...
Subway for cars
0 988
Installing a heating element in a Baxi Premier Plus indirect heating boiler
0 3561
The first UAZ DEVOLRO will be ready in early July 2017! Orlov outlined the date for the appearance of the first car in the United States. UAZ DEVOLRO will be available for the first time to see (and buy) in July 2017! The price will depend on the configuration, starting from $15,000 and up to $35,000. ...
The first UAZ DEVOLRO will be available for purchase in early July 2017
0 1357
Today, dispensers are no longer amazing devices. In many apartments and country houses, their use has become commonplace. However, among the general population there is still no complete confidence that they are really needed. Moreover, the phrase “food waste grinder” is sometimes confusing, because it’s not entirely clear why grind something at all? ...
Disposers Bone Crusher and InSinkErator
0 1185
It is known that there are no two identical people in nature. Even doppelgangers, on closer inspection, are not at all identical. Nature has laid down an innumerable variety of species, which, ultimately, is an element of evolution. Surely many paid attention to the fact that everything in a person is different: even ears. So, there are several classifications of auricles. Of course, when it comes to personal identification, first of all, we mean the identification of corpses in forensic science. So, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, every year more than twenty thousand (!!!) unidentified corpses are found in the country. Therefore, this problem is of interest to a greater extent to experts in the criminal investigation department. ...
Personal identification by auricles in criminalistics
0 1895
Caterpillars are known pests. Of course, then they will become butterflies and, although they will remain the same harvest destroyers, they will acquire a certain colorfulness and delight the eye. As for their forerunner - caterpillars, or, as they are also called, larvae, they do not cause sympathy. Although some representatives are definitely photogenic. ...
Caterpillars are phytophages that eat leaves
0 1891
In addition to Russia and Europe, "agile lizards" live even in the north-west of Mongolia. However, perhaps it was from Mongolia that they came to Russia along with the hordes of Genghis Khan! Take a look at two maps - the habitat of "agile lizards" and the outlined border Mongol Empire- they partially coincide. There is an alternative opinion that this is no accident. ...
The Path of the Lizard: From Mongolia to Europe
0 1342
Ipoh is a city in Malaysia that began to develop rapidly at the turn of the 19th century. Now it is home to over seven hundred thousand inhabitants, surrounded by modern buildings. However, the buildings of the colonial era have also been preserved. Quite interesting are the graffiti on the walls of the old town (Old town), which were created by Ernest Zakharevich. The drawings appeared after the artist's trip around the country. This is how such images as "pedicab", "old man with a cup of coffee", "children on a paper airplane", "tea bags", "girl on a stool" and "hummingbird" turned out. ...
Graffiti on the walls of Ipoh, Malaysia
0 967
MAXANTO correspondents attended the training "103 new features of active sales", which was held by famous coach sales manager Dmitry Tkachenko. ...
103 new features of active sales
0 1264
Today, the international publication motor1.com published a series of photos of the "mysterious prototype of a large sedan." The pictures were taken by the publication's photographers during sea trials on one of the frozen lakes in Sweden. And if some foreign readers are not quite familiar with the design of the future presidential limousine, which should be ready for the upcoming inauguration in 2018, then MAXANTO readers can easily guess under the camouflage the future limousine of the AURUS brand, and not at all Rolls-Royce or Bentley. ...
Test of the presidential limousine (project "Cortege") in Sweden
0 1536
They say you can't teach how to trade. But it's not. For example, recently deceased David Rockefeller Sr., despite the inherited capital, studied at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Moscow has been hosting the Sales and Marketing 2017 conference organized under the auspices and with the direct support of B2Bbasis for several years now. MAXANTO correspondents visited this interesting event to get acquainted with all the current trends in the field of marketing and promotion of services to the market. ...
Sales and Marketing - 2017: This Year's Trends
0 1260
When Jean-Claude Van Damme showed the splits on two moving Volvo trucks, the world choked with applause. But the Van Damme video is far from the first time artists have shown stretching between moving objects. Of course, the first to show people such tricks were circus performers. MAXANTO managed to find a photo of Vladimir Durov's students. In all likelihood, the picture dates from the 60s of the last century. In the photo - circus performer Vladislava Varjakoienė. ...
Twine on elephants, trucks, motorcycles
0 1175
Over the past decade, Satoshi Saikusa has created a number of projects that touch on topics such as night, memory and the fragility of being. Whether he works in a series of portraits, still lifes or installations, a Buddhist concept runs through all his work, according to him. impermanence - with an emphasis on memento mori. ...
Photographer Satoshi Saikusa: themes of death, birth and sleep
0 956
Eva Green is the fatal beauty from the latest reboot of the James Bond films. The same Vesper Lind, who left scars on the heart of agent 007. We will not speculate on the attractiveness of this woman. Today MAXANTO will show you the images she created in collaboration with Japanese photographer Satoshi Saikusa. ...
Eva Green: Bond girl in a Japanese lens
0 1832
Of course, we will not be original if we say that praying mantises are alien creatures. Of course, they live on Earth and are very common on it. But take a closer look at them: didn’t American film studios copy and copy their heads, creating their films about terrible aliens from outer space? Looking at them, only one thing calms: praying mantises are small insects. If you imagine that they would be at least the size of a cat or a dog, we assure you, when you meet them, you would feel uncomfortable. ...
Praying mantises: fiends from another planet?
