Ramzin began new era Russian literature,” Belinsky argued. This era was primarily characterized by the fact that literature gained influence on society, it became for readers a "textbook of life", that is, that on which the glory of Russian literature of the 19th century is based. The significance of Karamzin's activity for Russian literature is great. Karamzin's word echoes Pushkin and Lermontov. The greatest influence on subsequent literature was Karamzin's story " Poor Lisa» "Poor Lisa" (1729) is the most popular and best story of this writer. Its plot, presented to the reader as a "sad story", is extremely simple, but full of dramatic tension.
Talking about the love of a poor peasant girl Lisa for the aristocrat Erast, who tricked her into committing suicide, the author does not emphasize the class opposition of the hero and heroine. He clearly sees this opposition, but does not want to admit that it was precisely this that caused the death of “poor Lisa.” The entire story depicts the life of the characters through secular and sentimental idealization. The characters in the story are embellished. The deceased father of Liza, an exemplary family man, because he loves work, plowed the land well and was quite prosperous, everyone loved him. Lisa's mother, "a sensitive, kind old woman," is weakening from incessant tears for her husband, or even peasant women know how to feel. She touchingly loves her daughter and admires nature with religious tenderness. Neither Lisa's mother nor the heroine herself resembles genuine peasant women. Most of all, the heroine of the story is idealized - “a beautiful body and soul of a settler”, “tender and sensitive Lisa.”
Warmly loving her parents, she cannot forget about her father, but hides her sadness and tears so as not to disturb her mother. She tenderly took care of her mother, got her medicines, worked day and night (“weaving canvases, knitting stockings, picking flowers in the spring, and taking berries in the summer and selling them in Moscow”) The author is sure that such activities fully ensure the life of the old woman and her daughters. According to his plan, Lisa is completely unfamiliar with the book, but after meeting with Erast, she dreams of how good it would be if her lover “was born a simple peasant shepherd ... ..” these words are completely in the spirit of Lisa. In a bookish way, Lisa not only speaks, but also thinks. Nevertheless, the psychology of Lisa, who fell in love with a girl for the first time, is revealed in detail and in a natural sequence. The following moments are psychological and interesting: the desire to see Erast the next day after meeting and “some kind of sadness” when this desire did not come true, joyful fright and excitement when unexpected appearance Erast under the window of her hut, the author depicts the same feeling with the help of details at the beginning of the story, wonder how she could live before without knowing Erast; anxiety at the thought that Erastubarin should not be the husband of a simple peasant woman; fear of losing a loved one and hope for his return, finally, hopeless despair after Erast escorted her out of the office. Before throwing herself into the pond, Liza remembered her mother, she took care of the old woman as best she could, left her money, but this time the thought of her was no longer able to keep Liza from taking a decisive step.
As a result, the character of the heroine is idealized, but internally whole. The author in the story raises not only the topic " little man"and social inequality, but also such a topic as fate and circumstances, nature and man, love-woe and love-happiness. Erast, his character is much different from the character of Lisa. Erast is described more in line with the one who raised him social environment than Lisa. This is a “rather rich nobleman”, who led a dispersed life, thought only about his pleasure, looked for it in secular amusements, but often did not find it, got bored and complained about his fate”, endowed with “a fair mind and a kind heart, kind by nature, but weak and windy”, “he read novels. In the image of Erast, for the first time, the type of a disappointed Russian aristocrat is outlined. Liza is a child of nature, her soul and character are close to the people. Erast recklessly falls in love with Liza, breaking the rule that she is not a girl of his circle. Lisa is naive and it is not clear to her that at the time in which she lives, she is considered a small person and they do not give her the right to love, after learning that Erast loves her, Lisa surrenders to her love selflessly without thinking about anything. At first, Erast acts in the same way, but then a turning point comes, the hero cannot stand the test of love, low feelings win.
Wednesday prevents the hero's soul from resurrecting and forces him to lie to Lisa. Only circumstances allow the heroine to open the deception. The minute Lisa begins to see clearly, fate acts as a punishment for sin. Lisa is punished for her love. Erast is punished for not keeping his oath. The author's position in the story is the position of a humanist. Before us is Karamzin the artist and Karamzin the philosopher. He sang the beauty of love, described love as a feeling that can transform a person, The writer teaches that a moment of love is beautiful, but long life and strength gives only the mind.
Karamzin laid the foundation for a huge cycle of literature about "little people", took the first step into this hitherto unknown topic. It was he who opened the way for such classics of the future as Gogol, Dostoevsky and others.
The story "Poor Lisa", written by Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, became one of the first works of sentimentalism in Russia. The love story of a poor girl and a young nobleman won the hearts of many of the writer's contemporaries and was received with great enthusiasm. The work brought unprecedented popularity to the then completely unknown 25-year-old writer. However, with what descriptions does the story “Poor Liza” begin?
History of creation
N. M. Karamzin was distinguished by his love for Western culture and actively preached its principles. His role in the life of Russia was enormous and invaluable. This progressive and active person traveled extensively in Europe in 1789-1790, and upon his return published the story "Poor Lisa" in the Moscow Journal.
Analysis of the story indicates that the work has a sentimental aesthetic orientation, which is expressed in interest in, regardless of their social status.
At the time of writing the story, Karamzin lived at the dacha of his friends, not far from which he was located. It is believed that he served as the basis for the beginning of the work. Thanks to this, the love story and the characters themselves were perceived by readers as completely real. And the pond near the monastery began to be called "Lizin Pond".
