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Panda (or bamboo bear) is a representative of mammals from the raccoon family. Pandas are the name of two species of Asian mammals from the order of carnivores, similar to each other and in outward signs and lifestyle, but belonging to different families. The body length of the giant panda reaches 1.5 meters, and with a tail - 12.5 cm more. Its mass reaches 160 kg.

Where the panda lives, the lifestyle and habits of this cute animal will be discussed in this article.

It should be noted that now in natural natural conditions only a little more than 1,500 animals have survived; in this regard, the panda is listed in the famous Red Book. Steps are being taken to conserve and prevent their extinction in order to increase the number of these cute animals.

Panda - an animal resembling a raccoon or a bear

The appearance of a panda strongly resembles a bear. However, they have differences: different structure teeth and different tail lengths. Panda has long been considered a "huge raccoon", due to the similarity of the anatomical features of a raccoon with a small panda (it was unconditionally considered a raccoon).

The peasants of China have always called this animal "polar bear", and also "bamboo bear", which turned out to be closer to the truth, which scientists finally figured out quite recently.

Usually these animals live in bamboo forests in dense thickets in China, on the islands of Kalimantan and Indonesia.

In order to eat, the adult organism of the “bamboo bear” needs to eat about 18 kg of young shoots and stalks of succulent bamboo during the day. The animal grinds greens with its jaws. This is a very low-nutrient food, in connection with which all its free time(about 12 hours a day) the panda is forced to chew.

In addition to this food, she can also eat carrion. These are small birds and animals that a real bear uses very rarely, only in exceptional cases.

Those places where pandas live (the country of China and the islands) for these rare exotic animals are also good cover and main source of food.

Lifestyle

The bamboo plant blooms quite rarely: once in 10, it happens in 100 years, depending on their species. With all this, they all bloom at once and form seeds, and then they all die out at the same time over a large area. Bamboo seeds take root in at least a year, and in order for new thickets to appear, at least 20 years must pass. In this regard, pandas have to search for new habitats where they could feed themselves and their cubs.

AT wild nature, where the panda lives, not everything is so optimistic. The “bamboo bear” lives alone, and only once a year (during the mating season) meets with a female or male to breed. As a result, only one and rarely two completely naked, helpless and blind cubs are born.

The eyes of newborns open only after a month, and after only 3 weeks, fur appears. The weight of the baby at birth is only 175 grams, he gains up to 4 kilograms by 2 months, but by mature age- even up to 160 kg.

Panda in the Red Book

Pandas living in nature have a hard time: a person deforests during the development of territories, and therefore most of the individuals do not find their partners in a short period of three-day mating time and, as a result, remain without offspring. Thus, the population is reduced (about 700 individuals).

The panda has long been included in the Red Book, and each newly born animal is a great value and a very joyful event.

At this time in China, where the panda lives, the animal is considered a national treasure of this country. Surprisingly wonderful Panda is a symbol of friendship and peace. Thanks to such a careful attitude towards this animal, many individuals live under the strict protection of national reserves.

Panda, or bamboo bear, is a cute and cute animal that differs from other fellows in a kind of unusual color. Although not all zoologists attribute the panda to the bear family. Its length can be up to one and a half meters, and weight - up to one hundred and sixty kilograms. Thick and short paws with sharp, long claws help the bear climb trees and stay on the smooth trunks of bamboo, which it feeds on.
The panda has two features that distinguish it from other animals: a long tail and color. The tail of a bamboo bear can reach twelve centimeters. The whole body of the bear is covered with thick fur. white color. Only black paws, spots around the eyes and the so-called "collar" over the shoulders and neck.


Pandas are solitary animals. They do not gather in flocks and do not live in groups. Females and males converge only during the mating season. When a baby is born - usually one, sometimes twins are born - the mother brings him up to a certain age, then leaves. Unlike brown bears, bamboo bears do not hibernate, this is not typical for them. The bear spends almost all his time eating - he chews bamboo shoots 10-12 hours a day.