0 1364
In 1739, the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae classified man - Homo sapiens - as one of the primates. In this system, primates are an order in the mammal class. Linnaeus divided this order into two suborders: the semi-monkeys (they include lemurs and tarsiers) and the higher primates. The latter include marmosets, gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. Primates share many specific features that distinguish them from other mammals.
It is generally accepted that Man, as a species, separated from the animal world within the framework of geological time quite recently - approximately 1.8-2 million years ago at the beginning of the Quaternary period. This is evidenced by the finds of bones in the Olduvai Gorge in western Africa.
Charles Darwin argued that the ancestral species of Man was one of the ancient species of great apes that lived in trees and most of all resembled modern chimpanzees.
F. Engels formulated the thesis that the ancient anthropoid ape turned into a Homo sapiens due to labor – “labor created Man”.
Similarities between humans and monkeys
The relationship between man and animals is especially convincing when comparing their embryonic development. In its early stages, the human embryo is difficult to distinguish from the embryos of other vertebrates. At the age of 1.5 - 3 months, it has gill slits, and the spine ends in a tail. For a very long time, the similarity of human embryos and monkeys remains. Specific (species) human features appear only in the later stages of development. Rudiments and atavisms serve as important evidence of the kinship of man with animals. There are about 90 rudiments in the human body: coccygeal bone (remainder of a reduced tail); crease in the corner of the eye (remnant of the nictitating membrane); thin hair on the body (the rest of the wool); a process of the caecum - appendix, etc. Atavisms (unusually highly developed rudiments) include an external tail, with which very rarely, but people are born; abundant hair on the face and body; polynipple, strongly developed fangs, etc.
A striking similarity of the chromosomal apparatus was found. The diploid number of chromosomes (2n) in all great apes is 48, in humans - 46. The difference in chromosome numbers is due to the fact that one human chromosome is formed by the fusion of two chromosomes homologous to those of chimpanzees. A comparison of human and chimpanzee proteins showed that in 44 proteins, the amino acid sequences differ by only 1%. Many human and chimpanzee proteins, such as growth hormone, are interchangeable.
Human and chimpanzee DNA contain at least 90% of similar genes.
Differences between humans and monkeys
- true upright posture and related structural features of the body;
- S-shaped spine with distinct cervical and lumbar curves;
- low extended pelvis;
- flattened in the anteroposterior direction of the chest;
- elongated compared to the arms of the legs;
- arched foot with a massive and adducted thumb;
- many features of the muscles and the location of the internal organs;
- the brush is capable of performing a wide variety of high-precision movements;
- the skull is higher and rounded, does not have continuous superciliary arches;
- the brain part of the skull to a large extent predominates over the front (the forehead is high, the jaws are weak);
- small fangs;
- the chin protrusion is distinctly expressed;
- the human brain is approximately 2.5 times larger than the brain of great apes in terms of volume and 3-4 times in mass;
- a person has a highly developed cerebral cortex, in which the most important centers of the psyche and speech are located;
- only a person has articulate speech, in connection with this, the development of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes of the brain is characteristic of him;
- the presence of a special head muscle in the larynx.
Walking on two legs
Walking upright is the most important feature of a person. The rest of the primates, with a few exceptions, live primarily in trees and are quadrupedal or, as is sometimes said, "four-armed."
Some marmosets (baboons) have adapted to a terrestrial existence, but they move on all fours like the vast majority of mammalian species.
Great apes (gorillas) mostly live on the ground, walking in a partially erect position, but often leaning on the back of their hands.
The vertical position of the human body is associated with many secondary adaptive changes: the arms are shorter relative to the legs, the wide flat foot and short toes, the peculiarity of the sacroiliac joint, the S-shaped shock-absorbing curve of the spine when walking, the special shock-absorbing connection of the head with the spinal column.
brain enlargement
The enlarged brain puts the Man in special position in relation to other primates. Compared to the average brain size of a chimpanzee, the modern human brain is three times larger. Homo habilis, the first of the hominids, had twice the size of a chimpanzee. A Human has much more nerve cells and their arrangement has changed. Unfortunately, the fossil remains of skulls do not provide sufficient comparative material to evaluate many of these structural changes. It is likely that there is an indirect relationship between the increase in the brain and its development and upright posture.
The structure of the teeth
The transformations that have taken place in the structure of the teeth are usually associated with changes in the way of nutrition of the most ancient person. These include: a decrease in the volume and length of the fangs; closure of the diastema, i.e. a gap that includes protruding fangs in primates; changes in the shape, inclination and chewing surface of different teeth; the development of a parabolic dental arch, in which the anterior is rounded and the lateral ones expand outward, in contrast to the U-shaped dental arch of monkeys.
In the course of hominin evolution, brain enlargement, changes in cranial joints, and transformation of teeth were accompanied by significant changes in the structure of various elements of the skull and face and their proportions.
Differences at the biomolecular level
The use of molecular biological methods has made it possible to take a new approach to determining both the time of the appearance of hominids and their kinship with other families of primates. Methods used include: immunoassay, ie. immune response comparison various kinds primates to the introduction of the same protein (albumin) - the more similar the reaction, the closer the relationship; DNA hybridization, which makes it possible to assess the degree of relationship by the degree of correspondence of paired bases in double strands of DNA taken from different types;
electrophoretic analysis, in which the degree of similarity of proteins from different animal species and, consequently, the proximity of these species is estimated from the mobility of the isolated proteins in electric field;
protein sequencing, namely the comparison of the amino acid sequences of a protein in different animal species, which makes it possible to determine the number of changes in the coding DNA responsible for the identified differences in the structure of this protein. These methods have shown a very close relationship of species such as gorilla, chimpanzee and man. For example, in one study on protein sequencing, it was found that differences in the structure of chimpanzee and human DNA are only 1%.