"Poor Lisa" by Karamzin as a sentimentalist story
“Poor Liza” is, in fact, a short story, in the genre of which no one wrote in Russia before Karamzin. But the writer's innovation is not only in the choice of genre, but also in the direction. It was behind this story that the title of the first work of Russian sentimentalism was entrenched.
Sentimentalism arose in Europe in the 17th century and focused on the sensual side of human life. Questions of reason and society went by the wayside for this direction, but emotions, relationships between people became a priority.
Sentimentalism has always sought to idealize what is happening, to embellish. Answering the question about what descriptions the story “Poor Liza” begins with, we can talk about the idyllic landscape that Karamzin paints for readers.
Theme and idea
One of the main themes of the story is social, and it is connected with the problem of the attitude of the nobility towards the peasants. It is not for nothing that Karamzin chooses a peasant girl for the role of the bearer of innocence and morality.
Contrasting the images of Lisa and Erast, the writer is one of the first to raise the problem of contradictions between the city and the countryside. If we turn to what descriptions the story "Poor Liza" begins with, then we will see a quiet, cozy and natural world that exists in harmony with nature. The city, on the other hand, frightens, terrifies with its “mass of houses”, “golden domes”. Lisa becomes a reflection of nature, she is natural and naive, there is no falsehood and pretense in her.
The author speaks in the story from the position of a humanist. Karamzin depicts all the charm of love, its beauty and strength. But reason and pragmatism can easily destroy this wonderful feeling. The story owes its success to the incredible attention to the personality of a person, his experiences. "Poor Lisa" evoked sympathy from her readers thanks to Karamzin's amazing ability to portray all the spiritual subtleties, experiences, aspirations and thoughts of the heroine.
Heroes
A complete analysis of the story "Poor Liza" is impossible without a detailed examination of the images of the main characters of the work. Liza and Erast, as noted above, embodied different ideals and principles.
Lisa is an ordinary peasant girl whose main feature is the ability to feel. She acts according to the dictates of her heart and feelings, which ultimately led her to death, although her morality remained intact. However, in the image of Lisa there is little peasant: her speech and thoughts are closer to the language of the book, however, the feelings of the girl who fell in love for the first time are conveyed with incredible truthfulness. So, despite the external idealization of the heroine, her inner experiences are conveyed very realistically. In this regard, the story "Poor Lisa" does not lose its innovation.
What descriptions begin the work? First of all, consonant with the character of the heroine, helping the reader to recognize her. This is a natural idyllic world.
Erast appears completely different to readers. He is an officer who is only puzzled by the search for new entertainment, life in the world tires and bores him. He is not stupid, kind, but weak in character and changeable in his affections. Erast truly falls in love, but does not think about the future at all, because Lisa is not his circle, and he will never be able to marry her.
Karamzin complicated the image of Erast. Usually such a hero in Russian literature was simpler and endowed with certain characteristics. But the writer does not make him an insidious seducer, but a sincerely fallen in love man who, due to weakness of character, could not pass the test and keep his love. This type of hero was new to Russian literature, but he immediately took root and later received the name "superfluous person."
Plot and originality
The plot of the story is pretty straightforward. This is the story of the tragic love of a peasant woman and a nobleman, the result of which was the death of Lisa.
What descriptions begin the story "Poor Lisa"? Karamzin draws a natural panorama, the bulk of the monastery, a pond - it is here, surrounded by nature, that the main character lives. But the main thing in the story is not the plot and not the descriptions, the main thing is feelings. And the narrator must awaken these feelings in the audience. For the first time in Russian literature, where the image of the narrator has always remained outside the work, the hero-author appears. This sentimental narrator learns the love story from Erast and retells the reader with sadness and sympathy.
Thus, there are three main characters in the story: Lisa, Erast and the author-narrator. Karamzin also introduces the technique of landscape descriptions and somewhat lightens the ponderous style of the Russian literary language.
Significance for Russian literature of the story "Poor Lisa"
An analysis of the story thus shows Karamzin's incredible contribution to the development of Russian literature. In addition to describing the relationship between the city and the countryside, the appearance of an “extra person”, many researchers note the birth of a “little person” - in the image of Lisa. This work influenced the work of A. S. Pushkin, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, who developed the themes, ideas and images of Karamzin.
The incredible psychologism that brought world fame to Russian literature also gave rise to the story "Poor Lisa". With what descriptions does this work begin! How much beauty, originality and incredible stylistic lightness are in them! One cannot overestimate Karamzin's contribution to the development of Russian literature.
Poor Lisa (compilation) Nikolai Karamzin
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Title: Poor Liza (compilation)
About the book "Poor Lisa (collection)" Nikolai Karamzin
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766-1826) - writer, historian and educator, creator of one of the most significant works in Russian historiography - "The History of the Russian State", the founder of Russian sentimentalism.
The book includes the stories "Poor Lisa", "Bornholm Island" and "Sierra Morena", as well as a collection of essays "Letters from a Russian Traveler".
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Quotes from the book "Poor Liza (collection)" Nikolai Karamzin
She flung herself into his arms—and now chastity was to perish! - Erast felt an extraordinary excitement in his blood - Liza had never seemed so charming to him - her caresses had never touched him so much - her kisses had never been so fiery - she knew nothing, suspected nothing, was not afraid of anything - the darkness of the evening nourished desires - not a single star shone in the sky - no ray could illuminate delusions. - Erast feels a thrill in himself - Liza also, not knowing why - not knowing what is happening to her ... Ah, Liza, Liza! Where is your guardian angel? Where is your innocence?
Lizin's father was a rather prosperous peasant, because he loved work, plowed the land well and always led a sober life.