This animal is listed in the Red Book. Zoologists discovered it not so long ago - only in the 19th century. Therefore, we have studied the habits and lifestyle of the panda so far only superficially. This rare animal is quite secretive and shy, loves to live in captivity and prefers to hide from a person if he invades his territory. The panda lives in the western regions of China, the Tibetan mountains and Sichuan.

Giant pandas are the rarest representatives of the bear family. For their external resemblance to an ordinary bear, the animal was called “bei-shung”, which roughly means “white mountain bear”, and for the nature of the food they gave another name to the bamboo bear. Zoologists, having studied the anatomical features of animals, attributed it to the raccoon family and called it the BIG PANDA. Big because earlier in 1825, the small panda, an animal that lives in some areas of Asia, was enrolled in the family. as an ancient side branch of the clubfoot family.

On November 9, 1927, a giant panda was discovered in China. Now the panda is included in the Guinness Book of Records as the most attractive animal among rare species animals. Here are five more interesting and cognitive facts about everyone's favorite black and white bear

The discovery of an unusual beast, as usual, turned against him. Not only scientists became interested in the panda, but also the miners of rare hunting trophies, trappers and traders of wild animals. Many adventurers from Europe and the New World rushed to China. But getting to the habitats of giant pandas was extremely difficult. Highlands, impassability, dense forests, impenetrable thickets of bamboo, numerous water barriers, mountain landslides stood in the way of the hunters...

Via local residents the first giant panda was caught in 1916, but it quickly died. And only twenty years later, one American bought a young panda and safely delivered it to the USA, to the city of San Francisco.

The giant panda is the rarest animal in the world. It is only common in Chinese People's Republic. Now inhabits mountain forests at an altitude of up to two thousand meters above sea level and higher in Sichuan province. Perhaps it has been preserved in unexplored, hard-to-reach places Gansu province and a number of regions of Tibet.

The firstborn in captivity - Su-Ling (it was a female) was shown in a number of US zoos. Some time later, after a long search, two adult pandas were again delivered to the USA, and then several of these animals ended up in London. Until that time, there were no such animals in any of the zoos in the world.

After World War II, the habitats of these rare animals were declared protected. Several research groups began to carefully study the Bei Shung to see if it was possible to keep and breed bamboo bears in captivity. The expeditions were successful. In 1957, the giant panda first settled in our country, in a special house on the territory of the Moscow Zoo. It was a large male named Ping-Ping. And in the summer of 1959, they managed to acquire a second copy, according to the plan, in pair with Ping-Ping. His name was An-An, but, unfortunately, he also turned out to be a male. So two handsome beans lived with us in Moscow.

For a long time, nothing was known about the reproduction of giant pandas, but in September 1963, in the Beijing Zoo, a female named Li-Li gave birth to a baby, his weight was 142 grams. He grew very quickly and by the age of five months he had gained ten kilograms. The baby was named Ming-Ming, that is, "brilliant, sparkling." For the first ten days after birth, the female did not let him go even while eating. She threw a two-month-old cub from paw to paw, playing with it like a doll. At three months, Brilliant began to move independently - the mother would fall asleep, and he would go for a walk, but she quickly woke up, instantly found her child and spanked with her paw. In September 1964, the same female gave birth to a second baby, and scientists were able to determine that giant pandas carry their cubs for about 140 days.

Young pandas in captivity are very playful, they are good-natured, funny, move a lot, take the most unusual poses: they can stand on their heads, while helping themselves with their front paws, perfectly somersault over their heads, deftly climb gratings and nets, ladders, ropes, poles. With their front paws, they hold balls, enamel and aluminum bowls, waiting to be filled with food. They treat people without any hostility, however, when playing and fussing, they don’t know the sense of proportion, they can accidentally grab them with their teeth, scratch with the claws of their front paws and press them against the wall. But at the same time, they are well tamed, quickly remember the nicknames given to them.

Having reached the age of three or four, giant pandas become slower, they are no longer so trusting of people, and they have to be handled with caution. The animal is not small. The height at the shoulders of an adult animal is up to seventy, and the body length is up to one hundred and seventy centimeters.