The traditional explanation of anthropogenesis
The common ancestors of great apes and humans - herd narrow-nosed monkeys - lived on trees in tropical forests. Their transition to a terrestrial way of life, caused by a cooling of the climate and the displacement of forests by steppes, led to upright walking. The straightened position of the body and the transfer of the center of gravity caused the restructuring of the skeleton and the formation of an arched spinal column in an S-shape, which gave it flexibility and the ability to cushion. An arched springy foot was formed, which was also a method of depreciation during upright walking. The pelvis expanded, which ensured greater stability of the body when walking upright (reducing the center of gravity). The chest has become wider and shorter. The jaw apparatus became lighter from the use of food processed on fire. The forelimbs were freed from the need to support the body, their movements became freer and more varied, their functions became more complicated.
The transition from the use of objects to the manufacture of tools is the boundary between ape and man. The evolution of the hand went through the natural selection of mutations that are useful for work. The first tools were tools for hunting and fishing. Along with vegetable, more high-calorie meat food has become more widely used. Food cooked on fire reduced the load on the chewing and digestive apparatus, and therefore lost its significance and gradually disappeared in the process of selection of the parietal crest, to which the chewing muscles are attached in monkeys. The intestines became shorter.
The herd way of life, with the development of labor activity and the need to exchange signals, led to the development of articulate speech. Slow selection of mutations transformed the undeveloped larynx and mouthparts of monkeys into human speech organs. The origin of the language was the social labor process. Work, and then articulate speech, are the factors that controlled the genetically determined evolution of the human brain and sense organs. Concrete ideas about the surrounding objects and phenomena were generalized into abstract concepts, mental and speech abilities developed. Higher nervous activity was formed, and articulate speech developed.
The transition to upright posture, a herd lifestyle, a high level of development of the brain and psyche, the use of objects as tools for hunting and protection - these are the prerequisites for humanization, on the basis of which they developed and improved labor activity, speech and thought.
Australopithecus afarensis - probably evolved from some late Dryopithecus about 4 million years ago. Fossil remains of the Afar Australopithecus have been found in Omo (Ethiopia) and in Laetoli (Tanzania). This creature looked like a small but upright chimpanzee weighing 30 kg. Their brains were slightly larger than those of chimpanzees. The face was the same as in great apes: with a low forehead, supraorbital ridge, flat nose, cut off chin, but protruding jaws with massive molars. The front teeth were chipped, apparently because they were used as grasping tools.
Australopithecus africanus settled on Earth about 3 million years ago and ceased to exist about a million years ago. He probably descended from Australopithecus afarensis, and some authors have suggested that he was the ancestor of the chimpanzee. Height 1 - 1.3 m. Weight 20-40 kg. The lower part of the face protruded forward, but not as much as in the great apes. Some skulls show traces of an occipital crest to which strong neck muscles were attached. The brain was no larger than that of a gorilla, but the casts show that the structure of the brain was somewhat different from that of great apes. According to the comparative ratio of the size of the brain and body, Africanus occupies an intermediate position between modern great apes and ancient people. The structure of the teeth and jaws suggests that this ape-man chewed plant food, but possibly also gnawed the meat of animals killed by predators. Experts dispute its ability to make tools. The oldest Africanus find is a 5.5 million-year-old jaw fragment from Lotegam in Kenya, while the youngest specimen is 700,000 years old. Finds suggest that Africanus also lived in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania.
Australopithecus gobustus (Mighty Australopithecus) had a height of 1.5-1.7 m and a weight of about 50 kg. It was larger and better developed physically than the African Australopithecus. As we have said, some authors believe that both of these "southern monkeys" are respectively male and female of the same species, but most experts do not support this assumption. Compared to the Africanus, he had a larger and flatter skull, containing a larger brain - about 550 cc. cm, and a wider face. Powerful muscles were attached to the high cranial crest, which set in motion massive jaws. The front teeth were the same as those of the Africanus, and the molars were larger. At the same time, the molars in most specimens known to us are usually heavily worn, despite the fact that they were covered with a thick layer of durable enamel. This may indicate that the animals ate solid, tough food, in particular cereal grains.
Apparently, the mighty Australopithecus appeared about 2.5 million years ago. All the remains of representatives of this species were found in South Africa, in caves, where they were probably dragged by predatory animals. This species became extinct about 1.5 million years ago. Boyce's Australopithecus may have originated from him. The structure of the skull of the mighty Australopithecus suggests that he was the ancestor of the gorilla.
Australopithecus boisei had a height of 1.6-1.78 m and a weight of 60-80 kg., Small incisors designed for biting off and huge molars capable of grinding food. The time of its existence is from 2.5 to 1 million years ago.