“You must, young man,” he said, “you must inform me of the occurrences of the world, which I have left, but not yet completely forgotten. For a long time I have lived in solitude, for a long time I have not heard anything about the fate of people. Tell me if love reigns on the globe? Is incense smoked on the altars of virtue? Are the peoples prospering in the countries you have seen? “The light of the sciences,” I replied, “is spreading more and more, but human blood is still flowing on the earth—the tears of the unfortunate are shed—they praise the name of virtue and argue about its essence.” The old man sighed and shrugged.
In order to vividly feel all the audacity of the human spirit, one must be on the open sea, where one thin plank, as Wieland says, separates us from wet death, but where a skillful swimmer, spreading his sails, flies and in his thoughts already sees the glint of gold, which in another parts of the world will be rewarded for his bold enterprise. “Nil mortalibus arduum est” - “There is nothing impossible for mortals,” I thought with Horace, losing my gaze in the infinity of the Neptune kingdom.
The poet preaches the philosophy of "painful joy", calls melancholy a sweet feeling, which is "the most tender overflow from sorrow and longing to the pleasures of pleasure."
The heroes of Karamzin are like people who have been shipwrecked, thrown onto a harsh and wild coast, lonely on a deserted land.
Belinsky wrote: “Karamzin was the first in Russia to start writing stories that interested society ... stories in which people acted, portrayed the life of the heart and passions in the midst of ordinary everyday life.”
Perhaps no one living in Moscow knows the surroundings of this city as well as I do, because no one is more often than me in the field, no one more than me wanders on foot, without a plan, without a goal - wherever your eyes look - through meadows and groves. over hills and plains. Every summer I find new pleasant places or new beauties in old ones. But the most pleasant for me is the place where the gloomy, Gothic towers of the Si ... new monastery rise. Standing on this mountain, you see on the right side almost all of Moscow, this terrible mass of houses and churches, which appears to the eyes in the form of a majestic amphitheater: a magnificent picture, especially when the sun shines on it, when its evening rays blaze on countless golden domes, on countless crosses ascending to heaven! Below are fat, densely green flowering meadows, and behind them, along yellow sands, a bright river flows, agitated by the light oars of fishing boats or rustling under the helm of heavy plows that float from the most fruitful countries Russian Empire and endow greedy Moscow with bread. On the other side of the river, an oak grove is visible, near which numerous herds graze; there young shepherds, sitting under the shade of the trees, sing summer days, so uniform for them. Farther away, in the dense greenery of ancient elms, the golden-domed Danilov Monastery shines; even "farther, almost at the edge of the horizon, the Sparrow Hills are blue. On the left side, you can see vast fields covered with bread, forests, three or four villages, and in the distance the village of Kolomenskoye with its high palace. I often come to this place and almost always meet spring there "I also come there in the gloomy days of autumn to grieve with nature. The winds howl terribly in the walls of the deserted monastery, between the coffins overgrown with tall grass, and in the dark passages of the cells. There, leaning on the ruins of tomb stones, I listen to the muffled groan of times, the abyss of the past swallowed up, - I groan, from which my heart trembles and trembles. Sometimes I enter the cell and imagine those who lived in them - sad pictures! Here I see a gray-haired old man, kneeling before the crucifixion and praying for a speedy resolution of his earthly shackles, for all pleasures have disappeared for him in life, all his feelings have died, except for the feeling of illness and weakness.There a young monk - with a pale face, with a languid look - looks into the field through the bars windows, sees cheerful birds floating freely in the sea of air, sees - and sheds bitter tears from his eyes. He languishes, withers, dries up - and the dull ringing of the bell announces to me his untimely death. Sometimes on the gates of the temple I look at the image of miracles that happened in this monastery, where fish fall from the sky to saturate the inhabitants of the monastery, besieged by numerous enemies; here the image of the Mother of God puts the enemies to flight. All this renews in my memory the history of our fatherland - the sad history of those times when the ferocious Tatars and Lithuanians devastated the environs of the Russian capital with fire and sword and when unfortunate Moscow, like a defenseless widow, expected help from God alone in her fierce disasters. But more often than not, the memory of the deplorable fate of Liza, poor Liza, attracts me to the walls of the Si ... new monastery. Oh! I love those items that touch my heart and make me shed tears of tender sorrow! Seventy sazhens from the monastery wall, near a birch grove, in the middle of a green meadow, stands an empty hut, without doors, without windows, without a floor; The roof has long since rotted and collapsed. In this hut, thirty years before, the beautiful, amiable Liza lived with her old woman, her mother. Lizin's father was a fairly prosperous peasant, because he loved work, plowed the land well and always led a sober life. But soon after his death, his wife and daughter were impoverished. lazy hand mercenary badly cultivated the field, and the bread ceased to be born well. They were forced to rent out their land, and for very little money. Moreover, the poor widow, shedding tears almost incessantly over the death of her husband - for even peasant women know how to love! - day by day she became weaker and could not work at all. Only Liza, who remained after her father of fifteen years - only Liza, not sparing her tender youth, not sparing her rare beauty, worked day and night - weaved canvases, knitted stockings, picked flowers in the spring, and in the summer she took berries - and sold them to Moscow. The sensitive, kind old woman, seeing her daughter's indefatigability, often pressed her to her weakly beating heart, called her divine mercy, nurse, the joy of her old age, and prayed to God to reward her for everything she does for her mother. “God gave me hands to work,” Liza said, “you fed me with your breast and followed me when I was a child; now it’s my turn to follow you. . But often tender Lisa could not hold back her own tears - ah! she remembered that she had a father and that he was gone, but to calm her mother she tried to hide the sadness of her heart and appear calm