The "solidity" of adult pandas is expressed in their amazing poses. They can sit as if in an armchair, while leaning one of the front paws on a ledge and leaning their backs against some object. In this position, they can take a nap or slowly take up their toilet, otherwise they simply clean the branches of brooms from the leaves and slowly chew them.

In nature, pandas are active at dawn and at night. They are very clean. Most of the time, pandas are silent, only occasionally making sounds similar to bleating. In summer, they do not like heavy rains, they hide from them in shelters, but after the rain they willingly roam through puddles and damp grass. But they refuse to swim in the pool, they just run around in shallow water, dousing themselves with spray.

Giant pandas are extremely cautious in nature. They are afraid of people, but Buddhist monks living in high mountain temples managed to tame young and even adult pandas. Animals came to them alone and even in groups, took a delicacy and let them approach them for several meters. In the habitats of the giant panda, except different types bamboo, spruce, pine, cedar, fir, larch, oak, beech and various shrubs grow. The giant panda feels great in this thicket, easily climbs tall trees and rests there, comfortably sitting on large branches or in the forks of trunks.

Remarkable is the ability of the beast not only to run fast, but also to roll head over heels along steep mountain slopes, escaping from persecution. At the same time, the panda presses its front paws to its eyes, protects them, and presses it to its stomach. hind legs. From natural enemies the most dangerous for her are leopards and red wolves. The claws of the big panda on all four paws are long, three to four centimeters each, the soles of the paws are densely covered with long dark hair, the tail is white, short, similar to a shoulder blade.

Nature endowed the panda's paws with five bare pads so that the bamboo would not slip out. And to make it more convenient to hold, there is also a process on the wrist bone, which the panda uses as thumb. It turns out that the paw of a panda is similar to a human hand. And in general, when a panda eats, sitting down in its usual position and holding a bamboo stick in its paw, it becomes very similar to a person. By the way, the human and panda genomes coincide by 68%.

Under natural conditions, giant pandas feed mainly on leaves and young shoots of bamboo, and also eat some other plants and insects. There is evidence that sometimes bamboo bears feast on fish, small rodents and other animals. Now, as, indeed, before, giant pandas - a rarity captive. Only a dozen or three giant pandas are kept in zoos around the world. The image of this wonderful beast has become the emblem of the International Wildlife Fund.

It has been proven that the Giant Panda or Bamboo Bear is the closest relative of the Spectacled Bear. And never a relative of a raccoon, as many thought.

The giant panda grows up to 150-160 cm in length and weighs like an average American fat man - up to 160 kg.

Since the Big Panda is, he can freely eat not only plant foods, but also meat. In fact, pandas are omnivores, but their favorite treat is only bamboo.

The Giant Panda's genome is most similar to humans and dogs, even more so than mice.

It is still unknown why Pandas prefer to eat exclusively bamboo, Chinese genetic engineers are still trying to solve this issue.
Panda cannot be bought. Can only be rented from China. The cost of renting a panda is 1,000,000 US dollars per year. At the same time, all future conditions for keeping Panda are carefully checked. If for some reason the zoo is not suitable, the lease is denied. Sometimes a zoo can't afford a million dollar a year rent. In such cases, the state often sponsors zoos.

In total, there are about 1900 Giant Pandas left in the world - 300 of them are kept in captivity.

The panda is one of the rarest, poorly studied large animals, which is facilitated by a secretive lifestyle.

Despite the similar lifestyle and similar names, the giant and lesser pandas are not related species. The giant panda belongs to the bear family, and the small panda belongs to the panda family.

The panda's closest relative is the spectacled bear that lives in South America.

In summer, pandas climb up to 4000 meters in search of low temperatures, and in winter they can descend to a height of 800 meters.

A panda's tooth is 7 times bigger than a human's.

Every day, the panda is busy eating for more than 12 hours and eats about 12-15% of its weight.

The panda assimilates only about 20% of what is eaten.

Unlike other bears, the panda does not hibernate.

The weight of a newborn panda is only one eight hundredth that of its mother.

Pandas often give birth to twins, but after giving birth, the panda mother chooses a stronger baby, and the second one, left unattended, soon dies.

The cub lives with his mother from one and a half to three years.