Their brain was the same size as that of the mighty Australopithecus, that is, about three times smaller than our brain. These creatures walked straight. With their powerful physique, they resembled a gorilla. Like gorillas, males appear to be significantly larger than females. Like the gorilla, Boyce's Australopithecus had a large skull with supraorbital ridges and a central bony ridge that served to attach powerful jaw muscles. But compared to the gorilla, the crest of Australopithecus Boyce was smaller and more advanced, the face was flatter, and the fangs were less developed. Because of the huge molars and premolars, this animal was nicknamed the "nutcracker". But these teeth could not exert much pressure on food and were adapted for chewing not very hard material, such as leaves. Since broken pebbles were found along with the bones of Australopithecus Boyce, which are 1.8 million years old, it can be assumed that these creatures could use the stone for practical purposes. However, it is possible that representatives of this species of monkeys fell victim to their contemporary - a man who succeeded in the use of stone tools.
A little criticism of the classical ideas about the origin of Man
If man's ancestors were hunters and ate meat, then why are his jaws and teeth weak for raw meat, and his intestines relative to the body are almost twice as long as those of carnivores? The jaws were already significantly reduced among the prezinjantrops, although they did not use fire and could not soften food on it. What did human ancestors eat?
In case of danger, birds soar into the air, ungulates run away, monkeys take refuge on trees or rocks. How did the animal ancestors of people, with the slowness of movement and the absence of tools, except miserable sticks and stones, escape from predators?
M.F. Nesturkh and B.F. Porshnev frankly also refer to the unresolved problems of anthropogenesis as the mysterious reasons for the loss of hair by people. After all, even in the tropics it is cold at night and all monkeys keep their hair. Why did our ancestors lose it?
Why did a head of hair remain on the head of a person, while on most of the body they were reduced?
Why does a person's chin and nose protrude forward with nostrils turned down for some reason?
Incredible for evolution is the speed (as is usually believed, in 4-5 millennia) of the transformation of Pithecanthropus into modern man (Homo sapiens). Biologically, this is inexplicable.
A number of anthropologists believe that our distant ancestors were Australopithecus, who lived on the planet 1.5-3 million years ago, but Australopithecus were terrestrial monkeys, and like modern chimpanzees lived in the savannas. They could not be the ancestors of Man, since they lived at the same time with him. There is evidence that Australopithecus, who lived in West Africa 2 million years ago, were objects of hunting for ancient people.
Education
Great apes and man - similarities and differences. Types and signs of modern great apes
Great apes (anthropomorphids, or hominoids) belong to the superfamily of narrow-nosed primates. These, in particular, include two families: hominids and gibbons. The body structure of narrow-nosed primates is similar to that of humans. This similarity between humans and great apes is the main one, allowing them to be assigned to the same taxon.
Evolution
For the first time great apes appeared at the end of the Oligocene in the Old World. This was about thirty million years ago. Among the ancestors of these primates, the most famous are primitive gibbon-like individuals - propliopithecus, from the tropics of Egypt. It was from them that dryopithecus, gibbons and pliopithecus further arose. In the Miocene, there was a sharp increase in the number and diversity of species of the then existing great apes.
In that era, there was an active resettlement of driopithecus and other hominoids throughout Europe and Asia. Among the Asian individuals were the predecessors of orangutans. In accordance with the data of molecular biology, man and great apes split into two trunks about 8-6 million years ago.
fossil finds
The oldest known humanoids are considered to be Rukwapithecus, Kamoyapithecus, Morotopithecus, Limnopithecus, Ugandapithecus and Ramapithecus.
Some scientists are of the opinion that modern great apes are descendants of parapithecus.
Differences between humans and monkeys.
But this point of view has insufficient justification due to the scarcity of the remains of the latter. As a relic hominoid, this refers to a mythical creature - Bigfoot.
Related videos
Description of primates
Great apes have a larger body than monkey-like individuals. Narrow-nosed primates do not have a tail, ischial calluses (only gibbons have small ones), and cheek pouches.
A characteristic feature of hominoids is the way they move. Instead of moving on all limbs along the branches, they move under the branches mainly on their hands. This mode of locomotion is called brachiation. Adaptation to its use provoked some anatomical changes: more flexible and longer arms, a flattened chest in the anterior-posterior direction.
All great apes are able to stand on their hind limbs, while freeing their front ones. All types of hominoids are characterized by a developed facial expression, the ability to think and analyze. 
The difference between humans and apes
Narrow-nosed primates have significantly more hair, which covers almost the entire body, with the exception of small areas. Despite the similarity of humans and great apes in skeletal structure, human hands are not so strongly developed and have a much shorter length.
At the same time, the legs of narrow-nosed primates are less developed, weaker and shorter. Great apes easily move through the trees. Often individuals swing on branches. During walking, as a rule, all limbs are used.
Some individuals prefer the "walking on fists" method of movement. In this case, the body weight is transferred to the fingers, which are gathered into a fist. Differences between humans and great apes are also manifested in the level of intelligence. Despite the fact that narrow-nosed individuals are considered one of the most intelligent primates, their mental inclinations are not as developed as in humans.
However, almost everyone has the ability to learn.
Habitat
Great apes inhabit the tropical forests of Asia and Africa. For all existing species Primates are characterized by their habitat and way of life. Chimpanzees, for example, including pygmy ones, live on the ground and in trees. These representatives of primates are common in African forests of almost all types and in open savannahs.
However, some species (bonobos, for example) are found only in the humid tropics of the Congo Basin. Gorilla subspecies: eastern and western lowland - more common in humid African forests, and representatives mountain view prefer forest with a temperate climate.