and cheerful. “In the next world, dear Liza,” answered the woeful old woman, “in the next world I will stop crying. There, they say, everyone will be cheerful; I’ll surely be happy when I see your father. will it be without me? a kind person. Then, bless you, my dear children, I will cross myself and lie down calmly in the damp earth. "Two years have passed since the death of Lizin's father. The meadows were covered with flowers, and Lisa came to Moscow with lilies of the valley. A young, well-dressed man, of a pleasant appearance, met her at street. She showed him the flowers - and blushed. "Do you sell them, girl?" - he asked with a smile. "I sell," she answered. "And what do you need?" - "Five kopecks." - "It's too cheap . Here's a ruble for you." Liza was surprised, dared to look at the young man, - blushed even more and, looking down at the ground, told him that she would not take the ruble. "For what?" - "I don't need too much." - " I think that beautiful lilies of the valley, plucked by the hands of a beautiful girl, are worth a ruble. When you don't take it, here's five kopecks for you. I would always like to buy flowers from you; I would like you to tear them just for me. " Lisa gave the flowers, took five kopecks, bowed and wanted to go, but the stranger stopped her by the hand: "Where are you going, girl?" - "Home." - "And where is your home?" Liza said where she lives, said and went. happened to her: “You did well not to take a ruble. Maybe it was some bad person..." - "Oh no, mother! I don't think so. He has such a kind face, such a voice..." - "However, Liza, it's better to live on your own labors and take nothing for nothing. You don't know yet, my friend, how evil people can offend the poor girl! My heart is always out of place when you go into town; I always put a candle in front of the icon and pray to the Lord God that he save you from all trouble and misfortune. " Liza had tears in her eyes; she kissed her mother. The next day, Liza picked the best lilies of the valley and again went with them to the city. Her eyes were quietly looking for something. Many wanted to buy flowers from her, but she answered that they were not for sale, and looked from one side to the other. Evening came, it was necessary to return home, and the flowers were thrown into the Moscow River. "No one owns you!" - said Liza, feeling some kind of sadness in her heart. The next day in the evening she was sitting under the window, spinning and singing plaintive songs in a low voice, but suddenly jumped up "and shouted:" Ah! .. " A young stranger stood at the window. "What happened to you?" asked the frightened mother, who was sitting beside her. "Nothing, mother," answered Lisa in a timid voice, "I just saw him." - "Whom?" "The gentleman who bought flowers from me." The old woman looked out the window. The young man bowed to her so courteously, with such a pleasant air, that she could think nothing but good of him. "Hello, good old woman!" he said. "I am very tired; do you have fresh milk?" Obliging Liza, without waiting for an answer from her mother - perhaps because she knew him in advance - ran to the cellar - brought a clean glass covered with a clean wooden circle - grabbed a glass, washed it, wiped it with a white towel, poured and served out the window, but she herself looked at the ground. The stranger drank - and the nectar from the hands of Hebe could not have seemed tastier to him. Everyone will guess that after that he thanked Liza, and thanked not so much with words as with his eyes. Meanwhile, the good-natured old woman managed to tell him about her grief and consolation - about the death of her husband and about the sweet qualities of her daughter, about her diligence and tenderness, and so on. and so on. He listened to her with attention, but his eyes were - need I say where? And Liza, timid Liza, looked from time to time at the young man; but not so soon the lightning shines and disappears in the cloud, as quickly Blue eyes her turned to the earth, meeting with his gaze. “I would like,” he said to his mother, “that your daughter would not sell her work to anyone but me. Thus, she will not have to go to the city often, and you will not be forced to part with her. I myself can sometimes come to you." Here Lizins' eyes flashed with joy, which she tried in vain to conceal; her cheeks glowed like the dawn on a clear summer evening; she looked at her left sleeve and pinched it right hand . The old woman readily accepted this offer, not suspecting any evil intention in it, and assured the stranger that the linen woven by Lisa and the stockings knitted by Liza were remarkably good and worn longer than any others. It was getting dark, and the young man wanted to go already. "Yes, how can we call you, kind, affectionate gentleman?" asked the old woman. "My name is Erast," he replied. "Erast," Liza said softly, "Erast!" She repeated this name five times, as if trying to solidify it. Erast said goodbye to them and left. Liza followed him with her eyes, and the mother sat in thought and, taking her daughter by the hand, said to her: "Ah, Liza! How good and kind he is! If only your fiance was like that!" All Lisa's heart fluttered. "Mother! Mother! How can this be? He is a gentleman, but among the peasants ..." - Lisa did not finish her speech. Now the reader should know that this young man, this Erast, was a rather rich nobleman, with a fair mind and a kind heart, kind by nature, but weak and windy. He led a distracted life, thinking only about his own pleasure, looking for it in secular amusements, but often did not find it: he was bored and complained about his fate. The beauty of Lisa at the first meeting made an impression in his heart. He read novels, idylls, had a rather lively imagination and often mentally moved to those times (former or not former), in which, according to the poets, all people carelessly walked through the meadows, bathed in clean springs, kissed like doves, rested under roses and myrtles, and in happy idleness they spent all their days. It seemed to him that he had found in Lisa what his heart had been looking for for a long time. "Nature calls me into its arms, to its pure joys," he thought, and he decided - at least for a while - to leave the big light. Let's get back to Lisa. Night came - the mother blessed her daughter and wished her a good sleep, but this time her wish was not fulfilled: Lisa slept very poorly. The new guest of her soul, the image of Erasts, seemed to her so vividly that she woke up almost every minute, woke up and sighed. Even before the sun had risen, Liza got up, went down to the banks of the Moskva River, sat down on the grass and, grieving, looked at the white mists that waved in the air and, rising up, left brilliant drops on the green cover of nature. Silence reigned everywhere. But soon the rising luminary