The panda is an endangered species that is extremely difficult to conserve and increase its population. This is due to the deforestation of bamboo forests. Another reason is that black and white bears have very low birth rates both in the wild and in captivity, and until 2000, giant pandas did not breed at all in zoos. Usually, childbirth occurs every two years, one or two cubs are born. Moreover, the mother takes care of only one, the strongest, leaving the second one, which, without the supervision of the mother, is doomed to death ... Now there are supposedly about 1600 individuals left in the wild. In China, they are especially baked for their national treasure: the death penalty is even provided for killing a panda.

Giant panda, or bei-shung, which in Chinese means " polar bear”, is a very ancient and rare animal. At home, in China, the panda is so revered that since the second half of the 20th century it has become the national symbol of the Great Celestial Empire (that is, China). There, for the murder of this animal, a person faces the death penalty.

To which family of animals this funny animal was not assigned - and to bears and raccoons. By the way, until recently they were attributed just to the latter, but as a result of various tests, including genetic ones, it was proved that the giant panda is more related to clubfoot bears than to raccoons.

West academia I learned about the existence of the giant panda quite late - only in 1869, while in Chinese literature the first mention of these animals is found as early as 3000 years ago (in the Book of History and the Book of Songs).

Range and habitat

The territory inhabited by pandas is small. They are found in the mountainous regions of the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Gansu and Tibet. Although earlier they also lived in Indochina and on about. Kalimantan. Giant pandas chose dense bamboo forests as their home.

They live in mountainous regions, at an altitude of about 1200 to 4500 meters above sea level. m.. With the onset of winter, they descend to a height of about 800 meters above sea level, where the climate during the cold season is more favorable.

These good-natured "teddy" bears

The size of an adult panda is quite impressive. Males are slightly larger than females. Their weight reaches 85-125 kg, while females weigh 70-100 kg. The body length of a panda is 1.5-1.8 m.

The panda, unlike other bears, has a fairly long tail. Its length reaches 12 cm. The whole body is covered with thick and soft fur. On a light, almost white background, dark areas are located: around the eyes in the form of "glasses", on the hind and front legs, on the shoulders and on the ears. The tip of the tail is also black.

Despite its good-natured "plush" appearance, the panda's paws are armed with sharp claws, and like all bears, the giant panda can seriously injure a person in cases of attack.

Nutrition

The giant panda got its second name - "bamboo bear" thanks to its diet, which consists of 99% bamboo shoots and stems. Although animal foods, such as eggs and insects, periodically appear on the panda's menu. These foods are the main source of protein. In addition to bamboo, bears will not refuse saffron and iris bulbs. In zoos, they are pampered with sugar cane, apples, carrots, liquid rice porridge and other products.

To get enough of such low-nutrient food, pandas have to eat up to 18 kg of bamboo per day. For the same reason, they are very slow and try to move only as needed. Pandas go on the road only if the food supply in this area is already coming to an end.

With his food, this bear is controlled with extraordinary dexterity. Sometimes you wonder how such thick paws can handle thin bamboo stems so masterfully. A kind of sixth “finger”, which is a modified wrist bone, helps him to hold the stalk.

Paedas drink little, since most of the moisture is obtained along with succulent bamboo shoots, which is almost half water. But whenever possible, they still try to quench their thirst in a small river or other body of water.

Lifestyle

Giant pandas are good dart frogs, but prefer to lead a terrestrial lifestyle. They also swim well. Activity is shown at any time of the day. It takes up to 12 hours a day to search for and chew food.

AT winter time, for a short period they can fall into a state resembling hibernation, but this cannot be called a real bear hibernation.

Each individual, whether female or male, has its own territory, which is tirelessly guarded, especially by females.

Giant pandas prefer to live alone and unite in pairs only for the period of mating and raising offspring.

They communicate with each other using various sounds, although at first glance it seems that these are rather silent animals. The friendly greeting of the "comrade" is expressed in a kind of bleating, irritation - in a roar or booming buzz. The cubs, in order to attract the mother, begin to whimper and squeal. The display of teeth during the rapid opening and closing of the teeth means that it is better not to approach the panda, as it expresses displeasure and threat.

reproduction

Giant pandas give birth to 1-2 cubs. If two are born, then often in vivo habitat, the female chooses only one, stronger baby, and begins to care for him. The second one dies. Zoos have developed their own tactics for this case.