These primates rarely climb trees due to their massiveness and spend almost all the time on the ground. Gorillas live in groups, with the number of members constantly changing. Orangutans, on the other hand, are usually solitary. They inhabit swampy and humid forests, climb trees perfectly, move from branch to branch somewhat slowly, but quite dexterously. Their arms are very long - reaching to the very ankles.
Speech
Since ancient times, people have sought to establish contact with animals.
Many scientists have dealt with the teaching of great apes speech. However, the work did not give the expected results. Primates can only make single sounds that bear little resemblance to words, and the vocabulary as a whole is very limited, especially in comparison with talking parrots.
The fact is that narrow-nosed primates lack certain sound-producing elements in the organs corresponding to human ones in the oral cavity. This explains the inability of individuals to develop the skills of pronunciation of modulated sounds. The expression of their emotions is carried out by monkeys in different ways. So, for example, a call to pay attention to them - with the sound "uh", passionate desire is manifested by puffing, a threat or fear - by a piercing, sharp cry.
One individual recognizes the mood of another, looks at the expression of emotions, adopting certain manifestations. To transmit any information, facial expressions, gestures, posture act as the main mechanisms. With this in mind, the researchers tried to start talking to the monkeys using sign language, which is used by deaf and dumb people.
Young monkeys quickly learn signs. After a fairly short period, people got the opportunity to talk with animals.
Perception of beauty
The researchers, not without pleasure, noted that the monkeys are very fond of drawing. In this case, the primates will act quite carefully. If you give a monkey paper, a brush and paints, then in the process of depicting something, he will try not to go beyond the edge of the sheet.
In addition, animals quite skillfully divide the paper plane into several parts. Many scientists consider the paintings of primates to be strikingly dynamic, rhythmic, full of harmony both in color and in form.
More than once it was possible to show the work of animals at art exhibitions. Researchers of primate behavior note that monkeys have an aesthetic sense, although it manifests itself in a rudimentary form. For example, watching animals living in the wild, they saw how individuals sat during sunset on the forest edge and watched the sunset in fascination.
Comments
Similar content
Education
Differences and similarities between animals and humans: internal organs, appearance, communication, relationships
The similarities and differences between humans and animals is a very interesting topic.
After Ch. Darwin created his evolutionary theory, endless disputes began over whether people really descended from monkeys or ...
Education
Homo sapiens is a species that combines biological and social essence.
Homo sapiens, or Homo sapiens, has undergone many changes since its inception, both in body structure and in social and spiritual development.
home comfort
Enamel - what is it? Types and characteristics of modern enamels
Enamel is a suspension of pigments with fillers in varnishes, which form, after the drying stage is completed, a hard opaque film with different textures.
It is for these qualities that modern consumers choose ...
Spiritual development
Monkey and Dog: compatibility according to the eastern horoscope
This topic will be a good help for those who are keenly interested in the forecast of partnerships in love and business.
In our field of vision, the astrological signs are the Monkey and the Dog. We will consider compatibility under different ...
Spiritual development
Tiger and Monkey - compatibility. Are they compatible Chinese horoscope Monkey and Tiger?
Building a relationship between two people in today's world is not easy. To do this, sometimes you have to go to a lot. Everyone wants to know more about their chosen one or just a friend. To do this, it will be useful to read the description ...
Spiritual development
Horoscope and Compatibility: Monkey Woman and Monkey Man
The monkey is the most versatile of the signs. Eastern horoscope. She is very smart, confident and principled. Those born this year are creative geniuses and skillful conspirators. With many talents and...
Law
Legal relations: concept and features.
Types and characteristics of legal relations
The entire modern world is a complex mechanism, the driving force of which is humanity. It is people who are the source of many things and phenomena that exist today. For example, such a political ...
Law
Democratic Republic - what form of government is it? Concept and types, examples in modern society
Democracy is the highest form of development of society.
Decisions regarding the satisfaction of common goods and interests are taken by the people themselves in a collective manner. Only society is the only legitimate source of power...
Health
Symptom of jaundice in newborns: types and signs of hepatitis
Science knows several types of hepatitis.
All of them have identical signs - icteric color skin. In rare cases, this ailment can be anicteric in nature. To determine hepatitis in a child, ...
Health
Intestinal infection: its types and signs
A very common disease is an intestinal infection, which involves a violation of the gastrointestinal tract.
According to statistics, the first place is occupied by the group of acute respiratory ...
Greater primates or monkeys
Representatives of this order, which also includes the family of upright primates (hominids), the only modern representative of which is Homo sapiens, are characterized by a strong development of the cerebral hemispheres with a cortex complicated by numerous furrows and convolutions. The sense of smell is poorly developed, so the noses have shortened, the main sense organ is three-dimensional color vision.
Many monkeys have no hair on the facial part of the skull and the facial muscles are highly developed, which provides very expressive facial expressions.
Golden marmoset is decorated with bright fur and lush mane
broad-nosed monkeys
Monkeys living in America are called broad-nosed monkeys because of the structure of the nasal septum.
They lead an arboreal lifestyle, have a long prehensile tail, which they use as a “fifth” limb. The smallest and most primitive of the broad-nosed monkeys are marmosets, weighing only 400-500 g. They spend their whole lives on trees, eating fruits and insects. There are about 30 species of marmosets, due to their bright appearance they are often caught for zoos and private collections.
With a cry, the howler asserts its right to a certain territory
The largest broad-nosed monkeys are howler monkeys, weighing 6-8 kg.