of the day awakened all creation: the groves, the bushes came to life, the birds fluttered and sang, the flowers raised their heads to drink the life-giving rays of light. But Liza was still sitting in a huff. Oh Lisa, Lisa! What happened to you? Until now, waking up with the birds, you had fun with them in the morning, and a pure, joyful soul shone in your eyes, like the sun shines in drops of heavenly dew; but now you are thoughtful, and the general joy of nature is foreign to your heart. Meanwhile, a young shepherd was driving his flock along the river bank, playing the flute. Liza fixed her gaze on him and thought: “If the one who now occupies my thoughts was born a simple peasant, a shepherd, and if he now drove his flock past me: ah! I would bow to him with a smile and say affably: "Hello, dear shepherd boy! Where are you driving your flock? And here it grows green grass for your sheep, and flowers bloom here, from which you can weave a wreath for your hat. "He would look at me with an affectionate look - he would, perhaps, take my hand ... A dream!" The shepherd, playing the flute, passed by and with his motley flock hid behind a nearby hill. Suddenly Lisa heard the noise of oars - she looked at the river and saw a boat, and Erast was in the boat. All the veins in her throbbed, and, of course, not from fear. She got up, wanted to go, but could not. Erast jumped ashore, went up to Lisa and - her dream was partly fulfilled: for he _looked at her with an affectionate look, took her by the hand_... And Liza, Liza stood with downcast eyes, with fiery cheeks, with a trembling heart - she could not to take his hands away from him, she could not turn away when he approached her with his pink lips ... Ah! He kissed her, kissed her with such fervor that the whole universe seemed to her on fire! "Dear Lisa!" said Erast. "Dear Liza! I love you!", and these words echoed in the depths of her soul, like heavenly, delightful music; she hardly dared to believe her ears and... But I drop the brush. I can only say that in that moment of delight, Liza's timidity disappeared - Erast found out that he was loved, loved with a passionately new, pure, open heart. They sat on the grass, and in such a way that there was not much space left between them - they looked into each other's eyes, said to each other: "Love me!", And two hours seemed to them in an instant. Finally Liza remembered that her mother might worry about her. Should have parted. "Ah, Erast!" she said. "Will you always love me?" - "Always, dear Liza, always!" he answered. "And you can swear to me in this?" - "I can, dear Liza, I can!" - "No! I don't need an oath. I believe you, Erast, I believe. Can you really deceive poor Lisa? After all, this cannot be?" "No, no, dear Liza!" - "How happy I am, and how delighted mother will be when she finds out that you love me!" - "Oh no, Lisa! She doesn't need to say anything." - "For what?" - "Old people are suspicious. She will imagine something bad." - "You can not be." “However, I ask you not to say a word to her about this.” - "Good: you need to obey, although I, I would not like to hide anything from her." They said goodbye, kissed last time and they promised to see each other every evening, either on the river bank, or in a birch grove, or somewhere near Lysia's hut, but surely, by all means, to see each other. Liza went, but her eyes turned a hundred times to Erast, who was still standing on the bank and looking after her. Lisa returned to her hut in a completely different mood from the one in which she left it. Heartfelt joy was found on her face and in all her movements. "He loves me!" she thought and admired this idea. “Ah, mother!” Lisa said to her mother, who had just woken up. “Ah, mother! What a beautiful morning! How cheerful everything is in the field! smelled!" The old woman, propping herself up with a stick, went out into the meadow to enjoy the morning, which Liza described with such lovely colors. It really seemed to her remarkably pleasant; her amiable daughter amused her whole nature with her merriment. “Ah, Lisa!” she said. “How good everything is with the Lord God! every year it is covered with new grass and new flowers. It is necessary that the king of heaven loved a person very much when he so well removed the light of this world for him. Ah, Liza! Who would want to die if sometimes there was no grief for us? Perhaps we would forget our souls if tears never fell from our eyes. And Liza thought: "Ah! I would rather forget my soul than my dear friend!" After this, Erast and Liza, afraid not to keep their word, saw each other every evening (when Liza's mother went to bed) either on the river bank or in a birch grove, but more often under the shade of hundred-year-old oaks (eighty fathoms from the hut) - oaks , overshadowing a deep clean pond, dug out in ancient times. There, the often quiet moon, through the green branches, silvered with its rays Lisa's blond hair, with which marshmallows and the hand of a dear friend played; often these rays illuminated in the eyes of tender Liza a brilliant tear of love, which is always drained by Erast's kiss. They embraced - but the chaste, shy Cynthia did not hide from them behind a cloud: their embraces were pure and unnatural. “When you,” Liza said to Erast, “when you tell me:“ I love you, my friend! ”, When you press me to your heart and look at me with your touching eyes, ah! then it happens to me so well, so well that I forget myself, I forget everything except Erast. Wonderful! It's wonderful, my friend, that I, not knowing you, could live calmly and cheerfully! Now this is incomprehensible to me, now I think that without you life is not life, but sadness and boredom. Without your dark eyes, a bright month; without your voice, the singing nightingale is boring; without your breath, the breeze is unpleasant to me. " Erast admired his shepherdess - that's what he called Lisa - and, seeing how much she loves him, he seemed kinder to himself. All the brilliant fun big light seemed to him insignificant in comparison with the pleasures with which the passionate friendship of an innocent soul fed his heart. He thought with disgust of the contemptuous voluptuousness with which his senses formerly reveled. "I will live with Liza like brother and sister," he thought, "I will not use her love for evil, and I will always be happy!" Reckless young man! Do you know your heart? Are you always responsible for your movements? Is reason always the king of your feelings? Lisa demanded that Erast often visit her mother. “I love her,” she said, “and I want her well, but it seems to me that seeing you is a great well-being for everyone.” The old woman really was always happy when she saw him. She loved to talk to him about her late husband and tell him about the days of her youth, about how she first met her dear Ivan, how he