The workers take away the “refusenik”, and then after a couple of days they change places of the cubs. And such a substitution continues throughout the entire period of feeding. Thus, zoo workers manage to raise 2 cubs. Indeed, in the world of these animals, there are VERY LITTLE left - no more than 1600 individuals.

The breeding season begins in the spring. After mating, the development of the embryo may not begin immediately, but after certain time- 1.5-4 months. This feature is a kind of protective mechanism for cubs, because. they can be born in the most favorable climatic period. The average duration of pregnancy is approximately 135 days.

Newborn babies are blind and helpless. After giving birth, the mother helps the baby find the nipple. The first few days the female does not leave the baby for a minute. At 47 weeks, milk feeding stops, and the cubs begin to switch to adult food. Up to 1.5 years they are with their mother, who takes part in their games with pleasure.

Puberty in bamboo bears occurs by 5-7 years. Life expectancy in captivity is quite long - up to 26 years, while in nature they live only up to 14-16 years.

panda and man

Due to their extreme scarcity, giant pandas are not only listed in the IUCN Red List, but are also protected by all kinds of strict laws (especially in China).

Previously, pandas were exterminated because of their valuable fur, but now you should not even think about it. In nature, they have few natural enemies - only leopards and red wolves, but they are already rare in those parts. The main reason for the gradual decline in their numbers is the disappearance natural environment habitat, i.e. bamboo groves and forests. This happens either due to human intervention or natural causes.

Bamboo grows for about 20-25 years, after flowering and the appearance of seeds, it dies off. Thus, entire forests “die out” at once. New shoots from seeds will begin to appear only after 2-3 years. Therefore, for many animals that are completely dependent on bamboo, such periods are disastrous.

The giant panda is very popular. She is the main character of various animated films, depicted on the emblems and symbols of various organizations, a vivid example of which is World Foundation wildlife (WWF).

• Despite the vegetarian diet, which is 99% bamboo, the animal can eat meat. There are cases when pandas hunted small rodents.

• In summer, pandas can migrate to altitudes of up to 4,000 meters to escape the heat. In winter, they do not hibernate and do not equip a lair.

• The Guinness Book of Records named the panda the most expensive animal in zoos. It costs five times more to maintain than an elephant (the second most expensive).

• Last year, a panda named Ai-Hin outsmarted Chengdu center staff by pretending to be pregnant. Simulating drowsiness and sluggishness, the animal took advantage of the improved living and feeding conditions.

• In 1958, the panda Chi-Chi settled in the London Zoo. The founder saw her there. WWF Sir Peter Scott. Since 1961, the animal has been the organization's symbol. According to Scott, the panda also came up because it was possible to save money on printing ink.

• In Chinese slang, "panda" refers to the special services ( secret police) - in Mandarin, the phrase "national security" is consonant with "national treasure".

ZOOSPRAVKA

Big panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Class- mammals
Detachment- predatory
Family- bearish
Genus- giant pandas

Lifespan: 20 years in the wild, 26 in captivity. The maximum recorded age is 37 years.

Appearance: weight of an adult panda - up to 125 kg, body length from nose to sacrum - 1.2–1.8 m, height at the withers - up to 90 cm. The male is 10% taller than the female and 20% heavier.

Nutrition: daily allowance- 12-38 kg of bamboo (about 3500 stems). In the wild, an adult couple needs 3,000 hectares of bamboo forest to subsist.

reproduction: The panda reaches sexual maturity at 5–7 years of age. The mating season lasts from mid-March to May, but the female can become pregnant only 12-24 hours a year. Gestation lasts from 3 to 5 months. 1-2 cubs are born, but in the wild, the female takes care of only one thing - the second milk may not be enough.

Lifestyle A: eat 12 hours a day. Due to the low nutritional value bamboo lead a sedentary lifestyle that does not require high costs energy.