Howler monkeys live in the crowns of trees in large herds of 20-40 individuals. They got their name for their ability to make a very loud roar, reminiscent of the roar of predatory animals. A herd of howler monkeys creates a noise that can be heard for many kilometers.
narrow-nosed monkeys
The female orangutan gives birth to 1 cub every 6 years, and feeds him with milk until the age of 4
Narrow-nosed monkeys live in Asia and Africa.
This group includes 2 superfamilies: marmosets and hominoids (humanoids). Hominoids include gibbons standing apart, higher narrow-nosed monkeys (gorillas, orangutans and chimpanzees), as well as hominids, or people, with a single representative - a reasonable person. Monkeys are the smallest of the narrow-nosed monkeys.
In search of food, they often descend from trees to the ground, they can visit plantations. Monkeys do well in captivity.
Gorillas are the largest great apes (the height of adult males reaches 2 m, and their weight is more than 300 kg). Two species of gorillas live in the forest and mountain regions of Equatorial Africa. Gorillas are strict vegetarians, they feed on the stems and roots of plants, in search of which they constantly wander through the forest. They live in family groups consisting of females with newborn cubs and adolescents and an adult male - a leader with gray hair on his back.
Despite their formidable appearance, gorillas have a calm and peaceful disposition.
Chimpanzees are closer in intelligence to humans than gorillas and orangutans.
Two species of these monkeys (common and pygmy chimpanzees) are common in Equatorial Africa. They lead a terrestrial lifestyle, but climb trees well. They eat both plant and animal foods. They live in large groups led by a leader.
Chimpanzees can use the simplest tools: pick out termites with a stick, make a kind of sponge out of leaves to collect water for drinking. Chimpanzees have very developed facial expressions, they can smile and laugh. They communicate with each other with a variety of gestures and sounds.
Darwin's theory
C. Darwin in the work “The Origin of Man and natural selection"Suggested that the ancestor of man are the great apes that inhabited our planet many millions of years ago.
Despite numerous findings supporting Darwin's theory, not all mysteries of our origins have been solved. In 1974, the fossilized remains of a very ancient representative of hominids were discovered in Ethiopia. It was a female named Lucy.
Write in the words that define the difference between a person and a monkey in terms of body structure.Urgent!!!
She lived 3.5 million years ago, her height was only 105 cm, her brain was very small, but she moved on her hind legs.
Before the discovery of Lucy, it was believed that our ancestors switched to upright posture at a higher stage of development in order to free their hands to use tools. Lucy's find proved that the oldest hominids lived in the savannas, led a terrestrial lifestyle and stood up to have a better view.
Comparative human anatomy
and great apes
"The Cambridge Guide to Prehistoric Man"
by David Lambert and the Diagram Group, 1991
Comparison of anatomical features convincingly speaks in favor of the fact that the human body is nothing more than the body of an anthropoid ape, specially adapted for walking on two legs.
Our arms and shoulders are not much different from those of a chimpanzee. However, unlike the great apes, our legs are longer than our arms, and our pelvis, spine, hips, legs, feet, and toes have undergone changes that have allowed us to stand and walk with our bodies upright.
(Large great apes can only stand on two legs with knees bent and walk on their feet while staggering from side to side.)
The adaptation of the feet to the new function meant that we could no longer use our big toes like our thumbs. The thumbs of our hands are comparatively longer than those of the great apes, and can, by bending over the palm, touch their tips to the tips of other fingers, which provides the precision of grasping that we need in the manufacture and use of tools.
Walking on two legs, a more developed intellect and a varied diet - all this contributed to the emergence of differences in the skull, brain, jaws and teeth in humans and monkeys.
Compared to the size of the body, the brain and cranium of a person is much larger than that of a monkey; in addition, the human brain is more highly organized, and its relatively larger frontal, parietal and temporal lobes jointly carry out the functions of thinking, control public behavior and human speech.
The jaws of modern omnivorous humans are much shorter and weaker than those of the great apes, which eat a mostly vegetarian diet.
the difference between humans and monkeys in body structure
Monkeys have shock-absorbing supraorbital ridges and bony cranial ridges to which powerful jaw muscles are attached. Humans lack the thick neck muscles that, in adult monkeys, support the protruding muzzle. The rows of our teeth are arranged in the form of a parabola, differing in this from the dentitions of great apes arranged in the form of a Latin letter U; in addition, the fangs of monkeys are much larger, and the crowns of molars are much higher than ours.
But on the other hand, human molars are covered with a thicker layer of enamel, which makes them more wear-resistant and allows you to chew harder food.
Differences in the structure of the tongue and throat between humans and chimpanzees allow us to make more diverse sounds, although facial features can take on different expressions in both humans and chimpanzees.
Fantasists often speculate on the theme of the rebellion of the apes against humanity. Hollywood films on this topic are regularly released, as well as the results of scientific (near-scientific) experiments are published, during which monkeys master the skills inherent in humans: they learn sign language, learn to make a fire, cook food and use tools. Our closest relatives, in terms of evolutionary theory and genetic similarity, are chimpanzees. Before release scientific work Darwin's "The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection" (1871), in which the scientist argues in favor of the natural origin of man from ape-like ancestors, chimpanzees were already known in most of the developed countries of the world as one of the most intelligent apes. Publication scientific work Darwin and the ambiguous reaction of society gave rise to a lot of misconceptions about chimpanzees. In the fiction books of that time, the fact of the relationship between chimpanzees and humans was not played up, which created a bunch of false stereotypes about these primate monkeys. Even today, many mistakenly believe the completely ridiculous facts of the relationship between chimpanzees and humans to be true. It is time, finally, to separate the wheat from the chaff and show what is the true difference and similarity between higher primates and lower ones.