fell in love with her and in what love, in what harmony he lived with her. "Ah! We never could look at each other enough - until the very hour when fierce death knocked his legs down. He died in my arms!" Erast listened to her with unfeigned pleasure. He bought Liza's work from her and always wanted to pay ten times more than the price she set, but the old woman never took too much. Several weeks passed in this way. One evening, Erast waited a long time for his Lisa. At last she came, but she was so unhappy that he was frightened; her eyes were red with tears. "Liza, Liza! What happened to you?" - "Ah, Erast! I cried!" - "About what? What is it?" - "I have to tell you everything. A fiancé, the son of a rich peasant from a neighboring village, is wooing me; my mother wants me to marry him." - "And you agree?" - "Cruel! Can you ask about it? Yes, I feel sorry for my mother; she cries and says that I do not want her peace of mind, that she will suffer at death if she does not marry me with her. Ah! Mother does not know that I have such a sweet friend!" Erast kissed Liza, saying that her happiness was dearer to him than anything in the world, that after the death of her mother he would take her to him and live with her inseparably, in the village and in the dense forests, as in paradise. "But you can't be my husband!" Lisa said with a soft sigh. "Why not?" - "I'm a peasant." - "You offend me. For your friend, the most important thing is the soul, a sensitive innocent soul - and Liza will always be closest to my heart." She threw herself into his arms - and this hour should perish chastity! Erast felt an extraordinary excitement in his blood - Liza had never seemed so charming to him - her caresses had never touched him so much - her kisses had never been so fiery - she knew nothing, suspected nothing, was not afraid of anything - the darkness of the evening nourished desires - not a single star shone in the sky - no ray could illuminate delusions. - Erast feels a thrill in himself - Liza also, not knowing why, not knowing what is happening to her ... Ah, Liza, Liza! Where is your guardian angel? Where is your innocence? The delusion passed in one minute. Liza did not understand her feelings, she was surprised and asked questions. Erast was silent - he was looking for words and did not find them. “Ah, I’m afraid,” Lisa said, “I’m afraid of what happened to us! It seemed to me that I was dying, that my soul ... No, I don’t know how to say this! .. Are you silent, Erast? Are you sighing? .. My God! What is it?" Meanwhile, lightning flashed and thunder boomed. Lisa trembled all over. "Erast, Erast!" she said. "I'm scared! I'm afraid that the thunder won't kill me like a criminal!" A storm roared menacingly, rain poured from black clouds - it seemed that nature was lamenting about Lysia's lost innocence. Erast tried to calm Lisa and walked her to the hut. Tears rolled from her eyes as she said goodbye to him. "Ah, Erast! Assure me that we will continue to be happy!" - "We will, Liza, we will!" he answered. - "God forbid! I can't help but believe your words: after all, I love you! Only in my heart ... But it's full! Forgive me! Tomorrow, tomorrow I'll see you." Their dates continued; but how things have changed! Erast could no longer be satisfied with being alone with the innocent caresses of his Lisa - with her eyes full of love - with one touch of the hand, one kiss, one pure embrace. He wanted more, more, and, finally, he could not want anything - and whoever knows his heart, who has thought about the nature of his most tender pleasures, will, of course, agree with me that the fulfillment of all desires is the most dangerous temptation of love. Liza was no longer for Erast this angel of purity, who had previously inflamed his imagination and delighted his soul. Platonic love gave way to such feelings that he could not be proud of and which were no longer new to him. As for Lisa, she, completely surrendering to him, only lived and breathed him, in everything, like a lamb, obeyed his will and placed her happiness in his pleasure. She saw a change in him and often said to him: "Before, you were happier, before we were calmer and happier, and before I was not so afraid of losing your love!" Sometimes, when he said goodbye to her, he would say to her: “Tomorrow, Liza, I can’t see you: I have an important business,” and every time Liza sighed at these words. Finally, for five days in a row she did not see him and was in the greatest anxiety; on the sixth day he came with a sad face and said: “Dear Liza, I must say goodbye to you for a while. You know that we are at war, I am in the service, my regiment is going on a campaign. "Lisa turned pale and almost fainted. Erast caressed her, said that he would always love dear Lisa and hoped to never be with her when he returned She was silent for a long time, then burst into bitter tears, seized his hand and, looking at him with all the tenderness of love, asked: "Can't you stay?" a stain on my honor. Everyone will despise me; everyone will abhor me as a coward, as an unworthy son of the fatherland. "-" Ah, when so, - said Liza, - then go, go, where God commands! But they can kill you." - "Death for the fatherland is not terrible, dear Liza." - "I will die as soon as you are gone from the world." - "But why think this? I hope to stay alive, I hope to return to you, my friend." - "God forbid! God bless! Every day, every hour, I will pray for this. Oh, why can't I read or write. You would notify me of everything that happens to you, and I would write to you - about my tears!" - "No, take care of yourself, Liza, take care of your friend. I don't want you to cry without me." - "Cruel man! You think to deprive me of this joy too! Not! after parting with you, will I ever stop crying when my heart dries up. - "Think of a pleasant moment in which we will see each other again." - "I will, I will think about her! Ah, if only she had come sooner! Dear, dear Erast! Remember, remember your poor Liza, who loves you more than herself! "But I can't describe everything they said on that occasion. The next day was to be the last meeting. Erast wanted to say goodbye to Liza's mother, who could not to refrain from tears, hearing that her affectionate, handsome master must go to war. He forced her to take some money from him, saying: "I do not want Lisa to sell her work in my absence, which, by agreement, belongs to me" The old woman showered blessings on him: “God forbid,” she said, “so that you return safely to us and that I see you again in this life! Perhaps my Liza by that time will find a groom for her thoughts. How I would thank God if you came to our wedding! When Lisa has children, know, master, that you must baptize them! Oh! I would very much like to live to see it!" Liza stood beside her mother and did not dare to look at her. The reader can easily imagine what she felt at that moment. But what did she feel when Erast, embracing her for the last time, pressing it to his heart for the last time, he said: "I'm sorry, Lisa! .." What a touching picture! The dawn, like a scarlet sea, spilled over the eastern sky. Erast stood under the branches of a tall oak, holding in his arms his poor, languid, sorrowful girlfriend, who, saying goodbye to him, said goodbye to her soul. All nature Lisa sobbed - Erast wept - left her - she fell - knelt down, raised her hands to the sky and looked at Erast, who moved away - further - further - and, finally, disappeared - the sun shone, and Liza, left, poor, she lost her senses and memory. She came to her senses - and the world seemed to her dull and sad. All the pleasant things of nature were hidden for her, along with what was dear to her heart. "Ah! she thought. Why did I stay in this desert? What keeps me from flying after dear Erast? War is not terrible for me; it's scary where my friend is not. I want to live with him, I want to die with him, or by my own death I want to save his precious life. Stop, stop, my dear! I'm flying to you!" She already wanted to run after Erast, but the thought: "I have a mother!" - stopped her. Liza sighed and, bowing her head, went with quiet steps to her hut. From this hour her days were days of longing and grief, which had to be hidden from a tender mother: all the more did her heart suffer! Then it was only relieved when Liza, secluded in the density of the forest, could freely shed tears and moan about separation from her beloved. Often the sad dove combined her plaintive voice with her moaning. But sometimes - although very rarely - a golden ray of hope, a ray of consolation illuminated the darkness of her sorrow. "When he returns to me, how happy I will be! How everything will change!" This thought cleared her eyes, the roses on her cheeks refreshed, and Liza smiled like a May morning after a stormy night. In this way, about two months passed. One day Lisa had to go to Moscow, then to buy rose water with which her mother treated her eyes. On one of the big streets she met a magnificent carriage, and in this carriage she saw Erast. "Ah!" Liza shouted and rushed to him, but the carriage drove past and turned into the yard. Erast went out and I was about to go to the porch of the huge house, when I suddenly felt myself in Liza's arms, he turned pale - then, without answering a word to her exclamations, he took her by the hand, led her into his office, locked the door and said to her: "Liza! Circumstances have changed; I begged to marry; you must leave me alone and for your own peace of mind forget me. I loved you and now I love you, that is, I wish you every good. Here is a hundred rubles - take them, - he put the money in her pocket, - let me kiss you for the last time - and go home. Before Liza could come to her senses, he led her out of the office and said to the servant: "Show this one: the girl from the yard." My heart is bleeding at this very moment. I forget a man in Erast - I'm ready to curse him - but my tongue does not move - I look at him, and a tear rolls down my face. Oh! Why am I writing not a novel, but a sad story? So, Erast deceived Lisa, telling her that he was going to the army? No, he really was in the army, but instead of fighting the enemy, he played cards and lost almost all his estate. Soon they made peace, and Erast returned to Moscow, burdened with debts. He had only one way to improve his circumstances - to marry an elderly rich widow who had long been in love with him. He decided on that and moved to live with her in the house, devoting a sincere sigh to his Lisa. But can all this justify him? Lisa found herself on the street, and in a position that no pen can describe. "He, he kicked me out? He loves another? I'm dead!" Here are her thoughts, her feelings! A violent fainting spell interrupted them for a while. One kind woman who was walking along the street stopped over Liza, who was lying on the ground, and tried to bring her to memory. The unfortunate woman opened her eyes - got up with the help of this kind woman - thanked her and went away, not knowing where she was. "I can't live," thought Liza, "I can't!.. Oh, if the sky would fall on me! If the earth would swallow up the poor woman!... No! The sky does not fall; the earth does not tremble! Woe to me!" She left the city and suddenly saw herself on the bank of a deep pond, under the shade of ancient oaks, which a few weeks before had been silent witnesses of her delights. This memory shook her soul; the most terrible heartfelt torment was depicted on her face. But after a few minutes she plunged into some thoughtfulness - she looked around herself, saw her neighbor's daughter (a fifteen-year-old girl) walking along the road - she called her, took out ten imperials from her pocket and, giving her, said: "Dear Anyuta, dear friend! Take this money to my mother - it's not stolen - tell her that Liza is guilty against her, that I hid from her my love for one cruel man, - to E... What's the point of knowing his name? - Say that he cheated on me - ask her to forgive me - God will be her helper, kiss her hand the way I kiss yours now, tell me that poor Liza ordered to kiss her - say that I .. "Here she threw herself into the water. Anyuta screamed, cried, but could not save her, ran to the village - people gathered and pulled Lisa out, but she was already dead. Thus, her beautiful soul and body died. When we are there, in see you in a new life, I recognize you, gentle Liza! wooden cross on her grave. Here I often sit in thought, leaning on the receptacle of Liza's ashes; in my eyes a pond flows; Leaves rustle above me. Lisa's mother heard about terrible death her daughter, and her blood cooled with horror - her eyes were forever closed. The hut is empty. The wind howls in it, and the superstitious villagers, hearing this noise at night, say: "There is a dead man groaning; poor Liza is groaning there!" Erast was unhappy until the end of his life. Upon learning of the fate of Lizina, he could not console himself and considered himself a murderer. I met him a year before his death. He himself told me this story and led me to Liza's grave. Now, maybe they have already reconciled! 1792Karamzin is deeply convinced that humanity is on the path of progress, that it was precisely the 18th century. thanks to the activities of the great educators - scientists, philosophers and writers - he brought people closer to the truth. There are misconceptions, but they, like "alien growths, will sooner or later disappear," for a person will certainly come "to a pleasant goddess-truth." Having mastered the enlightening philosophy of his time, Karamzin believes that "enlightenment is the palladium of good manners." Enlightenment is beneficial for people of all conditions.