Using tools
For many years, humans were thought to be the only tool-wielding species. Scientific observations of chimpanzees in 1960 disproved this.
Chimpanzees use pointed tree branches as weapons to catch termites. Clearly, humans and chimpanzees are able to modify their environment with tools in order to cope with everyday tasks. Chimpanzees can create primitive wooden spears by sharpening them with a stone, just as we use a hammer and anvil. One of the reasons why we do it so much more skillfully is because of the skill of walking upright. As a result of standing on our hind limbs, we have freed up our forelimbs, which we use to create tools and all other man-made things.
Eyes
We have white sclera around the pupil and iris, while chimpanzees tend to have it. dark brown. There are several theories why this is so. The first is adapting to more complex social relationships in order to understand what others see, think, and feel. This can help with collective hunting, so as not to frighten away the game and silently show the direction of movement with your eyes. Or it could just be a genetic mutation, as evidenced by some cases where chimpanzees also have white sclera around the iris. Be that as it may, humans and chimpanzees have approximately the same vision: they distinguish colors, have a binocular function, and other similarities.
bipedalism
Humans and chimpanzees can walk on two legs. Chimpanzees often do this to look around and chart their path, but prefer to move on all fours. People get up confidently on their feet from early childhood. Already in the second year of life, babies walk confidently. Chimpanzees do not need to lean forward when moving in order to maintain the balance of the pelvis and internal organs, which makes their hips much wider than those of humans. This is what causes easy childbirth in female chimpanzees, in contrast to women. Also, when a person walks, his legs are straight, his fingers maintain balance when walking. Chimpanzees are the opposite. When moving, they rely more on their hands, using them also for climbing, crawling, moving sideways, diagonally and rotating movements.
Sex
The Bonobo chimpanzee species is known for its sexual appetite. Ordinary chimpanzees resolve a contentious situation with aggression and violence, but bonobos defuse any social tension through sexual pleasure. They also greet and show affection for each other through sexual arousal. Common chimpanzees do not engage in sex for pleasure, and mating takes them only ten to fifteen seconds (often while eating or doing other useful activities in parallel). Friendship and emotional attachments have nothing to do with them. Female chimpanzees usually mate with several males in a row, who patiently wait for their turn right next to each other. Humans experience sexual pleasure like bonobos, but sex takes much longer and requires more effort to reproduce. Unlike humans, chimpanzees have no concept of sexual jealousy or rivalry because they do not recognize long-term partners. Something similar was tried to be introduced in the communes at the dawn of the Soviet Union, which turned into a complete collapse and a series of mass suicides in the mid-20s.
diet
Chimpanzees and humans are omnivorous primates, eating plants and meat. The human intestine is more adapted to digesting meat than that of a chimpanzee. Chimpanzees rarely hunt and kill other mammals, often monkeys. In most cases, they limit themselves to fruits and insects. We are much more dependent on meat. Vitamin B12 can only be obtained naturally through animal products. Based on our digestive system and the way of life, having survived primitive tribes, it is believed that we became human only due to the fact that we introduced regular consumption of meat products into our diet, at least once every few days. Humans also tend to eat heavily and in large quantities, unlike chimpanzees, who eat fruit throughout the day. Perhaps this is due to the fact that a person could eat plenty of meat only after a successful hunt, and this developed the habit of eating in large quantities, but infrequently.
Language and facial expressions
Chimpanzees have complex systems greetings and communication, which depend on social statuses group representative. They communicate verbally using a variety of screams, grunts, squeals, trousers, and other sounds. But most of their connections are carried out with the help of gestures and facial expressions. Many of their facial expressions - surprise, smile, consolation, prayer - are the same as ours. However, our smile for chimpanzees and many other animals is a sign of aggression and danger rather than a friendly greeting. We also communicate much more verbally, we have very complex vocal cords, which allows us to make a wide range of sounds, but at the same time prevents us from drinking and breathing at the same time, as a chimpanzee can. In addition, we have a very muscular tongue and lips, which allows us to accurately reproduce sounds. This is why we have a pointed chin while chimpanzees have a sloping chin.
Sociability
Chimpanzees spend a lot of time socializing. Much of their communication is in caring for each other. Chimpanzees often play, especially young ones. Tickling, playing catch-up and other fun means of communication are held in high esteem. The usual manifestations of love, regardless of gender and age, are hugs and kisses. In this regard, the variety of chimpanzee Bonobo is especially different, in which one of the main topics of communication is sex, and gender does not matter. In this, of course, humans differ in many ways from chimpanzees. But we also demonstrate a closer relationship through physical contact - a pat on the back, a hug, or a friendly push. The size of the social group is also of great importance. In a chimpanzee, this is usually about 50 close friends and acquaintances, while in humans it is from 150 to 200. Today, scientists attribute this to the size of the brain.
brain size
The brain of a chimpanzee has an average volume of 370 ml, while in humans this figure is about 1350 ml. One brain size is not an absolute measure of intelligence. So, in history there were Nobel Prize winners with a brain size below 900 ml and more than 2000 ml. It cannot be said that a person with a large head, and therefore a large brain, is a priori smarter than a person with a small head. The structure and organization of the various parts of the brain is the best way to determine intelligence. The human brain has large area surface because it is much wrinkled than the chimpanzee brain, with more connections between many of its regions. The relatively large frontal lobes of the brain allow us to think abstractly and logically, and chimpanzees lack this pleasure.