Poor Lisa Karamzin
Question #8
"Poor Lisa" by N. M. Karamzin as an example of sentimental prose
N. M. Karamzin is a prominent representative of sentimentalism, a trend that arose in European culture in the second half of the 18th century. By that time, it became clear that it was impossible to remake the world according to the laws of reason, that between reality and a dream, more often than not, a conflict arises that a person cannot overcome. Sentimentalists believed that all human vices are rooted in negative impact society, and the person is initially morally pure and moral. By listening to oneself, observing one's emotions and movements of the soul, returning to nature, a person can "purify himself",
become better. Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote that "a person who lives according to the laws of nature is more moral."
"Poor Lisa" Karamzin was a new turning point in Russian literature ALLSoch.ru 2005. The disclosure of the inner world of the characters, their feelings and experiences has become a real revelation for readers.
Poor peasant girl Lisa falls in love with a handsome young nobleman Erast. But if Liza is the ideal of a "natural person", kind, sincere, open, capable of loving tenderly and faithfully, then Erast "led a scattered life, thought only about his pleasure, looked for him in secular amusements."
How poetic and touching are the dates of Erast and Lisa in the bosom of nature! With what subtle psychologism Karamzin managed to describe the hopes, joys and sorrows of lovers! The heroes of the story are no longer mannequins, not carriers of any one distinguishing feature, but real, living, real people who know how to feel and experience.
The circumstances are such that Erast is forced to stop dating for a while, but during the separation he manages to play cards and go broke. The only way to remedy the situation is to marry a rich widow. So dream and reality, mind and heart collided! When Liza accidentally meets Erast in the city and, suspecting nothing, embraces him with joy, the young man gives her money, wanting to pay off love. The girl's feelings are offended and, unable to bear the grief and humiliation, she ends her life tragically.
Of course, Erast is to blame for the fact that the girl committed suicide, but the author does not blame him and even tries to justify it in his own way. Erast is a victim of society, circumstances, time, base passions, but he "was unhappy until the end of his life." Upon learning of the fate of poor Lisa, Erast "could not be consoled and considered himself a murderer," which means that not everything was lost for him.
Lyrical digressions, remarks and exclamations of the author allow us to know his view of the events. Karamzin is so concerned about the accuracy of the depiction of the place and time of what happened that we do not doubt the reality of history. And not only with bitterness, but also with hope, the final words of the story are filled: “Now, it must be, they have already reconciled!
Sentimentalism penetrated into Russia in the 1780s-early 1790s thanks to the translations of Werther's novels by I.V. Goethe, Pamela, Clarissa and Grandison S. Richardson, New Eloise J.-J. Rousseau, Paul and Virginie J.-A. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. The era of Russian sentimentalism was opened by Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin with Letters from a Russian Traveler (1791–1792).
His story "Poor Liza" (1792) is a masterpiece of Russian sentimental prose; from Goethe's Werther, he inherited the general atmosphere of sensitivity and melancholy and the theme of suicide.
The writings of N.M. Karamzin brought to life a huge number of imitations; at the beginning of the 19th century appeared "Poor Masha" by A.E. Izmailov (1801), "Journey to Midday Russia" (1802), "Henrietta or The Triumph of Deception over Weakness or Delusion" by I. Svechinsky (1802), numerous stories by G.P. Kamenev ( "The Story of Poor Marya"; "Unfortunate Margarita"; "Beautiful Tatyana"), etc.
Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev belonged to the Karamzin group, which advocated the creation of a new poetic language and fought against the archaic grandiloquent style and obsolete genres.
Sentimentalism marked the early work of Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. The publication in 1802 of the translation of the Elegy written in the rural cemetery by E. Gray became a phenomenon in the artistic life of Russia, for he translated the poem ʼʼ into the language of sentimentalism in general, translated the elegy genre, and not the individual work of the English poet, which has its own special individual styleʼʼ (E.G. Etkind). In 1809 Zhukovsky wrote a sentimental story "Maryina Grove" in the spirit of N.M. Karamzin.
Russian sentimentalism had exhausted itself by 1820.
It was one of the stages of pan-European literary development, which completed the Enlightenment and opened the way to romanticism.
The main features of the literature of sentimentalism.
So, taking into account all of the above, we can single out several basic features of Russian literature of sentimentalism: a departure from the straightforwardness of classicism, an emphasized subjectivity of the approach to the world, a cult of feelings, a cult of nature, a cult of innate moral purity, unspoiltness, a rich spiritual world of the representative Shei of the lower classes. Attention is paid to the spiritual world of a person, and in the first place are feelings, not great ideas. http://www.velib.com/text_sochin.php?id=122
Poor Liza Karamzin - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Poor Lisa" Karamzin "2017, 2018.