It is a very common misconception that the human and chimpanzee DNA sets are 99% identical. Modern genetic comparisons show that this figure actually ranges from 85% to 95%. And even this figure may sound impressive, but it should be understood that the majority of DNA is used for basic cellular functions in all biological living matter. For example, we have about half the same DNA as a banana, and yet we're not saying that bananas are half the same as us, right? Chimpanzees have 48 chromosomes, two more than humans. There is a hypothesis that in a human ancestor, two pairs of chromosomes merge into one pair. it is remarkable that we have the least genetic differentiation among all animals. Therefore, family ties lead to such deplorable results. Even two completely unrelated people are genetically closer to each other than two chimpanzee siblings.
Number of species
Chimpanzees belong to the order of primates, like humans. In addition to us, the most famous hominin primates are also orangutans and gorillas. Currently, there is only one type of human in the modern scientific picture of the world: Homo sapiens. In the past, many scientists have tried to prove that there are several kinds of man, and often add that they themselves belong to the "higher" species. Chimpanzees are in a different situation. At least two species are known today: the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus), also known as the bonobo. Both species are in danger of extinction. Humans and chimpanzees as a species descended from a common ancestor, possibly Sahelanthropus tchadensis, that existed on the planet five to seven million years ago.
Great apes, or hominids, are not human ancestors. However, most likely, humans and anthropoid descend from common ancestors. Our anatomy is very similar to that of hominids, but the human brain is much larger. The most important difference between a person and a great ape is the mind, the ability to think, feel, do deliberate actions and communicate using language.
Hominid (lat. Hominidae) is a family of primates, which includes gibbons and hominids. The latter include orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans. The first researchers who discovered such monkeys in the jungle were struck by their resemblance to humans and at first considered them to be a kind of cross between man and animal.
The brain of modern humanoids is relatively larger in volume than that of other animals (except dolphins): up to 600 cm³ (in large species); it is marked by well-developed furrows and whorls. Therefore, the higher nervous activity of these monkeys resembles that of a human, conditioned reflexes are easily developed in them, and - which is especially important - they are able to use various objects as the simplest tools. They have a good memory, a fairly rich facial expression expressing different emotions: joy, anger, sadness, etc. But, despite all the similarities with a person, they can not be put on the same level with people.
Chimpanzee(lat. Pan) live in Africa, where, apparently, the first people appeared. Ordinary chimpanzees grow up to 1.3 m, weight - up to 90 kg, are able to move on their hind limbs. It is the closest primate to humans. Once every three to five years, the female gives birth to one cub, which remains in the care of the elders for a long time. Family ties chimpanzees are very durable. It happens that an old female helps her daughter to nurse her grandchildren. Chimpanzees have a very rich "language" of communication: sounds, facial expressions and gestures.
When they ask, they quite humanly stretch out their hands. Rejoicing at the meeting, they hug and kiss. They know how to notify relatives by drumming on hollow tree trunks. They use stones and branches as a tool. They break nuts with stones and get termites with twigs. The leaves of medicinal plants are applied to the wounds and even ... they are wiped with them after the toilet. In male chimpanzees, as in humans, male friendship is of great importance for life. Such inseparable friends are always ready to help each other. They live in family groups, learn quickly and use a variety of tools. Although chimpanzees pass on their accumulated experience next generations, but no animal is capable of doing this as effectively as humans. Pygmy chimpanzees are distinguished by a more fragile physique, long legs, black skin (pink in a normal chimpanzee), etc.
Gorillas(males) grow to 1.75 m or more and weigh up to 250 kg. Chest girth up to 180 cm. This is the largest primate in the world, including humans! Its range is the humid equatorial forest of Central and East Africa. An ardent vegetarian. Feeds on fruits, juicy herbaceous vegetation, young shoots. No meat food in nature does not eat! An adult male always has a gray back. In gorillas it is a sign of male maturity. At night, females with children sleep in the trees in the nest, and heavy males make a bed of branches on the ground. By nature, gorillas are phlegmatic and do not quarrel with anyone. Not aggressive. They begin to rage only when they try to persecute them, beat their chests, and then attack the enemy and selflessly protect their relatives. A wonderful example of true nobility for animals and people.
s(lat. Pongo) live in Borneo and Sumatra. Males grow up to 1.5 m, weight can reach 130 kg. Long forelimbs allow them to easily move through the trees. This is the largest tree animal in the world! The female gives birth to only one cub every three to five years. A child up to four or five years old remains under her care. From the age of 4, they begin to unite in games with other kids. Its close relationship with man is confirmed even by the name. Orangutan means "forest man" in Malay. The orangutan is very strong, only the elephant and the tiger cause him respect! In the hands of a leisurely, even slow. Doesn't do jumps. He simply swings the tree he is on, with a long strong arm intercepts the branch of the neighboring one, then pulls himself up - and already on another tree. Its slowness is deceptive, not a single person in the forest can catch up with the orangutan. At night, it settles in a nest built from branches and leaves. It turns out a wonderful springy bed. From the downpour, it often hides under a plucked giant palm leaf, like under an umbrella.
If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.
